2018宝山区高三英语一模卷

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2018届上海市各区高三英语一模试题汇编：阅读理解C篇(带答案已经校对)

Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)Crude awakeningA battle between two energy exchanges[1] OPEN-OUTCRY trading is supposed to be an odd, outdated practice, rapidly being replaced by sleeker, cheaper electronic systems. Try telling that to the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), the world’s largest commodities exchange. On November 1st the NYMEX opened an open-outcry pit(公开叫价交易厅）in Dublin to handle Brent crude futures（布伦特原油期货）, the benchmark（基准）contract for pricing two-thirds of the world’s oil.[2] The NYMEX is trying to grab liquidity from London’s International Petroleum Exchange (IPE), which trades the most Brent contracts; the New York exchange has so far concentrated on West Texas Intermediate, an American bench mark grade. The new pit is a response to the IPE’s efforts to modernise. On the same day as NYMEX traders started shouting Brent prices in Dublin, the IPE did away with its morning open-outcry session: now such trades must be electronic, or done in the pit after lunch.[3] The New York exchange claims that customers, such as hedge funds (对冲基金) or energy companies, prefer open-outcry because it allows for more liquidity. Although most other exchanges are heading in the opposite direction, in commodity markets such as the NYMEX, pressure from “locals”--self-employed traders--is helping to support open-outcry, although some think that customers pay up to five times as much as with electronic systems. Even the IPE has no plans to close its floor. Only last month it signed a rental agreement, lasting until 2017, for its trading floor in London.[4] Dublin’s new pit is “showing promise”, says Rob Laughlin, a trader with Man Financial, despite a few technical glitches. On its first day it handled 5,726 lots of Brent (each lot, or contract, is 1,000 barrels), over a third of the volume in the IPE’s new morning electronic session. By the year’s end, predicts Mr Laughlin, it should be clear whether the venture will be feasible. Itwould stand a better chance if it moved to London. It may yet: it started in Ireland because regulatory approval could be obtained faster there than in Britain.[5] In the long run having both exchanges offering similar contracts will be unsustainable (不可持续的). Stealing liquidity from an established market leader, as the NYMEX is trying to do, is a hard task. Eurex, Europe’s largest futures exchange, set up shop in Chicago this year, intending to grab American Treasury-bond contracts from the Chicago Board of Trade. It has made little progress. And the NYMEX has tried to get Brent contracts before, without success.[6] Given the importance of liquidity in exchanges, why do the IPE and the NYMEX not work together? There have been talks about cooperation before, and something might yet happen. Some say that the freewheeling NYMEX and the more serious IPE could never mix. For now, in any case, the two exchanges will compete until one has won --across the Irish Sea as well as across the Atlantic.63. According to the text, the NYMEX and IPE are __________.A. both using open outcry trading as a major trading formB. partners that benefit each other in their business activitiesC. rivals that are competing in the oil trading marketD. both taking efforts to modernize their trading practice64. The word “glitches” in Line 2, Paragraph 4 most probably means __________.A. backwardnessB. disappointmentsC. engineersD. problems65. From Paragraph 4 we can infer that __________.A. trading volume in the IPE’s new morning electronic session is fallingB. London is a better business location for energy exchanges than DublinC. Britain’s regulators are less efficient than those of IrelandD. the Dublin pit of the NYMEX will be more prosperous next year66. We can draw a conclusion from the text that __________.A. it’s very unlikely that the NYMEX and the IPE could combine their businessesB. the NYMEX will fail in Ireland as many precedents have shownC. the two energy exchanges will figure out a way to cooperate with each otherD. the market environment for both energy exchanges is getting betterKeys:63-66: C D B ASection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.( C )①Australians have long been known for having a relaxed and casual attitude to life. According to Dr Tanya King, senior lecturer from Victoria’s Deakin University, “It’s Australians’ egalitarianism, sense of humor and informal language that are most commonly mentioned as examples of this attitude”.②Egalitarianism roots in the way that the nation was built. In Australia’s founding era in the late 1700s, criminal settlers were often cruelly treated and robbed of their basic human rights by governors. The criminal class, who were mostly working-class Brits and Irish, was unable to seek civic positions that were reserved for immigrants who were not the criminal, with the latter arguing that if criminals gained equal rights it would be ‘rewarding criminality’. Bec ause of this, an egalitarian spirit was worn as a symbol of honor by many criminal settlers. They may not have had power, education or wealth, but they had a shared belief in equality.③The informal way Australians use language is also believed to root in criminal times. Philologist Sidney Baker once wrote that ‘no other class would have a better talent for creating new terms to fit in with their new conditions in life’. Cockney rhyming slang brought over by the British working class was abbreviated even further –so ‘have a Captains Cook’ (have a look), became ‘ava captains’. This same practice was used to economize ordinary clauses. Words like ‘good day’ became ‘g’day’, and barbecue was ‘barbie’.④The tough conditions of settler times also played a part in Australians’ dry, self-criticizing and sarcastic（讽刺的）sense of humor. While in many countries it’s considered poor taste to find humor in difficult circumstances, Australians tend to look at the lighter side. On one road trip, as I hit the state line and entered Victoria, I drove past some blackened trees, the leftovers of a recent bushfire. A road sign warning drivers about wildlife was half-melted and bent, but the shape of a hopping kangaroo was still distinct. Behind the figure, someone had drawn flames making it look asthough the animal’s tail was on fire. I couldn’t help but laugh – it was a brilliant reminder of the country’s ‘nothing upsets us’ and anti-authoritarian attitude.⑤And one thing you can’t help but notice when driving around Australia is the country’s plentiful amounts of space. This, along with considerable leisure time plus favorable climate, all contribute to Australians’ relaxed attitude.63. The underlined word “egalitarianism” is closest to __________ in meaning.A. criminalityB. crueltyC. equalityernmentalism64. Which of the following is a feature of the way Australians use language?A. They use more slangs than other people.B. They give new meanings to existent words.C. They favour shortened forms of expressions.D. They coin terms in memory of criminal times.65. What can be inferred from paragraph 4?A. Kangaroos’ living condition s are getting tougher.B. Forest fires threaten Australian s’ life to a great extent.C. Potential danger is here and there on the roads in Victoria.D. Australians’ jokes may not be as careless as they seem on the surface.66. The passage mainly talks about __________.A. how the late 1700s impacted AustraliaB. why Australians enjoy casual life so muchC. what cont ributes to Australians’ relaxed lifestyleD. how Australians present their attitude towards lifeKeys: 63-66 CCABSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)Dental health: Brush with confidenceChildren should be taught to brush their teeth regularly. But the suspicion remains among some people, dentists included, that even so, certain children are doomed to develop dental cavities. The hypothesis behind this fear is that some combinations of genes may give rise to the sorts of oral bacteria which are responsible for cavities. If true, that would be sad for the youngsters concerned. But a study just published in Cell Host and Microbe, by Andres Gomez and Karen Nelson of the J. Craig Venter Institute, in San Diego, suggests it isn’t true.The mouth is home to many species of microbes. Most are good. Some, though, are well known to secrete acidic waste products when fed sugar. This acidity weakens teeth, causing them to decay.To try to fin d out whether a child’s genes play any role in encouraging such acid-secreting bugs, Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson set up an experiment with twins.Their“volunteers”were 280 pairs of fraternal twins and 205 pairs o f identical twins, all aged between five and 11, who had not taken antibiotics during the previous six months. The children were asked to stop brushing their teeth the evening and the morning before the crucial moment of data collection. This was when the researchers swabbed the children’s gingival sulci（the clefts between teeth and gums, in which bacteria collect）to find out what was there. The children also had their teeth scored by dentists as belonging to one of three categories: having no signs of current or previous dental cavities: having signs of current or previous cavities affecting the enamel（a tooth’s hard, outer layer）; or having signs of cavities that penetrated the enamel and affected the underlying dentine as well.Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson found that, though identical twins shared many groups of bacteria which were not shared by fraternal twins, none of these was a type responsible for cavities. Moreover, similarities in bacterial flora were greatest among five-to seven-year-olds, weaker among seven- to nine-year-olds and weakest among nine-to 11-year-olds. This suggests that any role genes do play in regulating the mouth’s ecology fades with time.Far from supporting the idea that some children are fated to suffer from cavities no matter how well they brush their teeth, these results make it clear that the power to control the growth of the relevant bacteria is very much within reach of children and their parents. Brushing, however, may not be the onlyapproach. Avoiding sugary foods is obviously de rigueur. It seems likely, though, that which other foods a child eats may help shape his oral ecosystem, too. This is an area of ongoing research. But, as in the intestines（肠道）, so in the mouth, scientific medicine is at last coming to grips with the fact that the mixture of microbes present is both important and capable of manipulation, to the benefit of the host.63. What doe s“hypothesis”refer to in paragraph 1?A. Children’s failure to brush their teeth properly leads to tooth decay.B. Some children are programmed to develop tooth decay.C. Youngsters are suspicious of the effectiveness of tooth-brushing.D. Some genes are more likely to lead to dental cavities.64. Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson conducted an experiment to find out .A. whether genes have anything to do with dental decayB. which group of twins are more likely to have decayed teethC. what kinds of foods tend to give rise to tooth decayD. why the ecosystem of the intestines is similar to that of the mouth65. Which of the following statements is UNTRUE according to the passage?A. Scientists are not yet sure how ecosystem of the mouth is formed.B. The role genes play in controlling ecosystem of the mouth weakens with the time.C. The children are classified into three groups according to the degrees of dental cavities.D. Identical twins are not as genetically close to each other as fraternal twins.66. What can we learn from the last paragraph?A. The existence of multiple microbes benefits children’s oral ecosystem.B. What a child eats enhances the healthfulness of a child’s oral ecosystem.C. Cutting down on sugar intake is the most likely way to prevent tooth decay.D. Parents are in no position to help their children maintain healthy oral ecosystem.Keys: 60-62 DCBSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.( C )Many United States companies have made the search for legal protection from import competition into a major line of work. Since 1980, the United States International Trade Commission (ITC) has received about 280 complaints alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies(补贴) by foreign governments. Another 340 charge that foreign companies “dumped”their products in the United States at “less than fair value.”Even when no unfair practices are claimed, the simple claim that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief(救济).Contrary to the general impression, this request for import relief has hurt more companies than it has helped. As corporations begin to function globally, they develop a complicated web of marketing, production, and research relationships. The complexity of these relationships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief laws will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company. Internationalization increases the danger that foreign companies will use import relief laws against the very companies the laws were designed to protect. Suppose a United States-owned company establishes an overseas plant to manufacture a product while its competitor makes the same product in the United States. If the competitor can prove injury from the imports—and that the United States company received a subsidy from a foreign government to build its plant abroad—the United States company’s products will be uncompetitive in the United States, since they would be subject to duties.Perhaps the most shameful case occurred when the ITC investigated allegations(控诉) that Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping rock salt, used to deice roads. The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign conglomerate（联合企业）with United States operations was crying for help against a United States company with foreign operations. The “United States”company claiming injury was a unit of a Dutch conglomerate, while the “Canadian”companies included a unit of a Chicago firm that was the second-largest domestic producer of rock salt.63.The passage is chiefly concerned with_______________.A. arguing against the increased internationalization of US corporations.B. warning that the application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended consequences.C. recommending a uniform method for handling claims of unfair trade practices.D. advocating the use of trade restrictions for "dumped" products but not for other imports.64.What can be inferred about the minimal basis for a complaint to the ITC ____________.A. A foreign competitor is selling products in the US at less than fair market value.B. A foreign competitor has greatly increased the volume of products shipped to the US.C. The company requesting import relief has been banned from exporting products.D. The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale of imports in the US.65.What is the function of the last paragraph?A. It summarizes the discussion and suggests additional areas for research.B. It makes a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier.C. It uses a specific case to illustrate a problem in the previous paragraph.D. It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier.66.Which of the following is most likely to be true of US trade laws?A. They will eliminate the practice of "dumping" products in the US.B. Those applied to international companies will help to gain more profits.C. They will affect US trade with Canada more negatively than trade with other nations.D. Those helping one unit within a parent company won’t necessarily help other units. Keys:63-66 BDCDSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)More than five million different kinds of organisms(生物体) live on the Earth. For thousands of years, humans have searched for ways to organize this diversity(多样性). In the eighteenthcentury, a Swedish professor, physician, and naturalist named Carolus Linnaeus developed the system of naming and classifying organisms that we use today.Linnaeus contributed to the modern classification of organisms in two ways. He first developed a convention for naming life forms.Before Linnaeus came up with a standardized system of naming, there were often many names for a single species, and these names tended to be long and confusing. Linnaeus decided that all species names should be in Latin and should have two parts, one indicating the genus(plural: genera), a group that includes similar species and one indicating the specific name of the species. When written alone, the specific name is meaningless since many different species in different genera have the same specific name. The specific name familiaris, for example, is commonly used to describe species. Therefore, when used by itself, it would not describe any one organism. When the genus is also given, however, as in Canis familiaris, we know that the name refers to a specific organism: the domestic dog.Linnaeus was also the originator of modern taxonomy, a system of classifying nature based on hierarchical(分层的) groupings. Linnaeus first grouped life forms into three broad groups, called kingdoms. These kingdoms were animals, plants, and minerals. He divided each of these kingdoms into classes, classes into orders, orders into genera (genus is singular) and then genera into species, grouping organisms according to shared physical characteristics.Although modern taxonomists still use the hierarchical structure of Linnaeus’s classification system as well as his method of grouping organisms according to observable similarities, they have added hierarchical levels and significantly changed Linnaeus’s original groupin gs. The broadest level of life is now a domain. All living things fit into only three domains. Within each of these domains there are kingdoms. Each kingdom contains phyla (singular is phylum), followed by class, order, family, genus, and species.In addition to the Linnaean kingdoms of plants and animals, biologists recognize prokaryotes, protists, and fungi as separate kingdoms. The prokaryotes are the oldest and most abundant group of organisms. They are also the smallest cellular organisms. Common bacteria, which have been known to survive in many environments that support no other form of life, fall into this category. The protist kingdom is made up of a variety of single-celled or simple multicellular organisms. Protists do not have much in common. They are, essentially, those organisms which do not fit into any other kingdom. Fungi compose a third kingdom. Like plants, the cells of fungi have cell walls,giving them a tube-like structure. However, fungi do not produce their own carbon as plants do. Rather, they acquire nutrients by absorbing and digesting carbon produced by other organisms. Yeasts and mushrooms are examples of fungi.63. The writer gives the scientific name of the domestic dog in paragraph 3 in order to__________.A. demonstrate Linna eus’s method of classificationB. introduce the need for a better system of naming organismsC. criticize the complexity of Linnaeus’s naming systemD. illustrate the necessity of including two parts when naming organism64. Which of the following can be learned from the passage?A. The hierarchical structure of Linnaeus’s system for classifying is no longer in use.B. Linnaeus’s original system of classification consisted of 3 domains.C. Linnaeus’s original system of classification is used today with lit tle modifications.D. Modern taxonomists have added categories and regrouped organisms.65. Which of the following is TRUE about protists?A. They do not share the characteristics of any of the other four kingdoms.B. They are grouped together based on similar characteristics.C. They are limited to single-cell organisms.D. They acquire nutrients by eating other organisms.66. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. The Father of Modern TaxonomyB. Classifying OrganismsC. Development in Life FormsD. Linnaeus’s Classification SystemKEYS: 63-66 DDABSection BDirections:Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or Unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. B. C and D. Choose theone that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)One of the main challenges facing many countries is how to maintain their identity in the face of globalization and the growing multi-language trend. "One of the main reasons for economic failure in many African countries is the fact that, with a few important exceptions, mother-tongue education is not practiced in any of the independent African states." said Nellie Alexander, Director of the Project for the Study of Alternative education in South Africa at the University of Cape Town.In response to the spread of English and the increased multi-language trends arising from immigration, many countries have introduced language laws in the laws in the last decade. In some, the use of languages other than the national language is banned in public spaces such as advertising posters. One of the first such legal provisions was the 1994 "Toubon Law" in France, but the idea has been copied in man y countries since then. Such efforts to govern language use are often dismissed as futile by language experts, who are well aware of the difficultly in controlling fashions in speech and know from research that language switching among bilinguals is a natural process.It is especially difficult for native speakers of English to understand the desire to maintain the “purity” of a language by law. Since the time of Shakespeare, English has continually absorbed foreign words into its own language. English is one of the most mixed and rapidly changing languages in the world, but there has not been a barrier to acquiring prestige and power. Another reason for the failure of many native English speakers to understand the role of state regulation is that it has never been the Anglo-Saxon way of doing things. English has never had a state-controlled authority for the language, similar, for example, to the Academic Francaise in France.The need to protect national languages is, for most western Europeans, a recent phenomenon—especially the need to ensure that English does not unnecessary take over too many fields. Public communication, education and new modes of communication promoted by technology, may be key fields lo defend.63. Neville Alexander believes that?A. mother-tongue education is not practiced in all African countriesB. globalization has resulted in the economic failure of AfricaC. globalization has led to the rise of multi-language trendsD. lack of mother-tongue education can lead to economic failure64. The underlined word “futile” (i n paragraph 2) most probably means “”.A. workableB. practicalC. uselessD. unnecessary65. Why do many English-speaking countries not support the language protection effortsdescribed in the passage?A. They think language protection laws are ineffective.B. They want their language to spread to other countries.C. They have a long history of taking words from other languages.D. It reduces a language's ability to acquire international importance66. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. English has taken over fields like public communication and educationB. Many sheets of national culture are threatened by the spread of English.C. Most language experts believe it is important to promote a national language.D. Europeans have long realized the need to protect their national languages.KEYS: 63-66 D C C BSection BDirections:Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)With the coming of big data age, data science is supposed to be starved for, of which the adaption can point a profound change in corporate competitiveness. Companies, both born in the digital era and traditional world are showing off their skills in data science. Therefore, it seems to have been creating a great demand for the experts of this type.Mr Carlos Guestrin, machine learning professor from University of Washington argues that all software applications will need in built intelligence within five years, making data scientists-people trained to analyze large bodies of information-key workers in this emerging “cognitive” technology economy. There are already critical applications that depend on machine learning, a subfield of data science, led by recommendation programs, fraud detection systems, forecasting tools and applications for predicting customer behavior.Many companies that are born digital-particularly internet companies that have a great number of real-time customer interactions to handle-are all-in when it comes to data science. Pinterest, for instance, maintains more than 100 machine learning models that could be applied to different classes of problems, and it constantly fields requests from managers eager to use this resource to deal with their business problem.The factors weighing on many traditional companies will be the high cost of mounting a serious machine-learning operation. Netflix is estimated to spend $ 150m a year on a single application and the total bill is probably four times that once all its uses of the technology are taken into account.Another problem for many non-technology companies is talent. Of the computer science experts who use Kaggle, only about 1,000 have deep learning skills, compared to 100,000 who can apply other machine learning techniques, says Mr Goldbloom. He adds that even some big companies of this type are often reluctant to expand their pay scales to hire the top talent in this field.The biggest barrier to adapting to the coming era of “smart” applications, however, is likely to be cultural. Some companies, such as General Electric, have been building their own Silicon Valley presence to attract and develop the digital skills they will need. Despite the obstacles, some may master this difficult transition. But companies that were built, from the beginning, with data science at their center, are likely to represent serious competition.63. Which one is obstacle for many traditional companies to popularize learning operation?A. Technological problemB. Expert crisisC. High costD. Customer interactions64. What can not be interred from the passage about the machine learning?A.Machine learning operations are costly in Netflix.B.Machine learning plays an important role in existent applications.。

2018届上海各区高三英语一模——summary汇编

【2018宝山区—一模】IV. Summary WritingSecure payment without leaving a traceComputer scientist Andy Rupp, member of the “Signaling Code and Security” working group, is always surprised about lacking problem awareness: only few users are aware of the fact that by using payment systems they disclose in detail how and what they consume or which routes they have taken. To prevent control of the accounts by dishonest users, customer data and account balances of payment are usually carried out with the help of a central database. In every payment deal, the customer is identified and the details of her/his deal are transmitted to the central database. This repeated identification process produces a data trace that might be misused by the provider or third parties.The expert has now presented the basics of an “electronic purse” that works by unknown names, but prevents misuse at the same time. The “black-box addition plus” (BBA+) code system developed by them transfers all necessary account data to the card used or the smartphone and guarantees their secrets with the help of signaling code methods. At the same time, BBA+ offers security guarantees for the operator of the payment system: The code system guarantees a correct account balance and is mathematically constructed such that the identity of the user is disclosed as soon as the attempt is made to pay with a controlled account.“Our new code system guarantees privacy and security for customers during offline operation as well,” Andy Rupp says. “This is needed for ensuring the payment system’s suitability for daily use. Think of a subway doorway or a payment bridge. There you may have no internet connection at all or it is very slow.” Also its high efficiency makes the code system suited for everyday use: During first test runs, researchers completed payments within about one second.①when customers use payment systems, most of them don’t realize the fact that by doing so, they risk( take the risk of ) losing privacy. ②Researchers have now developed a secure system called BBA+, which works anonymously and avoids misuses as well. ③moreover ( apart from / besides the security of privacy), it also proves to be efficient for daily use.(47 words)【2018—崇明区一模】IV. Summary WritingFrom Burn Survivor to Global InspirationLast October, the Kona Ironman World Championship witnessed an unbelievable finish. Turia Pitt, an Australian woman who suffered severe burns when caught in a bush fire during a marathon six years ago, successfully challenged herself.Pitt spent 864 days in a hospital and went through more than 200 operations. Doctors said she would never run again, but she proved them wrong.Crossing the line in the Hawaiian darkness, Pitt showed incredible emotion as the race commentator（现场解说员）announced: “Turia Pitt, you are an ironman!” On social media, people around the world applauded her determination.Apart from continuing to be a star athlete, Pitt is also a motivational speaker now. She is sharing her journey ofrecovery with others to help raise awareness about the importance of organ donation, which she believes saved her life.Pitt was 24 years old when she and five others encountered the fire. Doctors had to remove the burnt skin and replace it with donated skin that could fight infection. None could be found in Australia and doctors were forced to search abroad. They finally found skin that could be used in the United States.“I’m not being dramatic, but it was the skin that saved my life,” said Pitt. “I decided to live my life to the best of my abilities because I never wanted those donors, wherever they are, to think I was ungrateful for their gift.”So Pitt set herself a big goal: the Kona Ironman World Championship. In order to compete, she had to first learn how to stand, walk and even talk all over again. And because of her burns, she also has trouble sweating and regulating her body temperature.Despite these disadvantages, Pitt completed the race in just 14 hours. She said this achievement would not be possible without the donated skin, highlighting the importance of organ donation.Turia Pitt met with a fire during a marathon and got severely burnt 6 years ago. But she eventually survived and recovered with the donated skin. What inspired people more was that she finished the Kona Ironman World Championship despite all the disadvantages she had after the surgery. She is now promoting organ donation with her own recovery experience.【2018-奉贤区一模】IV. Summary WritingA Father’s Influence Makes for Better GradesAdolescents from low-income families in particular are more likely than their middle-class peers to underachieve and to drop out of school. Studies have shown that a positive attitude towards school work and the support and encouragement from their parents can help at-risk youngsters to overcome the economic barriers and lack of resources they face. Most of the evidence about the effects of parental involvement comes from research on mothers. Little is known, however, about how adolescents experience their fathers’ warmth and the beliefs and behaviors that are most affected by it.This new study is part of a larger one focusing on low-income families conducted in four middle schools in the southwestern United States. Data were analyzed from questionnaires completed by 183 sixth-graders about how optimistic and motivated they were about their schoolwork, and how they experienced their fathers. The questionnaires were completed primarily by respondents of Mexican American, African American and European American descent. Their maths and language arts grades were also obtained.Their findings show how fathers can support their teenagers in ways that result in greater optimism, self-efficacy, and, ultimately, higher achievement at school.These positive effects extend to both sons and daughters, while in different ways. Experiencing their father’s warmthfirst influences daughters’ sense of optimism, and then spills over into their feeling more determined and certain about their academic abilities. This in turn leads to better math grades. There is a more direct link between their fathers’ involvement and teenage boys’ belief in their ability to succeed on the academic front. This heightened self-confidence increased their success in English language arts classes.Suizzo suggests that counselors and educators should encourage fathers to communicate warmth and acceptance to their children, because of the positive influence these emotions have on their well-being.Evidence shows that mothers can help children overcome difficulties, but a recently study finds that fathers also have positive influence. They can help children feel more optimistic and self-confident, which boosts the math score of teenage girls and the language abilities of boys. Therefore , fathers should be encouraged to convey care and recognition to their children.【2018-虹口区一模】IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Wilderness TherapyWhen most people hear the term “psychotherapy”, they picture traditional talk therapy – someone sitting on a couch or chair talking about their troubling thoughts and feelings with a psychologist or other mental health professional.However, talk therapy isn’t the only type of psychotherapy used to help individuals struggling with depression, anxiety, and a whole host of other challenging disorders, emotional struggles, and other types of problems. In reality, therapy takes place in all kinds of settings. One of them is wilderness therapy.When the campsite is set up and the fire is lit, the doctor is in. Wilderness therapy is a successful, and sometimes controversial (有争议的) way to help troubled youth by teaching life and social skills on the hiking trail. Intensive group therapy and one-on-one sessions are coupled with outdoor activities like mountain climbing and fly-fishing to teach self-reliance and responsibility. Programs promise to reform even the most wayward (任性的) of offenders, including teens with depression, anger management issues, or eating disorders.While wilderness therapy can be effective, certain methods have come under fire for using unethical, and sometimes abusive (施虐的) techniques to help struggling youth. Wilderness programs are loosely regulated, so not all programs are staffed by qualified professionals. Upon closer examination, some “therapy” groups seemed to be just military-style boot camps with little mental health benefit.Even legal wilderness therapy groups have been criticized for partnering with teen escort (陪同) companies to forcibly remove unwilling participants from their homes to attend the program. While controversy and risk exist, wilderness therapy。

2018年上海宝山区高考英语一模试卷和参考答案及听力原文

2018 年上海宝山区高考英语一模试卷II.Grammar and VocabularyWhy My Best Friend Is a BookWriting about beliefs is hard. It makes you reach deep into your soul and truly look at what is there. It requires time and effort, and then hits you in the face and someone in the bac kground says ―Oh, why didn’t you think of that before?‖ Beliefs change, they mature and grow just (21)a child. The best beliefs are the ones that (22) ( cherish) throughout a lifetime. One belief I cherish above all others is the power and enjoyment of reading.Reading can be for fun and that learning is (23) (easy) when you’re having fun. Being able to relate to the characters, imagine the conflicts in your head,and feel the characters’ sadness, as well as their joy, is the most amazing thing about reading. A chance to live another life for a short time, to be another person, Reading lends the soul and mind a place (24) (escape). I would much rather pick up a good luck than watch a television show.Reading can teach us. Wh ether it’s a fantasy novel or a historical account, you learn when you read. It provides grammar and (25) (write) language skills. Reading teaches us about emotion. Reading gives you new words and expands your vocabulary by forcing you to challenge yourself. In its own way it makes us feel the emotions of the characters. (26)you read, I believe you will learn, mind and soul.Reading can bring people together. I cannot count the number of new friends and people that have entered my life because of books. My stepmother, grandmother, and I all rad the same books.(27) is better than being able to share the tense moments, near misses, and happy endings while (28) (drink) a steaming cup of coffee together with someone. Reading allows you to lower your walls and let people in to form genuine chains. Plus people (29)read impressive books are usually pretty cool themselves!Over the years reading has been my companion. Always with a book in my purse, I have never faced the world without a best friend by my side. Books (30) (help) me through difficult periods and applauded me in times of celebration. Books always make me smile. That’s the biggest reason I believe in reading, because it will make you happy.Section BDirections: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.A.extentB.substanceC.normalD. potentialE.refreshingF.instructionsG. function H.caused I.physical J.restore K. mentallyThe discovery builds on earlier findings showed that a class of genes called splicing (胶接) factors is progressively switched off as we age. The research team found that splicing factors canbe switched back on with chemicals, making aging cells not only look 31 younger, but start to divide like young cells.The researchers applied compounds chemicals based on a 32 naturally found in red wine, dark chocolate, red grapes and blueberries, to cells in culture. The chemicals 33 splicing factors, which are progressively switched off as we age to be switched back on. Within hours, the cells looked younger and started to rejuvenate,behaving like young cells.The discovery has the 34 to lead to therapies that could help people age better, without experiencing some of the degenerative effects of getting old. Most people by the age of 85 have experienced some kind of chronic illness, and as people get older they are more prone to stroke, heart disease and cancer.Professor Harries as saying, ―This is a first step in trying to make people live35 lifetime, but with health for their entire life. Our data suggests that using chemicals to switch back on the major class of genes that are switched off as we age might provide a means to 36 to old cells.‖Dr Eva Latorre, Research Associate at the University of Exeter, who carried out the experiments, was surprised by the 37 and rapidity of the changes in the cells.―When I saw some of the cells in the culture dish 38 I couldn’t believe it. These old cells were looking like young cells. It was like magic,‖ she said. ―I repeated the experiments several times and in each case the cells rej uvenated. I am very excited by the implications and potential for this research.‖As we age, our tissues accumulate senescent cells which are alive but do not grow or39 as they should. These old cells lose the ability to correctly regulate the output of their genes. This is one reason why tissues and organs become susceptible to disease as we age. When activated, genes make a message that gives the 40for the cell to behave in a certain way. Most genes can make more than one message, which determines how the cell acts.Splicing factors are crucial in ensuring that genes can perform their full range of functions.III.Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Cameron Buckner, assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Houston, argues in an article published in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research that a wide range of animal species exhibit so-called ― executive control‖ when it comes to making decisions,41 considering their goals and ways to satisfy those goals before acting.He acknowledges that language is 42 for some experienced forms of higher-order thinking, or thinking about thinking. But supported by a review of previously published research, Buckner 43 that a wide variety of animals -- -elephants, chimpanzees( 黑猩猩), ravens( 大乌鸦) and lions, among others ---44 reasonable decision-making.― These data suggest that not only do some animals have a subjective take on the suitability of the 45 they are evaluating for their goal, they possess a subjective, internal signal regarding their confidence in this take can be used to select among different options,‖ he wrote.The question has been 46 since the days of the ancient philosophers, as people considered what means to be human is. One way to address that, Buckner said, is to 47 exactly what sets humans apart from other animals. Language remains a key difference between animals and humans, and Buckner notes that serious 48 in the 1970s and 80s to teach animal’s human language—teaching chimpanzees to use sign language, 49 ----found that although they were able to express simple ideas, they did not engage in 50 thought and language structures. Ancient philosophers relied upon unreliable 51 to study the issue, but today’s researcher conduct complicated controlled experiments. Buckner, working with Thomas Bugnyar and Stephan A. Reber, mental biologist at the University of Vienna, last year 52 the results of a result that determined ravens share at least some of the human ability to think abstractly about other minds, 53 their behavior by attaching their own observations to others. In his latest paper, Buckner offers several examples to support his 54 . His goal, Buckner said, was to organize experimental research, ―to see that we’re gathered enough evide nce to say that animals really are 55 in a unique way.‖t45. A. option B. scheme C. regulation D. random46. A. dismissed B. ignored C. debated D. answered47. A. evaluate B. determine C. overlook D. initiate48. A. results B. successes C. achievements D. attempts49. A. for example B. this is to say C. on the contrary D. as a result50. A. obvious B. feasible C. private D. complex51. A. mystery B. tradition C. evidence D. fiction52. A. substituted B. published C. reflected D. maintained53. A. adapting B. symbolizing C. investigating D. revenging54. A. agreement B. implement C. requirement D. argument55. A. passionate B. reasonable C. confused D. ridiculousSection A(A)We see them everywhere. ―There are some things that money can’t buy… for everything else, there’s MasterCard.‖ We hear them everywhere. ―Make life rewarding… American Express.‖ Whether watching television, driving down the highw ay, or even appearing on our Facebook page, the appeal of money is inescapable.Growing up, my parents always emphasized the importance of family and faith over material possessions. Yet, money and all the new, interesting things it could buy did not escape me. As I entered my freshman year, my debit card and I engaged in quite the dates. Between game-day dresses, steak dinners and wonderful downtown Athens, I quickly drained 17 years worth of savings.41. A. secretly B. unintentionally C. scarcely D. consciously 42. A. required B. qualified C. acquired D. prepared 43. A. concerns B. complains C. conclude D. convinces44. A. turn down B. engage in C. refer to D. argue abouBy the time summer rolled around, I didn’t consider how much cash I had spent, or how much stuff I had acquired… I was focused on how much more money I would need for next fall. When I wasn’t working, I was checking my bank account, try to figure out if m y next paycheck would cover those pillows that would look so cute in my new apartment. My bank account balance was becoming a major source of stress in my life, creating tension with my financially smart parents and causing me constant concern. Finally, after a very heated argument with my Dad, I accepted the truth: I simply could not afford money anymore.I realized that I was much happier (and I sensed my blood pressure was much lower) when money was just something in the bank. While the clothes are pretty and those pillows are comfy, they lost their appeal right around the second a new item caught my eye. Towards the end of the summer, I let go of my financial issues –a fter all, I can’t buy more time with my friends and family before going back to Athens.I still check my bank account. I still go shopping occasionally. But now, those aren’t priorities. My money sufferings taught me that I shouldn’t seek out wealth as a m eans of satisfaction and happiness. Instead, my happiness should come from the moments and people that cannot be bought, exchanged, or returned. I now re-word those credit card slogans to reflect the value I place on finding wealth in the love shared betwe en my family and friends: ―There are some things that money can’t buy… Seek them.‖ Unlike cash, this form of wealth grows the more I give.56.A ccording to the passage, the author feels happy now mainly because .A.the appeal of money is inescapableB.he values the love between his family and friendsC.his wealth grows by working hard every dayD.he has paid off his debt in cash57.T he author mentions the heated argument with Dad in paragraph 3 in order to .A.show how to settle problems with othersB.prove how selfish his Dad isC.explain material possessions get him into troubleD.display generation gap between Dad and Son58.T he word ―comfy‖ (paragraph 4) probably means .A.realisticB.individualC.graciousfortable59.W hich of the following might be the best title of the passage?A.Seeking a different kind of wealthB.Letting go of different sufferingsC.Wealth as a means of satisfactionD.Happiness grows out of hardships(B)Americans are more stressed than ever, according to an American Psychological Association survey, and nearly one-third say stress impacts their physical or mental health. If you have any of these symptoms, your stress might be making you sick. Here’s how t o battle against them.If you’ve never suffered from headaches bu t suddenly your head is constantly striking, you might be too stressed. Stress releases chemicals that can cause changes to nerves and blood vessels(血管) in the brain, which brings on a headache. Stress can cause them or make them worse. It’s also common fo r your muscles to tense up when you’re stressed, which can also cause a headache.WHAT TO DO:If you don’t want to take medicine, try spreading lavender (薰衣草)oil on your temples(太阳穴)when a headache starts. Or try one of thesehome remedies for headaches.Stress can make you mentally sick, too. Too much of the stress hormonecortisol (皮质醇)can make it harder to concentrate, causingmemory problems as well as anxiety or depression, says Dr. Levine.WHAT TO DO:Relax until you regain your concentration. Practice closing your eyes and breathing in and out slowly, concentrating only on your breath.Losing a few strands of hair is normal (old hair follicles (囊)arereplaced by new ones over time), but stress can disturb that cycle.Significant stress p ushes a large number of hair follicles into what’scalled a resting stage and then a few months later those hairs fall out,according to . Stress can als o cause the body’s resistantsystem to attack your hair follicles, resulting in hair loss.WHAT TO DO:Be patient. Once your stress level returns to normal, your hair should start growing back.60.If you’re stressed, you might have one of the following sympto ms EXCEPT that .A.you keep getting headachesB.you always have a coldC.your hair is falling outD.your brain feels confused61.W hich of the following is suggested if your brain goes out of focus?A.Breathing slowly with your eyes closed.B.Waiting until your brain returns to normal.C.Spreading lavender oil on your temples.D.Relaxing and attacking your brain softly.62.W hat will happen once we get over our stress according to the passage?A.Our hair starts falling out and then grows back.B.Ou r body’s resistant system attacks your hair folliclesC.Our hair starts growing again.D.A serious headache starts.(C)For many in the general public and the engineering community alike, the potential implications of additive manufacturing (AM) have excited the imagination. Popularly known as 3-D printing, the emerging class of technologies has been regarded as both a revolution in production and an opportunity for dramatic environmental advance.Yet while the technological capabilities of additive manufacturing processes are studied extensively, a deep understanding of their environmental implications is still lacking.A new special issue of Yale’s Journal of Industrial Ecology presents the cutting-edge research on this emerging field, providing important insights into its environmental, energy, and health impacts.Though sometimes described in the public field as similar to an inkjet printer for making objects, additive manufacturing is primarily used as a production process in industry and contains a diverse set of technologies. What they share is the ability to produce products and parts based on digital information by adding layers of materials one after the other rather than, as in traditional manufacturing, removing materials –thus the label ―additive.‖―The research in this issue shows that it is too early to label 3-D printing as the path to sustainable manufacturing,‖ said Reid Lifset, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Industrial Ecology and co-author of the lead editorial. ―We need to know much more about the material footprints, energy consumption in production, process emissions, a nd especially the linking devices and adjustments between the various stages in the production process.‖Additive manufacturing is sometimes seen as inherently environmentally preferable to traditional manufacturing because of its potential for local production – by consumers, merchants and hobbyists – and because it is thought to allow zero-waste manufacturing. Research in this issue, however, indicates that the environmental performance is very sensitive to the pattern of usage and composition of the machinery and the materials used.―This special issue demonstrates the capability of industrial ecology to reveal important and often overlooked aspects of new technologies,‖ said Indy Burke, Dean of the Yale School of Forestry & Enviro nmental Studies. ―If we are to realize the environmental potential of 3-D printing, we need to know where the challenges and the advantages lie.‖The special issue contains:life cycle assessments (LCA) of AM processes and productsinvestigations of the process energy consumption of AM technologiesstudies of operator exposure to printer emissions and dangerous materialsexamination of the sustainability benefits derived from the complex figure of parts enabled by the technologyanalysis of supply-chain issues arising from the use of the technology63.The word ―additive‖ in the passage refers to .A.the substance added in small amounts for a special purposeB.the additional technological capabilities of manufacturing processesC.the digital way to produce products by adding serial layers of materialsD.t he traditional way to produce products by removing materials64.The contents listed in the special issue mentioned at the end of this passage focus on.A.the studies of additive manufacturing and sustainabilityB.a diverse set of technologies of additive manufacturingC.the comparison between additive and traditional manufacturingD.the experiments conducted by Journal of Industrial Ecology65.Which of the follo wing can be inferred about the researchers’ viewpoint from the p assage?A.3-D printing is viewed as a revolution in production.B.3-D printing is regarded as a kind of sustainable manufacturing.C.AM makes a harmful impact on environment, energy, and health.D.The challenges and advantages of AM need further studies.66.The passage mainly discusses .A.investigations of the 3-D printing processB.the environmental implications of 3-D printingC. studies of 3-D printing emissions and materialsD.assessments of additive manufacturing processesSection CA.The findings show that they also apply criticism to nontraditional women’s husbands.B.He is also regarded as having less power in the relationship.C.These include having a higher status, yielding more power, being more self-focused, ambitious and self-confident.D.The married surname tradition is more than just a tradition.E.Up to now, researchers have not yet examined how a woman’s married surname cho ice influences howothers look at her husband.F.W omen’s rightist scholars understand why the surname tradition remains widely supported.What does it mean for the husband when his wife keeps her own surname?The tradition of women adopting their husbands’ s urname after marriage is arguably one of the most widespread gender-role standards in Western cultures despite marked changes in the role that women play in society and in the labor force.According to previous studies, women who violate the married surname tradition are viewed differently from others. They are described in terms of instrumental characteristics that in a gendered society are typically assigned to men. 67 These characteristics contrast with the expressive characteristics that are typically assigned to women, such as being more caring, kind and having less influence and power.68 For this purpose, Robnett and her colleagues carried out three studies in the US and UK. The first two studies showed that husbands whose wives keep their own surnames are often described through terms that are opposed to the gender-typical personality characteristics and power framework used for men. They are described in more expressive than instrumental terms, and are seen to hold less power in a marriage. Their findings indicate that people conclude from married surname choices to make more general in ferences about a couple’s g ender-typed personality characteristics.Results from the third study conducted by Robnett’s team suggest that people hold different opinions in how they think about such cases. People who firmly hold on to traditional gender roles react particularly strongly to a man whose wife keeps her surname because they see him as an incapable person. ―We know from previous research that people high in unfriendly sexism(蔑视女性)respond negatively to women who violate traditional g ender roles,‖ says Robnett. ― 69 ‖―This study joins several others in implying a link between traditions in men and women’s romantic relationships and power structures favoring men,‖ says Robnett. ― 70 It reflects slight gender-role standards and ideas that often remain unquestioned despit e privileging men.‖Secure payment without leaving a traceComputer scientist Andy Rupp, member of the ―Signaling Code and Security‖ working group, is always surprised about lacking problem awareness: only few users are aware of the fact that by using payment systems they disclose in detail how and what they consume or which routes they have taken. To prevent control of the accounts by dishonest users, customer data and account balances of payment are usually carried out with the help of a central database. In every payment deal, the customer is identified and the details of her/his deal are transmitted to the central database. This repeated identification process produces a data trace that might be misused by the provider or third parties.The expert has now presented the basics of an ―electronic purse‖ that works by unknown names, but prevents misuse at the same time. The ―black-box addition plus‖ (BBA+) code system developed by them transfers all necessary account data to the card used or the smartphone and guarantees their secrets with the help of signaling code methods. At the same time, BBA+ offers security guarantees for the operator of the payment system: The code system guarantees a correct account balance and is mathematically constructed such that the identity of the user is disclosed as soon as the attempt is made to pay with a controlled account.―Our new code system guarantees privacy and security for customers dur ing offline operation as well,‖ Andy Rupp says. ―This is needed for ensuring the payment system’s suitability for daily use. Think of a subway doorway or a payment bridge. There you may have no internet connection at all or it is very slow.‖ Also its high efficiency makes the code system suited for everyday use: During first test runs, researchers completed payments within about one second.V.Translation72.他仍难以用英语表达自己的想法。

2018上海各区高三英语一模——11选10(包含答案)

【2018-宝山区一模】Section BDirections: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.The discovery builds on earlier findings showed that a class of genes called splicing (胶接) factors is progressively switched off as we age. The research team found that splicing factors can be switched back on with chemicals, making aging cells not only look ____31____ younger, but start to divide like young cells.The researchers applied compounds chemicals based on a ____32____ naturally found in red wine, dark chocolate, red grapes and blueberries, to cells in culture. The chemicals ____33____ splicing factors, which are progressively switched off as we age to be switched back on. Within hours, the cells looked younger and started to rejuvenate, behaving like young cells.The discovery has the ___34_____ to lead to therapies that could help people age better, without experiencing some of the degenerative effects of getting old. Most people by the age of 85 have experienced some kind of chronic illness, and as people get older they are more prone to stroke, heart disease and cancer.Professor Harries as saying, “This is a first step in trying to make people live ___35_____ lifetime, but with health for their entire life. Our data suggests that using chemicals to switch back on the major class of genes that are switched off as we age might provide a means to ____36____ to old cells.”Dr Eva Latorre, Research Associate at the University of Exeter, who carried out the experiments, was surprised by the ____37____ and rapidity of the changes in the cells.“When I saw some of the cells in the culture dish ___38_____ I couldn’t believe it. These old cells were looking like young cells. It was like magic,” she said. “I repeated the experiments several times and in each case the cells rejuvenated. I am very excited by the implications and potential for this research.”As we age, our tissues accumulate senescent cells which are alive but do not grow or ____39____ as they should. These old cells lose the ability to correctly regulate the output of their genes. This is one reason why tissues and organs become susceptible to disease as we age. When activated, genes make a message that gives the ____40____ for the cell to behave in a certain way. Most genes can make more than one message, which determines how the cell acts.Splicing factors are crucial in ensuring that genes can perform their full range of functions.31. I 32. B 33. H 34. D 35. C 36. J 37. A 38. E 39. G 40. F【2018-崇明区一模】Section BCompany Builds World’s First Automobile V ending Machine（自动贩卖机）Thanks to used-car website Carvana, it is now possible to buy your own set of wheels at the touch of a button, from the world’s first and only coin-operated car vending machine in Nashville, Tennessee. It’s quick, easy, and not cheap, but cheaper than buying a car the old way.The company has been working on the concept for the past two years. Their __31__ car vending machine was installed in Atlanta in 2013. But they’ve spent time improving the design, in order to take user experience to the next level. “Our new Vending Machine is a state-of-the-art, multi-story structure that delivers our customers’ cars by merely __32__ a special coin,” said Carvana CEO Ernie Garcia.The machine consists of a five-story glass tower that can hold up to 20 cars at a time. The tower basically serves as a(n) __33__ point for used cars that customers purchase through the website, enabling __34__ pricing and eliminating delivery costs.Customers can access a long list of specifications, ratings, reviews, and lots of other details about the cars they’re interested in on the Carvana website. They even get __35__ tours that point out every scratch on the body of the car. Once the car is chosen and paid for, the company usually delivers the car to the customer for a seven-day trial period. This usually means the delivery costs are worked into the the __36__ of the vehicle.But with the Vending Machine, customers are able to go to pick up their cars straight away. It’s a win-win __37__ that allows Carvana to cut down on staff and overhead（间接费用）, and save customers about $2,000 as well. According to the company, it also makes for a great __38__ experience – placing an oversized coin in a slot（硬币投币口）and watching their car roll down automatically.“Carvana’s __39__ is to create a better way to buy a car, and this n ew Vending Machine will be a one-of-a-kindexperience, __40__ just how simple and easy we’ve made it to buy a car online,” Garcia said. He added the company plans to build more car vending machines in the future.31. E 32. C 33. D 34. B 35. J 36. G 37. A 38. K 39. F 40. H【2018-奉贤区一模】Section BThere’s nothing more annoying than settling down to sleep and hearing the sound of a mosquito buzzing around you.The only thought most of us ever give to this noise is “I need to get rid of this insect, immediately”, but it turns out that the mosquito is actually quite a(n) __31__ creature.A term of scientists from Oxford University in the UK, in __32__ with the Royal Veterinary College in London and Chiba University in Japan, recently published a study that found some interesting facts about the world’s most __33__ insect.By placing eight cameras inside a tiny film studio, the scientists could study several mosquitoes up close. The high-tech cameras filmed the insects at 1,000 frames per second, meaning the scientists were able to study the insects’ __34__ in never-before-seen detail. However, it wasn’t always straightforward.“Recording mosquitoes during free-flight represented a huge technical challenge due to their small size, __35__ wing beat frequency, and the presence of large antennae and legs that can __36__ the view of their wings,” S imon Walker of Oxford University, co-author of the study, wrote.Published in the journal Nature, the study found that mosquitoes flap their wings around 800 times a second. As a __37__, house flies flap their wings about 200 times a second, and hummingbirds 50 times a second.Richard Bomphrey of the Royal Veterinary College, the study’s leader, believes that mosquitoes have a unique flying method that sets them apart from other flying insects.“We predicted that they must make use of clever tricks, as t he wings __38__ their direction at the end of each。

2018届上海市各区高三英语一模试卷题型分类专题汇编----语法填空--学生版(已校对)

Section ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.How to deal with Whiners（抱怨不停的人）?There are always some people radiating negativity in the work place. For them, the temperature is never right, the boss is always a fool, the canteen food is awful, and they (21) ______ (treat) unfairly.Career experts say such habitual complainers are highly contagious(会蔓延的) , (22) ______ attitude can easily affect an entire team in a company. ―While s ome complaints might be reasonable, (23) ______ are taken from thin air. You need to see between these different types and adopt the right strategy towards each,‖ said Li Ming, HR manager at Wal-Mart (China).It is especially hard to deal with complaints at work (24) ______ you can‘t just walk away or put your colleagues‘ words out of mind. If you do, it will hurt your co-workers and you might be isolated. In a team-based company you belong to a group and need to behave accordingly. But don‘t show too much sympathy. Listening passively to others‘ complaints could damage your image and give others the impression (25) ______ you agree with them. ―Listen to the whiners actively,‖ said HR Li. ―Help them find a solution, or see (26) ______ there are ways to impr ove the situation.‖Zhai Min, 24, a software engineer at Kingdee International Software Group in Shenzhen, found that 3 elderly workers liked to complain about everything, from (27) ______ (extend) working hours to cheap hotels on business trips. ―I let them talk about their opinions,‖ she said, ―They feel better when (28) ______ (tell) someone how they want things to be.‖But listening actively is far from enough. Wang Dianxue, 27, is an Internet engineer at Beijing Push Marcom Group. His co-workers always complain that their computer systems are not working properly. ―I ask about the specifics and work together with them (29) ______ (fix) everything technically.‖ he said.HR managers believe that when staffs complain, it is more a matter of recognition than an actual problem. ―The real problem is that the whiners don‘t feel they are being taken seriously,‖ said Xu Jun, HR manager at Guangqi Honda Automobile Co., Ltd. ―(30) ______ (give) them advice or perspectives attentively and the problem will usually di sappear.‖Section ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Norway is Teaching Travelersto TravelAfter 15 people died during Easter in 1967, the Norwegian Trekking Association and the Red Cross announced their campaign ‗Welcome to the mountains, but be responsible‘. Fjellvettreglene, the ‗mountain code‘(21) ______ encourages people to have a healthy and respectful relationship with nature, has since become a crucial part of Norwegian culture. It includes points such as bringing necessary equipment (22) ______ (assist) yourself and others, seeking shelter if necessary and feeling no shame in turning around.Nationally, Norway (23) ______ (experience) an 11% increase in tourism in the past decade. From just 1,000 tourists in the whole of 2010, Trolltunga, a piece of rock that stands horizontally out of the mountain, (24) ______ (see) 1,800 visitors in one 2017 day alone. Why? Because people want the same picture they see on Instagram and Facebook. A lot don‘t care about the experience of the hike. They just want proof (25) ______ they did it.But, while good for the economy, this tourism boom has become a threat (26) ______ Norway‘s natural environment.Used toilet paper, (27) ______ (abandon) tents and plastic bottles can be found littered all around Trolltunga. And with the high amount of people who come unprepared for such an active hike, Norway‘s leading hiking group, Friluftsliv, also has called for regulations on the number oftourists (28) ______ (hike) to Trolltunga. Lasse Heimdal, leader of the outdoor organization said, ―On a busy day, you may have to wait in line for an hour and a half just to get a picture. To control this, we‘d like to regulate (29) ______ _____ people can hike in a day. Starting hike times should also have regulations so people don‘t start too late and find (30) ______ stuck up here.‖Section ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.As a young child, Ann Makosinski would spend hours experimenting with her toys and other everyday objects around her to create her own inventions.Now a first-year Arts student, Makosinski is a well-known inventor and entrepreneur (创业者). She won the 2015Sustainable Entrepreneurship Award of Excellence, (21) _____recognizes innovative business solutions to social problems— the same recognition given to Barack Obama in 2014. Her own inventions, the Hollow Flashlight and the e-Drink, have been causingexcitement internationally (22)_______their creation.At the age of 15, Makosinski created a prototype(原型) for a flashlight (23)_______(power ) by the heat of one‘s hand. This invention was the result of a ninth grade science project, but Makosinski‘ goal was (24)________(offer) a practical solution to people with unlimited access to power and electricity.― I‘m half-Filipino and half-Polish, and one of my friends from the Philippines told me that she failed school (25)_________ she couldn‘t afford electricity. She had no light to study with at night, so that was kind of the inspiration,‖Makosinski explained.―I‘ve always been interested in doing sc ience projects, so I thought, why don‘t I find a way to provide her and a lot of other people with light?‖The Hollow Flashlight is made from Peltier tiles（珀耳贴贴片）that produce energy when one side (26)______（heat）and the other side remains cool. The flashlight can produce a steady beam of LED light for 20 minutes, (27)______（use）only the warmth of the human hand.Her advice to other student innovators? ― Start now. There (28)________be nothing holding you back. Some students at colleges or even in high scho ol think ‗ Oh, I‘m a student. I just need to study.‘ (29)________may think it important to make friends and be social. The truth is, you can do a lot of other things. You can do (30)_______you want. Just go ahead.‖II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Developing Competent TeachingNations that have greatly improved their students‘achievements, such as Finland, Korea, Singapore, and others, attribute much of their success to their focused investments in teacher preparation and development. (21) (Create) a system that can routinely hire and prepare teachers effectively and can support successful teaching is the arena (竞技场) in which the United States (22) (fall) behind the most. Although there are some great teachers in every community, the landscape of the supports for quality teaching looks like Swiss cheese. In some states, the holes are smaller, and in others they are bigger. Nor in no case is there a fully (23) (develop) system of instructional support even remotely comparable to that in high-achieving nations. And of course, as we have seen, the system is the weakest in communities (24) students‘ needs are greatest.Some have argued that the answer to weak teaching in the United States id to eliminate ―barriers‖ to teaching, such as teacher education and certification requirements, allow anyone who wants to teach into the classroom, and fire those who prove not to be effective. Although the interest in teaching effectiveness is important, this approach does not offer strategy (25) (ensure) thatteachers will have opportunities to gain the knowledge and skills they need in order to be effective, or that all schools will have the resources to attract and hire the best teachers. (26) does it protect the students in low-income schools, who will be the victims of unprepared and inexperienced teachers in the years until these teachers have demonstrated their incapability and left the field.A regulation (27) (focus) on easy access and easy firing ignores the question of how to develop widespread teaching skills and ensure a strong supply of highly able teachers for schools.(28) such supply, principals will be unable to hire strong teachers even if they are free to hire whomever they are pleased with, and, evidence shows that schools are likely to fire weak teachers, (29) they feel they won‘t be able to replace them. Even if they do, there is little guarantee that the quality of teaching (30) (improve). although there are good reasons to argue for stringer evaluation practices for removing incapable teachers and for recognizing excellent ones, a theory that the major problems with teaching can be solved by carrots and sticks alone leaves the development of teaching abilities to chance.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.The Grasshopper in Van Gogh PaintingArt conservators(管理员) dream of finding (21)_______(hide) secrets in themasterpieces they look after. Rarely do they expect to find a deadgrasshopper.Conservators at the Nelson-Atkins museum of art in Kansas City said they discovered the dead insect in one of its star paintings, Vincent van Gogh‘s Olive Trees, when it (22)_______ (scan) as part of the research for a catalogue of its French painting collection.It was spot ted by Mary Schafer. She told a local broadcaster that she found it in the work‘s lower foreground. ―(23)_______(look) at the painting with the microscope，I came across the tiny body of a grasshopper covered in the paint, so it (24)_______ have occurred in the wet paint back in 1889.―We can connect it to Van Gogh painting outside, so we think of him battling the elements, dealing with the wind, the bugs, and then he‘s got to walk back to his studio through the fields. What‘s fun is that we can come up with all these stories for (25)_______ the insect landed in the paint.‖Schafer said they were curious to know if the grasshopper could be studied (26)_______(far) to possibly identify which season Van Gogh painted Olive Trees.Michael Engel, a professor at the University of Kansas, was approached (27)_______(examine) the grasshopper further. He discovered that part of the insect‘s body was missing and there was no sign of movement in the surrounding paint. In other words, it was already dead (28)_______ it som ehow landed on the artist‘s wet canvas and could not be used for dating purposes.Van Gogh painted Olive Trees in 1889, the year after his falling out with his friend Gauguin, (29)_______ may have led to his famous act of self-mutilation in the history of art: cutting off his own ear.The grasshopper may not help in any art historical research but it has become a talking point for museum visitors, looking closely into the painting to see (30)_______ they can spot the dead insect.Ⅱ. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form ofthe given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blankHonesty, my mum always used to tell me, is the best policy. But when it comes to medicine, I had assumed it was important to always be honest with my patients. After all, the doctor-patient relationship is based on trust, and therefore honesty is essential, or so I thought.I had just started working in geriatrics(老年病科). Mr. McMahon（21）in when his body was found very swollen（浮肿的）. I took a medical history （22）his daughter who had accompanied him in the ambulance. She'd been his main career for years. I stood （23）(look) at him as she gave a detailed history. "Has he lost any weight recently?" I asked, "Well, it's funny you should mention that, but yes." She said slowly. There was silence for a few moments. "Why? What are you worried about?" she asked. She was obviously very involved in his care and it was only fair that I told (24) the truth. "Well, we need to prove it's not cancer." I said and talked briefly about some of the tests I was going to order.Half an hour later, a nurse called me: "Mr. McMahon's daughter broke down－she said you told her he had cancer." My heart sank. By the time I arrived at the ward, my consultant was already there, explaining that we still had to run lots of tests and that it was by no means confirmed (25) he had cancer. I stood silently at the end of the bed. My consultant was obviously angry with me and as we left Mr. McMahon, she turned to me. "Why on earth did you do that?" she asked in disbelief. I looked at her and bit my lip. "She asked me what I was worried about and I told her." I said, hanging my head. "And give her more (26) (worry) about?" replied my consultant. "You don't say the word 'cancer' until it's confirmed. (27)you suspect it, think very carefully before you tell people."(28) it turned out, it wasn't cancer. But I did learn that when someone is stressed and worried about their loved one they're sometimes selective in (29) they hear－and as a doctor it's important to be mindful of this. In being truthful, I'd made the situation (30) (bad).II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent andgrammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Different background shouldn‘t mean less education. Fifty years ago, in a primary school classroom, two boys aged 11 took an examination called the 11-plus,(21)______would make decisions about the rest of their lives. Paul passed and went to a ―grammar school‖. Baz failed the examination and went to a ―secondary modern school‖. They did not see each other again for years.Many grammar schools(22)______(establish) hundreds of years ago to teach the Latin language to children who were not from rich families. They encouraged students to study (23)______they were 18 and then to go to university. Secondary modern school students left at 16, usually with fewer qualifications than grammar school students. Baz says the secondary modem school had(24)______(few)resources and the quality of teaching was not as good.Things have changed. In the 1960s and the 1970s ―comprehensive schools‖were created. Today, 90 percent children aged 11 to 16 from the same area to the same school without(25)______(take) any entry examination.The British often disagrees about the best way(26)______(educate) their children. Many people say that comprehensive schools help more children to succeed because they provide everybody(27)______similar opportunities in a fairer way. Another view, though, is that more intelligent children, especially(28)______from poor homes are better supported at grammar schools. Now, the government plans to open new grammar schools(29)______ ______almost two million children will go to the same type of school that Paul attended.And Paul and Baz? Aged 60, they met again and compared (30)______had happened to them. After university, Paul qualified as a teacher. Baz went to work in a factory at 16 and later became an engineer. In fact, Baz had a much higher salary than Paul--so perhaps life is fair after all.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent andgrammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Today, Mandatory(强制的) recycling is a hard sell in the United States, where the economy runs largely along free market lines and the current landfilling waste remains inexpensive and efficient.Plain and simple, recycling still costs more than landfilling in most places. This fact, (21)______(couple) with the disappearance of the so-called ―landfill crisis‖ of the mid-1990s,means that recycling has not caught on, which runs (22)______ some environmentalists‘ wishes.However, many cities have found ways to recycle economically. They have cut costs by automating sorting and processing. They‘ve also found profitable markets for the recyclables(可回收物) (23)______ cast-off items are acceptable or even welcome. Increased efforts by green groups (24)______(educate) the public about the benefits of recycling have also helped.(25)______ ______ ______ uneconomical recycling seems to some people, some cities, such as Pittsburgh, San Diego and Seattle, have made recycling mandatory. In these cities, recyclables are banned from both household and business garbage. Families (26)______ recycle all basic recyclables, such as paper, cardboard, glass and plastic. To businesses with garbage containers ―polluted‖ with more than 10 recyclables，warnings (27)______(issue). If they fail to take action, fines are expected.New York, a national leader on recycling, decided to stop its least cost-effective recycling programs (plastic and glass) in 2002. But rising landfill costs ate up the $39 million savings expected.As a result, the city brought back plastic and glass recycling and committed to a 20-year contract with a recycling firm, Hugo Neu Corporation, which built the (28)______(advanced) recycling facility in the country.The company focuses on (29)______could cut costs. Automation hasstreamlined the sorting process, and easy access to rail has cut both the environmental and transportation costs. The new deal and new facility have made recycling efficient for the city and its residents,(30)______(show) once and for all that responsibly-run recycling programs can actually save money, landfill space and the environment.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Star Giraffe Finally Gives BirthApril, a giraffe who became an Internet star after her pregnancy was broadcast online, has finally given birth, ending months of excitement for her audience.The live broadcast from Animal Adventure Park in Harpursville, the State of New York, began during the winter. (21) drew nearly five million viewers a day at its peak. Some viewers kept checking back, even after the period (22) _____ _____ April was expected to give birth had gone. Others became frustrated, questioning (23)she was really pregnant.Finally, (24)_____ April was pacing in her pen (畜栏) on April 15, two hooves (蹄) began to appear. After a few hours, a newly-born giraffe was lying on the floor, (25)_____ (look) around confusedly. The calf (幼崽) tried to stand a few times but (26)_____ not. An hour later, it was (27)_____ its feet, walking around carefully. A spokesman for the animal park said the calf was a boy. ―After months of pregnancy, both mom and calf are doing fine,‖ said Jordan, the owner of Animal Adventure Park.People in Harpursville now hope the attention that April (28)_____ (draw) will translate into an economic development for the area. Harpursville was once a manufacturing base, but it has struggled financially in recent years.Fortunately, there are already signs (29)_____ April‘s fame is breathing new life into the area. Dozens of families recently arrived at the animal park after hours of driving, only (30)_____ (find) it closed for the winter. A nearby hotel has booked more than 100 reservations for a package that includes admission to the park when it reopens in May.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Recreational Vehicles (房车): On the RoadRecreational vehicles (RVs) are a typically American invention. Nationally, sales rose to 430,000 units last year, a 40-year high. At the inexpensive end, they sell for as little as $5,000 for a caravan (大篷车); deluxe versions cost up to $1,000,000 and are typically equipped with a bedroom,kitchen and bathroom that are bigger than ones in many European flats. The share prices of Thor Industries, the biggest RV-manufacturer in America, and Winnebago, the third-largest, (21)_ (rise) by 43% and 17%, respectively so far.That is a big change. During the 2008-09 recession, notes Mr. Troiano, the owner of Continental R V, R V dealerships everywhere closed down, leaving his shop among the very few (22)(leave) servingtheNewY orkmetropolitanarea. Mr. Troianoisontrack(23) (sell) more RVs this year than in any other since the early 2000s. The current rebound ( 反弹) ismostly(24) the economy‘s recovery, but it also springs from the fact that new typesof customer are embracing thelifestyle.A decade ago, the average age of an RV-owner was 49, and over 90% were white, says Kevin Broom of the Recreational V ehicle Industry Association (RVIA), which doesn‘t indicate a brightfuture. Another boost comes from sufficient immigrants,(25)are keen toexperiencelong, self-planned road trips in America. Mr. Troiano‘s most recent big sale wasto(26)richAsian family.The industry hopes that its poor record with foreign sales — last year less than 1% of R Vs produced domestically (27)(ship) to foreign markets —may improve, too. China‘sgovernment, for example, has planned to build 2,000 campgrounds by 2020, up from an estimated 300 today, in a bid to promote domestic tourism, particularly to remote rural regions. Chinese firms such as Y utong Bus make RVs, but not of the quality that many Chinese want. The country imported 1,000 vehicles last year, over half of themAmerican.R V manufacturers are also marketing theconcept(28)their motor homescanbe commercial as well as leisure vehicles.They(29)allow travelling salesmen,businessmento save on food and hotelcosts. (30)you park it, it can be your office, as well as yourhome.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.At first glance, these impressive images look like moment captured by a talented photographer. But you cannot always believe what you see. These pictures, with their incredible photographic details, are in fact the creations (21)_______ (draw) by Scottish hyper-realist Paul Cadden.With often nothing more than a pencil in hand, the 47-year-old artist produces elaborate drawings that could easily (22)______ (mistake) for the work of any modern digital camera. From the wrinkles on a woman‘s face and beads of water, to a breath of smoke from a cigarette, Cadeenis able to capture (23)______ (complicated) features of his subjects in such painstaking detail that the images look astonishingly real.Cadden said he began drawing at a very young age and has always been interested in art. With some experience in animation and graphic design, he moves into hyper-realism (24)______ he has a special gift for capturing details.His creations reflect his love for details, with a single image (25)______ (take) up to six weeks to produce. Working with pencil, graphite and white chalk, Cadden is able to create seven poster-size pieces a year, (26)_____ sell for up to $5,000 each.The artist explained that he does not want people to focus completely on the techniques involved in his pieces. ―I want them to think about the work and (27)_______ I‘m actually drawing,‖ he said, ―Iprefer to study the internal aspect of the subject (28)______ _______ focus solely on the external part.‖Now, Cadden is planning to take his pieces to more foreign countries, and to hold exhibitions in China, Cuba and Brazil. He hopes to get established enough(29)______ (make) a living from his work. ―I want to be doing lots of exhibitions in five years‘ time. To have a successful solo show is a long-cherished dream of mine,‖he said. ―It‘s such a fantastic feeling (30）______ somebody buys your paintings and you know the paintings are sitting somewhere in their houses.‖II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.One of my (21) ________ (memorable) vacations took place on a farm.When I was a boy, my parents and I traveled from New York City to the Pennsylvania countryside for a weeklong taste of rural life. We stayed in a guesthouse on a farm, (22) ________ (join) in the daily routines and eating meals with the farmer and his family. We got up early to seethe cows as they (23) ________ (milk). I even tried my hand at milking one, and then joined the farmer as he released the cows into the field afterward.Decades later I still have vivid memories of that trip and of experiencing a lifestyle so different (24) ________ my own. It made me realize the value of a vacation.To this day, I wonder (25) ________ that farmer ever managed to enjoy a vacation of his own. There is never a day when the animals don‘t need to be fed. But I still think of that family trip when I plan my approach to taking time off with my wife and kids. Vacations are a time for resting and connecting. As a bank manager, I spend much of my workday encouraging my customers to save their money. One of the reasons I give is that we should all have enough for a family vacation every year. In our busy lives, family is what we (26)________ be saving our money and time for.For my family, our vacation starts when we begin planning the trip. We talk about destinations and our budget ahead of time. Among the things we discuss: Can we save money by renting a house instead of spending six nights in a hotel? Would it be better (27) ________ (buy) groceries and cook for ourselves rather than eat out every night?(28) ________ (involve) the kids in planning the vacation makes sure that they have a great vacation too. I prefer to visit historical sites and museums while they love to fish and swim. So I build in some relaxation time for us all (29) ________ ________ the vacation can work for everyone.Each year, setting aside vacation time to spend together is especially important to us. This is the one week a year I don‘t care whether my kids clean their room or do the dishes. (30) ________ matters that week is that everyone is having a great timeSection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.。

2018届宝山区中学考试英语一模

2017学年第一学期期末考试九年级英语试卷Part 1 ListeningI. Listening ComprehensionA. Listen and choose the right picture1. ______2. ______3. ______4. ______5. ______6. ______B. Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to the question you hear7. A. Egypt. B. Asia. C. Africa. D. A geography lesson.8. A. Ben’s. B. Billy’s. C. Tom’s. D. Tim’s9. A. Tuesday. B. Wednesday. C. Thursday. D. Friday.10. A. 125 yuan. B. 145 yuan. C. 115 yuan. D. 135 yuan.11. A. Alice. B. Jill. C. William. D. Joe.12. A. In a nearby shop. B. In a fast food restaurant.C. In the woman’s car.D. At a friend’s home.13. A. Monkeys. B. Pandas. C. Cats. D. Elephants.14. A. He didn’t sleep well. B. He went to bed too late.C. He got up too late.D. He had a cold.C. Listen to the passage and tell whether the following statements are true or false15. People who spend holidays in France can only stay in a tree house.16. Travelers don’t have to pay much to stay in a tree house.17. Living in a tree house takes people back to their childhood.18. To stay in a “star cube”（立方体）is just as comfortable as in a hotel.19. In a “star cube”, people can look at the stars through its roof.20. People like tree houses because they want to become the forest kings.D. Listen to the passage and fill in the blanks21. Ernest Hemingway’s（海明威）________ ________ with nature made him interested inoutdoor adventures（冒险）--hunting and fishing.22. ________ ________ from high school in 1917, Hemingway worked as a reporter for anewspaper named the Kansas City Star.23. Hemingway ________ ________ in a battle and was sent to a hospital in Milan.24. Four years later, he wrote A Farewell to Arms（永别了，武器）, a sad love story of an________ ________ and a British nurse.25. In 1952, his last novel, The Old Man and the Sea________ ________ and it madeHemingway famous and gained him the Pulitzer Prize（普利策奖）in 1952 and the Nobel Prize in literature in 1954.Part 2 Phonetics, Grammar and VocabularyII. Choose the best answer26. Mother told Tom to behave himself. Which of the following is correct for the underlinedword in the sentence?A. / bɪ’hev /B. /be’ heɪv /C. / bɪ’heɪv /D. / bɪ’hɪ:v /27. Which of the following underlined parts is different in pronunciation with others?A. Do you know the gentleman in black?B. Tom and Jack are in different regions.C. Mike is asked to go and fetch the box.D. I expect you will win the match.28. There is ________ ‘h’ in the word ‘hour’A. /B. theC. aD. an29. The ________ teacher wondered if the _______ students were in trouble.A. woman…boyB. women…boyC. woman…boysD. women…boys30. Mike is such a kind teacher that he always gives us ________ advice.A. manyB. a number ofC. lots ofD. a few31. I can’t find ________ in the cardboard box. It’s empty.A. somethingB. anythingC. nothingD. some things32. Mobile phones are very popular now and they are ________ than before.A. cheapB. more cheaperC. much cheaperD. the cheapest33. Tom gets up early every day except Saturday or Sunday, because he ________ go to school.A. mustn’tB. needn’tC. shouldn’tD. can’t34. His father ______ from England in three days.A. returnsB. has returnedC. will returnD. returned35. The national flag ________ in our school before morning exercises every day.A. riseB. is raisedC. is risenD. raises36. Mary asked, “Would you mind my ________ the window?”A. openB. to openC. openedD. opening37. We are very delighted ________ you here in Shanghai.A. to meetB. metC. meetD. meeting38. There will be a wonderful lecture tomorrow. Would you like to ______ it?A. joinB. join inC. enter forD. attend39. Fresh water is ______ precious ______ it is sometimes called liquid gold.A. such…thatB. too…toC. as…asD. so…that40. A large group of students are waiting ______ the bus stop for the school bus.A. forB. atC. toD. on41. He didn’t tell us _______.A. if he will give us a lectureB. whether he would go with youC. when would he startD. when he will arrive42. ______ bad news it was that there was something harmful in some fishes!A. What aB. How aC. WhatD. How43. How long ______ in China?A. have Mrs. Williams stayedB. did Mrs. Williams stayedC. will Mrs. Williams be stayedD. was Mrs. Williams44. A: Would you please buy some stamps for me on your way to work?B: _______A. No, I have no time.B. Don’t give it up!C. With pleasure.D. My pleasure.45. Which of the following separates England from France? _______.A. The Red SeaB. The MediterraneanC. The Atlantic OceanD. The English ChannelIII. Complete the following passage with the words or phrases in the box. Each one can onlyHedy Lamarr was born in 1914. When she was still a teenager, she fell in love with acting. Soon she was discovered by an American director. At the age of 18, she appeared in her first film and began to get tons of __46__. Years later, she became a famous Hollywood actress successfully. She was so popular that her hairstyle was even widely __47__ by the fans. At that time she was honored as “the most beautiful woman in the world”. Many people pay more attention to her beauty than her acting skills. This brought her sadness and pain, so she gave up acting and started a new life. Then she decided to invent something __48__. You must be very surprised. What could an actress invent? But we’d like to say anybody who has used a mobile phone should thank her. Because __49__ her technology of FHSS（跳频扩频）, today we won’t have GPS, Bluetooth, mobile phones or Wi-Fi networks. So s he was called “Wireless Goddess”. Now, Hedy is remembered not only as one of the most talented actresses but also a great inventor.The big red double-decker bus could certainly be the best-known symbol of London. The idea of the “double-decker” is __50__ much older than the motor bus. The earliest double-deckers were drawn（拖）by horses. There were steps at the back, so that people could climb up to the roof. But in those days, there was no __51__ for the people traveling on top. If it rained, they could pull a sort of oil-cloth cover out from the back of the seat in front of them, and pull it over them. But they still got wet.The most famous London buses are the Routemasters（路霸，伦敦巴士历史上最经典的车型）, which __52__ from the 1950s and 1960s. The bus had an open platform at the back end, so passengers could climb on and off anywhere, even if the bus was moving. Things started to go wrong for the London buses in the late 1960s. Suddenly, bus companies found they could no longer buy any more of their favorite Routemasters, because the country’s Ministry of Transportation（运输部）decided that it would only give financial（财政的）help to bus companies that bought new buses with doors. In 2005, the old Routemasters were finally __53__ out of normal service.Still, it’s not too late to enjoy traveling on one of these historic buses. Some of the old London buses have been preserved, while others are still used to carry tourists, which offer a wonderful way to see Britain’s capital city.IV. Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms54. This is the _______ time that I have read this interesting novel. (three)55. The students enjoyed _______ at the Christmas party last night. (them)56. The _______ time of the train has to be changed because of the heavy rain. (arrive)57. Learning and practicing will surely _________ us to make greater progress. (able)58. The government has been paying more attention to _______ problems. (economy)59. Doctors have tried their best to save the ________ patient. (death)60. The child _______ from home last week and didn’t come back until yesterday. (appear)V. Rewrite the following sentences as required62. Jane cut herself by accident with a knife last night. （改为一般疑问句）_________ Jane ________ herself by accident with a knife last night?63. Peter often goes to school on foot to save some money. （对划线部分提问）________ ________ Peter often go to school on foot?64. We must keep the hand-made chocolate at a low temperature. （改为被动语态）The hand-made chocolate must ________ ________ at a low temperature.65. Helen doesn’t know when she can watch the new movie. （改为简单句）Helen doesn’t know ________ _______ watch the new movie.66. The train has arrived here. It arrived here two hours ago. （合并为一句）The train ________ _______ here for two hours.67. Different from our humans, pigeons never lose their way. （保持句意基本不变）Different from our humans, pigeons never ________ ________.68. biggest, the, world’s, are, killer, floods, natural（连词成句）_____________________________________________________________.Part 3 Reading and Writing (第三部分读与写)VI. Reading Comprehension (阅读理解)A. Choose the best answer (根据短文内容，选择最恰当的答案)Hanukkan(光明节), the annual(每年的) Festival of Lights, is celebrated with zeal(热情) by the Jewish people around the world. They celebrate the holiday with the lighting of the menorah(多连灯烛台), traditional foods, games and gifts. Hanukkan is a Jewish festival. It falls on the 25th day of the Jewish month of Kislev(犹太教历), which is usually sometime in December. The festival celebrates the time, over 2,000 years ago, when the Jewish people fought against an emperor who would not let them follow their own traditions and religion(宗教). When the Jewish people won back their temple in Jerusalem(耶路撒冷), they found there was only enough holy(神圣的) oil to keep the sacred light (神圣之灯)burning for one day. However, to their surprise, this small amount of oil kept the light burning for eight days and nights, until the people had time to make more oil.At the center of the Hanukkah celebrations is a candlestick (called a Menorah) that holds nine candles. On the first night of Hanukkah the first candle is lit, and each day this candle is used to light another candle, until on the eighth day, the last day, all the candles are lit. During Hanukkah, people go to the synagogue (犹太教堂) to pray and to remember the miracle (奇迹) of the holy oil. Hanukkah is a time for family and friends to come together. People exchange gifts and greeting cards, and children go to parties. Parents often give their children money at Hanukkah. Potato cakes, called latkes, are a traditional Hanukkah food. Hanukah is a relatively minor holiday in the Jewish year, however, the Hanukkah story tells of Jewish culture surviving in a non-Jewish world.69. For how many days does Hanukkah last?A．7 B．10 C．9 D．870. According to the passage, what is necessary when celebrating Hanukkah nowadays?A. OilB. CandlesC. MoneyD. Cards71. Jewish people fought against the emperor because_________.A. the emperor didn’t let them eat traditional food or wear traditional clothes.B. the emperor didn’t allow them to practice their own tradition and religions.C. the emperor didn’t let them celebrate their own f estivals.D. the emperor didn’t allow them to keep the sacred light burning.72. What do the candles on the Menorah remind Jewish people of ?A. The war that they fought 2,000 years ago.B. The God that they honored best.C. The miracle of the holy oil that happened 2,000 years ago.D. The church they built 2,000 year ago.73. During Hanukkah, families and friends usually _______.A. send each other postcardsB. go to parties togetherC. get togetherD. light candles together74. The passage mainly tells us that ________.A .the history of Hanukkah and how it is celebratedB .why Jewish people celebrate HanukkahC .why Jewish people protect their traditionsD .the miracle of the holy oil in the Jewish templeB. Choose the words or expressions to complete the passage(选择最恰当的单词或词语，完成短文)（12 分）“Have you ever been in a fight?” I have frequently asked many adults this question. Often, I have been given the same answer: “Of course, when I was in school.” This common answer seems to suggest that most boys will fight _____75____ during their school years. But as we leave school, we cease(停止) to use our fits to solve problems.It’s possible that when we are young, we lack the negotiation(协商，谈判) skills to manage a ______76_____ without using violence. On top of that (除此之外), when we enter school we are thrown into an environment where we are constantly competing and trying to ___77____ourselves. We care what other people think about and a young man will often try to show a tough guy image(硬汉形象).Once we leave school, we are supposed to be equipped with all ___78____ problem solving skills. We need to be able to deal with an aggressive(挑衅的) situation without hurting others. If an adult starts a fight, it shows a major lack of education. However, there are times when a man needs to be a man. Raising a fist seems socially acceptable, if it’s done to defend yourself or someone who can’t defend themselves. For example, a school yard bully(校园以强凌弱者) gets no respect from his schoolmates. The y may fear him but don’t ever mistake that for respect. The person who gains respect is one who stands ___79_____ the bully to protect the weaker guys or girls.Mr. Smith, a former official from local Education Committee said in a talk that boys should know how to fight when necessary. “Boys who do not fight can ___80____ achieve any success in the future,” he said. I think he may have chosen the wrong words. It’s not about fighting ----its’ about courage to stand up for what you believe in. That will make you a true man.75. A. at some point B. in a while C. at that moment D. for the day.76. A. question B. difficulty C. situation D. worry77. A. choose B. prove C. make D. understand78. A. certain B. experienced C. educated D. necessary79. A. by B. against C. on D. towards80. A. hardly B. almost C. nearly D. alwaysC. Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words(在短文的空格中填入适当的词，使内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给)（14分）Popcorn(爆玉米花) was first discovered thousands of years ago by the people living in what is now Peru(秘鲁). It is believed that the first use of corn was popping. The English settlers w____81_ came to America in the 16th and 17th centuries, learned about popcorn from the Native Americans. Native Americans brought a bag of popped corn to the first Thanksgiving. A common way to eat popcorn at that time was to hold an o_____82_ ear(穗) on a stick over the fire, then chew the popped corn off it. Natives throughout America also made popcorn soup and popcorn beer.Popcorn was very popular in the United States from the late 19th century through the middle of the 20th century. It was a ___83__ in parks, from street vendors(摊贩), and near the theaters. Street sellers used to follow crowds around, pushing steam-powered popcorn machines(蒸汽爆米花机) through parks and expositions(博览会).During the Depression(美国大萧条时期), popcorn 5 to 10 cents a bag was one of the few luxuries poor families could a ____84___. While other businesses failed, the popcorn business became more and more successful. An American banker, who went broke(破产) when his bank failed, bought a popcorn machine and started a business in a small store near a theater. A___85____ a couple of years, his popcorn business made enough money to buy back three of farms he had lost.During World War II, when sugar was rationed(限量供应), Americans changed their snacking habits----- they are three times as much popcorn as they had before. P____86___ the favorite place to eat popcorn was at the movies. When television took off (开始流行) in the 1950s, popcorn sales dropped for a while.Americans today eat about 15 billion kilograms of popcorn each year. But the United States isn’t just a land of popcorn l_____87_____, it’s also the land of popcorn. Most of the world now gets its popcorn from Nebraska(内布拉斯加州) and Indiana.D. Answer the questions(根据短文内容回答下列问题)The Panama Canal-----Connecting OceansA short canal saves ships thousand of milesThe Panama Canal( 巴拿马运河) is an artificial 51-mile waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. The idea for a Panama canal datesback to the discovery of the Isthmus of Panama(巴拿马地峡) by Spanish explorer VascoDe Balboa in 1513. He discovered how narrow it was. Only 80.5 kilometers of land separated the Atlantic from the Pacific! The Spanish surveyed the area in hopes of building a canal. But the local governor(地方长官) decided it was impossible.Fast-forward to 1869, Ferdinand De Lesseps had completed the 163-km-long Suez Canal(苏伊士运河), a waterway linking Europe and Asia. France asked him to repeat his success at Panama. He agreed to have a try. When digging started in 1881, Ferdinand De Lesseps thought building a canal across Panama would be easy. But he didn’t realize that digging in a jungle(丛林) would be so dangerous. Ferdinand De Lesseps and his team abandoned (放弃) their project after thousands of worker died from diseases caused by mosquitoes(蚊子). American President Theodore Roosevelt quickly took over where the French crew had left off. He bought the canal property(运河的所有权) and sent a team of workers to finish the project. Led by John Stevens, the American team got rid of the mosquitoes. This effort helped the team of nearly 40,000 workers to stay healthy and productive(富有成效的). The team used powerful steam shovels(蒸汽挖土机) to make a path for the canal. But even with the help of such large equipment, the work progressed slowly. Finally, after nearly 10 years of non-stop digging, the canal successfully opened in 1914. The story didn’t make the headlines, though. The public was focused on World War I. Therefore the canal wasn’t dedicated(举行落成典礼) until July 12, 1920. Since the canal first opened, more than 960,000 ships have traveled through it. The Panama Canal has become an important link in global shipping. A journey that used to take moths now take two weeks.88. How wide was the Isthmus of Panama which separated the Atlantic from the Pacific?89. Did the local governor agree to build a canal?90. Who bought the Panama Canal property?91. What did the team use to make a path for the canal?92. How long did it take people to complete the work on Panama Canal?93. Why is the Panama Canal an important link in global shipping?VII. Writing(写作)Write a passage of at least 60 words on the topic “ Are Piggy Banks Good for Children?”(以“储蓄罐对孩子有益吗” 为题写一篇不少于60 个词的短文，标点符号不占格。

宝山区高考英语一模试题及答案

区高考英语一模试题及答案II. Grammar and VocabularySection A25—29 CADAC 30—34 CBBDC 35—40 BCABA ADirections: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.25. It is believed that those who attend lessons _____ great concentration are more likely to be top ones.A. onB. inC. withD. over26. There are many spelling mistakes in this exercise book, so it is _____ but satisfactory.A. anythingB. nothingC. everythingD. something27. Retirement is obviously a very complex adjustment period and _____ you start planning for it, the better.A. earlierB. earliestC. the earliestD. the earlier28. Although most dreams apparently happen unconsciously, dream activities _____ by outside influence.A. may be providedB. must be providedC. should be providedD. will be provided29. Despite the rule _____ mobile phones are forbidden in class, my deskmate can’t help playing phone games occasionally.A. whichB. whatC. thatD. where30. According to a report from WHO, two million people worldwide_____ to die from air pollution each year.A. estimatedB. estimateC. are estimatedD. are estimating31. He spent almost all his time chatting on the Internet, _____ many things he should have done.A. to forgetB. forgettingC. forgotD. being forgotten32. Sometimes giving a gift is better than spoken communications, since the message it _____ can break through barriers of language.A. offeredB. offersC. will offerD. has offered33. A total of 35 Chinese universities rank among the world’s 500 best ina ranking _____ by China's Shanghai Jiao Tong University on Monday.A. releasingB. to releaseC. releaseD. released34. A red light is a warning to drivers and staff that another train is dangerously close and that adjustments need _____ .A. makeB. to makeC. to be madeD. made35. What changeable weather, _____ ?A. is itB. isn’t itC. won’t itD. doesn’t it36. By _____ classes, the college students are wasting their parents’ money and failing to treasure the opportunity to acquire knowledge.A. being avoidedB. to avoidC. avoidingD. avoided37. Don’t let such an unimportant matter as this come between us _____ we can concentrate on the major issue.A. so thatB. in caseC. becauseD. on condition that38. Of the slogans of the “Occupy Wall Street” movement, one _____ is frequently mentioned is: the 99 percent oppose the 1 percent.A. whichB. thatC. whereD. what39. Undoubtedly speaking, Jobs’ digital products are of great benefi t to _____ applies them at work.A. whoeverB. whateverC. whoD. what40. Clearly there is much to be desired _____ it comes to the quality of teachers and their teaching methods.A. whenB. sinceC. untilD. althoughSection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.One consequence of globalization is the increasing crash of old and new concepts. New ideas are always welcome and can often improve our lives but we must ensure they fit well into our __41___ culture.One current debate that highlights this crash between old and new ideas is the issue of organ donations __42___ untreatable car crashes.Currently in China it is assumed that __43___ of untreatable car crashes would be unwilling to donate their organs to others. This has helped lead to a situation where over 1.5 million people need a transfer but only about 10,000 receive a new organ each year. In order to increase the number oforgan donors, a new policy will require drivers to state whether they are willing to become organ donors or not.The __44___ of asking drivers to be organ donors has shown to be successful. In America, the national average of organ donors is 38% but in Illinois where drivers are asked about organ donation the rate is 60%. Other western nations have also seen huge rises in the number of organ donors since asking drivers.However in China organ donation is a(n) __45___ concept to many and crashes with some traditional ideas. Some have argued that the policy puts an evil eye on driving. Others have criticized the project because it predicts death. The strongest criticism has come from those who highlighted that it conflicts with traditional Chinese __46___ which state how important it is for the body to be __47___ unbroken.No one can deny the greater need for organ donation across the world and especially in China. However, a project that is forced on people, no matter how positive the aims are, will do more damage than good. Policy makers must go carefully and __48___ in this area and ensure a system that is see-through and 49 by all.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Success often depends on your performance at an interview. For those who are well prepared, it can be a 50 experience but for others it can be a __51___ time. Love them or hate them, though, your job prospects are largely dependent on your interview __52___ . It’s not unusual for a company to have fifty or sixty applicants, for a job, so if you are asked to attend a(n) __53___ , you are a serious competitor being seriously__54___ for the post.Usually companies give you at least a day’s notice of an interview, so use that time to __55___ yourself well. Read through the job description and any information sent to you, and prepare answers to as many questions as you can __56___.At an interview, try to present a “ __57___ ” version of yourself. You need to __58___ the employer that you can do the job, __59___ you mustn’t appear over-confiden t. Being pleasant, however, doesn’t mean that you should __60___ with everything that the interviewer says. Most companies want to elect someone with his or her own __61___ .It’s also important to make sure that you really listen to what is being asked. In your preparation you will have rehearsed answers to a number of imaginary questions; but you must __62___ your response to suit thequestions.It’s worthwhile spending a few moments after the interview __63___ your performance. You can do this best before you know the __64___ . What aspects of the interview went well? What do you need to improve? What would you do differently next time?50. A. common B. positive C. first-hand D. discouraging51. A. terrifying B. agreeable C. appointed D. convenient52. A. skills B. craft C. efficiency D. qualifications53. A. occasion B. situation C. interview D. ceremony54. A. trained B. wanted C. applied D. considered55. A. decorate B. shape C. dress D. prepare56. A. worry about B. think of C. refer to D. ask for57. A. pleasant B. modern C. dramatic D. formal58. A. confirm B. prove C. convince D. guarantee59. A. then B. and C. but D. therefore60. A. deal B. agree C. compare D. discuss61. A. opinion B. belief C. character D. personality62. A. give B. shift C. find D. tailor63. A. conducting B. attending C. analyzing D. directing64. A. performance B. result C. interview D. positionSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A)Follow the following tips to reduce your stress to manageable levels! Avoid “Must thinking”. Let’s go off the idea that you must do something in a certain way, for example, “I must get a great score on a test”, or else. This thought pattern only adds to the stress you’ll feel. Judge your situation calmly, and not as a “life-or-death” situation. Watch the mess. Don’t study in a messy or crowded area. Clear yourself a nice, open space that’s free of distraction.Set Manageable Goals. Break large projects intosmaller-and-practical-parts. You’ll feel a positive sense of achievement as you finish each part.Ocean Dumping. Imagine yourself walking on a beautiful beach, carrying a sand bucket. Stop at a good spot and put your worries into the bucket. Drop the bucket and watch as it floats away into the ocean. Think good thoughts. Make a set of good but brief affirmations and repeat them to yourself just before you fall asleep at night. You will feel much better in the morning. Imagine yourself succeeding. Close your eyes and remember a real life situation in which you did well. Imagine facing your stressful situation with the same feelings of success.Use your bed for sleeping, not studying. Your mind may start to connect your bed with work, which will make it harder for you to fall asleep. Comforting Sounds. If you want to play music, keep it low in the background. Classical music especially, can help the learning process. Take a walk. Take a short, vigorous walk. Clear your mind.65. What is the best title of the passage?A. How to Reduce Your StressB. How to Set Manageable GoalsC. The Cause of StressD. The Study of the Human Mind66. The underlined words “Ocean Dumping” mean that you should ______ , while you are in trouble.A. walk on a beautiful beachB. drop your thoughts into the seaC. get rid of the worries of your problemD. not pay much attention to any of your feelings67. In order to complete a large project, we can ______.A. set practical goals firstB. build a sense of successC. accept the large project as a wholeD. finish half of the project first and then the other68. From the passage we can learn ______.A. you can think clearly while you are in bedB. rock music can help the learning processC. thinking your real-life success will do you good while in troubleD. you must treat everything as a “life-or-death” situation(B)69. If you want to go out for lunch on Sunday, you can call up the number _____.A. 2785161 or 2706030B. 2706030 or 3562367C. 7364431 or 2785161D. 3562367 or 278516170. You do not have to pay on Mondays if you go to _____.A. Skyline HotelB. Lansdowne Park Shopping CenterC. New York MuseumD. Garden Restaurant71. If you want to enjoy yourself on Sunday morning, you can go to_____.A. 5300 No. 3 RoadB. Vanier Park, 1100 Chestnut StC. 9020 Bridgeport RoadD. 3031 No. 3 Road( C )The traditional distinction between products that satisfy needs and those satisfy wants is no longer adequate to describe classes of products. In today’s prosperous societies, the distinction has become unclear because so many wants have been turned into needs. A writer, for instance, can work with paper and pencils. These are legal needs for the task. But the work can be done more quickly and efficiently with a word processor. Thus a computer is soon viewed as a need rather than a want.In the field of marketing, consumer goods are classed according to the way in which they are purchased. The two main classes are convenience goods and shopping goods. Two lesser types are specialty goods and unsought(主动提供的) goods. It must be emphasized that all of these types are based on the way shoppers think about products, not on the nature of the products themselves. What is regarded as a convenience item in France (wine, for example) should be a specialty goods in the United States.People do not spend a great deal of time shopping for such convenience items as groceries, newspapers, toothpaste, aspirin, and candy. The buying of convenience goods may be done routinely, as some families buy groceries once a week. Such regularly purchased items are called staples. Sometimes convenience products are bought without enough thinking; someone has a sudden desire for an ice cream sundae(圣代) on a hot day. Or they may be purchased as emergency items.Shopping goods are items for which customers search. They compare prices, quality, and styles, and may visit a number of stores before making a decision. Buying an automobile is often done this way. Shopping goods fall into two classes; those that are recognized as basically the same and those that are regarded as different. Items that are looked upon as basically the same include such things as home appliances, television sets, and automobiles. Having decided on the model desired, the customer is primarily interested in getting the item at the most favorable price. Items regarded as essentially different include clothing, furniture, and dishes. Quality, style and fashion will either take precedence(优先) over price, or they will not matter at all.72. It can be learned from the first paragraph that ______.A. a writer needs a word processorB. needs and wants can’t be separated clearlyC. the way to distinguish the products is unimportantD. a computer is a need rather than a want73. The example of wine is used to illustrate that ______.A. goods are classified differently in different countriesB. the types of the product lie on the people rather than its natureC. Frenchmen often drink but Americans sometimes doD. one product may belong to many types74. Staples are items that ______.A. are convenient to purchaseB. are purchased without enough thinkingC. people “want but don’t need”D. people are in constant need of75. Shopping goods that are considered as basically the same are those that ______.A. consumers don’t care where to buy themB. consumers spend much time searching forC. satisfy similar needs of the consumerD. can be found in nearly every shopSection CDirections: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.76.Our space is beautiful. Looking out of the window of a space shuttle, you can see the stars more clearly than you can from Earth. It’s thrilling view. However, what’s out there can be dangerous too. And the dangerous things are often too small to see.77.Above Earth, where space shuttles orbit, there are thousands of chunks of space garbage. They are flying as spaceships, at about 17,000 miles perhour. Sometimes they hit spaceships. On one flight of the shuttle Columbia, the ship was hit 106 times. Most of those hits were not caused by rocks. They were caused by pieces of space garbage.78.What kinds of objects are floating in space today? Some are satellites that are no longer working. Others are pieces of rockets that exploded. The first explosion of a rocket in space took place in 1961. Since then, many others have occurred. An exploding rocket can send out hundreds of bits of metal.79.Space garbage also results from everyday events. Let’s say an astronaut walks outside a shuttle, taking pictures. What if he drops the camera lens cap? It becomes a piece of orbiting junk. A flying bolt may not sound like much. If it’s flying ten times as fast as a bullet, though, it can be pretty scary. Some space trash burns up by falling toward Earth. If it’s high up in space, though, it won’t fall to Earth. I t will stay in orbit.80.What can be done about space trash? This may be one of the most important questions now facing NASA. One answer is to keep track of it. Radar can track a piece of space junk as small as a softball. Beforelaunching a flight, NASA makes sure no other ships or satellites will bein the way. They could also make sure no large pieces of space junk were in the flight’s path. But what about smaller things? What about a piece of metal as small as a pebble? One solution is to invent armor for spaceships. Another is to leave less garbage up there.Section DDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.Aware that the financial crisis could spread to other sections, the Fed has moved remarkably aggressively, cutting rates by 1.25 percentage pointsin eight days—a rate-cutting spree(无节制行为) almost unheard of in central banking history. The Fed now has cut rates five times by accumulative(累积的) 2.25 percentage points—and there is no sign that the Fed is done. Thanks to the strategies of Hank Paulson, George Bush soon will sign a bill that will pump some $150 billion into the American economy for U.S. consumers to spend. That kind of coordination(协调) between fiscal and monetary authorities is as exceptional as it is both swift and impressive.Sure, the Cassandras are disobeying the Fed’s actions. Bernanke has been criticized for everything from catering to Wall Street traders to still being behind the curve. But opinions are like a nose—everybody has one. Thecurrent noise of criticism against Bernanke is a lot like baseball fans, screaming “throw the burn out” at the game or letting out their depressions on post-game AM radio talk shows. But it’s a lot easier to criticize than to step up to home plate and swing the bat.The reality is that few of Bernanke’s most bitter critics were even smart enough to make it into an introductory economics class taught by Bernanke at Princeton—let alone to run the world’s most influential Central Bank. And to assume that Fed policy is based on responses to such criticism would be as ridiculous as for baseball star Alex Rodriguez to walk over and hand his bat to an unpleasant critic in the seats of Yankee Stadium to take his place at home plate. Thankfully, airline pilots guiding a plane through rough instability play to a less noisy crowd. Here’s the reality. Neither Bernanke’s interest rate cuts nor the federal stimulus package likely will hit the policy nail right on the head. But no real-time decision making is perfect. As John Maynard sKeynes, himself an academic with plenty of real world experience, observed: “It’s better to be nearly right than exactly wrong.” The Fed can’t stop a decline, but it can help it be short and shallow. This is a complex, fast-changing situation. Let’s give the Fed and the U.S. government some credit for acting swiftly and firmly.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)81.The Fed has cut its rates steeply in central banking history because it has recognized that ______________________________________________________________ _______________.82. With the help of Hank Paulson, George Bush agrees to give money to U.S. consumers to spend, which shows that the cooperation is unusually __________________________.83. The author’s opinion about Bernanke’s most rough critics is that they are ______ to run the world’s most influential Central Bank.84. Since the situation is complex and fast-changing, what does the author approve?第II卷（共45分）I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.85. 班长昨天班会课没来。

上海市宝山区2018-2019学年高三上学期期末教学质量监测(一模)英语试题及答案

绝密★启用前上海市金山区2019届高三上学期期末教学质量监测（一模）英语试题（本试卷满分140分,考试时间120分钟）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. In two weeks. B. Within two weeks. C. Two weeks ago. D. For two weeks.2. A. At a garage. B. In a parking lot. C. At a car shop. D. In a car showroom.3. A. Sell the ice cream. B. Take a bite of the ice cream.C. Make a wish.D. Pass up the food.4. A. $5.00. B. $8.00. C. $3.00. D. $2.5.5. A. She's unwilling to do it.B. She is afraid of donating blood.C. Donating blood is none of her business.D. She's ready to donate blood.6. A. Sick. B. Quite well. C. Excited. D. Confused.7. A. She has only one coat so she can't choose.B. She has a coat but she doesn't want to wear it.C. She hopes that the man can lend her one.D. She doesn't wear a coat since she hasn't one.8. A. She's wondering how many hands she has.B. She doesn't want to help the man.C. She can't handle this suitcase by hand.D. She would help the man in hand.9. A. She can't prevent her family members from missing her.B. She can't help her family because she is not strong enough.C. She misses her family because she doesn't do well in the new school.D. She misses her family because she doesn't get used to the school's life.10. A. She was busy eating something delicious.B. Johnson was too busy to talk to someone.C. She didn't notice who Johnson was talking to.D. Johnson was meeting the new guests then.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. Waste from animal. B. Agricultural chemicals.C. Industrial waste.D. Safe containers.12. A. Undamaged metal cans. B. All the boxes of juice or milk.C. Leaking cans.D. Waterproof containers.13. A. You should clean up the cans only.B. You should brush the cans and then put them in boiled water.C. You should place the cans in safe areas.D. You should make the cans clean and boil them thoroughly.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. A laboratory assistant. B. A chemistry teacher.C. A teacher of a laboratory.D. A professor in the hospital.15. A. He can make up the class.B. He will be dropped from the class.C. He will be reported immediately.D. He will attend other classes.16. A. It must be fastened tightly together.B. It should be cut right away.C. The students will be asked to leave the class.D. The students' parents will be called to school.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17. A. Purple. B. Black. C. Natural. D. Gray.18. A. Because she is afraid to appear in a magazine.B. Because she thinks dyeing hair will do harm to hair.C. Because she hopes to be different from others.D. Because she is afraid to be punished by her parents.19. A. Having it cut immediately. B. Letting it be.C. Having it dyed again.D. Dyeing it themselves.20. A. Dye her hair right away. B. Buy some cheap dye.。

2018届上海市宝山区高三一模英语试题(无答案)

2018届上海市宝山区高三一模英语试题II. Grammar and VocabularyWhy My Best Friend Is a BookWriting about beliefs is hard. It makes you reach deep into your soul and truly look at what is there. It requires time and effort, and then hits you in the face and someone in the background says “Oh, why didn’t you think of that before?” Beliefs change, they mature and grow just (21)__________a child. The best beliefs are the ones that (22)________( cherish) throughout a lifetime. One belief I cherish above all others is the power and enjoyment of reading.Reading can be for fun and that learning is (23)_________(easy) when you’re having fun. Being able to relate to the characters, imagine the conflicts in your head,and feel the characters’ sadness, as well as their joy, is th e most amazing thing about reading. A chance to live another life for a short time, to be another person, Reading lends the soul and mind a place (24)_________(escape). I would much rather pick up a good luck than watch a television show.Reading can teac h us. Whether it’s a fantasy novel or a historical account, you learn when you read. It provides grammar and (25)_______(write) language skills. Reading teaches us about emotion. Reading gives you new words and expands your vocabulary by forcing you to challenge yourself. In its own way it makes us feel the emotions of the characters. (26)________ ________ _________ you read, I believe you will learn, mind and soul.Reading can bring people together. I cannot count the number of new friends and people that have entered my life because of books. My stepmother, grandmother, and I all rad the same books. (27)________ is better than being able to share the tense moments, near misses, and happy endings while (28)________ (drink) a steaming cup of coffee together with someone. Reading allows you to lower your walls and let people in to form genuine chains. Plus people (29) ________read impressive books are usually pretty cool themselves!Over the years reading has been my companion. Always with a book in my purse, I have never faced the world without a best friend by my side. Books (30)________(help) me through difficult periods and applauded me in times of celebration. Books always make me smile. That’s the biggest reason I believe in reading, because it will mak e you happy.Section BDirections: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.The discovery builds on earlier findings showed that a class of genes called splicing (胶接) factors is progressively switched off as we age. The research team found that splicing factors can be switched back on with chemicals, making aging cells not only look ____31____ younger, but start to divide like young cells.The researchers applied compounds chemicals based on a ____32____ naturally found in red wine, dark chocolate, red grapes and blueberries, to cells in culture. The chemicals ____33____ splicing factors, which are progressively switched off as we age to be switched back on. Within hours, the cells looked younger and started to rejuvenate,behaving like young cells.The discovery has the ___34_____ to lead to therapies that could help people age better, without experiencing some of the degenerative effects of getting old. Most people by the age of 85 have experienced some kind of chronic illness, and as people get older they are more prone to stroke, heart disease and cancer.Professor Harries as saying, “This is a first step in trying to make people live___35_____ lifetime, but with health for their entire life. Our data suggests that using chemicals to switch back on the major class of genes that are switched off as we age might provide a means to ____36____ to old cells.”Dr Eva Latorre, Research Associate at the University of Exeter, who carried out the experiments, was surprised by the ____37____ and rapidity of the changes in the cells.“When I saw some of the cells in the culture dish ___38_____ I couldn’t believe it. These old cells were looking like young cells. It was li ke magic,” she said. “I repeated the experiments several times and in each case the cells rejuvenated. I am very excited by the implications and potential for this research.”As we age, our tissues accumulate senescent cells which are alive but do not grow or ____39____ as they should. These old cells lose the ability to correctly regulate the output of their genes. This is one reason why tissues and organs become susceptible to disease as we age. When activated, genes make a message that gives the ____40____for the cell to behave in a certain way. Most genes can make more than one message, which determines how the cell acts.Splicing factors are crucial in ensuring that genes can perform their full range of functions.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Cameron Buckner, assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Houston, argues in an article published in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research that a wide range of animal species exhibit so-called “ executive control” when it comes to making decisions, _____41___ considering their goals and ways to satisfy those goals before acting.He acknowledges that language is ____42___ for some experienced forms of higher-order thinking, or thinking about thinking. But supported by a review of previously published research, Buckner _____43____ that a wide variety of animals -- -elephants, chimpanzees( 黑猩猩), ravens( 大乌鸦) and lions, among others ---______44____ reasonable decision-making.“ These data suggest that not only do some animals have a subjective take on the suitability of the ___45_____ they are evaluating for their goal, they possess a subjective, internal signal regarding their confidence in this take can be used to select among different options,” he wrote.The question has been ____46____ since the days of the ancient philosophers, as people considered what means to be human is. One way to address that, Buckner said, is to ____47____exactly what sets humans apart from other animals.Language remains a key difference between animals and humans, and Buckner notes that serious ____48____ in the 1970s and 80s to teach animal’s human language—teaching chimpanzees to use sign language, ___49___ ----found that although they were able to express simple ideas, they did not engage in ____50___thought and language structures.Ancient philosophers relied upon unreliable ___51___ to study the issue, but today’s researcher conduct complicated controlled experiments. Buckner, working with Thomas Bugnyar and Stephan A. Reber, mental biologist at the University of Vienna, last year ____52____ the results of a result that determined ravens share at least some of the human ability to think abstractly about other minds, ___53____ their behavior by attaching their own observations to others.In his latest paper, Buckner offers several examples to support his ____54____. His goal, Buckner said, was to organiz e experimental research, “to see that we’re gathered enough evidence to say that animals really are ___55_____ in a unique way.”41. A. secretly B. unintentionally C. scarcely D. consciously42. A. required B. qualified C. acquired D. prepared43. A. concerns B. complains C. conclude D. convinces44. A. turn down B. engage in C. refer to D. argue about45. A. option B. scheme C. regulation D. random46. A. dismissed B. ignored C. debated D. answered47. A. evaluate B. determine C. overlook D. initiate48. A. results B. successes C. achievements D. attempts49. A. for example B. this is to say C. on the contrary D. as a result50. A. obvious B. feasible C. private D. complex51. A. mystery B. tradition C. evidence D. fiction52. A. substituted B. published C. reflected D. maintained53. A. adapting B. symbolizing C. investigating D. revenging54. A. agreement B. implement C. requirement D. argument55. A. passionate B. reasonable C. confused D. ridiculousSection A(A)We see them everywhere. “There are some things that money can’t buy… for everything else, there’s MasterCard.” We hear them everywhere. “Make life rewarding… American Express.” Whether watching television, driving down the highway, or even appearing on our Facebook page, the appeal of money is inescapable.Growing up, my parents always emphasized the importance of family and faith over material possessions. Yet, money and all the new, interesting things it could buy did not escape me. As I entered my freshman year, my debit card and I engaged in quite the dates. Between game-day dresses, steak dinners and wonderful downtown Athens, I quickly drained 17 years worth of savings.By the time summer rolled around, I didn’t consider how much cash I had spent, or how much stuff I had acq uired… I was focused on how much more money I would need for next fall. When I wasn’t working, I was checking my bank account, try to figure out if my next paycheck would cover those pillows that would look so cute in my new apartment. My bank account balance was becoming a major source of stress in my life, creating tension with my financially smart parents and causing me constant concern. Finally, after a very heated argument with my Dad, I accepted the truth: I simply could not afford money anymore.I realized that I was much happier (and I sensed my blood pressure was much lower) when money was just something in the bank. While the clothes are pretty and those pillows are comfy, they lost their appeal right around the second a new item caught my eye. Towards the end of the summer, I let go of my financial issues –after all, I can’t buy more time with my friends and family before going back to Athens.I still check my bank account. I still go shopping occasionally. But now, those aren’t priorities. My mo ney sufferings taught me that I shouldn’t seek out wealth as a means of satisfaction and happiness. Instead, my happiness should come from the moments and people that cannot be bought, exchanged, or returned. I now re-word those credit card slogans to refl ect the value I place on finding wealth in the love shared between my family and friends: “There are some things that money can’t buy… Seek them.” Unlike cash, this form of wealth grows the more I give.56.According to the passage, the author feels happy now mainly because ______.A.the appeal of money is inescapableB.he values the love between his family and friendsC.his wealth grows by working hard every dayD.he has paid off his debt in cash57.The author mentions the heated argument with Dad in paragraph 3 in order to ______.A.show how to settle problems with othersB.prove how selfish his Dad isC.explain material possessions get him into troubleD.display generation gap between Dad and Son58.The word “comfy” (paragraph 4) probably means ______.A. realisticB. individualC. graciousD. comfortable59.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A.Seeking a different kind of wealthB.Letting go of different sufferingsC.Wealth as a means of satisfactionD. Happiness grows out of hardships(B)Americans are more stressed than ever, according to an American Psychological Association survey, and nearly one-third say stress impacts their physical or mental health. If you have any of these symptoms, your stress might be making you sick. Here’s how to ba ttle against them.If you’ve never suffered from headaches but suddenly your head is constantly striking, you might be too stressed. Stress releases chemicals that can cause changes to nerves and blood vessels（血管） in the brain, which brings on a headache. Stress can cause them or make them worse. It’s also common for your muscles to tense up when you’re stressed, which can also cause a headache.WHAT TO DO:If you don’t want to take medicine, try spreading lavender （薰衣草）oil on your temples（太阳穴）when a headache starts. Or try one of thesehome remedies for headaches.Stress can make you mentally sick, too. Too much of the stress hormonecortisol （皮质醇）can make it harder to concentrate, causingmemory problems as well as anxiety or depression, says Dr. Levine.WHAT TO DO:Relax until you regain your concentration. Practice closing your eyes and breathing in and out slowly, concentrating only on your breath.Losing a few strands of hair is normal (old hair follicles （囊）arereplaced by new ones over time), but stress can disturb that cycle.Significant stress pushes a large number of hair follicles into what’scalled a resting stage and then a few months later those hairs fall out,according to . Stress can also cause the body’s resis tantsystem to attack your hair follicles, resulting in hair loss.WHAT TO DO:Be patient. Once your stress level returns to normal, your hair should start growing back.60. If you’re stressed, you might have one of the following symptoms EXCEPT that ______.A. you keep getting headachesB. you always have a coldC. your hair is falling outD. your brain feels confused61.Which of the following is suggested if your brain goes out of focus?A.Breathing slowly with your eyes closed.B.Waiting until your brain returns to normal.C.Spreading lavender oil on your temples.D.Relaxing and attacking your brain softly.62.What will happen once we get over our stress according to the passage?A.Our hair starts falling out and then grows back.B.Our body’s resistant syste m attacks your hair folliclesC.Our hair starts growing again.D.A serious headache starts.(C)For many in the general public and the engineering community alike, the potential implications of additivemanufacturing (AM) have excited the imagination. Popularly known as 3-D printing, the emerging class of technologies has been regarded as both a revolution in production and an opportunity for dramatic environmentaladvance.Yet while the technological capabilities of additive manufacturing processes are studied extensively, a deep understanding of their environmental implications is still lacking.A new special issue of Yale’s Journal of Industrial Ecology presents the cutting-edge research on this emerging field, providing important insights into its environmental, energy, and health impacts.Though sometimes described in the public field as similar to an inkjet printer for making objects, additive manufacturing is primarily used as a production process in industry and contains a diverse set of technologies. What they share is the ability to produce products and parts based on digital information by adding layers of materials one after the other rather than, as in traditional manufacturing, removing materials –thus the label “additive.”“The research in this i ssue shows that it is too early to label 3-D printing as the path to sustainable manufacturing,” said Reid Lifset, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Industrial Ecology and co-author of the lead editorial. “We need to know much more about the material footp rints, energy consumption in production, process emissions, and especially the linking devices and adjustments between the various stages in the production process.”Additive manufacturing is sometimes seen as inherently environmentally preferable to traditional manufacturing because of its potential for local production – by consumers, merchants and hobbyists – and because it is thought to allow zero-waste manufacturing. Research in this issue, however, indicates that the environmental performance is very sensitive to the pattern of usage and composition of the machinery and the materials used.“This special issue demonstrates the capability of industrial ecology to reveal important and often overlooked aspects of new technologies,” said Indy Burke, Dean of the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. “If we are to realize the environmental potential of 3-D printing, we need to know where the challenges and the advantages lie.”The special issue contains:life cycle assessments (LCA) of AM processes and productsinvestigations of the process energy consumption of AM technologiesstudies of operator exposure to printer emissions and dangerous materialsexamination of the sustainability benefits derived from the complex figure of parts enabled by the technologyanalysis of supply-chain issues arising from the use of the technology63.The word “additive” in the passage refers to ______.A. the substance added in small amounts for a special purposeB. the additional technological capabilities of manufacturing processesC. the digital way to produce products by adding serial layers of materialsD.the traditional way to produce products by removing materials64.The contents listed in the special issue mentioned at the end of this passage focus on ______.A.the studies of additive manufacturing and sustainabilityB.a diverse set of technologies of additive manufacturingC.the comparison between additive and traditional manufacturingD.the experiments conducted by Journal of Industrial Ecology65.Which of the followin g can be inferred about the researchers’ viewpoint from the passage?A.3-D printing is viewed as a revolution in production.B.3-D printing is regarded as a kind of sustainable manufacturing.C.AM makes a harmful impact on environment, energy, and health.D.The challenges and advantages of AM need further studies.66.The passage mainly discusses ______.A.investigations of the 3-D printing processB.the environmental implications of 3-D printingC. studies of 3-D printing emissions and materialsD.assessments of additive manufacturing processes Section CA.The findings show that they also apply criticism to nontraditional women’s husbands.B.He is also regarded as having less power in the relationship.C.These include having a higher status, yielding more power, being more self-focused, ambitious and self-confident.D.The married surname tradition is more than just a tradition.E.Up to now, researchers have not yet examined how a woman’s married surname choice influences howothers look at her husband.F.Women’s rightist s cholars understand why the surname tradition remains widely supported.What does it mean for the husband when his wife keeps her own surname?The tradition of women adopting their husbands’ surname after marriage is arguably one of the most widespread gender-role standards in Western cultures despite marked changes in the role that women play in society and in the labor force.According to previous studies, women who violate the married surname tradition are viewed differently from others. They are described in terms of instrumental characteristics that in a gendered society are typically assigned to men. __67__ These characteristics contrast with the expressive characteristics that are typically assigned to women, such as being more caring, kind and having less influence and power.__68__ For this purpose, Robnett and her colleagues carried out three studies in the US and UK. The first two studies showed that husbands whose wives keep their own surnames are often described through terms that are opposed to the gender-typical personality characteristics and power framework used for men. They are described in more expressive than instrumental terms, and are seen to hold less power in a marriage. Their findings indicate that people conclude from married surna me choices to make more general inferences about a couple’s gender-typed personality characteristics.Results from the third study conducted by Robnett’s team suggest that people hold different opinions in how they think about such cases. People who firmly hold on to traditional gender roles react particularly strongly to a man whose wife keeps her surname because they see him as an incapable person. “We know from previous research that people high in unfriendly sexism（蔑视女性）respond negatively to women who violate traditional gender roles,” says Robnett. “__69__”“This study joins several others in implying a link between traditions in men and women’s romantic relationships and power structures favoring men,” says Robnett. “__70__ It reflects slight gender-role standards and ideas that often remain unquestioned despite privileging men.”IV. Summary WritingSecure payment without leaving a traceComputer scientist Andy Rupp, member of the “Signaling Code and Security” working group, is always surprised about lacking problem awareness: only few users are aware of the fact that by using payment systems they disclose in detail how and what they consume or which routes they have taken. To prevent control of the accounts by dishonest users, customer data and account balances of payment are usually carried out with the help of a central database. In every payment deal, the customer is identified and the details of her/his deal are transmitted to the central database. This repeated identification process produces a data trace that might be misused by the provider or third parties.The expert has now presented the basics of an “electronic purse” that works by unknown names, but prevents misuse at the same time. The “black-box addition plus” (BBA+) code system develop ed by them transfers all necessary account data to the card used or the smartphone and guarantees their secrets with the help of signaling code methods. At the same time, BBA+ offers security guarantees for the operator of the payment system: The code system guarantees a correct account balance and is mathematically constructed such that the identity of the user is disclosed as soon as the attempt is made to pay with a controlled account.“Our new code system guarantees privacy and security for customers during offline operation as well,” Andy Rupp says. “This is needed for ensuring the payment system’s suitability for daily use. Think of a subway doorway or a payment bridge. There you may have no internet connection at all or it is very slow.” Also its high efficiency makes the code system suited for everyday use: During first test runs, researchers completed payments within about one second._______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ ______________ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ ______________ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ ______________ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ ______________ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ ______________ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______V. Translation72.他仍难以用英语表达自己的想法。

2018届上海市各区高三英语一模试卷题型分类专题汇编--摘要写作(Summary Writing)-学生版(已校对)

IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Wilderness TherapyWhen most people hear the term “psychotherapy”, they picture traditional talk therapy –someone sitting on a couch or chair talking about their troubling thoughts and feelings with a psychologist or other mental health professional. However, talk therapy isn’t the only type of psychotherapy used to help individuals struggling with depression, anxiety, and a whole host of other challenging disorders, emotional struggles, and other types of problems. In reality, therapy takes place in all kinds of settings. One of them is wilderness therapy.When the campsite is set up and the fire is lit, the doctor is in. Wilderness therapy is a successful, and sometimes controversial (有争议的) way to help troubled youth by teaching life and social skills on the hiking trail. Intensive group therapy and one-on-one sessions are coupled with outdoor activities like mountain climbing and fly-fishing to teach self-reliance and responsibility. Programs promise to reform even the most wayward (任性的) of offenders, including teens with depression, anger management issues, or eating disorders.While wilderness therapy can be effective, certain methods have come under fire for using unethical, and sometimes abusive (施虐的) techniques to help struggling youth. Wilderness programs are loosely regulated, so not all programs are staffed by qualified professionals. Upon closer examination, some “therapy” groups seemed to be just military-style boot camps with little mental health benefit.Even legal wilderness therapy groups have been criticized for partnering with teen escort (陪同) companies to forcibly remove unwilling participants from their homes to attend the program. While controversy and risk exist, wilderness therapy might be a creative way to teach life skills when other methods have failed.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of thepassage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Are Open Offices Good for Us?Four years ago, Chris Nagele did what many other technology executives have done before –moved his team into an open concept office. His staff had been entirely working from home, but he wanted everyone to be together, to connect and cooperate more easily. It quickly became clear, though, that Nagele had made a huge mistake. Everyone was distracted and productivity suffered and nine employees were unhappy, not to mention Nagele himself. About three years after moving into the open office, Nagele moved the company into a 10,000-square foot office where everyone now has their own space — complete with closing doors.Numerous companies have held the open office — about 70% of US offices are open concept — and very few have moved back into traditional spaces with offices and doors. But research that we’re 15% less productive, we have huge trouble concentrating in open working spaces, has contributed to a growing criticism against open offices.Beside the cheaper cost, one main argument for the open workspace is that it increases teamwork. However, it’s well documented that we rarely brainstorm brilliant ideas when we’re just shooting the breeze in a crowd. Instead, as many of us know, we’re more likely to hear about the Ch ristmas gift a colleague is buying for a family member, or problems with your deskmate’s spouse.For jobs that require focus, like writing, advertising, financial planning and computer programming, some companies that aren’t ready to abandon open plans are experimenting with quiet and closed spaces. The trouble with that, is some of us don’t feel comfortable leaving the team to go off on our own—it can feel as if we’re not pulling our weight if we’re not present. That’s particularly true in high-pressure environments. Some of us even feel that escaping to a quiet room is a sign of weakness.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.According to an official report on youth violence.“In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terriblereality of vi olence.”Given that this is the case, why aren’t students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. It is reported that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult. For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence.If the conflict occurs, students can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution: stay calm. Once the student feels calmer. Once the student feels calmer. He or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words and accusations only add fuel to the emotional fire while soft words can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.After that, they can use another key strategy for conflict resolution. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side: and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterwards, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the speaker’s position. Then the two people should change roles.Finally, students need to consider what they are hearing. An argument doesn’t mean trying to figure out the fault of the other person but means understanding what the real issue is. As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller.（280 words）IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.To airline and airport operators, fog is an enemy. When the white, misty blanket hides runways, airplanes cannot take off or land. Changes in flight schedules cost the airlines several million dollars each year.Fog is an concentration of tiny water droplets suspended in the air. It most often occurs when warm, most air is suddenly cooled. To clear the air of fog, it is necessary to evaporate the droplets or cause them to join together and fall as rain or snow.In 1968, a new fog-sweeping machine was tested for dissipating(驱散）the most common king of fog, which occurs at temperature above freezing. The machine consists of 100-foot-long plastic tube mounted on a mobile blower. As the machine moved across the airport, chemicalswere blown through the tube and up into the fog. One of the chemicals reduces the surface tension on the water droplets so that they would join together more easily. Another chemical gave an electronic charge to the droplets, so that they attracted each other and fell as rain.Cold fog, which occurs at temperatures below freezing, causes only a small percentage of airport shutdowns. Cold fog is fairly easy to eliminate. For quite a few years, airports have used cloud-seeding methods to dissipate cold fog. An airplane drops crystals of dry ice into the fog. Soon, snow falls and the air clears.In the 1900s, another kind of weapon against fog was developed. Pilots who are flying through fog fire a pulse of laser light toward the runway. The light that would normally be reflected by the fog is screened out by a sensor. When the laser pulse returns, the sensor opens briefly to admit only the light reflected from the runway, thus enabling the laser to “see” the runway through the fog.These new “whether weapons” are helping to win the war against fog.IV．Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.We see it everywhere. A tired parent, at the end of a stressful day, loses it — and a child suffers. We’d like to help if we could, but we hesitate. Is it our business to intervene(干涉)? And if we do, will we embarrass and offend the parent, making him or her even more angry with the child? Isn’t it wiser to walk past without comment? A fter all, none of us is a perfect parent.There seems to be a common assumption in our society that intervening on behalf of a child in a public place is necessarily hurtful and critical. It needs to be neither. There is a world of difference between hurt ful criticism (“How dare you treat your child like that?”) and helpful intervention done in a caring way (“It can be really hard to meet their needs when you’re so busy. Is there anything I can do to help?”) There is nothing essential in intervention that requires one to be offensive.My friends and I have witnessed some really harmful acts: hitting, severe verbal abuse, hurtful comparisons to brothers and sisters, and so on. These children accept this treatment because they are too helpless and inexperienced to stand up for themselves. That emotionalabuse(虐待) leaves no outward scars should not excuse us from helping these children. Those of us who can recognize damaging treatment have an obligation to step in.There is one more reason for intervening that is nearly always overlooked in these discussions, but which I consider to be the most significant: the lifelong effect it can have on the child. Many adults in counseling sessions still recall with gratitude the one time that a stranger stepped in on their behalf, and how much it meant: that someone cared, and that the child’s feelings of anger and frustration were recognized and accepted. These adults have stated to me that this one intervention changed their lives and gave them hope. Are we to bypass the opportunity to make such a big difference in the life of a child?Ⅳ. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.California condors are North American’s largest birds, will wing-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico. Electrical lines have been killing them off. “As they go in to rest for the night, they just don’t see the power lines,” says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once. So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before the training was introduced, 66% of set-freed condors died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.Lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney failures and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.Rideout’s team thinks that the California condors’ average survival tim e in the wild is now just under eight years. “Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now,” he says. “They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.”Ⅳ. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.A Father’s Influence Makes for Better GradesAdolescents from low-income families in particular are more likely than their middle-class peers to underachieve and to drop out of school. Studies have shown that a positive attitude towards school work and the support and encouragement from their parents can help at-risk youngsters to overcome the economic barriers and lack of resources they face. Most of the evidence about the effects of parental involvement comes from research on mothers. Little is known, however, about how adolescents experience their fathers’ warmth and the beliefs and behaviors that are most affected by it.This new study is part of a larger one focusing on low-income families conducted in four middle schools in the southwestern United States. Data were analyzed from questionnaires completed by 183 sixth-graders about how optimistic and motivated they were about their schoolwork, and how they experienced their fathers. The questionnaires were completed primarily by respondents of Mexican American, African American and European American descent. Their maths and language arts grades were also obtained.Their findings show how fathers can support their teenagers in ways that result in greater optimism, self-efficacy, and, ultimately, higher achievement at school.These positive effects extend to both sons and daughters, while in different ways. Experiencing their father’s warmth first influences daughters’ sense of optimism, and then spills over into their feeling more determined and certain about their academic abilities. This in turn leads to better math grades. There is a more direct link between their fathers’ involvement and teenage boys’ belief in their ability to succeed on the academic front. This heightened self-confidence increased their success in English language arts classes.Suizzo suggests that counselors and educators should encourage fathers to communicate warmth and acceptance to their children, because of the positive influence these emotions have on their well-being.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.For many well-educated travelers, buying a copy of Lonely Planet is the first task before taking a vacation abroad. Founded in 1973, Lonely Planet is the biggest guidebook series in many countries. It’s published in 11 languages including Chinese.But when the BBC confirmed on March 19 that it had sold the entire Lonely Planet series to a US billionaire at a significant deficit(赤字), many commented that the deal sang the swan song for the printed guidebook.The rise of the Internet and the prevalence of smartphones have become a burden on the print media. Why would travelers bring a heavy guidebook when they can download the apps to their smartphone in an instant? Furthermore, alternative and free travel content is readily available on the Internet, from Wikivoyage to TripAdvisor which provide excellent guidance on your trips.But the Internet is not the only reason that guidebooks are in decline. It is also widely accepted that the physical guidebook has such complete content that can kill any sense of personal exploration. With the guide books, all those backpacker feet ended up following routine trade routes, and in those routes was little room for initiative.It’s also pointed out that the guidebook is not exactly good for tourism. Often the shops and restaurants that thrived on a recommendation in the guidebook relaxed and discovered that it didn’t matter: the legions of eager trav elers keep on coming anyway. They gradually become uncompetitive.And yet, despite the rise of new media, it’s believed there is still a place for printed guidebooks, at least for the time being as books still offer readers the kind of feeling that virtual tools can’t provide, more of a compelling, touchable interaction.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.From Burn Survivor to Global InspirationLast October, the Kona Ironman World Championship witnessed an unbelievable finish. Turia Pitt, an Australian woman who suffered severe burns when caught in a bush fire during a marathon six years ago, successfully challenged herself.Pitt spent 864 days in a hospital and went through more than 200 operations. Doctors said she would never run again, but she proved them wrong.Crossing the line in the Hawaiian darkness, Pitt showed incredible emotion as the race commentator (现场解说员) announced: “Turia Pitt, you are an ironman!” On social media, people around the world applauded her determination.Apart from continuing to be a star athlete, Pitt is also a motivational speaker now. She is sharing her journey of recovery with others to help raise awareness about the importance of organ donation, which she believes saved her life.Pitt was 24 years old when she and five others encountered the fire. Doctors had to remove the burnt skin and replace it with donated skin that could fight infection. None could be found in Australia and doctors were forced to search abroad. They finally found skin that could be used in the United States.“I’m not being dramatic, but it was the skin that saved my life,” said Pitt. “I decided to live my life to the best of my abilities because I never wanted those donors, wherever they are, to think I was ungrateful for their gift.”So Pitt set herself a big goal: the Kona Ironman World Championship. In order to compete, she had to first learn how to stand, walk and even talk all over again. And because of her burns, she also has trouble sweating and regulating her body temperature.Despite these disadvantages, Pitt completed the race in just 14 hours. She said this achievement would not be possible without the donated skin, highlighting the importance of organ donation.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.“Where You Go” Doesn’t Matter So MuchDuring the fall months at high school guidance counseling programs, juniors run to the stage to participate in an exercise to try and help them understand that it is not “where you go” that matters. They hold posters featuring the names and faces of famous people while their peers and parents shout out with confidence the names of elite colleges (名校) they assume the celebrities attended.The “oohs” and “aahs” follow as the audience learn that Steven Spielberg, Steve Jobs and Bill Gates dropped out of college and that Ken Burns graduated from Hampshire College. If even a few stressed students and their anxious parents benefit from this information, it is a worthwhile exercise. Even better is giving the students an assignment to identify the happy, successful people in their own circle of family, friends, co-workers and neighbors and challenging them to go and ask “if or where they went to college?” as a means of broadening the conversation in their search for a life after high school.The key to success in college and beyond has more to do with what students do with their time during college than what college they choose to attend. A long-term study of 6,335 college graduates published by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that graduating from a college where entering students have higher SAT scores—one marker of elite colleges—didn’t pay off in higher post-graduation income. Researchers found that students who applied to several elite schools but didn’t attend them—either because of rejection or by their own choice—are more likely to earn high incomes later than students who actually attended elite schools.In a summary of the findings, the bureau sa ys that “evidently, students’ motivation, ambition and desire to learn have a much stronger effect on their later success than average academic ability of their classmates.”IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Sales strategiesHow can a company improve its sales? One of the keys to more effective selling is for a company to first decide on its “sales strategy”. In other words, what is the role of the salesperson? Is the salesperson’s job narrative, suggestive, or consultative?The “narrative” sales strategy depends on the salesperson moving quickly into a standard sales presentation. His or her pitch highlights the benefit for the customer of a particular product or service. This approach is most effective for customers whose buying motives are basically the same.The “suggestive” approach is tailored more for the individual c ustomer. The salesperson must be in a position to offer alternative recommendations that meet a particular customer’s needs. One key aspect of the suggestive approach is the need for the salesperson to engage the buyer in some sort of discussion. The salesperson can then use the information from the customer to suggest an appropriate product or service.The final strategy demands that a company’s sales staff act as “consultants” for the buyer. In this role, the salesperson must acquire a great deal of information about the customer. They do this through market research, surveys, and face-to-face discussions. Using this information, the salesperson makes a detailed presentation tailored to a consumer’s needs. More and more sales teams are switching from a narrative or a suggestive approach to a more consultative strategy. As a result, corporations value creativity and analytical skills.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.When a rather dirty, poorly dressed person kneels at your feet and puts out his hands to beg for a few coins, do you hurry on, not knowing what to do, or do you feel sad and hurriedly hand over some money? What should our attitude to beggars be? There can be no question that the world is full of terribly sad stories. It must be terrible to have no idea where our next meal is going to come from. It seems cruel not to give some money to beg gars.Certainly, most of the world’s great religions order us to be open hearted and share what we have with those less fortunate than ourselves. But has the world changed? Maybe what wasmorally right in the old days, when one knew exactly who in the village had suffered misfortune and needed help, is no longer the best idea. Quite a few people will not give to beggars. Let us look at their arguments.First, some believe that many city beggars dress up on purpose to look pitiable and actually make a good living from begging. Giving to beggars only encourages this sort of evil. Secondly, there is the worry that the money you give will be spent on beer, wine or drugs. Thirdly, there is the opinion that there is no real excuse for begging. One might be poor, but that is no reason for losing one’s sense of pride and self-dependence.Related to this is the opinion that the problem should be dealt with by the government rather than ordinary people. Some people think beggars should go to the local government department and receive help.It is hard to come to any final conclusion; there are various cases and we must deal with them differently. A few coins can save a life in some situations, and even if the money is wasted, that does not take away the moral goodness of the giver.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possibleIt’s a common sight to see food delivery workers riding electric bikes through big cities in China. Most of them seem to be in a hurry, as they run red lights to deliver their meals in time. However, such reckless（鲁莽的）behavior often causes serious problems.In the first half of this year, food delivery drivers had 76 traffic accidents in Shanghai alone, according to the Shanghai Public Security Bureau. This means that on average, there is a food delivery worker that gets hurt or even dies on the road in Shanghai every 2.5 days.Other cities also share similar problems. In Nanjing, three people died and 2,473 were injured in road accidents related to food delivery workers in the same period, according to the Ministry of Public Security.The rise of reckless behavior among food delivery workers is closely related to the growing demand for their service, reported People’s Daily. About 150 million people in China use food delivery services, according to China Radio International (CRI). Such a big market has led to alarge demand for food delivery workers, with some companies offering high salaries to attract new workers.However, food delivery workers are often under high pressure from their employers. They face company fines of 20 yuan for delivering food late and upwards of 200 yuan for receiving complaints, reported CRI. Moreover, the more orders they take, the more commission（佣金）they can earn, leading to some workers checking their mobile phones for new orders while they're riding their bikes.While most companies have measures requiring delivery workers to follow traffic rules, “there remains a problem of whether these requirements and rules for delivery workers are truly entering their ears, brains and hearts,” Wang Liang, deputy head of the Traffic Police Security Bureau, told news website The Paper.To solve the problem, some cities have taken action. Shanghai has asked companies to train their workers on traffic rules and safety. Now in Shenzhen, if a delivery worker gets caught breaking traffic rules more than twice, he or she will be banned from driving food delivery vehicles for a whole year.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possibleReading the world in 195 boobsIn 2012, I set myself the challenge of trying to read a book from every country of all 195 UN- recognized states in a year. With no idea how to find publications, I decided to ask the planet’s readers for help. I created a blog called A Year of Reading the World and put out an appeal for suggestions of titles that I could read in English.The response was amazing. Before I knew it, people all over the planet were getting in touch with ideas and offers of help. Some posted me books. Others did hours of research on my behalf. In addition, several writers, like Turkmenistan’s Ak Welsapar and Panama’s Juan David Morgan, sent me unpublished translations of their novels. Even with such an extraordinary team behind me, however, sourcing books was no easy task.But the effort was worth it. As I made my way through the planet’s literary landscapes,extraordinary things started to happen. Far from simply armchair travelling, I found I was inhabiting the mental space of the storytellers. I discovered, book packing offered something that a physical traveller could hope to experience only rarely: it took me inside the thoughts of individuals living far away and showed me the world through their eyes. More powerful than a thousand news reports, these stories not only opened my mind to basic information of life in other places, but opened my heart to the way people there might feel. And that in turn changed my thinking. Through reading the stories shared with me by bookish strangers around the globe, I realized I was not an isolated person, but part of a network that stretched all over the planet.One by one, the country names on the list that had begun as an intellectual exercise transformed into places filled with laughter, love, anger, hope and fear. Lands that had once seemed foreign and remote became close and familiar to me — places I could identify with. At its best, I learned, fiction makes the world real.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possibleSecure payment without leaving a traceComputer scientist Andy Rupp, member of the “Signaling Code and Security” working group, is always surprised about lacking problem awareness: only few users are aware of the fact that by using payment systems they disclose in detail how and what they consume or which routes they have taken. To prevent control of the accounts by dishonest users, customer data and account balances of payment are usually carried out with the help of a central database. In every payment deal, the customer is identified and the details of her/his deal are transmitted to the central database. This repeated identification process produces a data trace that might be misused by the provider or third parties.The expert has now presented the basics of an “electronic purse” that works by unknown names, but prevents misuse at the same time. The “black-box addition plus” (BBA+) code system developed by them transfers all necessary account data to the card used or the smartphone and guarantees their secrets with the help of signaling code methods. At the same time, BBA+ offers security guarantees for the operator of the payment system: The code system guarantees a correct。

8 2018届宝山区高三英语一模(作文有范文)

宝山区2017学年第一学期期末高三年级英语学科教学质量监测试卷注意：1．本试卷包括试题纸和答题纸两部分．2．在试题纸上答题无效，必须在答题纸上的规定位置按照要求答题．3．本试卷满分140分，考试时间120分钟．I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections:In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and a question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. At a dancing show. B. At an airport. C. At home. D. At a cinema.2. A. He can’t find the manager. B. His new watch doesn’t work.C. He doesn’t get the right watch.D. His deposit was missing.3. A. The plan of their holiday trips. B. Their feeling of the trip to Washington.C. The weather of the beach.D. Their wishes and dreams.4. A. Save money on the rent. B. Share the rent with someone.C. Find a part-time job.D. Apply for a student loan.5. A. The woman has watered too much.B. Moving plants is not a good idea.C. The plants may need more sunshine.D. The woman should get some professional help.6. A. She is ill and has to stay at home. B. She hates watching TV at home.C. She can’t go to work herself.D. She’s wasting much time watching TV.7. A. Look at the laundry basket. B. Check the business time of the laundry.C. Go to do her laundry.D. Find another suitable blouse.8. A. The man will have a business trip tomorrow.B. The woman has no idea what the boss is doing.C. The terrible weather has delayed all the flights.D. The boss is not supposed to be at the office.9. A. He is used to going out on cold days. B. He is used to wearing a wool hat.C. He is used to wearing no hat in winter.D. He is used to carrying a heavy bag.10. A. The woman often suffers from bad traffic.B. The woman is used to getting up late.C. The woman lives in the downtown area.D. The woman lives far away from the company.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two passages and one longer conversation. After each passage orconversation, you will be asked several questions. The passages and conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. How to stay calm. B. How to order a meal.C. How to complain politely.D. How to deal with an argument.12. A. Customers are less likely to get help. B. Customers will get problems fixed.C. Managers will be frightened.D. Managers will smile happily.13. A. Asking to speak to a manager.B. Blaming the person you’re talking to.C. Saying “There has been a misunderstanding”.D. Giving the person a chance to explain.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. Sharing your wishes. B. Supplying things with you.C. Chatting with you.D. Carrying things for you.15. A. Its special Wi-F. B. Fingerprint identification system.C.Its built-in cameras.D. Its partners.16. A. Security. B. Convenient. C. Independent. D. Unpractical.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17. A. Kids should do chores on weekends.B. Parents should help kids with chores.C. Parents feel pride in helping around the house.D. Chores teach children responsibility.18. A. Kids’ academic achievements will improve.B. Kids’ rooms will be clean and tidy.C. Kids will take care of themselves.D. Kids will finish schoolwork sooner.19. A. Kids like doing schoolwork. B. Kids don’t need to do chores.C. Kids are spoiled.D. Kids appreciate parents.20. A. The woman won’t ask her kids to do chores.B. The woman will encourage her kids to do chores.C. The man won’t ask his kids to do chores.D. The man will encourage his kids to study.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Why My Best Friend Is a BookWriting about beliefs is hard. It makes you reach deep into your soul and truly look at what is there. It requires time and effort, and then hits you in the face and someone in the background says “Oh, why didn’t you think of that before?” Beliefs change, they mature and grow just (21)______ a child. The best beliefs are the onesthat (22)______ (cherish) throughout a lifetime. One belief I cherish above all others is the power and enjoyment of reading.Reading can be for fun and that learning is (23)______ (easy) when you’re having fun. Being able to relate to the characters, imagine the conflicts in your head, and feel the characters’ sadness, as well as their joy, is the most amazing thing about reading. A chance to live another life for a short time, to be another person. Reading lends the soul and mind a place (24)______ (escape). I would much rather pick up a good book than watch a television show.Reading can teach us. Whether it’s a fantasy novel or a historical account, you learn when you read. It provides grammar and (25)______(write) language skills. Reading teaches us about emotion. Reading gives you new words and expands your vocabulary by forcing you to challenge yourself. In its own way it makes us feel the emotions of the characters. (26)___ ____ ___ you read, I believe you will learn, mind and soul.Reading can bring people together. I cannot count the number of new friends and people that have entered my life because of books. My stepmother, grandmother, and I all read the same books. (27)______ is better than being able to share the tense moments, near misses, and happy endings while (28)______(drink) a steaming cup of coffee together with someone. Reading allows you to lower your walls and let people in to form genuine chains. Plus people (29)______ read impressive books are usually pretty cool themselves!Over the years reading has been my companion. Always with a book in my purse, I have never faced the world without a best friend by my side. Books (30)______ (help) me through difficult periods and applauded me in times of celebration. Books always make me smile. That’s the biggest reason I believe in reading, because it will make you happy.Section BDirections:After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.A.extentB. substanceC. normalD. potentialE. refreshingF. instructionsG. function H. caused I. physically J. restore K. mentallyThe discovery that builds on earlier findings showed that a class of genes called splicing（胶接）factors is progressively switched off as we age. The research team found that splicing factors can be switched back on with chemicals, making aging cells not only look ___31___ younger, but start to divide like young cells.The researchers applied compounds chemicals based on a ___32___ naturally found in red wine, dark chocolate, red grapes and blueberries, to cells in culture. The chemicals___33___ splicing factors, which are progressively switched off as we age to be switched back on. Within hours, the cells looked younger and started to behave like young cells.The discovery has the ___34___ to lead to therapies which could help people age better, without experiencing some of the backward effects of getting old. Most people by the age of 85 have experienced some kind of constant illness, and as people get older they are more likely to suffer from heart disease and cancer.Professor Harries said: "This is a first step in trying to make people live ___35___ lifetime, but with health for their entire life. Our data suggests that using chemicals to switch back on the major class of genes that are switched off as we age might provide a means to ___36___ function to old cells."Dr Eva Latorre, Research Associate at the University of Exeter, who carried out the experiments, was surprised by the ___37___ and rapidity of the changes in the cells."When I saw some of the cells in the culture dish ___38___ I couldn't believe it. These old cells were looking like young cells. It was like magic," she said. "I repeated the experiments several times and in each case the cells refreshed. I am very excited by the implications and potential for this research."As we age, our tissues gather aging cells which are alive but do not grow or ___39___ as they should. These old cells lose the ability to correctly regulate the output of their genes. This is one reason why tissues and organs become exposed to disease as we age. When stimulated, genes make a message that gives the ___40___ for the cell to behave in a certain way. Most genes can make more than one message, which determines how the cell acts.Splicing factors are crucial in ensuring that genes can perform their full range of functions.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Cameron Buckner, assistant professor of philosophy at the University ofHouston, argues in an article published in Philosophy and PhenomenologicalResearch that a wide range of animal species exhibit so-called "executivecontrol" when it comes to making decisions, ___41___ considering their goalsand ways to satisfy those goals before acting.He acknowledges that language is ___42___ for some experienced forms ofhigher-order thinking, or thinking about thinking. But supported by a review of previously published research, Buckner ___43___ that a wide variety of animals -- elephants, chimpanzees(黑猩猩), ravens(大乌鸦)and lions, among others -- ___44___ reasonable decision-making."These data suggest that not only do some animals have a subjective take on the suitability of the ___45___ they are evaluating for their goal, they possess a subjective, internal signal regarding their confidence in this take that can be used to select among different options," he wrote.The question has been ___46___ since the days of the ancient philosophers, as people considered what it means to be human. One way to address that, Buckner said, is to ___47___ exactly what sets humans apart from other animals.Language remains a key difference between animals and humans, and Buckner notes that serious ___48___ in the 1970s and '80s to teach animals human language -- teaching chimpanzees to use sign language, ___49___ -- found that although they were able to express simple ideas, they did not engage in ___50___ thought and language structures.Ancient philosophers relied upon unreliable ___51___ to study the issue, but today's researchers conduct complicated controlled experiments. Buckner, working with Thomas Bugnyar and Stephan A. Reber, mental biologists at the University of Vienna, last year ___52___ the results of a study that determined ravens share at least some of the human ability to think abstractly about other minds, ___53___ their behavior by attaching their own observations to others.In his latest paper, Buckner offers several examples to support his ___54___. His goal, Buckner said, was to organize experimental research, "to see that we've gathered enough evidence to say that animals really are ___55___ in a unique way."41. A. secretly B.unintentionally C. scarcely D. consciously42.A. required B.qualified C. acquired D. prepared43.A. concerns plains C. concludes D. convinces44.A. turn down B.engage in C. refer to D. argue about45.A. option B.scheme C. regulation D. random46.A. dismissed B.i gnored C. debated D. answered47.A. evaluate B.d etermine C. overlook D. initiate48.A. results B.s uccesses C. achievements D. attempts49.A. for example B.t hat is to say C. on the contrary D. as a result50.A. obvious B. feasible C. private D. complex51.A. mystery B.t radition C. evidence D. fiction52.A. substituted B. published C. reflected D. maintained53.A. adapting B. symbolizing C. investigating D. revenging54.A.agreement B. implement C. requirement D. argument55.A.passionate B.r easonable C. confused D. ridiculousSection BDirections:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)We see them everywhere. “There are some things that money can’t buy… for everything else, there’s MasterCard.” We hear them everywhere. “Make life rewarding… American Express.” Whether watching television, driving down the highway, or even appearing on our Facebook page, the appeal of money is inescapable.Growing up, my parents always emphasized the importance of family and faith over material possessions. Yet, money and all the new, interesting things it could buy did not escape me. As I entered my freshman year, my debit card and I engaged in quite the dates. Between game-day dresses, steak dinners and wonderful downtown Athens, I quickly drained 17 years worth of savings.By the time summer rolled around, I didn’t consider how much cash I had spent, or how much stuff I had acquired… I was focused on how much more money I would need for next fall. When I wasn’t working, I was checking my bank account, trying to figure out if my next paycheck would cover those pillows that would look so cute in my new apartment. My bank account balance was becoming a major source of stress in my life, creating tension with my financially smart parents and causing me constant concern. Finally, after a very heated argument with my Dad, I accepted the truth: I simply could not afford money anymore.I realized that I was much happier (and I sensed my blood pressure was much lower) when money was just something in the bank. While the clothes are pretty and those pillows are comfy, they lost their appeal right around the second a new item caught my eye. Towards the end of the summer, I let go of my financial issues—after all, I can’t buy more time with my friends and family before going back to Athens.I still check my bank account. I still go shopping occasionally. But now, those aren’t priorities. My money sufferings taught me that I shouldn’t seek out wealth as a means of satisfaction and happiness. Instead, my happiness should come from the moments and people that cannot be bought, exchanged, or returned. I now re-word those credit card slogans to reflect the value I place on finding wealth in the love shared between my family and friends: “There are some things that money can’t buy… Seek them.” Unlike cash, this form of wealth grows the more I give.56. According to the passage, the author feels happy now mainly because _____.A. the appeal of money is inescapable.B. he values the love between his family and friendsC. his wealth grows by working hard every dayD. he has paid off his debt in cash57. The author mentions the heated argument with Dad in paragraph 3 in order to _____.A. show how to settle problems with othersB. prove how selfish his Dad isC. explain material possessions get him into troubleD. display generation gap between Dad and Son58. The word “comfy” (paragraph 4) probably means _____.A. realisticB. individualC. graciousD. comfortable59. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Seeking a different kind of wealthB. Letting go of different sufferingsC. Wealth as a means of satisfactionD. Happiness grows out of hardships(B)Americans are more stressed than ever, according to an American Psychological Association survey, and nearly one-third say stress impacts their physical or mental health. If you have any of these symptoms, your stress might be making you sick. Here's how to battle against them.If you've never suffered from headaches but suddenly your head is constantly striking, youmight be too stressed. Stress releases chemicals that can cause changes to nerves and bloodvessels(血管)in the brain, which brings on a headache. Stresscan cause them or make them worse. It's also common for yourmuscles to tense up when you're stressed, which can also causea headache.WHAT TO DO:If you don't want to take medicine, try spreadinglavender(薰衣草) oil on your temples(太阳穴)when a headache starts. Or try one of these homeremedies for headaches.Stress can make you mentally sick, too. Too much of thestress hormone cortisol(皮质醇) can make it harder to concentrate,causing memory problems as well as anxiety or depression, saysDr. Levine.WHAT TO DO:Relax until you regain your concentration. Practice closingyour eyes and breathing in and out slowly, concentrating only on your breath.Losing a few strands of hair is normal (old hair follicles(囊)are replaced by new ones over time), but stress can disturb thatcycle. Significant stress pushes a large number of hair folliclesinto what's called a resting stage and then a few months laterthose hairs fall out, according to . Stress canalso cause the body’s resistant system to attack your hairfollicles, resulting in hair loss.WHAT TO DO:Be patient. Once your stress level returns to normal, your hair should start growing back.60. If you’re stressed, you might have one of the following symptoms EXCEPT that_____.A. you keep getting headachesB. you always have a coldC. your hair is falling outD. your brain feels confused61. Which of the following is suggested if your brain goes out of focus?A. Breathing slowly with your eyes closed.B. Waiting until your brain returns to normal.C. Spreading lavender oil on your temples.D. Relaxing and attacking your brain softly.62. What will happen once we get over our stress according to the passage?A. Our hair starts falling out and then grows back.B. Our body’s resistant system attacks your hair folliclesC. Our hair starts growing again.D. A serious headache starts.(C)For many in the general public and the engineering community alike, the potential implications of additive manufacturing (AM) have excited the imagination. Popularly known as 3-D printing, the emerging class of technologies has been regarded as both a revolution in production and an opportunity for dramatic environmental advanceYet while the technological capabilities of additive manufacturing processes are studied extensively, a deep understanding of their environmental implications is still lacking.A new special issue of Yale's Journal of Industrial Ecology presents the cutting-edge research on this emerging field, providing important insights into its environmental, energy, and health impacts.Though sometimes described in the public field as similar to an inkjet printer for making objects, additive manufacturing is primarily used as a production process in industry and contains a diverse set of technologies. What they share is the ability to produce products and parts based on digital information by adding layers of materials one after the other rather than, as in traditional manufacturing, removing materials --thus the label "additive.""The research in this issue shows that it is too early to label 3-D printing as the path to sustainable manufacturing," said Reid Lifset, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Industrial Ecology and co-author of the lead editorial. "We need to know much more about the material footprints, energy consumption in production, process emissions, and especially the linking devices and adjustments between the various stages in the production process."Additive manufacturing is sometimes seen as inherently environmentally preferable to traditional manufacturing because of its potential for local production --by consumers, merchants and hobbyists --and because it is thought to allow zero-waste manufacturing. Research in this issue, however, indicates that the environmental performance is very sensitive to the pattern of usage and composition of the machinery and the materials used."This special issue demonstrates the capability of industrial ecology to reveal important and often overlooked aspects of new technologies," said Indy Burke, Dean of the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. "If we are to realize the environmental potential of 3-D printing, we need to know where the challenges and the advantages lie."The special issue contains:•life cycle assessments (LCA) of AM processes and products•investigations of the process energy consumption of AM technologies•studies of operator exposure to printer emissions and dangerous materials•examination of the sustainability benefits derived from the complex figure of parts enabled by the technology•analysis of supply-chain issues arising from the use of the technology63. The word “additive” in the passage refers to _____.A. the substance added in small amounts for a special purposeB. the additional technological capabilities of manufacturing processesC. the digital way to produce products by adding serial layers of materialsD. the traditional way to produce products by removing materials64. The contents listed in the special issue mentioned at the end of this passage focus on ______.A. the studies of additive manufacturing and sustainabilityB. a diverse set of technologies of additive manufacturingC. the comparison between additive and traditional manufacturingD. the experiments conducted by Journal of Industrial Ecology65. Which of the following can be inferred about the researchers’ viewpoint from the passage?A. 3-D printing is viewed as a revolution in production.B.3-D printing is regarded as a kind of sustainable manufacturing.C. AM makes a harmful impact on environment, energy, and health.D. The challenges and advantages of AM need further studies.66. The passage mainly discusses _____.A. investigations of the 3-D printing processB. the environmental implications of 3-D printingC. studies of 3-D printing emissions and materialsD. assessments of additive manufacturing processesSection CDirections: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.What does it mean for the husband when his wife keeps her own surname?The tradition of women adopting their husbands' surname after marriage is arguably one of the most widespread gender-role standards in Western cultures despite marked changes in the role that women play in society and in the labor force.According to previous studies, women who violate the married surname tradition are viewed differently from others. They are described in terms of instrumental characteristics that in a gendered society are typically assigned to men. _______67______These characteristics contrast with the expressive characteristics that are typically assigned to women, such as being more caring, kind and having less influence and power._______68______ For this purpose, Robnett and her colleagues carried out three studies in the US and UK. The first two studies showed that husbands whose wives keep their own surnames are often described through terms that are opposed to the gender-typical personality characteristics and power framework used for men. Theyare described in more expressive than instrumental terms, and are seen to hold less power in a marriage. Their findings indicate that people conclude from married surname choices to make more general inferences about a couple's gender-typed personality characteristics."Results from the third study conducted by Robnett's team suggest that people hold different opinions in how they think about such cases. People who firmly hold on to traditional gender roles react particularly strongly to a man whose wife keeps her surname because they see him as an incapable person. "We know from previous research that people high in unfriendly sexism(蔑视女性)respond negatively to women who violate traditional gender roles," says Robnett. “ _______69______”"This study joins several others in implying a link between traditions in me n and women’s romantic relationships and power structures favoring men," says Robnett. “_______70______It reflects slight gender-role standards and ideas that often remain unquestioned despite privileging men."IV. Summary Writing71. Directions:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Secure payment without leaving a traceComputer scientist Andy Rupp, member of the "Signaling Code and Security" working group , is always surprised about lacking problem awareness: only few users are aware of the fact that by using payment systems they disclose in detail how and what they consume or which routes they have taken. To prevent control of the accounts by dishonest users, customer data and account balances of payment are usually carried out with the help of a central database. In every payment deal, the customer is identified and the details of her/his deal are transmitted to the central database. This repeated identification process produces a data trace that might be misused by the provider or third parties.The expert has now presented the basics of an "electronic purse" that works by unknown names, but prevents misuse at the same time. The "black-box addition plus" (BBA+) code system developed by them transfers all necessary account data to the card used or the smartphone and guarantees their secrets with the help of signaling code methods. At the same time, BBA+ offers security guarantees for the operator of the payment system: The code system guarantees a correct account balance and is mathematically constructed such that the identity of the user is disclosed as soon as the attempt is made to pay with a controlled account."Our new code system guarantees privacy and security for customers during offline operation as well," Andy Rupp says. "This is needed for ensuring the payment system's suitability for daily use. Think of a subway doorway or a payment bridge. There you may have no internet connection at all or it is very slow." Also its high efficiency makes the code system suited for everyday use: During first test runs, researchers completed payments within about one second.________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________。

2018年上海宝山区高考英语一模试卷和参考答案及听力原文

2018年上海宝⼭区⾼考英语⼀模试卷和参考答案及听⼒原⽂2018 年上海宝⼭区⾼考英语⼀模试卷II.Grammar and VocabularyWhy My Best Friend Is a BookWriting about beliefs is hard. It makes you reach deep into your soul and truly look at what is there. It requires time and effort, and then hits you in the face and someone in the bac kground says ―Oh, why didn’t you think of that before?‖ Beliefs change, they mature and grow just (21)a child. The best beliefs are the ones that (22) ( cherish) throughout a lifetime. One belief I cherish above all others is the power and enjoyment of reading.Reading can be for fun and that learning is (23) (easy) when you’re having fun. Being able to relate to the characters, imagine the conflicts in your head,and feel the characters’ sadness, as well as their joy, is the most amazing thing about reading. A chance to live another life for a short time, to be another person, Reading lends the soul and mind a place (24) (escape). I would much rather pick up a good luck than watch a television show.Reading can teach us. Wh ether it’s a fantasy novel or a historical account, you learn when you read. It provides grammar and (25) (write) language skills. Reading teaches us about emotion. Reading gives you new words and expands your vocabulary by forcing you to challenge yourself. In its own way it makes us feel the emotions of the characters. (26)you read, I believe you will learn, mind and soul.Reading can bring people together. I cannot count the number of new friends and people that have entered my life because of books. My stepmother, grandmother, and I all rad the same books.(27) is better than being able to share the tense moments, near misses, and happy endings while (28) (drink) a steaming cup of coffee together with someone. Reading allows you to lower your walls and let people in to form genuine chains. Plus people (29)read impressive books are usually pretty cool themselves!Over the years reading has been my companion. Always with a book in my purse, I have never faced the world without a best friend by my side. Books (30) (help) me through difficult periods and applauded me in times of celebration. Books always make me smile. That’s the biggest reason I believe in reading, because it will make you happy.Section BDirections: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.A.extentB.substanceC.normalD. potentialE.refreshingF.instructionsG. function H.caused I.physical J.restore K. mentallyThe discovery builds on earlier findings showed that a class of genes called splicing (胶接) factors is progressively switched off as we age. The research team found that splicing factors canbe switched back on with chemicals, making aging cells not only look 31 younger, but start to divide like young cells.The researchers applied compounds chemicals based on a 32 naturally found in red wine, dark chocolate, red grapes and blueberries, to cells in culture. The chemicals 33 splicing factors, which are progressively switched off as we age to beswitched back on. Within hours, the cells looked younger and started to rejuvenate,behaving like young cells.The discovery has the 34 to lead to therapies that could help people age better, without experiencing some of the degenerative effects of getting old. Most people by the age of 85 have experienced some kind of chronic illness, and as people get older they are more prone to stroke, heart disease and cancer.Professor Harries as saying, ―This is a first step in trying to make people live35 lifetime, but with health for their entire life. Our data suggests that using chemicals to switch back on the major class of genes that are switched off as we age might provide a means to 36 to old cells.‖Dr Eva Latorre, Research Associate at the University of Exeter, who carried out the experiments, was surprised by the 37 and rapidity of the changes in the cells.―When I saw some of the cells in the culture dish 38 I couldn’t believe it. These old cells were looking like young cells. It was like magic,‖ she said. ―I repeated the experiments several times and in each case the cells rej uvenated. I am very excited by the implications and potential for this research.‖As we age, our tissues accumulate senescent cells which are alive but do not grow or39 as they should. These old cells lose the ability to correctly regulate the output of their genes. This is one reason why tissues and organs become susceptible to disease as we age. When activated, genes make a message that gives the 40for the cell to behave in a certain way. Most genes can make more than one message, which determines how the cell acts. Splicing factors are crucial in ensuring that genes can perform their full range of functions.III.Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Cameron Buckner, assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Houston, argues in an article published in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research that a wide range of animal species exhibit so-called ― executive control‖when it comes to making decisions,41 considering their goals and ways to satisfy those goals before acting.He acknowledges that language is 42 for some experienced forms of higher-order thinking, or thinking about thinking. But supported by a review of previously published research, Buckner 43 that a wide variety of animals -- -elephants, chimpanzees( ⿊猩猩), ravens( ⼤乌鸦) and lions, among others ---44 reasonable decision-making.― These data suggest that not only do some animals have a subjective take on the suitability of the 45 they are evaluating for their goal, they possess a subjective, internal signal regarding their confidence in this take can be used to select among different options,‖ he wrote.The question has been 46 since the days of the ancient philosophers, as people considered what means to be human is. One way to address that, Buckner said, is to 47 exactly what sets humans apart from other animals. Language remains a key difference between animals and humans, and Buckner notes that serious 48 in the 1970s and 80s to teach animal’s human language—teaching chimpanzees to use sign language, 49 ----found that although they were able to express simple ideas, they did not engage in 50 thought and language structures. Ancient philosophers relied upon unreliable 51 to study the issue, but today’s researcher conduct complicated controlled experiments. Buckner, working with Thomas Bugnyar and Stephan A. Reber, mental biologist at the University of Vienna, last year 52 the results of a result that determined ravens share at least some of the human ability to think abstractly about other minds, 53 their behavior by attaching their own observations to others. In his latest paper, Buckner offers several examples to support his 54 . His goal, Buckner said, was to organize experimental research, ―to see that we’re gathered enough evide nce to say that animals really are 55 in a unique way.‖t45. A. option B. scheme C. regulation D. random46. A. dismissed B. ignored C. debated D. answered47. A. evaluate B. determine C. overlook D. initiate48. A. results B. successes C. achievements D. attempts49. A. for example B. this is to say C. on the contrary D. as a result50. A. obvious B. feasible C. private D. complex51. A. mystery B. tradition C. evidence D. fiction52. A. substituted B. published C. reflected D. maintained53. A. adapting B. symbolizing C. investigating D. revenging54. A. agreement B. implement C. requirement D. argument55. A. passionate B. reasonable C. confused D. ridiculousSection A(A)We see them everywhere. ―There are some things that money can’t buy… for everything else, there’s MasterCard.‖ We hear them everywhere. ―Make life rewarding… American Express.‖ Whether watching television, driving down the highw ay, or even appearing on our Facebook page, the appeal of money is inescapable.Growing up, my parents always emphasized the importance of family and faith over material possessions. Yet, money and all the new, interesting things it could buy did not escape me. As I entered my freshman year, my debit card and I engaged in quite the dates. Between game-day dresses, steak dinners and wonderful downtown Athens, I quickly drained 17 years worth of savings.41. A. secretly B. unintentionally C. scarcely D. consciously 42. A. required B. qualified C. acquired D. prepared 43. A. concerns B. complains C. conclude D. convinces44. A. turn down B. engage in C. refer to D. argue abouBy the time summer rolled around, I didn’t consider how much cash I had spent, or how much stuff I had acquired… I was focused on how much more money I would need for next fall. When I wasn’t working, I was checking my bank account, try to figure out if m y next paycheck would cover those pillows that would look so cute in my new apartment. My bank account balance was becoming a major source of stress in my life, creating tension with my financially smart parents and causing me constant concern. Finally, after a very heated argument with my Dad, I accepted the truth: I simply could not afford money anymore.I realized that I was much happier (and I sensed my blood pressure was much lower) when money was just something in the bank. While the clothes are pretty and those pillows are comfy, they lost their appeal right around the second a new item caught my eye. Towards the end of the summer, I let go of my financial issues –a fter all, I can’t buy more time with my friends and family before going back to Athens.I still check my bank account. I still go shopping occasionally. But now, those aren’t priorities. My money sufferings taught me that I shouldn’t seek out wealth as a m eans of satisfaction and happiness. Instead, my happiness should come from the moments and people that cannot be bought, exchanged, or returned. I now re-word those credit card slogans to reflect the value I place on finding wealth in the love shared betwe en my family and friends: ―There are some things that money can’t buy… Seek them.‖ Unlike cash, this form of wealth grows the more I give.56.A ccording to the passage, the author feels happy now mainly because .A.the appeal of money is inescapableB.he values the love between his family and friendsC.his wealth grows by working hard every dayD.he has paid off his debt in cash57.T he author mentions the heated argument with Dad in paragraph 3 in order to .A.show how to settle problems with othersB.prove how selfish his Dad isC.explain material possessions get him into troubleD.display generation gap between Dad and Son58.T he word ―comfy‖ (paragraph 4) probably means .A.realisticB.individualC.gracious/doc/1542ed47670e52ea551810a6f524ccbff121ca0a.html fortable59.W hich of the following might be the best title of the passage?A.Seeking a different kind of wealthB.Letting go of different sufferingsC.Wealth as a means of satisfactionD.Happiness grows out of hardships(B)Americans are more stressed than ever, according to an American Psychological Association survey, and nearly one-third say stress impacts their physical or mental health. If you have any of these symptoms, your stress might be making you sick. Here’s how t o battle against them.If you’ve never suffered from headaches bu t suddenly your head is constantly striking, you might be too stressed. Stress releases chemicals that can cause changes to nerves and blood vessels(⾎管) in the brain, which brings on a headache. Stress can cause them or make them worse. It’s also common fo r your muscles to tense up when you’re stressed, which can also cause a headache.WHAT TO DO:If you don’t want to take medicine, try spreading lavender (薰⾐草)oil on your temples(太阳⽳)when a headache starts. Or try one of thesehome remedies for headaches.Stress can make you mentally sick, too. Too much of the stress hormonecortisol (⽪质醇)can make it harder to concentrate, causingmemory problems as well as anxiety or depression, says Dr. Levine.WHAT TO DO:Relax until you regain your concentration. Practice closing your eyes and breathing in and out slowly, concentrating only on your breath.Losing a few strands of hair is normal (old hair follicles (囊)arereplaced by new ones over time), but stress can disturb that cycle.Significant stress p ushes a large number of hair follicles into what’scalled a resting stage and then a few months later those hairs fall out,according to /doc/1542ed47670e52ea551810a6f524ccbff121ca0a.html . Stress can als o cause the body’s resistantsystem to attack your hair follicles, resulting in hair loss.WHAT TO DO:Be patient. Once your stress level returns to normal, your hair should start growing back.60.If you’re stressed, you might have one of the following sympto ms EXCEPT that .A.you keep getting headachesB.you always have a coldC.your hair is falling outD.your brain feels confused61.W hich of the following is suggested if your brain goes out of focus?A.Breathing slowly with your eyes closed.B.Waiting until your brain returns to normal.C.Spreading lavender oil on your temples.D.Relaxing and attacking your brain softly.62.W hat will happen once we get over our stress according to the passage?A.Our hair starts falling out and then grows back.B.Ou r body’s resistant system attacks your hair folliclesC.Our hair starts growing again.D.A serious headache starts.(C)For many in the general public and the engineering community alike, the potential implications of additive manufacturing (AM) have excited the imagination. Popularly known as 3-D printing, the emerging class of technologies has been regarded as both a revolution in production and an opportunity for dramatic environmental advance.Yet while the technological capabilities of additive manufacturing processes are studied extensively, a deep understanding of their environmental implications is still lacking.A new special issue of Yale’s Journal of Industrial Ecology presents the cutting-edge research on this emerging field, providing important insights into its environmental, energy, and health impacts.Though sometimes described in the public field as similar to an inkjet printer for making objects, additive manufacturing is primarily used as a production process in industry and contains a diverse set of technologies. What they share is the ability to produce products and parts based on digital information by adding layers of materials one after the other rather than, as in traditional manufacturing, removing materials –thus the label ―additive.‖―The research in this issue shows that it is too early to label 3-D printing as the path to sustainable manufacturing,‖ said Reid Lifset, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Industrial Ecology and co-author of the lead editorial. ―We need to know much more about the material footprints, energy consumption in production, process emissions, a nd especially the linking devices and adjustments between the various stages in the production process.‖Additive manufacturing is sometimes seen as inherently environmentally preferable to traditional manufacturing because of its potential for local production – by consumers, merchants and hobbyists – and because it is thought to allow zero-waste manufacturing. Research in this issue, however, indicates that the environmental performance is very sensitive to the pattern of usage and composition of the machinery and the materials used.―This special issue demonstrates the capability of industrial ecology to reveal important and often overlooked aspects of new technologies,‖ said Indy Burke, Dean of the Yale School of Forestry & Enviro nmental Studies. ―If we are to realize the environmental potential of 3-D printing, we need to know where the challenges and the advantages lie.‖The special issue contains:life cycle assessments (LCA) of AM processes and productsinvestigations of the process energy consumption of AM technologiesstudies of operator exposure to printer emissions and dangerous materialsexamination of the sustainability benefits derived from the complex figure of parts enabled by the technologyanalysis of supply-chain issues arising from the use of the technology63.The word ―additive‖ in the passage refers to .A.the substance added in small amounts for a special purposeB.the additional technological capabilities of manufacturing processesC.the digital way to produce products by adding serial layers of materialsD.t he traditional way to produce products by removing materials64.The contents listed in the special issue mentioned at the end of this passage focus on.A.the studies of additive manufacturing and sustainabilityB.a diverse set of technologies of additive manufacturingC.the comparison between additive and traditional manufacturingD.the experiments conducted by Journal of Industrial Ecology65.Which of the follo wing can be inferred about the researchers’ viewpoint from the p assage?A.3-D printing is viewed as a revolution in production.B.3-D printing is regarded as a kind of sustainable manufacturing.C.AM makes a harmful impact on environment, energy, and health.D.The challenges and advantages of AM need further studies.66.The passage mainly discusses .A.investigations of the 3-D printing processB.the environmental implications of 3-D printingC. studies of 3-D printing emissions and materialsD.assessments of additive manufacturing processesSection CA.The findings show that they also apply criticism to nontraditional women’s husbands.B.He is also regarded as having less power in the relationship.C.These include having a higher status, yielding more power, being more self-focused, ambitious and self-confident.D.The married surname tradition is more than just a tradition.E.Up to now, researchers have not yet examined how a woman’s married surname cho ice influences howothers look at her husband.F.W omen’s rightist scholars understand why the surname tradition remains widely supported.What does it mean for the husband when his wife keeps her own surname?The tradition of women adopting their husbands’ s urname after marriage is arguably one of the most widespread gender-role standards in Western cultures despite marked changes in the role that women play in society and in the labor force. According to previous studies, women who violate the married surname tradition are viewed differently from others. They are described in terms of instrumental characteristics that in a gendered society are typically assigned to men. 67 These characteristics contrast with the expressive characteristics that are typically assigned to women, such as being more caring,kind and having less influence and power.68 For this purpose, Robnett and her colleagues carried out three studies in the US and UK. The first two studies showed that husbands whose wives keep their own surnames are often described through terms that are opposed to the gender-typical personality characteristics and power framework used for men. They are described in more expressive than instrumental terms, and are seen to hold less power in a marriage. Their findings indicate that people conclude from married surname choices to make more general in ferences about a couple’s g ender-typed personality characteristics.Results from the third study conducted by Robnett’s team suggest that people hold different opinions in how they think about such cases. People who firmly hold on to traditional gender roles react particularly strongly to a man whose wife keeps her surname because they see him as an incapable person. ―We know from previous research that people high in unfriendly sexism(蔑视⼥性)respond negatively to women who violate traditional g ender roles,‖ says Robnett. ― 69 ‖―This study joins several others in implying a link between traditions in men and women’s romantic relationships and power structures favoring men,‖ says Robnett. ― 70 It reflects slight gender-role standards and ideas that often remain unquestioned despit e privileging men.‖Secure payment without leaving a traceComputer scientist Andy Rupp, member of the ―Signaling Code and Security‖ working group, is always surprised about lacking problem awareness: only few users are aware of the fact that by using payment systems they disclose in detail how and what they consume or which routes they have taken. To prevent control of the accounts by dishonest users, customer data and account balances of payment are usually carried out with the help of a central database. In every payment deal, the customer is identified and the details of her/his deal are transmitted to the central database. This repeated identification process produces a data trace that might be misused by the provider or third parties.The expert has now presented the basics of an ―electronic purse‖ that works by unknown names, but prevents misuse at the same time. The ―black-box addition plus‖ (BBA+) code system developed by them transfers all necessary account data to the card used or the smartphone and guarantees their secrets with the help of signaling code methods. At the same time, BBA+ offers security guarantees for the operator of the payment system: The code system guarantees a correct account balance and is mathematically constructed such that the identity of the user is disclosed as soon as the attempt is made to pay with a controlled account.―Our new code system guarantees privacy and security for customers dur ing offline operation as well,‖ Andy Rupp says.―This is needed for ensuring the payment system’s suitability for daily use. Think of a subway doorway or a payment bridge. There you may have no internet connection at all or it is very slow.‖ Also its high efficiency makes the code system suited for everyday use: During first test runs, researchers completed payments within about one second.V.Translation72.他仍难以⽤英语表达⾃⼰的想法。

宝山2018英语高三一模

宝山2018英语高三一模本试卷共四大题，12页，满分110分。

考试时间120分钟。

注意事项：1.答卷前，考生务必在答题卡上用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔填写自己的考生号、姓名、考点考场号、座位号，再用2B铅笔把对应这两个号码的标号涂黑。

2.选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需要改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案。

不能答在试卷上。

3.非选择题必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域的相应位置上；如需要改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案，改动的答案也不能超出指定的区域；不准使用铅笔、圆珠笔和涂改液。

不按以上要求作答的答案无效。

4.考生必须保持答题卡的整洁，考试结束，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

一、语法选择（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，从1~15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

Xian Xinghai was a very famous musician in China. He wrote one of the greatest pieces ofmusick of the 20century. In his short life he wrote-1 300 songs and an opera.Xian was vom in panyum, Guangdong, China in 1905. Because his father died before he was born, Xian moved from place to place with-2 mother. He began learning to play_3 violinwhena he was 20 years old. In the beginning, his violin wascheapp and badly made thathem_5 not play it well. His friends laughed at him. Xian did not stop6and soon showedhish talent. In 1934, he was one of the first Chinese students_7 studied in a special musicschooly in Paris. Before he8, Xian became the schools best student9 won severalprizesh for his talents.In 1935, he returned to China and helped fight against the Japanese army. Later, he came tofan’an10music at a college.11there were no pianos in Yan’an at that time Xian stillwrotem12of his most important music there, including The Yellow River, his most famousworks.In May 1940, Xian 13to the Soviet Union by the Chinese Communist Party to writemusick for movies. In the Soviet Union, life was very14. Xian got sick and later died of a lungillnessh15October 30, 1945, aged only 40. Xian’s music, however, lives on in the people’hearts.1. A.near B. nearly C. nearby D.nearer2. A.he B. him C. his D. he’s3. A.a B. an C. the D. this4. A.so B. such C. very D. much5. A.need B. may C.should D. could6. A.practice B.practicing C.to practice D.practised7. A. what B. which C.whom D. who8. A.leave B. leaves C. left D. was leaving9. A.and B. but C. as D. or10. A.teach B.taught C.teaching D. to teach11. A.If B. Although C. When D. Because12. A.any B. little C. fwd. some13. A.sent B. was sent C. has sent D. was sending14. A.hard B. harder C. hardest D. the hardest15. A.at B. in C. on D. by二、完形填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从16~25各题所给的A、B、C和D项中选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

上海市宝山区高三英语一模试卷(含答案及听力文字)

宝山高三年级第一学期期末英语学科质量监测试卷考生注意：1、本试卷分为第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷两部分。

全卷共11页。

满分150分。

考试时间120分钟。

2、答第一卷前，考生务必在答题卡上用钢笔或水笔清楚填写学校、班级、姓名、准考证号，并用铅笔在答题卡上正确涂写准考证号。

3、第I卷（1—16小题，25 — 80小题）由机器阅卷，答案必须全部涂写在答题卡上。

考生应将代表正确答案的小方格用铅笔涂黑。

注意试题题号和答题卡编号一一对应，不能错位。

答案需要更改时，必须将原选项用橡皮擦去，重新选择。

答案不能涂写在试卷上，涂写在试卷上一律不给分。

第I卷中的第17—24小题、81—84小题和第II卷的试题在电脑上阅卷，其答案用黑色或蓝色钢笔或水笔写在答题卡上，如用铅笔答题，或写在试卷上也一律不给分。

答题时，请按题号顺序在各题目的答题区域内作答，超出答题区域书写的答案一律无效。

第I卷（共105分）Ⅰ. Listening ComprehensionSection A Short ConversationsDirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. 20 pounds. B. 60 pounds. C. 30 pounds. D. 40 pounds.2. A. At 7:10. B. At 8:00. C. At 7:50. D. At 7:30.3. A. In a hospital. B. In a restaurant. C. At a bank. D. At a cinema.4. A. Barbara and the speaker. B. The student himself.C. Barbara.D. The teacher.5. A. Help him to find his luggage. B. Go with him.C. Take care of his luggage.D. Tell him the time.6. A. The woman shows the disappointment at what the man will do.B. The woman would like to join them.C. The woman suggests the man should reconsider his plan.D. The woman tries to persuade the man not to go with Jerry.7. A. She thinks the man should be preparing for his final exams.B. She is not interested in Disneyland.C. She thinks the man needs a holiday.D. She thinks the man should forget his final party.8. A. Dangerous. B. Brave. C. Rude. D. Modest.9. A. The rain is not expected to last much longer.B. The next few days are supposed to be sunny and warm.C. Clouds and cold weather are expected.D. It will be much better than it already is.10. A. She likes what he prepares for her.B. He gives her an extra bedroom.C. He offers to take her home as soon as possible.D. She is very pleased with her stay at his home.Section B PassagesDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. Reasonable. B. A little bit high. C. Hard to afford. D. Quite low.12. A. Banks. B. Friends. C. Parents. D. Schools.13. A. Medical schools reduce the tuition.B. Medical schools receive money from the government.C. Medical schools borrow money from banks.D. Medical students study for a shorter time.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. It can help to learn how to serve their parents.B. It can help to learn how to become strong and fat.C. Children will benefit from it and prepare themselves for the future.D. It can make children more confident and cleverer.15. A. Broken radios and television sets are useful.B. One’s curiosity may be useful for his later life.C. An engineer must fix many broken radios.D. A good student should spend much time repairing radios.16. A. The parents’ ideas of educating their children do have some problems.B. The education system in China is less than satisfactory.C. It’s important to develop children’s skills.D. Children’s hobby is a key to success in the future.Section C Longer ConversationsDirections: In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.25. Mitch tries to strike a balance _____ his work and his family life.A. overB. underC. betweenD. with26. Besides the occasional hotdog, I rarely eat _____ unhealthy.A. nothingB. anythingC. somethingD. none27. When disaster strikes, you _____ find yourself without water, gas and electricity.A. mightB. mustC. shouldD. will28. Since the 14th and 15th centuries, the Diaoyu Islands _____ in Chinese maps.A. have been includedB. had been includedC. were includedD. would be included29. You may be able to prevent problems if you _____.A. are not preparedB. had preparedC. preparedD. are prepared30. He didn’t have chance to read many books, but folk stories _____ by local people became theroot of Mo Yan’s later writings.A. to tellB. to be toldC. toldD. being told31. It was with their dolls _____ the girls entertained themselves.A. beforeB. sinceC. untilD. that32. Along with graduation _____ to look for a job!A. comes the needB. does the need comeC. the need comesD. is the need come33. Over time, overuse of antibiotics（抗生素）leads to bacteria that are resistant to the drugs,_____ them all the harder to kill.A. makeB. to makeC. madeD. making34. There’s little privacy _____ you have to share a room with a family member.A. whenB. whereC. whatD. how35. You didn’t study for your test, so your teacher has a point about _____ you failed!A. whyB. whatC. thatD. whether36. Sherry used a piece of bread _____ the rat into her trap.A. temptingB. temptedC. to temptD. to have tempted37. Activities on the farm range from milking cows to _____ the chickens to satisfy the needs ofdifferent people.A. feedB. fedC. feedingD. have fed38. Nowadays, you’ll notice a phenomenon _____ a lot of people are wearing jeans to concerts.A. whereB. thatC. ifD. whether39. Shannon will continue to bother you with phone calls _____ you help her.A. as ifB. as far asC. untilD. as soon as40. Lucy has many positive personality features _____ make her popular at school.A. whereB. whatC. thatD. so thatSection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.People who wear headphones might want to throw them away while walking outside. A study finds that accidents involving walkers 41 the devices have increased three times in recent years.Researchers combed several sources to find incidents in the U.S. of crashes 42 walkers and vehicles from 2004 to 2011. Searching the National Injury Surveillance System, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Google News archives and Westlaw Campus Research, they found 116 cases of death or injury involving walkers wearing headphones. Cases in which people were using mobile phones (including hands-free devices) were not included.Over the years the number of cases increased, from 16 in 2004 and 2005 to 47 in 2010 and 2011. The victims’average age was 21, and most (68 percent) were male. The 43 ( 67percent ) were under the age of 30. Most (55 percent) were hit by trains, and 70 percent of the crashes, most of which were in urban areas, were 44 .In 74 percent of the cases, police or eyewitness reports said the walker had headphones on when hit. And 29 percent of reports made mention of horns or warning bells going off before the crash.The study authors pointed to two likely causes that may be a factor in what they call “the possible 45 between headphone use and walker injury”: sensory deprivation（感官剥夺）and 46 . The latter is more 47 called “inattentional blindness,” referring to the use of electronic devices and how they decrease attention to things going on around us.Hearing what’s going on in the environment, they point out, could be more important than 48 clues for walkers. But the authors add that this study doesn’t show cause or relationship of headphone use and walker risk, and other factors could have been involved in the accidents, such as walkers being intoxicated（陶醉）or drivers being at fault.More comprehensive information on such accidents is 49 , the researchers said, to seewhich groups of people may be most at risk.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Reading involves looking at illustrative symbols and expressing mentally the sounds and ideas they represent. Concepts of reading have changed 50 over the centuries. During the 1950’s and 1960’s especially, increased attention has been devoted to 51 the reading process. Although experts agree that reading 52 a complex organization of higher mental 53 , they disagree about the exact nature of the process. Some experts, who regard language primarily as a code using symbols to represent sounds, 54 reading as simply the decoding（解码）of symbols into the sounds they stand for.These authorities 55 that meaning, being concerned with thinking, must be taught independently of the decoding process. Others maintain that reading is inexplainably related to thinking, and that a child who pronounces sounds without 56 their meaning is not truly reading. The reader, 57 some, is not just a person with a theoretical ability to read but one who 58 reads.Many adults, although they have the ability to read, have never read a book in its 59 . By some experts they would not be 60 as readers. Clearly, the philosophy, objectives, methods and materials of reading will depend on the definition one use. By the most 61 and satisfactory definition, reading is the ability to 62 the sound-symbols code of the language, to interpret meaning for various 63 , at various rates, and at various levels of difficulty, and to do so widely and enthusiastically. 64 , reading is the interpretation of ideas through the use of symbols representing sounds and ideas.50. A. specifically B. dramatically C. abstractly D. ridiculously51. A. understanding B. translating C. defining D. substituting52. A. involves B. concentrates C. specializes D. analyzes53. A. opinions B. effects C. manners D. functions54. A. view B. look C. reassure D. agree55. A. support B. argue C. attempt D. compete56. A. interpreting B. saying C. reciting D. reading57. A. in addition to B. for example C. according to D. such as58. A. completely B. carefully C. publically D. actually59. A. part B. whole C. standard D. straight60. A. applied B. granted C. classified D. graded61. A. instructive B. doubtful C. certain D. complicated62. A. strike B. illustrate C. define D. unlock63. A. purposes B. degrees C. stages D. steps64. A. On the other hand B. In short C. By the way D. So farSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Lighter and cheaper than high-quality video cameras, today’s best smartphones can shoot and edit high-definition (HD) videos. With lower-quality lenses(透镜) and image sensors, smartphones probably won’t replace professional video cameras anytime soon. Still, some creative filmmakers are extending the borders of smartphone moviemaking by shooting professional-quality films using only smartphones.Soon after Apple’s iPhone 4 was released, two filmmakers decided to make a short film using only their iPhone 4s. Michael Koerbel and Anna Elizabeth James shot and edited the one-and-a-half-minute film Apple of My Eye in only 48 hours. Audiences were fascinated with the film, in which a man and his grandfather connect emotionally while admiring a model train set in a store window. The filmmakers followed up their success with Goldilocks, an extraordinary spy novel told over nine, three-minute films.Many filmmakers are convinced that smartphone films are here to stay. One sign is their inclusion in major film festivals. In February 2012, organizers of the Berkshire International Film Festival staged the 10 X 10 On North Festival. Entries included Oliver by Hooman Khalili, an award-winning film about a girl whose special powers enable her to brighten the lives of three lonely people. Another entry was Yearlapse’11, a 365-second film by Zsolt Haraszti that describes an actual journey he made from New York to London.During the festival, which ran from February 16 to 26, these and many other smartphone films were shown at the Beacon Cinema in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Similar festivals in Canada and South Korea have given smartphone filmmakers opportunities to show off their creative work.65. What does the article imply about smartphone filmmakers?A. Their efforts have gotten little attention.B. Their biggest challenge is finding actors.C. They’ve influenced famous movie studiosD. They must overcome equipment limitations.66. What does the article point out about Haraszti’s film?A. It uses slow-motion effects.B. It took just minutes to make.C. Its cast was quite large.D. It’s based on true events.67. Which film is about secret agents?A. Apple of My Eye.B. Goldilocks.C. Olive.D. Yearlapse ’11.68. According to this article, what is true about the festivals in Canada and South Korea?A. They’re held at the same time of year.B. They’re part of an emerging trend.C. They both receive government support.D. They’re still in the planning stages.(B)We Are Now Open Daily thru Columbus DayThe museum and store are open from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.throughout the season. Trolley rides start with the first departure at 10:05 a.m. and continue until the end of the day with the last rideIce Cream & Sunset Trolley Ride Special ( $3.50 per person )At 7:30 p.m., every Wednesday and Thursday evening in July and August, join us for a special sunset trolley ride with ice-cream included. Bring the whole family!Admission includes unlimited trolley rides, access to the Museum Grounds and Exhibits, and use of our picnic areas to enjoy your own picnic lunch.69. From now on to Columbus Day, the museum is open _____.A. only on Sundays and SaturdaysB. on sunny daysC. every dayD. all of the above70. If a family of 4 persons — one senior, a couple and a 12-year-old boy — are taking a sunsettrolley ride, how much is the total admission fee?A. $18.B. $25.5.C. $33.D. $39.5.71. Which one of the following is NOT included in the admission?A. Unlimited sunset trolley ride.B. Access to the Museum Grounds.C. A visit to the Museum Exhibits.D. A use of the museum picnic areas.( C )Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds”to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legendwould have it, look at the mold ( 霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of tough trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal—and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular goodness in doing things the way they have always been done.” Wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: “How come nobody thought of that before?”The creative approach begins with the proposal that nothing be as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are sure to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends. Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.72. What does the author probably mean by “untaught mind” in the first paragraph?A. An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.B. A person who has had no education.C. A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.D. A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.73. According to the author, what differs innovators from non-innovators?A. The way they present their findings.B. The way they deal with problems.C. The intelligence they possess.D. The variety of ideas they have.74.The phrase “march to a different drummer” (the last line of the passage) suggests that highlycreative individuals are _____.A. unwilling to follow common ways of doing thingsB. diligent in pursuing their goalsC. concerned about the advance of societyD. devoted to the progress of science75.The most suitable title for this passage might be _____.A. The Relation Between Creation and DiligenceB. To Be a Creative Expert in the Study of Human CreativityC. What Are So Special about Creative IndividualsD. Discoveries and InnovationSection CDirections: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.Dieting is hard work, and there are plenty of “helpful ” diet tricks that can make weight loss even harder! Here are some common myths about losing weight and the truth behind them. 76. Carbohydrates are actually an important source of energy. There are good carbs and bad carbs. Refined and processed foods, like white bread or white rice, are examples of bad carbs. Good carbs include whole wheat bread and brown rice. They ’re rich in fiber and really good for you!77. On the contrary, studies show that people who eat breakfast tend to eat fewer calories throughout the day. And if you know you ’re going to be eating a big meal later, don ’t starve yourself in order to “save your calories.” You ’ll just eat more during the meal because you ’re so hungry! Instead, eat smaller meals a couple days before and after, and exercise more.78. Bad news —if you want a flatter stomach, just exercising your abs won ’t work. You can ’t target where you lose weight. Cardio exercises will help burn fat, while weight training helps build muscles. Your “trouble areas ” might not be the first to slim down, but keep exercising! 79. If you and your family have problems with obesity, you ’re not destined to be fat. While a “fat gene ” does exist, its influence on your size is actually pretty small. Smart eating and exercise have a much greater impact than your genes. Only 25 percent of your weight is controlled by genes —the rest is up to you!80. Many people think that the key to losing weight is cutting out all bad foods. But the more restrictive your diet is, the more likely you are to break it —and in a big way. To lose weight and keep it off, eat great 80 percent of the time, but indulge in a treat or two the other 20 percent. Section DDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.That experiences influence future behaviour is evidence of an obvious but neverthelessA. Your weight depends on your genes.B. Say “no ” to junk food —no exceptions.C. Carbs are good or bad for you.D. Skipping meals helps you lose more weight.E. It is difficult to lose weight.F. You can control where your body loses weight.remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids situation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting(output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offer common support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance. (Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)81. According to Para. 1, memory plays an important role in _____________________________.82. We can obviously notice that over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to beforgotten from _______________________________________________________________.83. What does it seem that the author disagree to explain?84. According to the last paragraph, how do we exactly make adjustments between memory andforgetting?第II卷（共45分）IV. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.85. 今天的报告有多少人缺席？( absent )86. 对自己有信心是获取成功的第一步。

2018宝山区高三英语一模卷

宝山区2018学年第一学期期末高三年级英语学科教学质量监测试卷（本试卷满分140分，考试时间120分钟）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the endof each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. In two weeks. B. Within two weeks. C. Two weeks ago. D. For two weeks.2. A. At a garage. B. In a parking lot. C. At a car shop. D. In a car showroom.3. A. Sell the ice cream. B. Take a bite of the ice cream.C. Make a wish.D. Pass up the food.4. A. $5.00. B. $8.00. C. $3.00. D. $2.5.5. A. She's unwilling to do it.B. She is afraid of donating blood.C. Donating blood is none of her business.D. She's ready to donate blood.6. A. Sick. B. Quite well. C. Excited. D. Confused.7. A. She has only one coat so she can't choose.B. She has a coat but she doesn't want to wear it.C. She hopes that the man can lend her one.D. She doesn't wear a coat since she hasn't one.8. A. She's wondering how many hands she has.B. She doesn't want to help the man.C. She can't handle this suitcase by hand.D. She would help the man in hand.9. A. She can't prevent her family members from missing her.B. She can't help her family because she is not strong enough.C. She misses her family because she doesn't do well in the new school.D. She misses her family because she doesn't get used to the school's life.10. A. She was busy eating something delicious.B. Johnson was too busy to talk to someone.C. She didn't notice who Johnson was talking to.D. Johnson was meeting the new guests then.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and youwill be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. Waste from animal. B. Agricultural chemicals.C. Industrial waste.D. Safe containers.12. A. Undamaged metal cans. B. All the boxes of juice or milk.C. Leaking cans.D. Waterproof containers.13. A. You should clean up the cans only.B. You should brush the cans and then put them in boiled water.C. You should place the cans in safe areas.D. You should make the cans clean and boil them thoroughly.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. A laboratory assistant. B. A chemistry teacher.C. A teacher of a laboratory.D. A professor in the hospital.15. A. He can make up the class.B. He will be dropped from the class.C. He will be reported immediately.D. He will attend other classes.16. A. It must be fastened tightly together.B. It should be cut right away.C. The students will be asked to leave the class.D. The students' parents will be called to school.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17. A. Purple. B. Black. C. Natural. D. Gray.18. A. Because she is afraid to appear in a magazine.B. Because she thinks dyeing hair will do harm to hair.C. Because she hopes to be different from others.D. Because she is afraid to be punished by her parents.19. A. Having it cut immediately. B. Letting it be.C. Having it dyed again.D. Dyeing it themselves.20. A. Dye her hair right away. B. Buy some cheap dye.C. Keep her hair natural.D. Choose some special products.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form ofthe given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Ten year-old Annemarie Johansen lives with her family in Copenhagen, Denmark. There are soldiers on the streets, and the country (21) ______ (occupy) by the Nazis. There isn't enough to eat, and the world is at war. Then the Nazis decide to"relocate"the country's Jewish population.The Danes don't know (22) ______ their friends and neighbors are being taken away. They don't know where they are going, either. But they do know that it is wrong and dangerous and that they must help.Number the Stars is a very powerful novel. During World War II, the Nazis (23) ______ (kill) millions of people in Europe. Many of those people were Jewish. But in Denmark, almost all ofthe Jewish population was saved. Number the Stars is a work of fiction, but it tells the true story of the Jewish (24) ______ (rescue) during the war. The moving plot is driven by justice, danger and excitement. But the book also deals with significant ideas that are much (25) ______ (big) than the story itself.Annemarie must learn that evil doesn't just appear in fairy tales. It's a real thing that affectsreal people. She must also struggle with questions of loyalty and sacrifice. Who would she die to protect? And is she brave enough (26) ______ (make) that sacrifice? Most importantly, Annemarie learns that (27) ______ (be) brave doesn't mean being fearless. It means doing the right thing despite the fact (28) ______ you are afraid. That's heavy stuff for a children's novel.I have taught Number the Stars to many classes at many different levels. It has always been a popular choice. It uses simple language and sentences. It is easy to read and provides clear examples of literary techniques like foreshadowing(预示). But it is also interesting, and the characters are (29) ______ (engage) . The plot is full of tension.Lois Lowry, the author, has written many award-winning novels for young people. Number the Stars is a remarkable example of the talent (30) ______ has made her so celebrated.Section BDirections:After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.A. commonB. votingC. effortsD. electedE. endF. protestingG. sayH. exercisedI. arguedJ. equalK. rightsIn most democracies today, people expect women to vote. Women are just as able to make decisions about their 31 leaders as men. But 200 years ago, most people didn't think so.As late as the middle of the 19th century only men voted in most Western countries. A few countries or states let women vote in local elections. But women voting was far from 32 . At that time, people believed that women belonged in the home. That meant they should not get involved with public life.But women in Europe, North America and New Zealand began 33 this situation. They believed that they should have a(n) 34 in their government's leaders. In 1792 an Englishnovelist named Mary Wollstonecraft 35 that women should be able to vote. In the United States, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were important figures. They met while campaigning to put a(n) 36 to slavery. In the process, they decided that women also should have more 37 .Yet despite the 38 of these women neither Great Britain nor the United States was the first country to let women vote. That honor goes to New Zealand, which changed their law on September 19, 1893. This was because of women like Kate Shepherd. She led a group that presented petitions（请愿书）to their parliament three years in a row. Shepherd is now honored on New Zealand's $10 bill.New Zealand was followed by Australia in 1902 and Finland in 1906. By this time, some U.S. states and territories allowed women to vote. But the country as a whole didn't give women theright until after World War I.In many countries, the right to hold political office came along with the right to vote. And women have 39 that right. In many countries, women have even held their country's highest office. All of that is due to the efforts of the women who fought for a(n) 40 voice.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.The search for new, clean energy sources has occupied the attention of scientists and politicians for years. One common 41 for green energy is the wind. A new twist on this old resource could cause the energy output of wind-power plants to increase greatly.Standard wind-power plants rely on strong support and 42 can only reach a height of 200 meters or so. Higher than that, winds tend to be stronger and steadier, but the challengeis 43 how to obtain the energy from those winds.Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands and Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences in Germany have formed a kite-power research group. The group is working to develop kites with inflatable（可充气的）wings 44 to electrical generators (发电机) on the ground.The research group's goal is to design a kite that can operate on its own for 24 hours. Research has begun, but many challenges remain, including making the generators more 45 and perfecting the automatic flight control and the structure of the kites. Nevertheless in June 2012,they demonstrated that their kites could operate 46 at an altitude of up to 700 meters.Meanwhile, in Italy, researchers are working on a(n) 47 power generator that relies on kites when the generator called KiteGen, senses the wind blowing, kites are 48 from the ends of poles with high-resistance cables to control their height and angle. These cables are able to move the kites if the system senses coming objects 49 planes, helicopters or even individual birds. The kites themselves are light, tough and able to reach fairly high altitudes. They loop（绕行）around in the wind, which sets the center of the generator in motion, 50 electric current.KiteGen has the 51 to be very cost-effective in the long run. After the original cost of designing and setting up the plant, little 52 investment will be necessary, apart from standard maintenance. The plant also requires 53 little space, which makes it ideal for citiesand means that multiple plants can be set up to provide even more 54 .Kite power has the potential to greatly 55 on current wind-power strategies. In the future, it may be an efficient, cost-effective supplement to the other sources of energy we use, or even a replacement for some of them.41.A.resolution B.proposal C.resource D.substitute42.A.generally B.frequently C.continually D.regularly43.A.carrying out B.figuring out C.breaking out D.picking out44.A.chosen B.applied C.collected D.connected45.A.efficient plete C.powerful D.positive46.A.actively B.passively C.automatically D.artificially47.A.strange B.similar C.different D.original48.A.fastened B.revealed C.tailored D.released49.A.except for B.instead of C.such as D.due to50.A.producing B.inventing C.promoting D.developing51.A.qualification B.potential C.trend D.intention52.A.normal B.formal C.additional D.alternate53.A.concretely B.abstractly C.thoroughly D.relatively54.A.energy B.strength C.technology D.opportunity55.A.focus B.extend C.improve D.transferSection BDirections:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Many people experience problems with their spine(脊椎) as they age. The tissue that protects the joints in the spine gradually breaks down. As a consequence, the bones in the spine begin to rub against each other. This further harms the tissue as well as the bones. The result is pain in the joints and, sometimes, in nerves near the spine.This painful problem is actually a disease called osteoporosis. Some people are more at riskof osteoporosis because of genes that they inherited from their ancestors. Extremely heavy people are also more likely to suffer from this disease because their extra weight puts much pressure on their joints. Fortunately, there are steps that people can take to help prevent osteoporosis from developing in their spine.The most important step is exercise. Stretches can help the muscles around the spine relax and allow bones to shift into better alignment(排列). Strength exercises with light weights or body weight exercises like pushups can also help by strengthening the muscles around the spine. However, people should not overdo these exercises, as repeated motions can strain the muscles around the spine. Trying to lift heavy weights with poor technique can have the same effect.Another important factor is diet. It affects the health of the spine because many vitamins are necessary for bones and nerves. These include B vitamins and omega-3 fatty acids, all of whichhelp keep nerves healthy. People can get more B vitamins and omega 3 fatty acids by taking supplements sold by stores. Another important factor is vitamin D, which is essential for strong bones. All of these vitamins and acids can be obtained from foods. Thus, people can help themselves by including them in their daily diets.56. What does this article mainly explain?A. Various aspects of a medical conditionB. The actions of viruses that cause illnessesC. Drugs often used to solve physical issuesD. The location of organs in the human body57. How does the writer begin this article?A. By predicting improvementB. By analyzing a series of dataC. By introducing minor injuriesD. By describing a gradual process58. What can readers find in this article?A. A warning about working out too hardB. A method for improving sleep qualityC. A slogan used to promote health classesD. A big criticism often aimed at doctors59.What does the article imply about supplement?A. They are mainly for youngsters.B. They are commercial products.C. They are now being researched.D. They are seldom truly effective.(B)In late March of 2018, a tear in the earth about 15meters wide and 20 meters deep suddenly appeared inKenya. It cut across roads and even split houses in two.This crack appeared out of nowhere after heavy rainsand an increase in seismic(地震的) activity. Somescientists believe that it's further proof that Africa isslowly splitting apart.Once, a very long time ago, Africa and SouthAmerica were one landmass before they separated.Similarly, one day in the very distant future, a largepart of East Africa will split off from the rest of thecontinent. This will create a new landmass and a newocean. The breakup is a result of plate tectonics (板块运动), the gradual motion of different parts of theEarth's crust.When plates of the Earth separate and tear away from each other, it is called rifting. The result is a rift valley. Scientists don't understand the exact mechanism behind rifting, but the results are easy to observe in the East African RiftSystem( EARS). That's why studying this part of the world is so important.The East African Rift System begins in the north in Ethiopia, where three plates are moving away from each other. Two of them are continental plates, the African and Arabian plates. Theyare tectonic plates that have a large landmass above water. The third is the Somali plate, considered a minor plate, which is steadily moving away from the other two. But don't plan on visiting the new ocean anytime soon. The plates are moving at a rate of about 6 millimeters a year. At that speed, millions of years will pass before a new ocean is formed.EARS is not all bad news for Kenya. A rift valley is composed of an area where there is increased volcanic activity and thinned planetary crust. This makes it easier to take advantage ofthe power of steam. For Kenya, this might be an answer to the country's electrical problems. The drought conditions that frequently occur there make it difficult to produce energy. But the geothermal (地热的) power plants going online in 2019 will allow them to produce clean energy with very little water.60.What can be concluded from the passage?A.A war will certainly break out in Africa.B.A disaster will suddenly strike Africa.C.A geological structure will change in Africa.D.A new country will come into being in Africa.61.Which of the following plates might be surrounded by water according to the passage?A.East Africa.B. Somali plate.C. Arabian plate.D. Africa plate.62.What problem may be solved in Kenya thanks to the cracking?A.Poverty.B. Economy.C. Drought.D. Energy.(C)Are you worried about money? If so, I have some good news for you. Someone once said, "If all your problems can be solved with money, then you don't have any. "I get the point. Unless you are on the edge of losing everything and living in your car (which is a very sad thing that happensto people every day), your perceptions of your problems may not be serving you well.Let's take a look. Can you pay your living expenses and support your family? If so, you are OK. Even if you are a family that just barely breaks even every month, you have to count that as a blessing. Most of us also have those terrible, surprising unexpected bills. But unless you lose your job or your mind, don't you always find a way to take care of those expenses?PERTINENT（切中要害的）QUESTIONSTo see if you worry too much about finances, ask yourself a couple of questions. Do you wake up worried about money? Do you check your bank balance and look at upcoming bills more than once every few days or even multiple times a day? If so, then you may have a little financial insecurity going on. Let's look at getting it under control. If it's making you crazy, it can make your family a little crazy too. This type of anxiousness is passed on to others, which is importantto remember whenever you have the urge to share your fears.TOO MUCH INFORMATIONTMI (too much information) happens because it seems that by releasing pent-up（压抑的）feelings of anxiety you will feel better and hopefully more supported. And this can happen, but not with your loved ones because they will take on your fear and magnify it. Talk instead with your financial advisor, your bank manager or your therapist. Laying your financial fears at the feet of your family is not good for them or for you. Yes, be honest about any problems, but if you get emotional, so will those closest to you.POSITIVE ACTIONIt's hard to be dispassionate about money, but honestly, it's really the best way to get this issue solved. You have to look at it from a practical standpoint. Go over your debts, look closelyat your assets and determine the best thing for you to do with your time right now.Maybe you need to use this time to get your books in order on your computer or use it to job hunt or to promote your business. Then again, you may need to hire an accountant and go on some interviews. The point is simple: the only way to relieve yourself of the uncomfortable feeling of financial pressure is to take some kind of positive action.63.Which of the following is true according to the passage?A.Financial problems are not vital ones in everyone's daily life.B.You'd better calm down when you have financial problems.C.You needn't worry about unexpected bills even if you're out of work.D.When you have financial fears, remember to share feelings with others.64.The passage implies that ______.A.the best way to deal with money problem is to take positive actionB.as long as we share feelings with others, money fear will disappearC.we should have an optimistic attitude toward financial fearsD.any problem we meet can be solved with the help of money65.The phrase lay your financial fears at the feet of your family in the sixth paragraphprobably means ______.A.to solve financial fears caused by your familyB.to help your family smartly avoid financial fearsC.to make your family responsible for financial fearsD.to encourage your family to face financial fears bravely.66.The best title of the passage is ______.A.Perceptions of money and valueB. Passion, money and familyC. Keeping balance of psychologyD. Dealing with money worriesSection CDirections: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.A.Other people experience false guilt because of high expectations for themselves.B.It's possible that you feel guilty because you actually did something wrong.C.Others try to cover up their guilt by blaming others or becoming angry.D.It can also motivate people to avoid making similar mistakes later.E.In this case, it's important to remind yourself that you have limits.F.Moreover, guilt can result in physical and mental discomforts meanwhile.Guilt is one of the most painful emotions that humans experience but also one of the most common. Nobody enjoys feeling guilty, but this emotion serves an important purpose: It alerts a person when he or she has done something wrong. This enables the person to make amends and work to heal relationships that were damaged by their actions. 67Nevertheless, guilt can be destructive if it is not dealt with in the right way. It can cause people to avoid others because they are too embarrassed to apologize for their actions or inaction. Some try to avoid the pain of guilt by turning to other worse habits. 68 The proper response to guilt depends on what kind of guilt you're dealing with. For false guilt,it's important to recognize that the guilt does not reflect an actual ethical failure.For example, some false guilt focuses on falling to meet expectations you had for yourself.69 No one is perfect, and no one can do everything, so admitting your limits is actually a sign of humility.It's also important to acknowledge what you are feeling. Even when you don't need to feel guilty, these feelings are real and normal. Try to balance them with positive thoughts, but realizethat it often takes time for feelings to change.70 If so, don't try to conceal it. Apologize and ask for forgiveness. Learnfrom your mistakes, and try to avoid committing the same acts again. Getting on well with the person you hurt should make your guilty feelings fade.Guilt is painful, but it can serve a good purpose if you use it well.IV. Summary Writing71. Directions:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Have you ever been involved in an animal rescue? This is what happened to Winter the dolphin. Winter was found off the coast of Florida in December of 2005. She was just a few months old, alone, and caught in a crab trap. The ropes from the trap were wrapped tightly around her body.The fisherman who found her called for help, and a rescue team soon arrived. The ropes had cut off the blood circulation to her tail. She was badly hurt. Her rescuers didn't think she would survive. Hoping for a miracle and racing against time to save her, the rescuers transferred her tothe Clearwater Marine Aquarium in Florida.The doctors managed to save Winter, but sadly, not her tail. Her tail flukes were too damaged and had to be removed so Winter could live.The little dolphin Winter survived against all odds, but she would never be able to swim normally without a tail. Thankfully the story doesn't end here. Winter was able to swim, but notvery well. Because she didn't have a tail, she moved her body in a side-to-side motion like a shark. But the doctors at the aquarium were worried that the unconventional movement would hurt her spine.Kevin Carroll heard Winter's story and thought he could help. He is a specialist who designs and provides prostheses (义肢) for people. If he could help people, why not help a dolphin? He started working with Winter and came up with a solution for a new fluke and tail section.Kevin designed a stretchy sleeve to fit Winter's body and protect her skin. Then a tail made of silicone and plastic was made to tightly fit over the sleeve. Now Winter can swim like other dolphins. And, she is a great inspiration to people who struggle with their own injuries.V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.交友时勿以貌取人。

2018年上海宝山区高考英语一模试卷和参考答案及听力原文

2018年上海宝山区高考英语一模试卷II.Grammar and VocabularyWhy My Best Friend Is a BookWriting about beliefs is hard.It makes you reach deep into your soul and truly look at what is there.It requires time and effort,and then hits you in the face and someone in the bac kground says―Oh,why didn’t you think of that before?‖Beliefs change,they mature and grow just (21)__________a child.The best beliefs are the ones that(22)________(cherish)throughout a lifetime.One belief I cherish above all others is the power and enjoyment of reading.Reading can be for fun and that learning is(23)_________(easy)when you’re having fun. Being able to relate to the characters,imagine the conflicts in your head,and feel the characters’sadness,as well as their joy,is the most amazing thing about reading.A chance to live another life for a short time,to be another person,Reading lends the soul and mind a place (24)_________(escape).I would much rather pick up a good luck than watch a television show.Reading can teach us.Wh ether it’s a fantasy novel or a historical account,you learn when you read.It provides grammar and(25)_______(write)language skills.Reading teaches us about emotion.Reading gives you new words and expands your vocabulary by forcing you to challenge yourself.In its own way it makes us feel the emotions of the characters.(26)________________ _________you read,I believe you will learn,mind and soul.Reading can bring people together.I cannot count the number of new friends and people that have entered my life because of books.My stepmother,grandmother,and I all rad the same books.(27)________is better than being able to share the tense moments,near misses,and happy endings while(28)________(drink)a steaming cup of coffee together with someone.Reading allows you to lower your walls and let people in to form genuine chains.Plus people(29) ________read impressive books are usually pretty cool themselves!Over the years reading has been my companion.Always with a book in my purse,I have never faced the world without a best friend by my side.Books(30)________(help)me through difficult periods and applauded me in times of celebration.Books always make me smile.That’s the biggest reason I believe in reading,because it will make you happy.Section BDirections:After reading the passage below,fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box.Each word can be used only once.Note that there is one more word than you need.A.extentB.substanceC.normalD.potentialE.refreshingF.instructionsG.function H.caused I.physical J.restore K.mentallyThe discovery builds on earlier findings showed that a class of genes called splicing(胶接) factors is progressively switched off as we age.The research team found that splicing factors canbe switched back on with chemicals,making aging cells not only look____31____younger,but start to divide like young cells.The researchers applied compounds chemicals based on a____32____naturally found in red wine,dark chocolate,red grapes and blueberries,to cells in culture.The chemicals____33____ splicing factors,which are progressively switched off as we age to be switched back on.Within hours,the cells looked younger and started to rejuvenate,behaving like young cells.The discovery has the___34_____to lead to therapies that could help people age better, without experiencing some of the degenerative effects of getting old.Most people by the age of85 have experienced some kind of chronic illness,and as people get older they are more prone to stroke,heart disease and cancer.Professor Harries as saying,―This is a first step in trying to make people live___35_____lifetime,but with health for their entire life.Our data suggests that using chemicals to switch back on the major class of genes that are switched off as we age might provide a means to____36____to old cells.‖Dr Eva Latorre,Research Associate at the University of Exeter,who carried out the experiments,was surprised by the____37____and rapidity of the changes in the cells.―When I saw some of the cells in the culture dish___38_____I couldn’t believe it.These old cells were looking like young cells.It was like magic,‖she said.―I repeated the experiments several times and in each case the cells rej uvenated.I am very excited by the implications and potential for this research.‖As we age,our tissues accumulate senescent cells which are alive but do not grow or ____39____as they should.These old cells lose the ability to correctly regulate the output of their genes.This is one reason why tissues and organs become susceptible to disease as we age.When activated,genes make a message that gives the____40____for the cell to behave in a certain way.Most genes can make more than one message,which determines how the cell acts.Splicing factors are crucial in ensuring that genes can perform their full range of functions.III.Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Cameron Buckner,assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Houston,argues in an article published in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research that a wide range of animal species exhibit so-called―executive control‖when it comes to making decisions,_____41___ considering their goals and ways to satisfy those goals before acting.He acknowledges that language is____42___for some experienced forms of higher-order thinking,or thinking about thinking.But supported by a review of previously published research, Buckner_____43____that a wide variety of animals---elephants,chimpanzees(黑猩猩), ravens(大乌鸦)and lions,among others---______44____reasonable decision-making.―These data suggest that not only do some animals have a subjective take on the suitability of the___45_____they are evaluating for their goal,they possess a subjective,internal signal regarding their confidence in this take can be used to select among different options,‖he wrote.The question has been____46____since the days of the ancient philosophers,as people considered what means to be human is.One way to address that,Buckner said,is to ____47____exactly what sets humans apart from other animals.Language remains a key difference between animals and humans,and Buckner notes that serious____48____in the1970s and80s to teach animal’s human language—teaching chimpanzees to use sign language,___49___----found that although they were able to express simple ideas,they did not engage in____50___thought and language structures.Ancient philosophers relied upon unreliable___51___to study the issue,but today’s researcher conduct complicated controlled experiments.Buckner,working with Thomas Bugnyar and Stephan A.Reber,mental biologist at the University of Vienna,last year____52____the results of a result that determined ravens share at least some of the human ability to think abstractly about other minds,___53____their behavior by attaching their own observations to others.In his latest paper,Buckner offers several examples to support his____54____.His goal, Buckner said,was to organize experimental research,―to see that we’re gathered enough evide nce to say that animals really are___55_____in a unique way.‖41.A.secretly B.unintentionally C.scarcely D.consciously42.A.required B.qualified C.acquired D.prepared43.A.concerns plains C.conclude D.convinces44.A.turn down B.engage in C.refer to D.argue about45.A.option B.scheme C.regulation D.random46.A.dismissed B.ignored C.debated D.answered47.A.evaluate B.determine C.overlook D.initiate48.A.results B.successes C.achievements D.attempts49.A.for example B.this is to say C.on the contrary D.as a result50.A.obvious B.feasible C.private plex51.A.mystery B.tradition C.evidence D.fiction52.A.substituted B.published C.reflected D.maintained53.A.adapting B.symbolizing C.investigating D.revenging54.A.agreement B.implement C.requirement D.argument55.A.passionate B.reasonable C.confused D.ridiculousSection A(A)We see them everywhere.―There are some things that money can’t buy…for everything else,there’s MasterCard.‖We hear them everywhere.―Make life rewarding…American Express.‖Whether watching television,driving down the highway,or even appearing on our Facebook page,the appeal of money is inescapable.Growing up,my parents always emphasized the importance of family and faith over material possessions.Yet,money and all the new,interesting things it could buy did not escape me.As I entered my freshman year,my debit card and I engaged in quite the dates.Between game-day dresses,steak dinners and wonderful downtown Athens,I quickly drained17years worth of savings.By the time summer rolled around,I didn’t consider how much cash I had spent,or how much stuff I had acquired…I was focused on how much more money I would need for next fall. When I wasn’t working,I was checking my bank account,try to figure out if my next paycheck would cover those pillows that would look so cute in my new apartment.My bank account balance was becoming a major source of stress in my life,creating tension with my financially smart parents and causing me constant concern.Finally,after a very heated argument with my Dad,I accepted the truth:I simply could not afford money anymore.I realized that I was much happier(and I sensed my blood pressure was much lower)when money was just something in the bank.While the clothes are pretty and those pillows are comfy, they lost their appeal right around the second a new item caught my eye.Towards the end of the summer,I let go of my financial issues–a fter all,I can’t buy more time with my friends and family before going back to Athens.I still check my bank account.I still go shopping occasionally.But now,those aren’t priorities.My money sufferings taught me that I shouldn’t seek out wealth as a m eans of satisfaction and happiness.Instead,my happiness should come from the moments and people that cannot be bought,exchanged,or returned.I now re-word those credit card slogans to reflect the value I place on finding wealth in the love shared betwe en my family and friends:―There are some things that money can’t buy…Seek them.‖Unlike cash,this form of wealth grows the moreI give.56.According to the passage,the author feels happy now mainly because______.A.the appeal of money is inescapableB.he values the love between his family and friendsC.his wealth grows by working hard every dayD.he has paid off his debt in cash57.The author mentions the heated argument with Dad in paragraph3in order to______.A.show how to settle problems with othersB.prove how selfish his Dad isC.explain material possessions get him into troubleD.display generation gap between Dad and Son58.The word―comfy‖(paragraph4)probably means______.A.realisticB.individualC.graciousfortable59.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A.Seeking a different kind of wealthB.Letting go of different sufferingsC.Wealth as a means of satisfactionD.Happiness grows out of hardships(B)Americans are more stressed than ever,according to an American Psychological Association survey,and nearly one-third say stress impacts their physical or mental health.If you have any of these symptoms,your stress might be making you sick.Here’s how to battle against them.If you’ve never suffered from headaches bu t suddenly your head is constantly striking,you might be too stressed.Stress releases chemicals that can cause changes to nerves and blood vessels(血管)in the brain,which brings on a headache.Stress can cause them or make them worse. It’s also common fo r your muscles to tense up when you’re stressed,which can also cause a headache.WHAT TO DO:If you don’t want to take medicine,try spreading lavender(薰衣草)oil on your temples(太阳穴)when a headache starts.Or try one of thesehome remedies for headaches.Stress can make you mentally sick,too.Too much of the stress hormonecortisol(皮质醇)can make it harder to concentrate,causingmemory problems as well as anxiety or depression,says Dr.Levine.WHAT TO DO:Relax until you regain your concentration.Practice closing your eyes and breathing in and out slowly,concentrating only on your breath.Losing a few strands of hair is normal(old hair follicles(囊)arereplaced by new ones over time),but stress can disturb that cycle.Significant stress p ushes a large number of hair follicles into what’scalled a resting stage and then a few months later those hairs fall out,according to .Stress can also cause the body’s resistantsystem to attack your hair follicles,resulting in hair loss.WHAT TO DO:Be patient.Once your stress level returns to normal,your hair should start growing back.60.If you’re stressed,you might have one of the following symptoms EXCEPT that______.A.you keep getting headachesB.you always have a coldC.your hair is falling outD.your brain feels confused61.Which of the following is suggested if your brain goes out of focus?A.Breathing slowly with your eyes closed.B.Waiting until your brain returns to normal.C.Spreading lavender oil on your temples.D.Relaxing and attacking your brain softly.62.What will happen once we get over our stress according to the passage?A.Our hair starts falling out and then grows back.B.Our body’s resistant system attacks your hair folliclesC.Our hair starts growing again.D.A serious headache starts.(C)For many in the general public and the engineering community alike,the potential implications of additive manufacturing(AM)have excited the imagination.Popularly known as 3-D printing,the emerging class of technologies has been regarded as both a revolution in production and an opportunity for dramatic environmental advance.Yet while the technological capabilities of additive manufacturing processes are studied extensively,a deep understanding of their environmental implications is still lacking.A new special issue of Yale’s Journal of Industrial Ecology presents the cutting-edge research on this emerging field,providing important insights into its environmental,energy,and health impacts.Though sometimes described in the public field as similar to an inkjet printer for making objects,additive manufacturing is primarily used as a production process in industry and contains a diverse set of technologies.What they share is the ability to produce products and parts based on digital information by adding layers of materials one after the other rather than,as in traditional manufacturing,removing materials–thus the label―additive.‖―The research in this issue shows that it is too early to label3-D printing as the path to sustainable manufacturing,‖said Reid Lifset, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Industrial Ecology and co-author of the lead editorial.―We need to know much more about the material footprints,energy consumption in production,process emissions,a nd especially the linking devices and adjustments between the various stages in the production process.‖Additive manufacturing is sometimes seen as inherently environmentally preferable to traditional manufacturing because of its potential for local production–by consumers,merchants and hobbyists–and because it is thought to allow zero-waste manufacturing.Research in this issue,however,indicates that the environmental performance is very sensitive to the pattern of usage and composition of the machinery and the materials used.―This special issue demonstrates the capability of industrial ecology to reveal important and often overlooked aspects of new technologies,‖said Indy Burke,Dean of the Yale School of Forestry&Environmental Studies.―If we are to realize the environmental potential of3-D printing,we need to know where the challenges and the advantages lie.‖The special issue contains:life cycle assessments(LCA)of AM processes and productsinvestigations of the process energy consumption of AM technologiesstudies of operator exposure to printer emissions and dangerous materialsexamination of the sustainability benefits derived from the complex figure of parts enabled by the technologyanalysis of supply-chain issues arising from the use of the technology63.The word―additive‖in the passage refers to______.A.the substance added in small amounts for a special purposeB.the additional technological capabilities of manufacturing processesC.the digital way to produce products by adding serial layers of materialsD.the traditional way to produce products by removing materials64.The contents listed in the special issue mentioned at the end of this passage focus on ______.A.the studies of additive manufacturing and sustainabilityB.a diverse set of technologies of additive manufacturingC.the comparison between additive and traditional manufacturingD.the experiments conducted by Journal of Industrial Ecology65.Which of the following can be inferred about the researchers’viewpoint from the p assage?A.3-D printing is viewed as a revolution in production.B.3-D printing is regarded as a kind of sustainable manufacturing.C.AM makes a harmful impact on environment,energy,and health.D.The challenges and advantages of AM need further studies.66.The passage mainly discusses______.A.investigations of the3-D printing processB.the environmental implications of3-D printingC.studies of3-D printing emissions and materialsD.assessments of additive manufacturing processesSection CA.The findings show that they also apply criticism to nontraditional women’s husbands.B.He is also regarded as having less power in the relationship.C.These include having a higher status,yielding more power,being more self-focused, ambitious and self-confident.D.The married surname tradition is more than just a tradition.E.Up to now,researchers have not yet examined how a woman’s married surname choice influences howothers look at her husband.F.Women’s rightist scholars understand why the surname tradition remains widely supported.What does it mean for the husband when his wife keeps her own surname?The tradition of women adopting their husbands’surname after marriage is arguably one of the most widespread gender-role standards in Western cultures despite marked changes in the role that women play in society and in the labor force.According to previous studies,women who violate the married surname tradition are viewed differently from others.They are described in terms of instrumental characteristics that in a gendered society are typically assigned to men.__67__These characteristics contrast with the expressive characteristics that are typically assigned to women,such as being more caring,kind and having less influence and power.__68__For this purpose,Robnett and her colleagues carried out three studies in the US and UK.The first two studies showed that husbands whose wives keep their own surnames are often described through terms that are opposed to the gender-typical personality characteristics and power framework used for men.They are described in more expressive than instrumental terms, and are seen to hold less power in a marriage.Their findings indicate that people conclude from married surname choices to make more general inferences about a couple’s g ender-typed personality characteristics.Results from the third study conducted by Robnett’s team suggest that people hold different opinions in how they think about such cases.People who firmly hold on to traditional gender roles react particularly strongly to a man whose wife keeps her surname because they see him as an incapable person.―We know from previous research that people high in unfriendly sexism(蔑视女性)respond negatively to women who violate traditional gender roles,‖says Robnett.―__69__‖―This study joins several others in implying a link between traditions in men and women’s romantic relationships and power structures favoring men,‖says Robnett.―__70__ It reflects slight gender-role standards and ideas that often remain unquestioned despit e privileging men.‖Secure payment without leaving a traceComputer scientist Andy Rupp,member of the―Signaling Code and Security‖working group,is always surprised about lacking problem awareness:only few users are aware of the fact that by using payment systems they disclose in detail how and what they consume or which routes they have taken.To prevent control of the accounts by dishonest users,customer data and account balances of payment are usually carried out with the help of a central database.In every payment deal,the customer is identified and the details of her/his deal are transmitted to the central database.This repeated identification process produces a data trace that might be misused by the provider or third parties.The expert has now presented the basics of an―electronic purse‖that works by unknown names,but prevents misuse at the same time.The―black-box addition plus‖(BBA+)code system developed by them transfers all necessary account data to the card used or the smartphone and guarantees their secrets with the help of signaling code methods.At the same time,BBA+offers security guarantees for the operator of the payment system:The code system guarantees a correct account balance and is mathematically constructed such that the identity of the user is disclosed as soon as the attempt is made to pay with a controlled account.―Our new code system guarantees privacy and security for customers during offline operation as well,‖Andy Rupp says.―This is needed for ensuring the payment system’s suitability for daily use.Think of a subway doorway or a payment bridge.There you may have no internet connection at all or it is very slow.‖Also its high efficiency makes the code system suited for everyday use:During first test runs,researchers completed payments within about one second.______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ V.Translation72.他仍难以用英语表达自己的想法。

凯文老师-2018年上海高三高考英语一模试卷汇编(中译英2)

V. TranslationDirections:Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.你能感受到大数据给现代生活带来的冲击吗？(impact)73.我们在向西方学习的时候不能丢弃自己独到的文化特征。

(abandon)74.上个月竣工的游乐园每天向公众开放，逢星期一休息。

(except)75.如今，越来越多的人喜欢在网上购物，这就促进了快递业的蓬勃发展。

(which)Keys:72. Can you feel the impact of big data on modern life?73. We can’t abandon our own unique cultural features when we learn from the West.74.Theamusementparkcompletedlastmonthisopentothepubliceverydayexcepton Mondays.75. Nowadays, more and more people prefer to shop online, which contributes to the booming ofthe express delivery industry.2018年上海市普陀区高三英语一模试卷V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.众所周知,与他人和睦相处是生活美满的要素之一。

(As)73.你认为以康健为代价来获取名利值得吗?(worthwhile)74.学生们接触到金融问题的年龄越小，就越有可能成为能有用地管理资产且有责任心的成年人。

2018届上海市各区高三英语一模试卷题型分类专题汇编--中英翻译--学生版(已校对)

V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72. 熬夜大大影响健康。

(affect)73. 等他明年回来，这个体育馆就建好了。

(by the time)74. 从长远来看，你的知识面越广，就越有能力应付工作中的问题。

(capable)75. 据信，过分溺爱孩子会不知不觉地造成孩子的坏脾气，甚至缺乏自理能力。

(It)V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72. 选举的结果很快便在全世界传播开了。

(spread)73. 警察告知了他们那场导致他们儿子受伤的交通事故。

(which)74. 太多的数据会使我们很难判断错误是由哪个数据引起的。

(difficult)75. 任何处理复杂问题的人都可能因为没有全面了解挑战而受到指责，虽然事先了解一切是不可能的。

(blame)V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.为了安全起见，小孩不应该被单独留在家里。

(leave)73.深深吸了一口气，他面带微笑地走上了舞台。

(with)74.一个人待人处世的方式能反映出他是怎样的人。

(the way)75.只有当一系列奇数问题得到解决，到 2025 年，新能源汽车才能占汽车销量的百分之二十。

(Only)V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72. .让我大吃一惊的是他的态度转变的如此之快。