美国文学史复习资料
美国文学复习资料
美国文学复习资料美国文学复习资料美国文学是世界文学宝库中的重要组成部分，它以其独特的风格和丰富的内容吸引着广大读者和研究者。
在这篇文章中，我们将为大家提供一些关于美国文学的复习资料，希望能够帮助大家更好地了解和掌握这一领域的知识。
一、美国文学的起源美国文学的起源可以追溯到17世纪早期的殖民地时期。
当时，由于殖民者来自不同的国家和文化背景，美国文学呈现出多元化的特点。
早期的美国文学作品主要以宗教和探险为主题，其中最著名的作品包括《普利茅斯故事》和《马萨诸塞湾殖民地的历史》等。
随着时间的推移，美国文学逐渐发展壮大。
18世纪的启蒙时代，美国文学开始借鉴欧洲文学的思想和风格，融合了理性主义和启蒙思想。
这一时期的代表作品有本杰明·富兰克林的《自传》和托马斯·潘恩的《常识》等。
二、美国文学的经典作品美国文学的经典作品数不胜数，下面我们列举一些代表作品，供大家参考。
1. 马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》：这是一部以南北战争时期为背景的小说，通过主人公哈克贝利的冒险经历，揭示了奴隶制度的黑暗面和人性的复杂性。
2. 纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》：这是一部关于道德与罪恶的小说，讲述了一个女性因婚外情而被判刑的故事。
小说通过对社会道德观念的探讨，揭示了人性的复杂性和社会的偏见。
3. 威廉·福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》：这是一部以南方小镇为背景的小说，通过对人物内心世界的描写，探讨了种族、阶级和家庭关系等社会问题。
4. 埃米莉·狄金森的诗歌：狄金森是美国文学史上最重要的女性诗人之一，她的诗作以独特的风格和深刻的思想而著称，对后世的诗人产生了深远的影响。
三、美国文学的主题与风格美国文学的主题多种多样，涵盖了社会、政治、种族、性别、宗教等各个方面。
在风格上，美国文学也呈现出多样性，既有浪漫主义的热情奔放，也有现实主义的冷静客观。
此外，美国文学还有一些独特的风格流派，如南方文学、黑人文学和美国现代主义文学等。
美国文学复习资料
殖民主义时期JohｎSmiｔｈ美国第一位作家Ａnne Ｂradstｒeet第一位移民诗人Edward Taylor 清教徒诗人文艺复兴时期Beｎｊａmin Fｒankｌin参与了起草独立宣言成名作《Poor Rｉchard’s Ａｌmanacｋ》《Ａutobiｏgｒaphy》Ｔhomas Paiｎe 拥护独立宣言成名作《Ｇreat Comｍoner oｆMａｎkinｄ》最平凡的人<Commｏn Ｓensｅ＞常识＜tｈe Aｇe ofReason> 理性时代＜Amｅrican Ｃriｓｉs>美国危机ThomaｓJeｆfersｏn起草了独立宣言Phiｌip Ｆreneａu 美国诗歌之父文艺复兴的诗人《the Wild Ｈｏｎey》野金银花浪漫主义时期Irving 第一位纯文学作家（bｅlleｔｒiｓｔ）<the Ｓkｅｔch Book>第一部短篇小说第一位浪漫主义散文体作家(pｒose ｓｔyliｓt)<ｔhe LegenｄｏｆSlｅeｐｙHollow>享有国际声誉＜ a Hiｓｔorｙｏf ＮeｗYork>第一部诙谐作品Cｏpｐer 开创了海上传奇小说和边疆传奇小说<ｔheＳｐy><tｈeDｅerslaｙeｒ><the Pｉlot> ＜Leaｔhｅrsｔoｃｋing Ｔales＞<the Last of Mohicans><tｈe Praiｒｉe>Bｒｙant 第一个获得美国主要诗人的称号<to ａWatｅｒfowl>最完美的短诗Poｅ现代短故事之父侦探小说之父＜tｈe Falｌof Hｏｕse of Uｓheｒ>＜the Ｒaven＞<Ｔales of ｔhe Grotesｑue and Arabesquｅ>第一部短篇小说集＜to Helen><Annabel Lｅe>Emeｒson 超经验主义运动<Nature＞<Seｌｆ-ｒeｌiａncｅ> <Esｓayｓ＞＜thｅAmｅrican Scholar> 知识分子独立宣言<Repreｓentaｔivｅmｅn＞<English traiｔs>Tｈoｒｅau 成名作<Wａldｅn><Civil Dｉsｏbeｄiencｅ>Hａｗtｈｏｒne 象征主义作家＜tｈｅHouse of the Seｖen Gable ｓ><thｅSｃaｒlet Leｔｔｅr>Melvｉlle<Modｙdick>Ｌongｆellｏw19世纪最受爱戴的诗人< a Psａlm oｆLifｅ><the Ｓong of Hiawａtha> 第一部印第安人史诗歌唯一被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人现实主义时期Wｈiｔmａn 创建了自由体诗歌frｅe ｖeｒｓe <Leaves of Grass＞美国历史上一部史诗Ｄicksoｎ该时期最伟大的女诗人＜I Died fｏr Beauty> Stowe 该时期唯一的女散文作家< UnｃleＴｏm’s Cabin>Mark Twain 现实主义文学代表作<Aｄveｎturｅsof Hucｋｌeberｒy Fｉnn><Aｄventures of Tom Sawｙer ＞<tｈｅGiｌｄｅｄage>＜Ｌiｆｅonｔｈe Misｓissippｉ＞<Hｏｗto Telｌa Ｓｔｏrｙ>对美国早期幽默文学的总结O.Henrｙ<thｅFour Mｉllion><the Ｇiｆt ofＭａｇi><the Cop ａnd tｈe Anｔhem>Henry Ｊamｅs 心理现实主义的开创者＜the Pｏrｔraｉt ｏf Ladｙ>＜DaｉsｙＭiｌlｅr><ｔhｅWiｎgs ofｔhｅDove><the Gｏlｄｅn Bowl><the Amｂaｓsadｏrs>Ｊａck Londoｎ＜the Peoplｅof ｔhe Ａbｙsｓ><tｈe Ｓｏn ｏfｔhe Ｗｏlf>＜thｅCall of the Wｉｌd>＜Martin Edeｎ>自传体小说Dreｉｓer<an American Tｒaｇｅdy>最成功的小说金钱万能<Sister Ｃａｒrie>欲望三部曲<the Fｉnaｎcier><thｅTｉtａn＞＜theSｔｏic＞二十世纪文学Poｕnd意象派的创始人< iｎａSｔaｔion ofＭetro><tｈｅCａntos＞Ｆrost 自然派诗人民族诗人<thｅＲoad not Ｔａken>＜ＡfｔeｒApｐｌ ePicking><MｏuntaiｎIｎtervaｌ>Ｓteveｎs 秩序理念<tｈe Man wiｔｈthe Bｌue Gｕiｔar>＜Neｃessary Aｎgel> <Anｅｃdote oｆthe Jaｒ>Ｅliot 现代主义创始人＜tｈe WastｅLanｄ＞标志现代主义文学诞生<Ｆｏur Quarteｔｓ><Murder ｉｎtｈｅＣaｔｈedrａl>Ｆitzgeralｄ<the Gｒeat Gatsby>＜tｈe Side oｆParａd ｉse><Teｎdｅｒis the Nigｈｔ>Heｍingｗaｙ推动报告文学的发展<FoｒWhom ｔhe Ｂell Toｌｌs＞强调momeｎt of tｒutｈ＜ｔhｅOld M ａn andｔhｅSea>＜the Sun Ａｌso Ｒiｓes><a Fareｗell ｔo Arms>Sｔeinbｅcｋ美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家<tｈｅGrapes oｆWr ａth＞<oｆＭice anｄMe ｎ>Faulkｎer 心灵与自己冲突是永恒的主题成名作<the Sｏund ａnd ｔhe Fury><a Rose for Ｅmilｙ>。
美国文学史复习大纲
美国文学史复习大纲一：作家作品1.Sherwood Anderson: Winesburg, Ohio(小镇畸人，1919) The Triumph of the Egg(鸡蛋的胜利，1921)2.John Steinbeck: The Grapes of Wrath(愤怒的葡萄，1939，strong sociological novel,1940年获普利策奖（Pulitzer Prize)),1962年获诺贝尔文学奖①the foremost novelist of the American Depression.美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家。
②代表作：“Of Mice and Men”《人鼠之间》portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant workers “The Grapes of Wrath”《愤怒的葡萄》regarded as masterpiece ,showed the migration of the Okies from the Dust Bowls to California ,a migration that ended in broken dreams and misery but at the same time affirmed the ability of the common people to endure and prevail. Theme : strength comes from unity i-we ;faith in life; struggle to live better2.John Dos Passos: 约翰多斯帕索斯His trilogy U.S.A(美利坚)---The 42nd Parallel(北纬42度，1930), 1919(1932), The Big Money(1936), Three Soldiers。
美国文学史复习知识点
PuritanismFeatures of Puritanism1. Purification of the church2. Calvinism (John Calvin, 1509-1564, French protestant reformer)(1). Emphasis of Predestination “预定论”(2). Total depravity (Original Sin) 彻底的堕落(因原罪而起）(3). Limited atonement 有限的赎罪Anne Bradstreet (1612 — 1672)First famous poet in North America, known as the “Tenth Muse”最早写出真正有价值的英文诗歌的女诗人Major works:the first collection of poems in North America.The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650)《最近在美洲出现的第十位缪斯》Contemplations《沉思录》Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790 )Statesman, essayist, orator, philosopher, ambassador, scientist, inventor, publisher“master of each and mastered by none”—Herman MelvilleOne of the Founding Fathers of AmericaSymbol of America in the Age of EnlightenmentThe only American to sign the four documents that created the United States:the Declaration of Independencethe treaty of alliance with Francethe treaty of peace with Englandthe constitutionThe symbol of American Dream, a self-made manHis Major WorksPoor Richard’s Almanac (1732)《格言历书》poems and essaysa good many adages and common sense witticismsAutobiography (1868)— the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity—the faithful account of the colorful career of American’s first self-made man.— a Puritan document (self-examination and self-improvement; illustration of Puritan ethics ) — a story of the fulfillment of American dream.Thirteen virtues from The Autobiography1. Temperance节制. Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation.2. Silence沉默. Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation.3. Order秩序. Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time.4. Resolution决心. Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.5. Frugality节俭. Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself, i.e., waste nothing.6. Industry勤奋. Lose no time; be always employed in something useful; cut off all unnecessaryactions.7. Sincerity诚实. Use no harmful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speakaccordingly.8. Justice公正. Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty.9. Moderation适度. Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve.10. Cleanliness清洁. Tolerate no uncleanlinessin body, clothes, or habitation.11. Tranquility宁静. Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable.12. Chastity贞洁. Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or theinjury of our own or another’s peace or reputation.13. Humility谦虚. Imitate Jesus and Socrates.The Style of Puritan Writing1. Protestant - against ornateness; reverence for the Bible. The Puritans chose the Bible as the guidebook to their Promised Land.2. Puritan writing reflected the character and scope of the reading public, which was literate and well-grounded in religion.American RomanticismTime Range:From the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War.Historical Background:National independence, democracyRising materialism and business: leisure and wealthReligious dogma, rationalismFeatures:American Romanticism was both imitative and independent.Imitative: English and European Romanticists, about home, family, nature, children and idealized love, etc.Independent: Emerson and Whitman, on major problems of American life, like the westward expansion and democracy and equality, etc.1. Romantic Subject Matter(1). The quest for beauty: non-didactic, "pure beauty." (Allan Poe)(2). The use of the far-away and non-normal - antique and fanciful (Hawthorn, Poe)(3). Escapism - from American problems (Irving).(4). Interest in external nature - for itself, for beauty(Emerson, Thoreau)2. Romantic Attitudes :(1). Appeals to imagination:remoteness of settings in time and space. improbable plots.(2). Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism,(3). Authorial subjectivity: in form and meaning.3. Major Themes:a.Primitivism and the cult of the “noble savage”(Hiawatha 《海华沙》);b.The celebration of natural beauty and the simple life (Cooper, Emerson, Thoreau);mon man, uncorrupted by civilization (Whittier, Cooper);d.Interest in the picturesque past (Irving, Hawthorne);e.Interest in the remote places (Melville); medievalism (Longfellow);Representitive Writers and WorksWashington Irving’s The Sketch Book 《见闻札记》marks the beginning of American Romanticism.Whitman’s (慧特曼) Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》) is the last masterpiece of American Romanticism.James Fenimore Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales 《皮裹腿故事集》depicts as a pioneer,effectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into the West.Washington Irving（1783-1859）Father of the American short stories；the first great American writer；the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame.Masterpiece:The Sketch Book (1820）marks the beginning of American Romanticism.Rip Van Winkle （《瑞普·凡·温克尔》）The Legend of Sleepy Hollow （《睡谷的传说》）James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)One of the first authors to write about the American Westward movement.The creation of a myth about the formative period of the American nation.The introduction of the “Western” tradition into American literature.Masterpiece:Leatherstocking Tales 《皮裹腿故事集》（a collection of tales）The Pioneer, 1823; 《拓荒者》The Last of the Mohicans, 1826;《最后的莫西干人》The Prairie, 1827; 《大草原》The Pathfinder, 1840; 《探路人》The Deerslayer, 1841.《杀鹿者》TranscendentalismFeatures:1.Oversoul2.Individualism3.NatureThe Transcendentalists:The Big Three:1.Ralph Waldo Emerson;2.Henry David Thoreau;3.Margaret FullerThree sources:1.A thoughtful revolt against Puritanism (total depravity, the original sin etc.).2.German philosophers of the 18th century.3.The effect of oriental thought on the Western world.Ralph Waldo EmersonMajor Works:1.Nature:Emerson’s best know workThe bible of New England transcendentalism2.“Divinity School Address”attacks organized Christianityargues for “moral sentiment” --- essence of all religionsurges the listeners to be the true teacher: offering first-hand revelations3.“The American Scholar”:America’s declaration of Intellectual Independenceasserts nature as a teacher that instructs man to see his connection with the worldmaintains creation is continuous and each age must have its own booksdeclares self-trust and independent thinking a necessity for the new scholar.Henry David ThoreauMajor Works:1.WaldenA book on self-culture and human perfectibilitycarrying out an experimentrecording in great detail a spiritually rewarding yet simple lifereflecting on nature’s restorative influenceA book that inspired modern nature preservation2.Civil DisobedienceNathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)Major Works:(1). Fanshawe《范肖》(2). The Token were reprinted in Twice-told Tales. 《重述一遍的故事》(3). Twice-Told Tales, 1837; 《重述一遍的故事》(4). Mosses from an Old Manse, 1846; 《古屋青苔》,including “Young Goodman Brown”《年轻的古德曼·布朗》, “Rappaccini’s Daughter”《拉帕西尼的女儿》, “The Artist of the Beautiful”, “The Birthmark”, and “Roger Malvin’s Burial”.(5). Books for children:Grandfather’s Chair(1841);Famous Old People(1841),Liberty Tree(1841),Biographical Stories for Children(1842)(6). The Scarlet Letter, 1850; 《红字》(7). The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales (1851)(8). The House of Seven Gables , 1851; 《七个尖角阁的房子》(9). The Blithedale Romance, 1852; 《福谷传奇》(10). The Marble Faun , 1860; 《玉石雕像》(11). The Centenary Edition of the Works of Hawthorne, 18 vols. ed. W. Charvat et al., 1962-1987. Masterpieces:The Scarlet Letter (1850), written after Hawthorn’s dismissal from his post owing to a change of administrations, proved to be his greatest work, and indeed summed up in classic terms the Puritan dilemma that had so long occupied his imagination.Other Important books:The House of the Seven Gables (1851); is another great romance, concerned with the decadence of Puritanism, a novel based upon colonial America and filled with mysticism.The Blithedale Romance, (1852) in which he tuned to the contemporary scene and his Brook Farm experiences;The Scarlet Letter (1850)人物:1.Wife: Hester Prynne2.丈夫改名后: Roger Chillingworth3.Priest: Arthur DimmesdaleWalt Whitman (1819-1891)Whitman’s (慧特曼) Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》) is the last masterpiece of American Romanticism.Free verse1. without a fixed, traditional rhyme scheme2. It is sometimes referred to as “open form” verse, or by the French term vers libre.Whitman’s statusWhitman stands as one of two giants of American poetry in 19th C.found new subjects for typical American type of poetry.rejected conventional themes, traditional rhymeHe influenced Harlem Renaissance writers as Langston Hughes and James Weldon Johnson.Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot (Modernist poets) were also influenced by Whitman.Major Works:1.Leaves of Grass2.Song of Myself3.Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking4.When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d 纪念林肯Edgar Allan Poe1. Position(1). Poet, short-story writer and critic.(2). Unique position in the history of American literature:a. ancestor of the detective story (influencing Conan Doyle)b. forefather of psychological novels (psychological analysis)c. the first important American critic and father of psychoanalytic criticismd. (be regarded as) one of the first aesthetes in literary historyHowever, Poe may be the most controversial and most misunderstood literary figure in the history of American literature.2. Masterpieces:The Raven (1844)—one of his most enduring worksTo HelenHerman Melville:major theme: aliennationMasterpiece:Moby Dick 《白鲸》人物:1.Ishmael2.船长: Ahab3.白鲸: Moby Dick4.船: PequodA common Theme: one of“Rejection and quest”1.19世纪中期2.Cooper, Hawthorne, MelvilleEmily Dickinson (1830-1886)1.Pioneer of Imagism2.Calvinist family诗歌特点:1.Love: “With a Flower”, “Proof”2.Nature: “A Service of Song”, “Summer Shower”3.Death and immortality: “Because I Could Not Stop for Death”4.Miscellaneous: “Tell all the Truth but tell It Slant”Her techniques originality:1.Capitalizations and dashes2.Metaphors3.symbolismDickinson’s status1. Her unconventionality influenced modern poets like Adrienne Rich, Richard Wilbur, and William Stafford.Along with Walt Whitman, Dickinson is considered a true genius of American poetry of the 19th C. Works1.Because I could not …2.Tell all the Truth but tell it slant-3.With A Flower4.Proof5.A Service of Song6.This is my letterAmerican RealismTime Range:1865 – 1910Background:1. Aftermath of the Civil Wara.Social Problems: deterioration of moral values; extremes of wealth and poverty; majoritystruggled for survivalb.Question on the Transcendentalists’ assumptions2. A great interest in the realities of life3. The close of the frontierFeatures:1. Anti-romantic, anti-sentimental ; truthful description of life真实性2. Typical character and plot under typical setting人物情节与背景的典型性、代表性3. Objective rather than idealized view of human nature and experience客观性4. Concern for social and psychological problems关注社会与个人心理问题Realistic Techniques(1). Settings thoroughly familiar to the writer(2). Plots emphasizing the norm of daily experience(3). Ordinary characters, studied in depth(4). Complete authorial objectivity(5). Responsible morality; a world truly reportedRepresentative Writers and Works:1. William Dean Howells is the the champion of literary realism in America. His The Rise of SilasLapham, is about critical of the rise of materialism in American life2. Henry James is the forefather of psychological analysis and stream of consciousness.His famous work is The Portrait of a Lady.3. Mark Twain represents social life through portraits of local places which he knew best.His famous word is The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.William Dean Howells （1837 — 1920）1.middle class2.smiling aspectcking of psychological depthMajor Works1.The Rise of Silas Lapham （1885）《塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》Protagonist: Silas Lapham, a self-made man , a upstart2. A Modern Instance （1881）《现代婚姻》3.Indian Summer （1886）《晚秋之暧》4.Annie Kilburn （1888）《安妮·吉尔伯恩》5.A Hazard of New Fortunes （1890）《时来运转》6.A Chance AcquaintanceHenry James（1843 — 1916）1.upper class2.Harvard3.Novelist, critic, playwright, essayist4.Forefather of psychological analysis and stream of consciousness5.International theme: American innocence in face of European sophisticationMajor Works:1.The American （1877）《美国人》2.Daisy Miller （1879）《苔瑟·密勒》3.The Portrait of a Lady （1881）《贵妇人的画像》4.The Bostonians （1886）《波士顿人》5.The Princess Casamassima （1886）《卡萨玛西玛公主》6.What Maisie Knew （1897）《梅吉的见闻》7.The Turn of the Screw 《拧螺丝》Three great novels8.The Wings of the Dove （1902）《鸽翼》9.The Ambassadors （1903）《专使》10.The Golden Bowl （1904）《金碗》Local Colorism (1860s -- 1900) 乡土文学Features1.Emphasis of elements which characterize a local culture, such as speech, customs, and morespeculiar to one particular place.2.Emphasis of physical setting and those distinctive qualities of landscape which condition humanthought and behavior.3.dialect4.frame storyMark Twain（1835 — 1910）1.lower class2.social critic, local colorist3.colloquial speech4.southwestern humor5. stories peculiar to Mississippi and WestMajor Works1. 《卡拉韦拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 第一个成功文学作品2.《镀金时代》（The Gilded Age, 1873）3.《汤姆·索耶历险记》（The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, 1876）4.《王子与贫儿》（The Prince and the Pauper, 1881）5.《密西西比河上》（Life on the Mississippi, 1883）6.《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》（The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 1886）7. 《傻瓜威尔逊》Pud’nhead Wilson （1893）8. 《圣女贞德》Personal Reflections of Joan of Arc （1896）Following the Equator （1897）《赤道旅行记》9.《败坏了赫德莱堡的人》The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg (1900)10.《傻子国外旅行记》Innocents Abroad (1869)11.《神秘的来客》The Mysterious Stranger (1906)12.《人是怎么一回事》What Is Man (1906)The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)人物:1.Huckleberry Finn: Main character of the book, who runs away from his adopted family to be freeof society and civilization.2.Tom Sawyer: Huck's best friend who freely spins lies and loves adventure.3.Widow Douglas: Adopts Huck to try and civilize him.4.Miss Watson: Sister of the Widow Douglas. She tries to teach Huck religion and how to spell.5.Jim: Miss Watson's slave. He runs away and journeys down the Mississippi River with Huck.6.Pap: Huck's drunkard father.7.The King and the Duke: two swindlersComparison of the three “giants”1. ThemeHowells – middle classJames – upper classTwain – lower class2. ToneHowells – smiling/genteel realismJames – psychological realismTwain – local colourism and colloquialismAmerican NaturalismTime Range:1890 -- 1920Background:1. Emergence of “Modern America” : financial giants vs. industria l proletariat2. New ideas about man and man’s place in the universe: in a cold, indifferent andGodless world, man is insignificant without freedom of will.3. Younger generation of writers thought Howellsian realism was too restrained andgenteel to tell the truth of the harsher realities of American life.Definition:a critical term applied to the method of literary composition that aims at a detached, scientific objectivity in the treatment of natural man. It is thus more inclusive and less selective than realism, and holds to the philosophy of determinism. It conceives of man as controlled by his instincts or his passions, or by his social and economic environment and circumstances. Since in this view man has no free will, the naturalistic writer does not attempt to make moral judgments, and as a determinist he tends toward pessimism. (The Oxford Companion to American lit.)Features:1. Humans are controlled by some deterministic forces, both internal (heredity) and external (environment)2. The universe is indifferent and hostile.3. The literary naturalists have a major difference from the realists.They described the violent, sensational, sordid, unpleasant, and ugly aspects of life instead of the averageInstead of reflecting the middle-class life, they would rather write about the life of failure, poverty and even crime.4. general tone: hopelessness, despair, gloom, pessimismRepresentative Writers and Works1. as a response to a darkening social outlook: the harsh futility of life in nature, on the farm, or inthe city (Stephen Crane) Maggie: A Girl of the Street (1893)2. Theodore Dreiser Sister Carrie is a spiritual tragedy.3. the political implications of economic forces (Frank Norris) McTeagueStephen Crane (1871-1900)1.Pioneer in the field of Modern poetry : One of the two precursors of Imagist, the other beingEmily DicksonMajor Works:1. Maggie: A Girl of the Street (1893) 《街头女郎梅季》a.A masterpiece of Am. naturalism, the first naturalistic novel in American Literature.b.Tragic lifec.died in riverd.Pete seduces and abandons Maggie2.The Red Badge of Courage (1895)《红色英勇勋章3.The Open Boat《海上扁舟》(1897)4.The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky《新娘来到黄天镇》5.The Blue Hotel《蓝色旅馆》6.An Experiment in Misery7.Collection: The Black Riders and Other Lines《黑衣骑士及其他》(1895）8.Long poem: War Is Kind《战争是仁慈的》（1899）9.A Man Said to the Universe (book)10. A Man Adrift on a Slim Spar”(book)Frank Norris(1870-1902)Major Works:1. McTeague (1899) 《麦克提格》“the first full-bodied naturalistic American novel” / full l ength2.“The Epic of the Wheat”: a trilogy 《小麦史诗》3.The Octopus （1901）《章鱼》the best, about the production of the wheat, the octopus—the railroad4.The Pit (1903)《陷阱》the distribution and consumption of the wheat on the market5.The Wolf《野狼》Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)Major Works:1.Sister Carrie (1900) 《嘉莉妹妹》a.第一部小说b.先遭拒绝, 后出版2.The Trilogy of Desire”《欲望三部曲》:a.The Financier (1912) 《金融家》b.The Titan (1914) 《巨头》c.The Stoic,《禁欲者》(1945, unfinished)3.The 'Genius' (1915) 《天才》4.An American Tragedy (1925) 《美国悲剧》, 自传5.Dawn 《曙光》(1931)6.The Bulwark 《堡垒》(1946)Sister Carrie (1900)人物:1.Caroline Meeber, known as Carrie2.Charlie Drouet3.George HurstwoodThe 1920sAmerican ModernismTime Range:1910s – 1945Historical Background:1. The Influence of the WWI:A stronger image of America in international arena;The economic boom-a deceptive affluence;The development of a new type of industrial economy;2. Intolerance in American society: the discrimination against minorities.3. The loss of faith—the death of God.Intellectually, Darwin, Freud, Nietzsche, MarxSpiritually, sense of disillusionment & fragmentationDefinition:1. The attempt to create something new in the space of modern crisis and change.2.Discontentment and a deliberate & radical break with traditional ways of expression in Western arts & lit.3.Innovative experimentation in subjects, forms, concepts & stylesFeatures:Fragmentation and open-endedness in structureAlienation as the chief characteristicInterests in the psychological depths of characters (method of stream-of-consciousness)Gender, race, class as accepted registers-- efforts to represent postwar world as incoherent, futile, fragmented, and meaningless, man as misplaced, lost and alienated, to resist traditional totalized views of realityRepresentitive Writers and Works1.T. S Eliot is the most dominant literary figure between the two world wars.The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock2.Ezra Pound is the leader of the Imagist movement, mentor of many literary talents, tried for treasonIndebtedness to Chinese culture.In a Station of the Metro.Imagism 意象主义(1912—1914, with Ezra Pound as the leader)1.Rejected the effusive nature of Romantic and Victorian poetry2.Focused on directness of idea and economy of language3.Contemporary with and in harsh contrast to Georgian poetry4.Contemporaries: Ezra Pound, T.S. EliotRepresentatives: Pound, Hulme, Amy Lowell, H.D., Richard Aldington, William Carlos WilliamsFeatures of the Imagist Poetry:1.To use the language of common speech2.To create new rhythms – a new cadence means a new idea3.To allow absolute freedom in the choice of subject4.To present an image5.To produce poetry that is hard and clear, never blurred or indefinite6.Concentration is the very essence of PoetryEzra Pound (1885—1972) 庞德Major Works:1.In a Station of the Metro2.Indebtedness to Chinese culturea.Hugh Selwyn Mauberley《休·西尔文·毛伯莱》b.Cantos （1915-1945）《诗章》3.1908 A Lume Spento《灯火熄灭之时》4.1909 Personae《人物》5.1910 The Spirit of Romance《罗曼斯精神》6.1915 Cathay《中国》7.1919 Homage to Sextus Propertivs《向塞克斯图斯·普罗佩提乌斯致敬》8.1920 Hugh Selwyn Mauberley《休·赛尔温·毛伯利》9.1945 The Pisan Cantos《比萨诗章》10.1954 Letters of Ezra Pound，1907—1941《埃兹拉·庞德书信集》11.1973 Literary Essays《文学论文集》SelectedProse 1909—1965《文选》Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888-1965)1.fragmentation2.modern man alienationMajor Works:1.The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (1911)《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》2.The Waste Land (1922) 《荒原》3.Hollow Man (1925) 《空心人》4.Ash Wenesday (1930)《圣尘星期三》5.Four Quartets (1943)《四个四重奏》F.Scott Fitzgerald (1896—1940) 菲茨杰拉德1.The spokesman of the “Roaring twenties” and The Jazz Age2.StylistMajor Works:1.This Side of Paradise (1920) 《人间天堂》2.The Beautiful and Damned (1922)《美人与丑鬼》The first attempt at writing The Great Gatsby.3. The Great Gatsby (1925) 《了不起的盖茨比》a.F’s best, written in Paris, a masterpiece of the 1920sb.criticism on the Jazz Age4. Tender Is the Night (1934) 《夜色温柔》F’s second important novel, condemning the wasted energy of misguided youth.5. The Last Tycoon (1941)《最后一个巨头》unfinished6. Two short story collections:a.Flappers and Philosophers (1920) 《少女与哲学家》b.Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) 《爵士时代的故事》Give its name to the decade (1919-1929) –the Jazz Age (the “Roaring Twenties”, “The Flapper Period”)7.The Crack-Up (1945), essays collected by Edmund Wilson 《崩溃》The Great Gatsby (1925) 《了不起的盖茨比》人物:1.Tom Buchanan2.Daisy3.Gatsby4.Wilson5.Nick CarrawayErnest Hemingway (1899—1961) 海明威1.colloquial style2.iceberg theoryMajor Works:1. The Sun Also Rises (1926)《太阳照样升起》paints the image of a whole generation—the lost generation, spiritual crisis2. A Farewell to Arms (1929) 《永别了，武器》based on his war experience in Italy, a love tragedy in the War, the lovers called “modernRomeo and Juliet”, firmly established H’s reputation3. For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) 《丧钟为谁而鸣》（《战地钟声》）Based on his experience as a journalist in Spain during its civil war, anti-Fascism4. The Old Man and the Sea (1952) 《老人与海》One of his best, winning the Nobel Prize5. Short story collections:a.Men without Women (1927)《没有女人的男人》b.Winner Take Nothing (1933) 《胜者无所得》6. Play:The Fifth Column (1940) 《第五纵队》The Old Man and the Sea (1952) 《老人与海》人物:1.Santiago2.marlinThe Lost Generation 迷惘的一代Writing Features:ing of age during the War, having something to do with it2.Disillusioned and antagonistic against war3.Unhappy about American culture4.Expatiates in Paris5.grace under pressure6.death7.war,violent, meaningless, chaotic, purposeless slaugterWilliam Faulkner(1897-1962)福克纳1.Southern Literature and Faulkner’s Yoknapatawpha saga2.Fictional world3.Family community4.Style:a.stream of consciousness and interior monologueb.disorder of timec.freshMajor Works:1.The Sound and The Fury (1929) 《喧嚣与骚动》2.As I Lay Dying (1930) 《我弥留之际》3.Sanctuary (1931) 《圣殿》4.Light in August (1932) 《八月之光》5.Absalom, Absalom (1936)《押沙龙！押沙龙！》6.Go Down, Moses (1942) 《去吧，摩西》7.Trilogy of the Snopes familyThe Hamlet (1940) 《村子》The Town (1957) 《小镇》The Mansion (1959)《大宅》8. Short Story collection:The Unvanquished, 《没有被征服的人》(1938)9. A Rose for EmilyJohn Dos Passos (1896—1970) 约翰·多斯·帕索斯U. S. A. Trilogy 《美国》三部曲a. The 42nd Parallel (1930)《北纬四十二度》“machine” dominates and impedes the free growth of individuals b. 1919 （1932）《一九一九》A record of W W I, depersonalizing machinec. The Big Money （1936）《赚大钱》The booming twentiesJohn Steinbeck (1902-1968) 约翰•斯坦贝克The Grapes of Wrath （1939）《愤怒的葡萄》被称作”Uncle Tom’s Cabin” of the 1930sEugene O’Neill (1888-1953) 尤金·奥尼尔1.“Founder of the American drama,” and “the American Shakespeare” in the history of Americandrama.2.receive the Nobel Prize for literature (1936).Major Works:1.Bound East for Cardiff （1916）《东航卡迪夫》his first play, marking the beginning of O’s long and successful dramatic career and ushered in the modern era of the American theatre2.Beyond Horizon (1920) 《天边外》his first play of success, established his reputation, Pulitzer Prize3.The Emperor Jones (1920) 《琼斯王》4.The Hairy Ape (1922) 《毛猿》Ralph (Waldo) Ellison (1914-1994)Invisible Man--An archetypal existential story of modern times.（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
美国文学史复习资料(DOC)
附：作者及作品（第一、二册）一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰•史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉•布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰•温思罗普John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰•威廉姆斯Roger Williams《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮•布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution1。
本杰明•富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)※《自传》“The Autobiography ”《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”2。
美国文学史复习要点手动
美国文学史复习要点手动1.早期美国文学（17世纪-18世纪）-早期美国文学的发展受到清教徒移民和殖民地环境的影响。
-早期作品主题包括宗教信仰、苦难和恐惧。
-著名作家有威廉·布拉德福和乔纳森·爱德华兹。
2.启蒙时期文学（18世纪）-美国启蒙时期的文学受到欧洲启蒙思想的影响。
-作品主题包括理性、自由和平等。
-著名作家有本杰明·富兰克林和汤玛斯·潘恩。
3.罗曼主义时期文学（19世纪早期）-罗曼主义时期美国文学反对启蒙时期的理性主义。
-作品主题包括个人感情、自然和超自然。
-著名作家有华盛顿·欧文和爱默生。
4.特拉华文学（19世纪中期）-特拉华文学是19世纪中期美国文学的重要流派。
-作品主题包括农民和工人的生活以及美国西部探险精神。
-著名作家有赫尔曼·梅尔维尔和华尔特·惠特曼。
5.现实主义和自然主义时期文学（19世纪末-20世纪初）-现实主义和自然主义时期的文学关注社会问题和个人命运。
-作品主题包括工业化、城市化和阶级冲突。
-著名作家有马克·吐温和斯蒂芬·克莱恩。
6.现代主义时期文学（20世纪初-中期）-现代主义时期的文学反对传统形式和价值观。
-作品表现迷失、不安和心理困惑。
-著名作家有欧内斯特·海明威和F·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德。
7.后现代主义时期文学（20世纪中期-现在）-后现代主义时期的文学拒绝一切形式的正统和稳定性。
-作品表现多样化的语言和视觉实验。
-著名作家有托尼·莫里森和大卫·福斯特·华莱士。
美国文学期末复习资料
美国文学期末复习资料美国文学期末复习资料美国文学是一门广泛而深入的学科，涵盖了从殖民地时期到现代的众多作品和作家。
为了帮助大家复习期末考试，本文将以不同的主题和时期为线索，介绍一些重要的美国文学作品和相关知识。
一、殖民地时期的文学在殖民地时期，美国文学主要以宗教为主题，反映了早期殖民者的信仰和生活。
《普利茅斯纪事》是美国文学史上的里程碑之一，它记录了普利茅斯殖民地的建立和早期的困难。
另外，约翰·史密斯的《弗吉尼亚史诗》和威廉·布拉德福的《普利茅斯植民地纪事》也是重要的作品。
二、启蒙时代的文学启蒙时代是美国文学的重要时期，这一时期的作品反映了人们对自由、理性和独立思考的追求。
本杰明·富兰克林是启蒙时代的代表人物，他的《贫穷理性者的儿子》和《自传》都是重要的作品。
此外，托马斯·潘恩的《常识》和托马斯·杰斐逊的《独立宣言》也是这一时期的重要文献。
三、浪漫主义时期的文学浪漫主义时期是19世纪美国文学的高峰期，作家们开始关注个人情感和内心体验。
华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传奇》和爱德加·爱伦·坡的《乌鸦》是这一时期的代表作品。
此外，纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》和赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的《白鲸》也是不可忽视的作品。
四、现实主义时期的文学现实主义时期是19世纪末到20世纪初的文学运动，作家们开始关注社会问题和人类命运。
马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》和斯蒂芬·克莱恩的《红字》是这一时期的代表作品。
此外，亨利·詹姆斯的《国际象棋之家》和埃德蒙·威尔逊的《了不起的盖茨比》也是重要的作品。
五、现代主义和后现代主义时期的文学现代主义和后现代主义时期是20世纪美国文学的重要阶段，作家们开始挑战传统的叙事方式和观念。
欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》和威廉·福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》是现代主义时期的代表作品。
美国文学复习资料整理打印
美国文学复习资料整理打印美国文学复习资料1.The literature of colonial American at the beginning of the seventeeth century.美国文学史的开始17世纪初2.The first American writer Captain John Smith第一个美国作家约翰。
史密斯船长3.early new England literature, puritan values---hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety.清教徒价值观——努力工作、节俭、虔诚和节制。
4.John Smith 约翰-史密斯；作品A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony. 真正的关系等值得注意的事件和事故所以来发生在弗吉尼亚殖民地第一种植。
A Map Of V irginia with a Description of the Country维吉尼亚州的地图描述5. William Bradford; ---------of Plymouth plantation威廉·布拉德福德;- - - - - - -普利茅斯种植园John Winthrop----------the history of new England约翰·温思罗普- - - - - - - - - - -新英格兰的历史6.Anne Dudley Bradstreet------the tenth muse lately sprung up in America安妮布莱德思特-------第十缪斯最近在美国兴起7.Edward T aylo r----the best of the puritan poets爱德华·泰勒——最好的清教徒诗人8.the war for independence lasted for eight years (1775-1783) 独立战争持续了八年(1775 -1783)9.Noah Webster declared;?? American must be as independent in literature as she is in politics,as famous for the arts as for arms. 。
美国文学史复习资料
一、殖民主义时期 The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰•史密斯 Captain John Smith《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉•布拉德福德 William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰•温思罗普 John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰•威廉姆斯 Roger Williams《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮•布莱德斯特 Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in Americ a”二、理性和革命时期文学 The Literature of Reason and Revolution1。
本杰明•富兰克林 Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)※《自传》“ The Autobiography ”《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”2。
美国文学史期末考试复习资料
一、作者-作品1.Eugene O’Neill 尤金·奥尼尔Desire under the Elms榆树下的欲望2.Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说3.Nathaniel Hawthorne霍桑The Scarlet Letter红字4.Herman Melville麦尔维尔Moby Dick白鲸5.Edgar Allan Poe艾伦.坡The Raven乌鸦6.Walt Whitman惠特曼Leaves of Grass草叶集7. Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽雅特.比彻.斯托Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋8. Henry James 亨利.詹姆斯in the Portrait of a Lady一位女士的肖像9.Mark Twain 马克.吐温TheAdventures ofHuckleberry Finn哈克贝里.费恩历险The Gilded Age镀金时代10. O. Henry 欧.亨利The Gift of the Magi麦琪的礼物11. Stephen Crane：史蒂芬.克莱恩The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章12.Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹13.Jack London 杰克.伦敦The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤14. John Steinbeck 约翰.斯坦贝克The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄15.F. Scott Fitzgerald弗斯.菲茨杰拉德The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比16.Ernest Hemingway 海明威The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起17.Katherine Anne Porter 凯瑟琳.安.波特Flowing Judas and other Stories犹大之花18. Ezra Pound 埃兹拉.庞德 Imagism 意象派The Cantos 诗章19.William Carlos Williams: 威廉.威廉姆斯The Red Wheelbarrow红色手推车20. Joseph Heller约瑟夫海勒：Catch-22 第22条军规21.Thomas Stearns Eliot爱略特The Waste Land荒原22.Zora Neal Hurston 佐拉.赫斯顿Their eyes were watching God 他们眼望上苍二、名词解释1.Transcendentalism超验主义:(1)As a philosophical and literary movement, American Transcendentalis m (also known as “ American Renaissance”) flourshed in New England fr om the 1830s to the Civil War. It is the high tide of American romanticism and its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson and Thoreau. Transcendentalists spoke for the cultural rejuvenation and agai nst the materialism of American society.(2)The major features of Transcendentalism:① The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. 思想超灵宇宙② The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To t hem, the individual is the most important element of Society. 个体+社会③ The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbol ic of the Spirit or God. Nature was not purely matter. It was alive, filled w ith God’s overwhelming presence. 自然+上帝代表人物：Emerson, Thoreau2.The Gilded Age镀金时代：an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope. Although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, and Poe, the great age of American romanticism had ended. By the 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned. 无节制、走极端，倒退和进步、贫困和富有并存，既令人沮丧又让人有希望的时代。
美国文学史复习资料
美国文学史复习资料美国文学史复习（colonialism)第一部分殖民主义时期的文学殖民时期的美国: Colonial America 17c早——18c末1. 从英国探险者和殖民者在新大陆的作品开始，描述他们在新大陆真实而精力充沛的冒险。
2. 另一类为清教作品Philip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺：第一位美国抒情诗人兼记者“Father of American Poetry”(美国诗歌之父)Puritanism: 清教主义American Puritanism influences on American literature:1. Idealism and optimism 理想主义和乐观主义2. Symbolism 象征主义3. Simplicity. 简洁一、时期综述1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）their voyage to the new land2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) About dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit3、清教徒的思想：1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it followlogically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。
美国文学史复习要点整理【手动】
美国文学史整理一、Colonial America 殖民时期1、New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, andConnecticut.2、Doctrines of Puritanism清教American Puritanism stressed predestination（命运神定), original sin（原罪）, total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from God’s grace.3、Writing style：fresh, simple and direct and with a touch of nobility；the rhetoric is plain andhonest.4、Life style：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.5、Main writer:①Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩work：Common Sense (1776) 《常识》American Crisis (1776-1783)《美国危机》The Rights of Man《人权》The Age of Reason《理性时代》②Benjamin Franklin（本杰明·富兰克林）Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理历书》Autobiography 《富兰克林自传》<clarity, good sense, and simplicity of the English essayists Joseph Addison and Richard Steele>③Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊Declaration of Independence (1776)《独立宣言》<simple and clear, powerful and graceful>二、American Romanticism (early period) 浪漫主义前期1、Characteristics：①A rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.反对理性主义的客观性。
美国文学史复习
美国文学史复习（一）Colonialism（殖民主义）一、Puritan thoughts:1. to make their religious beliefs and practices pure,2. to restore simplicity,3. to live a hard and disciplined life4. to oppose pleasure and arts.二、Puritan values:hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (they dominated much of the earliest American writing.)（二）Romanticism一、文学特征：1. Environment:①shaped by their New World environment 美洲大陆新环境②array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditions of Europe 欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮2.美国文学的特点：①pluralistic多元化②manifestations varied 表现形式多样③individualistic个人主义④conflicting 矛盾3. Romanticism的特点：①moral enthusiasm注重道德②faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受③the presumption that the natural world was a source of corruption.认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。
4. Transcendentalism：（超验主义）①As a moral philosophy, it was neither logical nor systematized.It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。
美国文学史概述及选读复习资料
美国文学史American Literature in the colonical and Revolutionary:1.Benjamin Franklin(本杰明.富兰克林)2.hilip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺Benjamin Franklin(本杰明.富兰克林)1)"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴(以笔名Richard Sunders)2)“annual collection of proverbs “流行谚语集(It soon became the most popular bookof its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation) 3)The Way to Wealth (Father Abraham’s Sermon)致富之道(as the “perface to Poor RichardImproved)4)The Autobiography自传(18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传)5)Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and politicalideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题.6)established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University ofPennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学.7)first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges.8)Writer,printer,publisher,scientist,philanthropist,and diplomat,he was the most famousand respected private figure of his time.The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地(1)poet and political journalist 诗人和政治方面的新闻记者(2)perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period.(3)has been called the "Father of American Poetry" 美国诗歌之父(4)Imaginative and melancholy treatment of nature and human life,and sharp satire against the British tyranny19th Century American LiteratureWashington Irving(华盛顿.欧文)1．James Fenimore Cooper(詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀)2．Nathaniel Hawthorne(纳萨尼尔.霍桑)3．Edgar Allan Poe （埃德加.阿伦.坡）4．Henry Daived Thoreau(亨利.戴维.梭罗)5．Herman Melville(赫尔曼.麦尔维尔)6．Walt Whiteman(沃尔特.惠特曼)The Rise of American Romanticism• One of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War(1861-65).• It started with the publication of Washington Irving's e T he h Sketch Book(1820) and ended with Whitman's s Leaves f of Grass(1855)..Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiam,faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and apresumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。
美国文学简史-期末复习资料
i.The Colonial Period1.关键词: America Puritanism2.Calvinism特点: total depravity, Unconditional election, Limited atonement,Irresistible grace, Perseverance of the saints3.Anne Bradstreet( P17 ): a Puritan poet be known as “The Muse”4.Thomas Paine: one of continual, unswerving fight for the rights of man.works: “Common Sense” “American Crisis” “The Rights of Man” “The Age ofReason”理性时代5.Phillip Freneau(P22): 美国文学史上的重要人物dawning nationalism 代表人物Poems: The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花first modern American & the last medieval man6.Jonathan Edwards( Calvinism )a critical role in shaping the First Great Awakeningworks: “The Freedom of the Will”《自由意志论》“The Great Doctrine ofOriginal Sin Defended”《伟哉原罪论辩》“The Nature of True Virtue”“American Dream” “Self-made”7.Benjamin Franklin(puritanism)“Poor Richard’s Almance” “autobiography”新文学形式“18th century enlightenment”ii.Romanticism1.Washington Irving〔1783-1859〕①titles: “the father of American literature”“the American Goldsmith”②works: The Sketch Book (marked the beginning of AmericanRomanticism and the beginning of short stories as a genre in Americanliterature)Rip Van Winkle (P47—P48)The Legend of Sleepy Hollow2.James Fenimore Cooper〔1789-1851〕①One of the first writer to write American Westward movement②“The Leatherstocking Tales” (novel)first is “The Pioneers”---Plot:---theme conflict between Natty Bumppo and Judge Temple----character:Natty Bumppo---innocent, simple, honest and generous, for freedom,against civilization, wilderness is goodJudge Temple---just, reasonable, for civilization and law③Writing style:intriguing plotmajestic landscape descriptionsrich imaginationwooden characterizationnot authentic dialectiii.New England Transcendentalism---the culmination of American Romanticism Beginning of the Transcendentalism---1836, Nature, Emerson (1830s –the Civil War)Features：a:emphasizing on spirit or the Over-soul；b:stressing the importance of the individual；c:offering a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.1.Ralph Waldo Emerson：The founder of the Transcendentalist club and theeditor for a time of the journal the DialWorks:Nature ---“the Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” “the Bible ofNew England”:The Poet (from Nature)The American Scholar --- “Intellectual Declaration of Independence”2.Henry David ThoreauMasterpiece: Walden (Failure first, success in the 20th century)Content---a faithful record of his reflection in communicating with nature3.Nathaniel Hawthorne“The Scarlet Letter”Plot(P74)Theme:---(general theme) evil and sin exist in human heart and will be punishedone daymoral, emotional and psychological effect of the sin on the people in general---(specific theme) a hymn on the moral growth of the woman Hester whensinned againstsymbolism象征主义: “A”—Adultery—able—angel“pearl”—treasure4.Herman Melvilleworks: Moby Dick (1851)---little response, famous until the 20th centuryContent:---(general content) an encyclopedia of everything---(specific content) a tragedy of man fighting against overwhelmingpower in an indifferent even hostile world5.Edgar Allan PoeTheme: The death of beautySense of lossWorks:Poem--- “The Raven” “To Helen” “Annabel Lee”Writing style:MusicalRepetition of wordsParalleled structureMelancholy atmosphere(tone)Short story---The Fall of the House of UsherPlot: (P112)Theme: the fall of the house---the annihilation (disintegration) and of person6.Emily DickinsonSubject and theme:①(almost one third) Death and immortality“My life closed twice before its close”“Because I could not stop for death”theme: Everyone can’t live forever. Only after death can we getimmortality (immortality of soul)“ I heard a Fly Buzz- When I died”theme: skeptical & ambivalent about deathreluctance to death②Love“Wild Nights-Wild nights” (P99)③nature (both benevolent and cruel)“I’ll tell you how the sun rose”④emphasis of free will and human responsibility“To fight aloud”“A triumph may be”⑤soul ( conviction of her sovereignty)“I know that He exists”“The Brain is wider than the sky”Theme:influence of TranscendentalismHuman being’s mind (soul) is as divine as God⑥beauty, truth and goodness are ultimately one“I died for beauty-but was scare”“Tell all the truth but tell it slant” (P102)Writing style: emotional, original, against traditionChoice of words, verbal construction (capitalized and dash), spelling, fullof fresh images, brief, direct, plain words but not easy to readInfluence: precursor to the Imagist movement7.Walt WhitmanWorks: “Leaves of Grass”草叶集(9 editions from 1855 to 1892, Famous untilthe 5th edition)Poems in Leaves of Grass:“Song of Myself”(most famous one)“Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking” (1859)“When Lilacs紫丁香Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d” (1865)“O Captain My Captain!”Writing style: free verse( no regular rhyme, but musical)iv.过渡时期Harriet Beecher Stowework: Uncle Tom’s Cabin---The greatest manifesto of American anti-slavery (最有名的反奴隶制作品)Content: a faithful record of American black people's miserable life.v.Realism 镀金时代Gilded Age1.William Dean Howells豪厄尔斯①title: “champion of literary realism in US” “first president of AmericanAcademy of Arts and Letters”②works:essay---Criticism and Fictionnovel---The Rise of Silas LaphamPlot: P120-121Character: Silas Lapham---common Bostonian of the late 19th century,average America happy with his family and proud of his success in the worldTheme:house---symbol of Lapham’s success (in material) and aspiration for the polite societythe burning of the house---financial fall and moral rise2.Henry James①themes:exchanges between Americans and Europeans美国和欧洲文化的冲突②写作手法：a. eliminates the author and gives the reader the illusion ofbeing present at the scene of action让读者置身于情境中b. without comments or explanations: Dramatize, only dramatize, is hislesson作者只设定情境③Three distinctive periods:a. 1865-1882 novelsThe American (1877) 美国人The Europeans (1878) 欧洲人The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 淑女本色贵妇的肖像Daisy Miller(1878) 短篇小说playsc.1895-1990 novelsThe Turn of the Screw(1898)短篇小说碧庐冤孽〔螺丝在旋紧〕The Wings of the Dove (1902) 鸽之翼The Ambassadors (1903) 大使〔奉使记〕The Golden Bowl (1904) 金碗3.Mark Twain(Local Colorism)①Works: The Adventure of Tom SawyerThe Adventure of Huckleberry Finn 汤姆索亚历险记的续集，海明威称赞“all modern American literature comes”②theme: racism& slaveryintellectual& moral educationThe hypocrisy of civilized” society③real name: Samuel Langhorne Clemens④背景: Mississippi Rivervi.Naturalism(是现实主义的高级阶段)Time: at the end of the 19th centurySubject of naturalist: detailed description of lives of the low and the abnormal, frank description of human passion and sexuality, and portrayal of men overwhelmed by natureTheme of naturalists: pessimistic, deterministic自然主义的起源：Emile Zola “surrounding and heredity遗传can decide one’s destiny”写作手法：ironic挖苦, less sympathy, more serious than realism, deterministic决定论1.Stephen Crane①Works: (novels) Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893) and The Red Badge ofCourage (1895) (short stories) “The Open Boat”②Writing style: psychological description, visual beauty with symbols2.Frank Norris①works: (Novel) McTeague麦克提格(1899)首部全面展示自然主义的作品the Octopus章鱼(best work) (1901) railwayWriting style:rich materialfresh imagerypoetic mode of fictionprecise and exact word(Essay of literary criticism) The Responsibilities of the Novelists (1903)3.O. Henry(a prolific American short-story writer)多产短篇小说家①Real name: William Porter②The Gift of the Magi③Writing style: short, interesting and clever plot, good-natured humor,surprising end, keen observation of details, slang and colloquialexpressions4.Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞works:Sister Carrie(1990)《嘉丽妹妹》Jennie Gerhardt (1911)《珍妮姑娘》〔姐妹篇〕The Financier (1912) 《金融家》“Trilogy of Desire” (欲望三部曲) The Titan (1914)《巨头》The Stoic(1947)《斯多葛》The "Genius" (1915) 《天才》--autobiographical novelAn American Tragedy--greatest and most successful Political commentary set5.Jack LondonWorks:---Reflection of his Involvement in the socialist movement:The Iron Heel, The People of the Abyss---Reflection of his belief in Darwinism:The Call of the Wild (1903)适者生存, The Sea Wolf (1904)---Reflection of the conflicting view :autobiographical novel Martin Eden (1909)vii.ModernismTwo literary periods•1920s ---The First World War (a decade of great joy and happenings )•1930s--- The Great Depression1.Ezra Pound--- the founder of Imagist movement(深受中国文化的影响)works: translations of Lipo’s poems “The River- Merchant’s Wife” 翻译李白的《长干行》In a Station of the MetroThe apparition of these faces in the crowd ;Petals on a wet, black bough.—Ezra Pound2.T. S. EliotPoemsThe Waste Land (1922)---spiritual crisis of postwar Europe, like a manifestoof the “Lost generation”The Love Song of Prufrock (1917)---a poem with a notable modernemotional color，意识流，现代主义情感色彩3.Wallace StevensBasic theme: interrelationship between reality and art, power of imaginationWorks: “Anecdote of the Jar”古坛轶事4.William Carlos WilliamsWorks: Famous poem: Paterson 帕特森(1946–58).Subject: everyday circumstances of life and the lives of common people.Writing style: unusual meters and styles, easy and enjoyable to read5.Carl Sandburg---One of The greatest poets in the “Chicago Renaissance”---Chicago Poems6.Robert FrostSubject: the people and landscape of New England.(Misconception of him as a lyric poet or as an authentic painter of locallandscape)Theme: (universal and abstract) the complexity of human existenceWorks:poem collection：A Boy’s Will (1913), North of Boston(1914)New Hamphshire(1923),Collected Poems(1930),A Further Range(1936),A Witness Tree(1942)Some famous poems:“After Apple Picking”“Mending Wall”“Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening”“The Road not Taken”“Design”“The Wood-Pile”Writing style:---formto retain traditional forms of poetry---themedeceptively simple (trivial subjects)---languagelucid, easy, fluent7.William Faulkner: one of the twentieth century’s greatest writers---one of the southern writers (fictional Yoknapatawpha County)---the Nobel Prize-winning novelist(1949)---a famous short story writerWorks: 19 novels, 3volumes of short stories•poem collection: The Marble Faun, 1924)•Novel:The Sound and the Fury, 1929喧哗与躁动As I Lay Dying, 1930Light in August, 1932Absalom, Absalom!, 1936Go Down, Moses, 1942•short story: “A Rose For Emily”Theme: general human situationWriting style: difficult and experimental•Vivid characterization( character with great independence)•Multiple narrators•Story-novel (emphasis on narrative)•Modern stream of consciousness (fragmentary and obscure)• A variety of English8. F. Scott Fitzgeraldwork: The Great Gatsby(1925)Themes: The decline衰落of American Dream in the 1920sThe Hollowness空虚of the upper classSymbols: The green light9.Ernest Hemingway①Nick Adams, a Hemingway hero, first appears in the novel In Our Time(1925)②The Sun Also Rises (1926)Jake BarnesA Farewell to Arms (1929)Frederick Henry & Catherine BarkleyDeath in the Afternoon (1932 )Green Hills of Africa (1935)For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)The Old Man and the Sea (1952)Manolin & Santiagoviii.American drama1.Eugene O’Neil(1888 – 1953)father of American dramaWorks:first published play, Beyond the Horizon (1920) on BroadwayThe Iceman Cometh (1946)Long Days Journey into Night (1956)：an autobiographical play and releasedafter O'Neill's death.2.John Steinbeckthe Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962Famous for The Grapes of Wrath (1939), a novel widely considered to be a20th-century classic.。
重点参考美国文学史期末复习
H i s t o r y A n d A n t h o l o g y o f A m e r i c a n L i t e r a t u r e(V o l u m eⅠⅡ)美国文学史及选读1、2PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1.17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。
在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexicoand other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
2.17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3.美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese(荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
4.美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5.第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established atJamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
6.船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of theCountry”.9.他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。
美国文学期末复习资料
美国文学期末复习资料美国文学作为一个重要的学科，涉及的内容很广，题材也很多。
为了帮助大家更好地进行期末复习，本文将为大家提供一些有用的资料和复习方法。
一、美国文学的历史概述美国文学的历史可以分为几个时期：殖民时期、启蒙时期、浪漫主义时期、现实主义时期、自然主义时期、现代主义时期等。
每个时期都有不同的题材和文学流派，需要我们进行详细的了解和掌握。
二、重要的美国文学作品在美国文学中，有很多重要的作品，如《飘》、《百年孤独》、《了不起的盖茨比》、《老人与海》、《麦田里的守望者》等。
这些作品的作者都是文学史上的巨匠，他们的作品对之后的文学创作产生了很大的影响，也是重要的考题。
三、主要的美国文学流派美国文学中有很多流派，如现代主义、后现代主义、现实主义、自然主义、浪漫主义等。
每个流派都有不同的特点和代表作品，需要我们对其进行深入的了解，从而更好地掌握美国文学的发展历程。
四、美国文学中的重要人物美国文学历史上有很多重要的人物，如沃尔特·惠特曼、马克·吐温、欧内斯特·海明威、海伦·凯勒等。
这些人物都是文学史上的重要人物，他们的作品对于美国文学的发展产生了深远的影响。
五、复习方法在复习美国文学的时候，我们可以采取以下几种方法：1. 将美国文学的历史概述、重要作品、主要流派、重要人物等内容进行系统的总结，形成属于自己的笔记。
2. 阅读相关作品，在了解作品的同时，结合自己的理解，形成自己的见解和思考。
3. 参加相关讲座和研讨会，向专业人士请教，深入了解美国文学的相关知识和技能。
4. 做好考试的准备，根据历年考题，进行模拟练习，找到自己的薄弱环节，进行针对性的复习。
总之，在进行美国文学的复习时，我们需要深入了解相关内容，同时养成良好的阅读习惯和思考习惯，不断加强对美国文学的理解和掌握，从而有效提高自己的成绩。
美国文学史复习资料
American Nobel Prize for Literature Winners:1. Sinclair Lewis 1930 Main Street Babbit2.Eugene O‘neil 1936 Beyond the Horizon3. Pearl S.Buck 1938 The Good Earth4. W. Faulkner 1949 The Sound and the Fury5. E. Hemingway 1954 The Old Man and the Sea6. John Steinbeck 1962 The Wrath of Grape7. Saul Bellow 1976 Herzog8. Isaac Bashevis Singer 1980 The King of the Fields9. Czeslaw Milosz (Poland/USA) 1980 Poetry10. Toni Morrison 1993 The Song of SolomanOutline of American Literature:I Colonial Period (1607—1765)II Revolutionary Period (1765--1800)III The Age of Romanticism (1800—1865)IV The Age of Realism (1865—1918)V American Modernism (1918—1945)VI Contemporary Literature (1945-- )Part I Colonial Period (1607—1765)•⑴Christopher Columbus discovered the American continent in 1451.•⑵The earliest settlers included Spanish (they built the first town on the new continent);Dutch (they built New York city at the beginning stage); French (today still lots of people‘s mother tongue is French in North America) ; Swedes, Germans, Italians, and Portuguese.•⑶The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.•(Imagine: transportation not convenient, why many immigrants left their hometown and came to such a remote place as America? Economic reasons; Religious reasons) •(Reformation and religious conflicts in Europe; persecution of ProtestantsFeatures of Literature of this Period:1.Religious matters: Praise God for a New Israel (a promised land)2.Puritan thoughts*3.Narrative and journals of these settlementEarly American Writers and Poets•South, Jamestown, Virginia:•Captain John Smith ---first American writer (p.3 )•Contributions: his description of America were filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, characters and events that were a foundation for the nation‘s literature. He lured the Pilgrims into fleeing here and creating a New land(p.2).•North, New England, Puritan Writers•William Bradford: first governor of Plymouth, The History of Plymouth Plantation, simplicity, earnestness, direct reporting, readable, moving.•John Winthrop: first governor of Boston, The History of New England, candid simplicity, honesty•Two Poets: Anne Bradstreet, Edward Taylorbackground:•By the time of Elizabeth‘s reign, the Church of England was clearly Protestant in respect to its separation from Rome.•However, the puritans want to ―purify the church‖, because they thought the church was corrupted and had too many rituals.•Eventually, these ―reformers‖ were so repressed that they sought escape. Therefore, the theocracy created in the New World was such that their point of view would be held supreme.Their Religious Doctrines:•They regarded themselves as chosen people of God….p.8•To be a Puritan: taking religion as the most important thing; living for glorifying God;believing predestination（命运天定）,•original sin（原罪，人生下来就是有罪的，因为人类的祖先亚当和夏娃是有罪的•total depravity [making anything bad;corruption]- through Adam's fall, every human is born sinful - concept of Original Sin.（人类是完全堕落的，所以人要处处小心自己的行为，要尽可能做到最好以取悦上帝）limited atonement - Jesus died for the chosen only, not for everyone. （有限救赎，只有被上帝选中的人才能得到上帝的拯救）•predestination, original sin, total depravity and limited atonement.Life Style of Puritans:•Pious（虔诚）, diligence（勤奋）and thrift（节俭）, rigid sense of morality, self-reliance.•They favored a disciplined, hard, somber, and harsh life.•They opposed arts and pleasure. They suspect joy and laughter as symptoms of sin. American Puritan•On the one hand, American Puritans were all idealist as their European brothers. They came to the new continent with the dream that they would built the new land to an Eden on earth.•On the other hand, American Puritans were more practical maybe because of the severe conditions they faced.Puritanism’s influence on American literature1. Purpose: pragmatic• 2. Contents: serving either God or colonial expansion or both.•practical matter-of-fact accounts of life in the new world; highly theoretical discussions of religious questions.• 3. Form: imitating English literary traditions (diary, autobiography, sermon, letter)• 4. Style: simple, fresh and direct (just as the style of the Authorized Version of Holy Bible);••tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery, simplicity of diction.••Symbolism（象征主义）: lots of American writers liked to employ symbolism in their works. (typical way of Puritans who thought that all the simple objects existing in the world connoted deep meaning.)•Symbolism means using symbols in literary works. The symbol means something represents or stands for abstract deep meaning.•• 6. Optimism: Garden of Eden and American Dream (Basis of American literature). The puritans dreamed of building a new Garden of Eden in the New World, and regarded America as their Promised Land. This kind of optimism developed into Emerson‘s Transcendentalism and later on into American Dream, a promise that any man can fully actualize oneself through hard work.writers of colonial period(1) Anne Bradstreet(2) Edward Taylor(3) Roger Williams(4) John Woolman(5) Thomas Paine(6) Thomas Jefferson(7) Philip FreneauThomas Painea pamphleteer, a fighter for independence and human rightsThe CrisisCommon SenseThe Rights of ManAge of ReasonThomas Jefferson"Author of the Declaration of American Independence, of the Statute of Virginia for religious freedom, and Father of the University of Virginia."Philip Freneau the earliest of American poets, who inspired American imaginationmajor works:The Wild Honey Suckle《野金银花》The Rising Glory of America《美洲光辉的兴起》The British Prisonship《英国囚船》The Indian Burying Ground《印第安人墓地》Part II Revolutionary Period (1765--1800)Edwards and FranklinRevolutionary Period (1775-1783)―The Age of Reason‖―American Enlightenment‖. Historical Background :⑴American Revolution⑵EnlightenmentEnlightenmentOriginated in Europe in the 17th centuryResources: Newton‘s theory; deism（自然神教派，宗教与启蒙精神相结合的产物）;French philosophy (Rousseau, V oltaireDEISM is a religious philosophy. It believes that religious truth is shown by reason applied to empirical events.Deists believe that God's greatest gift to humanity is not religion, but the ability to reason.Rejection of reports of miracles, prophecies, and religious "mysteriesBasic principles of ―American Enlightenmentstressing educationstressing Reason (Order) (The age has been called Age of Reason)employing Reason to reconsider the traditions and social realitiesconcerns for civil rights, such as equality and social justiceThe 18th-century American Enlightenment was a movement marked by an emphasis on rationality rather than tradition, scientific inquiry instead of unquestioning religious dogma, and representative government in place of monarchy.Enlightenment thinkers and writers were devoted to the ideals of justice, liberty, and equality as the natural rights of man.The colonists who would form a new nation were firm believers in the power of reason;they were ambitious, inquisitive, optimistic, practical, politically astute, and self-reliant Significancefreeing people from the limitations set by prevailing Puritanismmaking spiritual preparation for American Revolutionaccelerating social progress2. Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)---- last important figure in Puritan traditionGreat Awakening is a series of religious revivals that swept over the American colonies about the middle of the 18th century. It resulted in doctrinal changes and influenced social political thought. In New England it was started (1734)by the rousing 使觉醒的preaching of Jonathon Edwards.3. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)----Jack of all tradesHe helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital.Franklin’s Contributions:1.He founded an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania.And he helped found the American Philosophical Society.2.He was also remembered for volunteer fire departments, effective street lighting, theFranklin stove, bifocal glasses and efficient heating devices..And for his lightning-rod, he was called ―the new Prometheus who had stolen fire from heaven.‖3.He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States:The Declaration of Independence,The Treaty of Alliance with France,The Treaty of Peace with England,The ConstitutionLiterary works(1) Poor Richard’s Almanac(2) AutobiographyPoor Richard‘s Almanac《穷查理年历》Modeled on farmers’annual calendarkept publishing for many yearsincludes many classical sayings, such as “A penny saved is a penny earned.”Features:•practical and useful•interesting by creating the character ―Poor Richard‖•continuation of simple but realistic story about Richard, his wife and family•including many ―sayings‖ about saving money and working hardAutobiographySimple, plainness, the simplicity of diction, syntax and expressionclear in orderdirect and conciseIII The Age of Romanticism (1800—1865)As a literary trend or movement, Romanticism , occurred and developed in Europe & America at the turn of the 18th & 19th centuries under the historical background of the Industrial Revolution around 1760 & the French Revolution(1772-1829).•Characteristics of Romanticism• 1. subjectivity•(1) feeling and emotions, finding truth•(2) emphasis on imagination•(3) emphasis on individualism –personal freedom, no hero worship, natural goodness of human beings• 2. back to medieval, esp medieval folk literature•(1) unrestrained by classical rules•(2) freedom of imagination•(3) colloquial language•(4) genuine in feelings• 3. back to nature•nature is “breathing living thing”(Rousseau: French Philosopher•Background•(1) Political background• a. economic boom• b. calling for culture independence• c. eagerness in literary expression•(2) Romantic movement in European countries•(1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience‖ and contained ―an alien quality‖ for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place‖ was radically new and alien.•(2) There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained.•(3) The “newness‖ of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism.•(4) As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent.Washington IrvingIrving’s contributionfather of American literature1the first American to win international fame2the messenger sent from the new world to the old world3the 1st one to write the short story--The Sketch Book , which marked the beginning of American RomanticismIrving’s Styleproviding a model for the narrative of the future•avoided moralizing; wrote to amuse and entertain,•was good at enveloping his stories in an atmosphere,•his characters are vivid and true•filled with humor•musical languageThe theme of ―Rip Van Winkle‖①it reveals conservative attitude of Irving.②it might be an illustration of Irving’s argument that revolution upset the natural order of things. paralleled juxtapositions(不同文化的对比) of two worldspeaceful natural world in the mountainsa; noisy world with his wife on the farma pre-Revolution village ;Washington eraIrving was unwilling to accept a modern democratic America.both Winkle and Irving prefer the past and a dream-like worldJ.F. Cooperfather of American noveliststhe creation of the west frontier and its heroesCooper‘s Major Literary Works:The Leatherstocking Tales, 《皮袜子故事集》1) The Deerslayer《杀鹿者》( 1841(2) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1826 )《最后的莫西干人》(3) The Pathfinder《探路人》( 1840(4) The Pioneers《拓荒者》( 1823(5) The Prairie《大草原》( 1827The Theme of The Pioneerswilderness vs. civilization, freedom vs. law, order vs. change, aristocrat vs. democrat, natural rights vs. legal rightsWriting Style▪(1) highly imaginative, a mythic writer▪(2) good at inventing tales and landscape description▪he had never been to the frontier and among the Indians and yet could write five huge epic books about them▪(3) powerful but clumsy writer: characterization wooden and lacking in probability;language and use of dialect not authenticLiterary Achievements1)He created a myth about the formative period of the American nation.▪history of the USA -- the process of the settlers exploring and pushing the American frontier westward, Leatherstocking Tales is the same of the American national experience.2)He turned the west and frontier as a useable past3) He helped to introduce western tradition to American literatureTranscendentalism●Transcendentalism is the summit of the Romantic Movement in the history of Americanliterature in the 19th century.●Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as ―the recognition in man of thecapacity of knowing truth intuitively‖.●Transcendentalists place emphasis on the importance of the Over-soul, the individual andNature.●The most important representatives are Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau Features:1.Spirit / Oversoul is the most important thing in the universe.①It is omnipresent (present everywhere) and omnipotent (able to do anything)②It exists in nature and man alike and constituted the universe.a new way of looking at the world2.The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of individualism•The individual soul communed with the Oversoul and was therefore divine.•The regeneration of society could only come about through the regeneration of the individual.•His perfection should be the first concern of his life.•The ideal type of man was the self-reliant individuala new way of looking at man3.nature is the symbol of spirit/the garment of the Oversoul•Nature was alive, filled with God‘s overwhelming presence. The physical world was a symbol of the spiritual.•Nature could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind.a new way of looking at natureRalph Waldo Emerson: major works①Nature 自然(1836) ：―the manifesto of American transcendentalism‖ and ―the Bible ofNew England Transcendentalism.‖①The American Scholar美国学者(1837)："America's Declaration of IntellectualIndependence"①Self-Reliance 论自助: the importance of cultivating oneself②"Self-Reliance" is widely considered to be the definitive statement of Ralph WaldoEmerson's philosophy of individualism and the finest example of his prose.③Emerson was known for his repeated use of the phrase ‗‗trust thyself." "Self-Reliance" ishis explanation—both systematic and passionate—of what he meant by this and of why he was moved to make it his catch-phrase.Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)⏹Schoolteacher, essayist, poet⏹One leader of Transcendentalism⏹Most famous for Walden and Civil Disobedience1. Walden, or Life in the Woods 18542. Civil Disobedience 18493. Life Without Principle 18634. A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers 18495. The Maine Woods 18646. Cape Cod 18657. Slavery in Massachusetts 1854Comment on Walden:Between the end of March 1845 and July4, Thoreau constructed a cabin on the shore of Walden Pond, near Concord. There he lived alone until September 1847, supplying his needs by his own labor and developing and testing his transcendental philosophy of individualism, self-reliance and material economy for the sake of spiritual wealth.He sought to reduce his physical needs to a minimum, in order to free himself for study, thought, and observation of nature, himself. Therefore his cabin was a simple room and he wore the cheapest essential clothing and restricted his diet to what he found.Walden can be many things and can be read on more than one level. But it is, first and foremost, a book about man, what he is, and what he should be and must be.Thoreau has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man. He holds that the most important thing for men to do with their lives is to be self-sufficient and strive to achieve person spiritual perfection. Thoreau was very critical of modern civilization. ―Civilized man is the sl ave of matter,‖ he said on one occasion.Considered one of the all-time great books, Walden is a record of Thoreau's two year experiment of living at Walden Pond. The writer's chief emphasis is on the simplifications and enjoyment of life now. It is regarded as1. a nature book.2. a do-it-yourself guide to simple life.3. a satirical criticism of modern life and living.4. a belletristic achievement.5. a spiritual book.Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804~1864)Major Literary Works:Hawthorn‘s literary theoryTheory of Romance Herman Melville•Hawthorne favors romance as a suitable form of writing:•He thinks that a romance should be able to present the truth with the writer's own creative imagination. He should be able to combine reality with his own imagination, to make real look unreal, or the unreal real. That‘s why Hawthorne took great interest in history, which he believed enabled him to dream strange things and make them look like truth.••Symbolism – Hawtho rn’s artistic feature•Hawthorn is a master of symbolism. His symbols are mostly loaded with moral implicationsThe theme of the novel is about the effect of a sin on the people involved and the society as a whole. The theme is that it is useless to hide guilt in order to avoid punishment. The novel asks thequestion of whether the act of Hester and her lover was really sinful. The author gives no clear answer.style – typical romantic writer•(1) the use of symbols•(2) revelation of characters‘ psycholog y•(3) the use of supernatural mixed with the actual•(4) his stories are parable (parable in form) – to teach a lesson•(5) use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty –multiple point of view•The scarlet letter is meant to be a symbol of shame, but instead it becomes a powerful symbol of identity to Hester. The letter’s meaning shifts as time passes.•Pearl’s primary function within the novel is as a symbol. Pearl is a sort of living version of her mother’s scarlet letter.The meaning development of ASymbolic of Hester’s moral development is the gradual, imperceptible change which the scarle tletter A undergoes in meaning: at first it is a token of shame, punishment and guilt “Adultery”; but then the genuine sympathy and help Hester offered to her fellow villagers changes it to “Able”, which represents intelligence and hard working; at the end of the story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying “Angel”, which represents the high virtues of Hester PrynnePearl—more of a symbol than a character. She was the innocent daughter of Hester and the minister. To hester, she was the fruit of human love and physical passion; to Dimmesdale, she was a reminder of his sin and to Chillingworth an unforgettable shame and the motivation to take his revenge.Character AnalysisHester Prynne—the heroine of the novel. She was found guilty of adultery at the beginning of the story and was completely cut off from the community.However, Hester’s response to the scarlet letter A is a positive one.Though living on the fringe of the community, she does her best to reestablish her fellowship with her neighbors on a new, honest basis. She helps her fellow creatures as a sister of mercy of sorts or as a skilled embroideress in an inobtrusive and undemanding manner, and finally wins their love and admiration.To the self-rightious community which outlaws her, she manages to move ever closer. She does her best to keep herhold on the magic chain of humanity. Her life eventually acquires a real significance when she reestablishes a meaningful relationship with her fellowmen.She didn’t accept her fate and gradually won back acceptance and respect from the villagers of various background through honest and hard working. An industrious, brave, and unbending woman, she was once a sinner and later turned to a figure of high virtue.Dimmesdale—the unrevealed and hidden adulterer.In a sharp contrast, Dimmesdale banishes himself from society. Deeply preoccupied with himself, he lives a stranger among his admirers. The result is that, whereas Hester is able to reconstruct her life and win a moral victory, Dimmesdale undergoes the tragic experience of physical and spiritual disintegration becaust he have not the enough courage to confess his sin as an all-admired minister. He dies an honest man, it is true, but in part of his own hand. Only at the end of his life was he delivered from his sin and sense of guilt.From the final different fates of Hester and Dimmesdale, we can see that the best policy for man is to be true, honest, and ever ready to show one’s worst to the outside world.Hester does it all her life; Dimmesdale does it finally.Roger Chilingworth—husband of Hester Prynne, and the real villain of the story. He is a doctor and scholar, the embodiment of pure intellect, who commits “the unpardonable sin”—the violation of the human heart.A cuckolded husband, he was the victim of the adultery at the beginning of the story andliable to pity and sympathy. As a cold-natured physician, however, he designed an inhuman scheme of cold revenge by constantly tormenting the sinning soul of the minister until his death. So at last, he became the most hardened sinner, an embodiment of merciless revenge, vicious schemes and cold-blooded hatred.The end of Chilingworth is also tragic.Herman Melville (1819-1891)1. Redburn 18492. Typee 18463. Omoo 18744. Moby Dick 18515. Mardi 18496. White Jacket 18507. Pierre 18528. Billy Budd 1924Moby DickThemes of Moby Dick⏹ 1. Search for truthThe story deals with the human pursuit of truth and the meaning of existence.2. Conflict between Good and Evil.3. Conflict between Man and Nature.4. Isolation between man and man; man and nature; man and society.5. Solipsism.Symbols⏹ 1. The PequodThe Pequod is a symbol of doom. It is painted a gloomy black and covered in whale teethand bones, literally bristling with the mementos of violent death. It is, in fact, marked for death. Adorned like a primitive coffin, the Pequod becomes one.4) AhabSymbol of solipsism, revenge and then evil.5) StarbuckSymbol of good and noble.6) the DoubloonSymbol of the lure of evil and enticements to greed.7) SeaSymbol of vastness, loneliness, and isolation.Evaluation⏹Moby Dick is, critics have agreed, one of the world‘s greatest masterpieces. To get toknow the 19th century American mind and America itself, one has to read this book.⏹One of the classics of American Literature and even world literature.⏹Moby Dick is an encyclopedia of everything, history, philosophy, religion, etc. in additionto a detailed account of the operations of the whaling industry.Romantic Poets1.2.Types of poetry▪ 1.2.1. Narrative poetry▪ a. Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures of a hero whose exploits [brave or adventurous deeds or action] are important to the history of a nation. As Homeric epics (a blind bard): The Iliad and The Odyssey▪ b. Ballad: a simple poem(less ambitious than epics) that tells a story.▪ c. Romance: another type of narrative poem, in which adventure is a central feature.1.2.2. Lyric poetry▪ a. Epigram[诙谐诗]: short poem expressing an idea in clear and amusing way▪ b. Elegy: a lament for the dead.▪ c. Ode: a long stately poem in stanzas of varied length, meter, and form.▪ d. Sonnet: 14 lines, the Italian (or Petrarchan: 8-line octave + 6-line sestet; typical rhyming: abbaabba+cdcdcd/cdecde) and the English (or Shakespearean: three 4-line quatrains + a concluding 2-line couplet aabb+ccdd+eeff+gg)1.3. Elements of poetry▪ 1.3.1. Voice: speaker and tone▪ 1.3.2. Diction: the best words in the best order (Samuel Taylor Coleridge)▪ 1.3.3. Imagery: a concrete representation of a sense impression, a feeling, or an idea.▪Images: visual, aural, tactile, ol f actory (something smelled), g ustatory (sth tasted)▪ 1.3.4. Figures of speech: simile and metaphor▪ 1.3.5. Symbolism: a symbol is any object or action that means more than itself, any object or action that represents sth beyond itself.▪ 1.3.6. Syntax: the grammatical structure of words in sentences and the development of sentences in longer units throughout the poem.1.3.7. SoundRhyme:two or more words or phrases contain an identical or similar vowel-sound, usually stressed, and the consonant sounds that follow the vowel-sound are identical and preceded by different consonants.eg. bright and night heaven and seven see and theeExact rhyme: repeat end sounds preciselyeg. day — waySlant rhyme斜韵: provide an approximate sound eg.sun — boneIdentical rhyme全同韵: repeating the entire sound, including the initial consonant, sometimes by repeating the same word in a rhyme position and sometimes by repeating the sound with two senseseg. two — tooMasculine rhyme阳韵: the recurrence of sound is restricted to the final stressed syllable eg. cold — boldFeminine rhyme: the stressed rhyming syllables are followed by identical unstressed syllables eg. spiteful— delightfulTriple rhyme三压韵: the rhyming stressed syllable is followed by two identical unstressed syllableseg. tenderly —slenderlyInternal rhyme中间韵: occurs at the beginning, sometimes combined with end rhymeeg. the grains beyond age, the dark veins of her mother.End rhyme: occurs at the end of a lineeg. Three poets, in three distant ages born,Greece, Italy, and England did adorn.Alliteration is the repetition of consonants, especially at the beginning of words or stressed syllables.Eg. The willows waved violently in the wind.Assonance叠韵is the repetition of similar vowel sounds within a noticeable range.Eg. All day the wind breathes low with mellower toneThro‘ every holl ow cave and alley lone.Consonance is the repetition of identical consonant sounds before and after different vowels.Eg. tit and tatcreak and crack▪ 1.3.8. Rhythm and meter▪ a. rhythm: beat we feel in a phrase of music or a line of poetry, the regular recurrence of the accent or stress in poem.▪ b. foot[音步]: unit of rhythm in a line of poetry containing one stressed syllable and one or more unstressed syllables, as in the four division of “four m an/may c ome/and m en /may g o‖▪ c. meter[格律]: poetic metre with a given number of feet, or fixed arrangement of accented and unaccented syllables.▪Rising feet/meter: iamb (iambic), anapest (anapestic)抑抑扬格▪Falling feet/meter: trochee (trochaic), dactyl (dactylic) [dæktil ]扬抑抑格▪Number of feet per line▪Mo n ometer▪D imeter[dimitə]▪Tr imeter[trimitə]▪Te tr ameter[tetræmitə ]▪Pentameter▪Hexameter▪Hep t ameter▪Oc t ameter1.4. Some features of poetry▪ 1.4.1. emotional, passionate,▪Expressing and arousing strong feeling such as love, pity, fear, sadness, joy, etc from the author or from the reader▪ 1.4.2. Symbolic▪ A symbol is something that stands for something else. In literature, it refers to any word, object, action, or character that embodies and evokes a range of additional meaning and significance.▪Imagery is the use of figurative language to produce a picture in the minds of readers or hearers.▪ 1.4.3. Condensed and vivid language▪Language is the most important thing in poetry. Poetic language is the most vivid and condensed language in literature.Walt Whitman▪One of the greatest innovators in American literatureHe created a new form of poem: free verse▪---- the verse that does not follow a fixed metrical pattern, the verse without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.Major works of Whitman▪Leaves of Grass▪Drum-Taps▪Song of Myself。
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殖民主义时期的文学a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记典型的清教徒： John Cotton & Roger William英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor.Hard work, thrift, piety and sobrietyThe work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor,reason and revolutionBenjamin Franklin Poor Richard's Almanac /The Way to Wealth/The Autobiography2、Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因 "Great Common of Mankind" 最平凡的人"Common Sense/American Crisis/ Rights of Man/Downfall of Despotism/ The Age of Reason 3、Thomas JeffersonDeclaration of Independence4、Philip Freneau"Father of American Poetry"/The Rising Glory of America/The British Prison Ship/To the Memory of the Brave Americans/最佳/The Wild Honeysuckle/The Indian Burying Ground/ RomanticismsTranscendentalism Emerson/ThoreauWashington IrvingSketch Book, the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.( The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家)Legends of the Conquest of Spain/ A History of New York 诙谐文学杰作Bracebridge Hall/Talks of Travellers/ The Alhambra/James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga/Leatherstocking Tales”包括“The Deerslayer”“The Last of the Mohicans/The Pathfinder/The Pioneers/The Prairie/ regard as “the nearest The Spy/ The Pilot/The Littlepage Manuscripts/3、William Cullen Bryant/②He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet/To a Waterfowl the most perfect brief poem in the language./4、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿伦.坡The Fall of the House of Usher/The Raven/Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque/first collection of short stories5、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生Transcendentalism to New England//Nature/Essays/The American Scholar our intellectual Declaration of Independence Representative Men /English Traits/Poems6、Henry David ThoreauWalden成名作/Civil Disobedience7、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑The House of the Seven Gables/Mosses from an Old Manse/The Marble Faun/The Scarlet Letter”《红字》女主角honest, calmly face fault8、Herman Melville 赫尔曼.麦尔维尔“Moby Dick”9、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃兹沃思.朗费罗 poet 诗人The Poets and Poetry of Europe殊荣Poet’s corner of Westminster AbbeRealism代表作家：Stephen Crane 史蒂芬.克莱恩, Frank Norris 弗朗克.诺里斯,Jack London 杰克.伦敦, Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞.6、Darwinism: 达尔文主义:an evident influence on naturalism, stress the animality of man, to suggest that be was dominated by the irresistible forces of evolution. 对自然主义影响极大，强调人的动物性，意味着人的命运受进化的不可抗力来决定的。
7、William Dean Howells 威廉.迪安.豪厄斯，His defined realism: nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.1、Walt Whitman/free verse/Leaves of Grass the first genuine epic poem.2、Emily Dickinson 爱米丽.狄金森“I died for Beauty”“Because I could not stop for Death3、Harriet Beecher Stowe/Uncle Tom’s Cabin关注农奴制度4、Mark Twain 代表作Adventures of Huckleberry FinnThe Gilded Age/The Adventures of Tom Sawyer/Life on the Mississippi”5、O. Henry/short story/ the end is always surprising/ contain a great deal of slang and colloquial expressions/ The Four Million/The Gift of the Magi★6、Henry James 亨利.詹姆斯The American/Daisy Miller/in the Portrait of a Lady (早期最好的作品)The Wings of the Dove/The Ambassadors/The Golden Bowl/7、Jack London 杰克.伦敦/The People of the Abyss/The Call of the Wild/The Sea Wolf//Martin Eden (autobiographical novel)8、Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞/Sister Carrie”/ The Financier. The Titan, The Stoic”Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲/An American Tragedy”最恢宏、最成功的小说，表达了金钱万能的主题。
the 20th century）一、Background:① World War I 第一次世界大战，America have great profit.② Jump in technology (automobile / radio) 科技方面的跳跃（汽车/收音机）③ old moral code breaks 旧道德体系破碎1、Imagism 意象派：is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in Some Imagist Poets, included the use of the language of common speech, project matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, and concentration.2、Lost Generation：迷惘的一代，Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledgedthat they were a “Lost Generation,” dev oid of faith and alienated from a civilization.It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles.It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semipoverty. It describes the Americanswho returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.3、Modernism现代主义：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary. Strictly, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one.4、现代主义的标志：T. S. Eliot’s “The Waste Land”, the most significant American poem of the twentieth century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought.5、典型的迷惘一代：F. Scott Fitzgerald, “The Great Gatsby” 《了不起的盖茨比》 novelErnest Hemingway “The Sun Also Rises”《太阳照样升起》“A Farwell to Arms”《告别了，武器》William Faulkner “The Sound and the Fury” 《喧嚣与骚动》6、Playwrights戏剧、剧作家：Eugene O’Neill “The Emperor Jones”《琼斯国王》、“Anna Christie”《安娜.克里斯蒂》、“The Hairy Ape”《毛猿》7、The Jazz Age(享乐时代)：when New Orleans musicians moved “up the river” to Chicago, and the theatre of New York’s Harlem pulsed with the music that had become a symbol of the times. Fitzgerald portrays the Jazz Age as a generation of “the beautiful and damned”, drowning in their pleasures.二、代表作家：1、Ezra Pound 埃兹拉.庞德诗人①Imagism 意象派的代表人物。