暖通专业英语词汇

stored energy 储存能
thermal（internal）energy 热（内）能potential energy 势能位能
kinetic energy 动能
chemical energy 化学能
nuclear（atomic）energy 核能
heat work
flow work 流动功
saturated liquid 饱和液体
subcooled liquid 过冷液体
compressed liquid 压缩液体superheated vapor 过热蒸气
coefficient of performance （COP）性能系数
expansion valve 膨胀阀
condenser 冷凝器
compressor 压缩机
evaporator 蒸发器
equation of state 状态方程
heat rejection 排热热损失
heat addition 供热
reference plane 基准面参考面
single-stage cycle 单级循环
multistage cycle 多级循环
specific volume 比容
specific enthalpy 比焓
shearing stress 切应力
lateral velocity gradient 速度梯度
square root 平方根
kinematic viscosity 运动粘度
velocity normal 法向速度
laminar flow 层流
turbulence 紊流
cross section 横截面
differential equation 微分方程inertia 惯性惯量
viscosity 黏质粘性
thermal conduction 热传导
thermal convection 热对流
thermal radiation 热辐射
laminar sublayer 层流底层
buffer layer 缓冲层过渡层
thermal resistance 热阻
natural convection 自然对流
secondary influences 次要因素
be directly proportional to 和…成正比
be inversely proportional to 和…成反比characteristic length 特征长度
critical point（temperature、pressure）临界点（温度、压力）
momentum 动量
proportionality factory 比例系数transition 过渡区
psychrometrics 焓湿学
dry air 干空气
moist air 湿空
specific humidity 比湿度
degree of saturation 饱和度
relative humidity 相对湿度
dew-point temperature 露点温度
wet-bulb temperature 湿球温度
water vapor partial pressure 水蒸气分压力humidity ratio 含湿量（湿度比）precision 精度精密度精确
quality 干度
single-phase 单相
physical constant 物理常数
leading edge of the plate 平板起始端psychrometrics 焓湿学
1.Work is the mechanism that transfer energy across the boundary of systems with differing pressures (or force of any kind),always toward the lower pressure. If the total effect produced in the system can be reduced to the raising of a weight, then nothing but work has crossed the boundary .Work is positive when energy is removed from the system(see Figure 1).功是指通过存在压差（任一种力）的系统边界传递能量的作用过程，总是指向低压。

如果系统中产生的总效果能被简化为一个重物的提升，那么只有功通过了边界。

当能量从系统中移出时，功是正的。

2.A process is described by specifying the initial and final equilibrium states ,the path (if identifiable) ,and the interactions that take place across system boundaries during the process.
一个过程是通过给定初始和最终的平衡状态、路径（如果可以确认）和过程中通过系统边界发生的相互作用来描述。

3.The concept of irreversibility provides added insight into the operation of cycles. For example, the larger the irreversibility in a refrigeration cycle operating with a given refrigeration load between two fixed temperature levels, the larger the amount of work required to operate the cycle. Irreversibilities include pressure drops in lines and heat exchangers, heat transfer between fluids of different temperature, and mechanical friction. Reducing total irreversibility in a cycle improves the cycle performance. In the limit of no irreversibilities, a cycle will attain its maximum ideal efficiency.
不可逆的概念提供了对循环运行更多的深入理解，例如：在两个固定温度水平间，按给定制冷负荷运行的制冷循环的不可逆性越大，循环运行所需的功越大。

不可逆性包括管道和换热器中的压降、不同温度流体间的传热和机械摩擦。

减小一个循环中的总不可逆性则可改进循环的性能。

在无不可逆性的极限条件下，循环将达到它最大的理想效率。

4.Equation (11) is commonly applied to a system with one mass flow in, the same mass flow out, no work, and negligible kinetic or potential energy flows.
方程（11）一般应用于流进质量等于流出质量、没有做功并且可以忽略动能和势能的流动系统。

5.In a cycle, the reduction of work produced by a power cycle or the increase in work required by a refrigeration cycle is equal to the absolute ambient temperature multiplied by the sum of the irreversibilities in all the processes in the cycle.
在循环中，动力循环产生的功的减少或者由制冷循环所需的功的增加等于周围绝对温度与循环所有过程中的不可逆性之和的乘积。

6.COP is defined as the benefit of the cycle (amount of heat removed) divided by the required energy input to operate the cycle, or
COP=Useful refrigerating effect/Net energy supplied from external sources.
COP定义为循环收益（除热量）与循环运行所需能量的比值：
COP=有用的制冷效果/外界提供净能量
7.Fluids differ from solids in their reaction to shearing. When placed under shear stress, a solid deforms only a finite amount ,whereas a fluid deforms continuously for as long as the shear is applied. Both liquids and gases are fluids. Although liquids and gases differ strongly in the nature of molecular actions, their primary mechanical differences are in the degree of compressibility and liquid formation of a free surface(interface).
流体和固体的区别在于它们对剪切力的反应作用。

在施加剪切力时，固体只发生有限的变形，而只要有剪切力的作用流体就会发生连续变形。

液体和气体都是流体。

虽然液体和气体的分子运动特性有着很大的区别，但是它们主要的力学区别在于可压缩性的程度和液体自由表面（界面）的形成。

8.The velocity gradient associated with viscous shear for a simple case involving flow velocity in the x direction but of varying magnitude in the y direction is illustrated in Figure 1B.
图1B中图示出一个和粘性剪力有关的速度梯度简单例子，包括x方向上的流动速度以及y 方向上流动速度的变化大小。

9.This section considers homogeneous, constant-property, incompressible fluids and introduces fluid dynamic considerations used in most analyses.
这部分考察均匀、定物性和不可压缩的流体，并且介绍在大多数分析中使用的流体动力学的一些考虑。

10.Both ρandνmay vary the cross section A of the conduit. If bothρandνare constant over the cross-sectional area normal to the flow, then
m=ρV A=constant
where m is the flow rate across the area normal to the flow.
ρ和V都可能在管道的横截面A上变化。

如果在垂直于流动的横截面上，ρ和V都是常数，那么m=ρVA=常数，其中m是通过垂直于流动的面的质量流率。

11.For the ideal-fluid model, flow patterns around bodies (or in conduit section changes)result from displacement effects. An obstruction in a fluid stream, such as a strut in a flow or a bump on the conduit wall, pushes the flow smoothly out of the way, so that behind the obstruction, the flow becomes uniform again. The effect of fluid inertia(density)appears only in pressure changes.
对于理想流体模型，物体周围（或者管道界面变化）的流型是由位移效应造成的。

流线上的阻碍物，诸如流动中的支杆或者管壁上的突起，推动流动光滑的偏离原来的方向。

而在阻碍物之后，流动又恢复一致。

流体惯性（密度）的影响只出现在压力改变的地方。

12.For steady, fully developed laminar flow in a parallel-walled conduit, the shear stress varies linearly with distance y from the centerline.
在平行管壁的管道中，对于稳定的充分发展的层流，剪切应力随着距中心线的距离y而线性变化。

13.Consider heat transfer by natural convection between a cold fluid and a hot surface. The fluid in immediate contact with the surface is heated by conduction, becomes lighter, and rises because of the difference in density of the adjacent fluid.
考虑流体和热表面间的自然对流换热。

流体和表面直接接触时由热传导而被加热，从而变轻，又因为和周围流体的密度差而上升。

14.Observed differences in the comparison of recent experimental and numerical results with existing correlations for natural convective heat transfer coefficients indicate that caution should be used when applying coefficients for (isolated) vertical plates to vertical surfaces in enclosed spaces(buildings).
把最近的实验与数值结果和已存在的自然对流传热系数准则进行比较，观察到的差别表明对封闭空间（建筑物）内的垂直表面使用（独立的）垂直平板的传热系数要谨慎。

15.Psychrometrics deals with the thermodynamic properties of moist air and uses these properties to analyze conditions and processes involving moist air.
焓湿学涉及湿空气的热力学，并用这些性质来分析湿空气的状态和过程。

16.The temperature is assumed to decrease linearly with increasing altitude throughout the troposphere(lower atmosphere),and to be constant in the lower reaches of the stratosphere.
假设在整个对流层中（较低的大气层），温度随海拔的增加而线性降低，在同温层的较低区域则是常数。