外科学总论英文名词解释1(可编辑)

isotonic dehydration occurs when the fluid lost is isotonic with serum, as in sweating, simple enteritis肠炎, nephrosis肾病. There are therefore no errors of electrolyte电解液balance likely to result. The concentration of sodium is in the normal range. hypotonic dehydration occurs when there is loss of both sodium and fluid .The serum sodium level falls below 135mmol/L and the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid is lower than normal. hypertonic dehydration A condition caused by the excessive loss of water from the body，which there is less electrolyte loss than water.The serum sodium level is over 135mmol/L and the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid is lower than normal. water intoxication/dilutional hyponatremia an increase in the volume of free water in the body. Common causes are excessive ingestion of water, increased infusions of hypotonic IV solutions, or excess secretions of antidiuretic hormone ADH . Clinical manifestations are abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and dizziness. It can potentially lead to convulsions抽搐and coma. hypokalemia an abnormally low serum potassium level 3.5mmol/L . Hypokalemia may occur in metabolic alkalosis, chronic diarrhea, Cushing syndrome, primary aldosteronism, and excessive use of cortisone, or ACTH. hyperkalemia abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood above 5.5mmol/L , most often due to defective renal excretion, as in kidney

disease, severe and extensive burns, intestinal obstruction, diabetes mellitus, acute renal failure and hypoadrenocorticism. metabolic acidosis Decreased pH below 7.35 and bicarbonate concentration of the body fluids caused either by the accumulation of excess acids stronger than carbonic acid or by abnormal losses of bicarbonate from the body. metabolic alkalosis An increase in the alkalinity of body fluids due to an increase in alkali intake or a decrease in acid concentration, as from vomiting. pH is over 7.45. respiratory acidosis Acidosis that is caused by retention of carbon dioxide, due to inadequate pulmonary ventilation or hypoventilation, and that results in a decrease in blood pH unless compensated for by renal retention of bicarbonate. respiratory alkalosis an abnormal condition characterized by a high plasma pH over 7.45 resulting from increased alveolar ventilation. The consequent acceleration of carbon dioxide excretion lowers the plasma level of carbonic acid, thus raising plasma pH. The hyperventilation may be caused by pulmonary and nonpulmonary problems. Some pulmonary causes are acute asthma, pulmonary vascular disease, and pneumonia. Some nonpulmonary causes are aspirin toxicity, anxiety, fever etc. acepsis the exclusion of all microorganisms before they can enter an open surgical wound or contaminate a sterile field during surgery sterilization the process of destroying all microorganisms and their pathogenic products. It is accomplished by heat wet steam or dry heat or by bactericidal chemical