内师大研研究生英语期末考试复习资料—英语2(unit1)

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2024年考研英语(二)真题及参考答案

2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)试题(科目代码：204)☆考生注意事项☆1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。

2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。

不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。

3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。

超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。

4.填(书)写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。

5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。

(以下信息考生必须认真填写)考生编号考生姓名Section I Use of EnglishDirectionsRead the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Your social life is defined as“the activities you do with other people,for pleasure, when you are not working”.It's important to have a social life,but what's right for one person won't be right for another.Some of us feel energised by spending lots of time with others,some of us may feel drained,even if it's doing something we enjoy.This is why finding a2in your social life is key.Spending too much time on your own,not3others,can make you feel lonely and4.Loneliness is known to impact on your mental health and5a low mood.Anyone can feel lonely at any time.This might be especially true if,6,you are working from home and you are 7on the usual social conversations that happen in an office.Other life changes can 8periods of loneliness too,such as retirement,changing jobs or becoming a parent.It's important to recognise these feelings of loneliness.There are ways to9a social life,but it can feel overwhelming10.It's a great idea to start by thinking about hobbies you enjoy.You can then find groups and activities related to those where you will be able to meet11people.There are groups aimed at new parents,at those who want to12a new sport for the first time,or networking events for those in the same profession to meet up and13ideas.On the other hand,it's14possible to have too much of a social life.If you feel like you're always doing something and there is never any15in your calendar for downtime,you could suffer social burnout or social16.We all have our own social limit and it's important to recognise when you're feeling like it's all too much. Low mood,low energy,irritability and trouble sleeping could all be17of poor social health.Make sure you18some time in your diary when you're19for socialising and use this time to relax,20and recover.英语(二)试题.1.(共14页)1.[A]because[B]unless[C]whereas[D]until2.[A]contrast[B]balance[C]link[D]gap3.[A]seeing[B]pleasing[C]judging[D]teaching4.[A]misguided[B]surprised[C]spoiled[D]disconnected5.[A]contribute to[B]rely on[C]interfere with[D]go against6.[A]in fact[B]of course[C]for example[D]on average7.[A]cutting back[B]missing out[C]breaking in[D]looking down8.[A]shorten[B]trigger[C]follow[D]interrupt9.[A]assess[B]interpret[C]provide[D]regain10.[A]at first[B]in turn[C]on time[D]by chance11.[A]far-sighted[B]strong-willed[C]kind-hearted[D]like-minded12.[A]try[B]promote[C]watch[D]describe13.[A]test[B]share[C]accept[D]revise14.[A]already[B]thus[C]also[D]only15.[A]list[B]order[C]space[D]boundary16.[A]fatigue[B]criticism[C]injustice[D]dilemma17.[A]sources[B]standards[C]signs[D]scores18.[A]take over[B]wipe off[C]add up[D]mark out19.[A]ungrateful[B]unavailable[C]responsible[D]regretful20.[A]react[B]repeat[C]return[D]restSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)英语(二)试题.2.(共14页)Text1In her new book Cogs and Monsters:What Economics Is,and What It Should Be, Diane Coyle,an cconomist at Cambridge University,argues that the digital economy requires new ways of thinking about progress.“Whatever we mean by the economy growing,by things getting better,the gains will have to be more evenly shared than in the recent past,”she writes.“An economy of tech millionaires or billionaires and gig workers,with middle-income jobs undercut by automation,will not be politically sustainable.”Improving living standards and increasing prosperity for more people will require greater use of digital technologies to boost productivity in various sectors,including health care and construction,says Coyle.But people can't be expected to embrace the changes if they're not seeing the benefits—if they're just seeing good jobs being destroyed.In a recent interview,Coyle said she fears that tech's inequality problem could be a roadblock to deploying AI.“We're talking about disruption,”she says.“These are transformative technologies that change the ways we spend our time every day,that change business models that succeed.”To make such“tremendous changes,”she adds, you need social buy-in.Instead,says Coyle,resentment is simmering among many as the benefits are perceived to go to elites in a handful of prosperous cities.According to the Brookings Institution,a short list of eight American cities that included San Francisco,San Jose,Boston,and Seattle had roughly38%of all tech jobs by2019.New AI technologies are particularly concentrated:Brookings's Mark Muro and Sifan Liu estimate that just15cities account for two-thirds of the AI assets and capabilities in the United States.The dominance of a few cities in the invention and commercialization of AI means that geographical disparities in wealth will continue to soar.Not only will this foster poltical and social unrest,but it could,as Coyle suggests,hold back the sorts of AI technologies needed for regional economies to grow.Part of the solution could lie in somehow loosening the stranglehold that Big Tech has on defining the AI agenda.That will likely take increased federal funding for research independent of the tech giants.A more immediate response is to broaden our digital imaginations to conceive of AI technologies that don't simply replace jobs but expand opportunities in the sectors that different parts of the country care most about,like health care,education,and manufacturing.英语(二)试题.3.(共14页)21.Coyle argues in her new book that economic growth should[A]give rise to innovations[B]diversify career choices[C]bencfit people cqually[D]be promoted forcefully22.According to Paragraph2,digital technologies should be used to[A]bring about instant prosperity[B]reduce people's workload[C]raise overall work efficiency[D]enhance cross-sector cooperation23.What does Coyle fear about transformative technologies?[A]They may affect work-life balance.[B]They may be impractical to deploy.[C]They may incur huge expenditure.[D]They may be unwelcome to the public.24.Several American cities are mentioned to show[A]the uneven distribution of AI technologies in the US[B]the disappointing prospect of tech jobs in the US[C]the fast progress of US regional economies[D]the increasing significance of US AI assets25.With regard to Coyle's concern,the author suggests[A]raising funds to start new AI projects[B]encouraging collaboration in AI research[C]guarding against the side effects of AI[D]redefining the role of AI technologies英语(二)试题.4.(共14页)Text2The UK is facing a future construction crisis because of a failure to plant trees to produce wood,Confor has warned.The forestry and wood trade body has called for urgent action to reduce the country's reliance on timber imports and provide a stable supply of wood for future generations.Currently only20per cent of the UK's wood requirement is home-grown while it remains the second-largest net importer of timber in the world.Coming at a time of fresh incentives from the UK government for landowners to grow more trees,the trade body says these don't go far enough and fail to promote the benefits of planting them to boost timber supplies.“Not only are we facing a carbon crisis now,but we will also be facing a future construction crisis because of a failure to plant trees to produce wood,”said Stuart Goodall,chief executive of Confor.“For decades we have not taken responsibility for investing in our domestic wood supply, leaving us exposed to fluctuating prices and fighting for future supplies of wood as global demand rises and our own supplies fall.”The UK has ideal conditions for growing wood to build low-carbon homes and is a global leader in certifying that its forests are sustainably managed,Confor says.While around three quarters of Scottish homes are built from Scottish timber,the use of home-grown wood in England is only around25per cent.The causes of the UK's current position are complex and range from outdated perceptions of productive forestry to the decimation of trees by grey squirrels.It also encompasses significant hesitation on behalf of farmers and other landowners to invest in longer-term planting projects.While productive tree planting can deliver real financial benefits to rural economies and contribute to the UK's net-zero strategy,the focus of government support continues to be on food production and the rewilding and planting of native woodland solely for biodiversity.Goodall added:“While food production and biodiversity health are clearly of critical importance,we need our land to also provide secure supplies of wood for construction,manufacturing and contribute to net zero.“While the UK government has stated its ambition for more tree planting,there has been little action on the ground.Confor is now calling for much greater impetus behind those aspirations to ensure we have enough wood to meet increasing demand.”英语(二)试题.5.(共14页)26.It can be learned from Paragraph1that the UK needs to[A]increase its domestic wood supply[B]reduce its demand for timber[C]lower its wood production costs[D]lift its control on timber imports27.According to Confor,the UK government's fresh incentives[A]can hardly addressa construction crisis[B]are believed to come at a wrong time[C]seem to be misleading for landowners[D]will be too costly to put into practice28.The UK's exposure to fluctuating wood prices is a result of[A]the governments inaction on timber imports[B]inadequate investment in growing wood[C]the competition among timber traders at home[D]wood producers'motive to maximise profits29.Which of the following causes the shortage of wood supply in the UK?[A]Excessive timber consumption in construction.[B]Unfavourable conditions for growing wood.[C]Outdated technologies of the wood industry.[D]Farmers'unwillingness to plant trees.30.What does Goodall think the UK government should do?[A]Subsidise the building of low-carbon homes.[B]Pay greater attention to boosting rural economies.[C]Provide more support for productive tree planting.[D]Give priority to pursuing its net-zero strategy.英语(二)试题.6.(共14页)Text3One of the biggest challenges in keeping unsafe aging drivers off the road is convincing them that it's time to turn over the keys.“Its a complete life-changer”when someone stops—or is forced to stop—driving,said former risk manager Anne M.Menke.“The American Medical Association advises physicians that'in situations where clear evidence of substantial driving impairment implies a strong threat to patient and public safety,and where the physician's advice to discontinue driving privileges is ignored,it is desirable and ethical to notify the Department of Motor Vehicles,”Menke wrote.“Some states require physicians to report,others allow but do not mandate reports,while a few consider a report a breach of confidentiality.There could be liability and penalties if a physician does not act in accordance with state laws on reporting and confidentiality,”she counseled.Part of the problem in keeping older drivers safe is that the difficulties are addressed piecemeal by different professions with different focuses,including gerontologists,highway administration officials,automotive engineers and others,said gerontologist Elizabeth Dugan.“There's not a National Institute of Older Driver Studies,”she said.“We need better evidence on what makes drivers unsafe”and what can help,said Dugan.One thing that does seem to work is requiring drivers to report in person for license renewal.Mandatory in-person renewal was associated with a31percent reduction in fatal crashes involving drivers85or older,according to one study.Passing vision tests also produced a similar decline in fatal crashes for those drivers,although there appeared to be no benefit from combining the two.Many older drivers don't see eye doctors or can't afford to.Primary care providers have their hands full and may not be able to follow through with patients who have trouble driving because they can't turn their heads or remember where they are going—or have gotten shorter and haven't changed their seat settings sufficiently to reach car pedals easily.As long as there are other cars on the roads,self-driving cars won't solve the problems of crashes,said Dugan.Avoiding dangers posed by all those human drivers would require too many algorithms,she said.But we need to do more to improve safety, said Dugan.“If we're going to have100-year lives,we need cars that a90-year-old can drive comfortably.”英语(二)试题.7.(共14页)31.According to Paragraph1,keeping unsafe aging drivers off the road[A]is a new safety measure[B]has become a disputed issue[C]can be a tough task to complete[D]will be beneficial to their health32.The American Medical Association's advice[A]has won support from drivers[B]is generally considered unrealistic[C]is widely dismissed as unnecessary[D]has met with different responses33.According to Dugan,efforts to keep older drivers safe[A]have brought about big changes[B]need to be well coordinated[C]have gained public recognition[D]call for relevant legal support34.Some older drivers have trouble driving because they tend to[A]stick with bad driving habits[B]have a weakened memory[C]suffer from chronic pains[D]neglect car maintenance35.Dugan thinks that the solution to the problems of crashes may lie in[A]upgrading self-driving vehicles[B]developing senior-friendly cars[C]renovating transport facilities[D]adjusting the age limit for drivers英语(二)试题.8.(共14页)Text4If you look at the apps on your phone,chances are you have at least one related to your health—and probably several.Whether it is a mental health app,a fitness tracker,a connected health device or somcthing clsc,many of us are taking advantage of this technology to keep better track of our health in some shape or form.Recent research from the Organization for the Review of Care and Health Applications found that350,000 health apps were available on the market,90,000of which launched in2020alone.While these apps have a great deal to offer,it is not always clear how the personal information we input is collected,safeguarded and shared online.Existing health privacy law,such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act,is primarily focused on the way hospitals,doctors'offices,clinics and insurance companies store health records online.The health information these apps and health data tracking wearables are collecting typically do not receive the same legal protections.Without additional protections in place,companies may share(and potentially monetize)personal health information in a way consumers may not have authorized or anticipated.In2021,Flo Health faced a Federal Trade Commission(FTC)investigation. The FTC alleged in a complaint that“despite express privacy claims,the company took control of users'sensitive fertility data and shared it with third parties.”Flo Health and the FTC settled the matter with a Consent Order requiring the company to get app users' express affirmative consent before sharing their health information as well as to instruct the third parties to delete the data they had obtained.Section5of the FTC Act empowers the FTC to initiate enforcement action against unfair or deceptive acts,meaning the FTC can only act after the fact if a company's privacy practices are misleading or cause unjustified consumer harm.While the FTC is doing what it can to ensure apps are keeping their promises to consumers around the handling of their sensitive health information,the rate at which these health apps are hitting the market demonstrates just how immense of a challenge this is.As to the prospects for federal legislation,commentators suggest that comprehensive federal privacy legislation seems unlikely in the short term.States have begun implementing their own solutions to shore up protections for consumer-generated health data.California has been at the forefront of state privacy efforts with the California Consumer Privacy Act of2018.Virginia,Colorado and Utah have also recently passed state consumer data privacy legislation.英语(二)试题.9.(共14页)The rsearch findings are cited in Paragraph1to show[A]the prevalence of health apps[B]the public concern over health[C]the popularity ofsmartphones[D]the advancemcnt of technology37.What does the author imply about existing health privacy law?[A]Its coverage needs to be extended.[B]Its enforcement needs strengthening.[C]It has discouraged medical misconduct.[D]It has disappointed insurance companies.38.Before sharing its users'health information,Flo Health is required to[A]seek the approval of the FTC[B]find qualified third parties[C]remove irrelevant personal data[D]obtain their explicit permission39.What challenge is the FTC currently faced with?[A]The complexity of health information.[B]The rapid increase in new health apps.[C]The subtle deceptiveness of health apps.[D]The difficulty in assessing consumer harm.40.It can be learmed from the last paragraph that health data protection[A]has been embraced by health app developers[B]has been a focus of federal policy-making[C]has encountered opposition in California[D]has gained legislative support in some states英语(二)试题10.(共14页)Part BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)How Colleges Weigh Applicants'Extracurricular Activities High school students eager to stand out in the college application process often participate in a litany of extracurricular activities hoping to bolster their chances of admission to a selective undergraduate institution.However,college admissions experts say that the quality of a college hopefuls extracurricular activities matters more than the number of activities he or she participates in.Sue Rexford,the director of college guidance at the Charles E.Smith Jewish Day School,says it is not necessary for a student filling out the Common Application to list 10activities in the application.“No college will expect that a student has a huge laundry list of extracurriculars that they have been passionately involved in each for an extended period of time.”Rexford wrote in an email.Experts say it is tougher to distinguish oneself in a school-atfiliated extracurricular activity that is common among high school students than it is to stand out while doing an uncommon activity.“The competition to stand out and make an impact is going to be much stiffer,and so if they're going to do a popular activity,I'd say,be the best at it,"says Saa Harberson,a college admissions consultant.High school students who have an impressive personal project they are working on independently often impress colleges,experts say.“For example,a student with an interest in entrepreneurship could demonstrate skill and potential by starting a profitable small business,"Olivia Valdes,the founder of Zen Admissions consulting firm,wrote in an email.Joseph Adegboyega-Edun,a Maryland high school guidance counselor,ss unconventional extracuricular activities can help students impress college admissions otics assuming they demonstrated serious commitment.“Again,since one of the big qucstions high school seniors must consider is‘What makes you unique?,`having an uncommon extracurricular activity vs.a conventional one is an advantage,"he wrote in an email.英语(二)试题.11、(共14页)Experts say demonstrating talent in at least one extracurricular activity can help in the college admissions process,especially at top-tier undergraduate institutions.“Distinguishing yourself in one focused type of extracurricular activity can be a positive in the admissions process,espccially for highly selective institutions,where having top grades and test scores is not enough,”Katie Kelley,admissions counselor at IvyWise admissions consultancy,wrote in an email.“Students need to have that quality or hook that will appeal to admissions officers and allow them to visualize how the student might come and enrich their campus community.”Extracurricular activities related to the college major declared on a college application are beneficial,experts suggest.“If you already know your major,having an extracurricular that fits into that major can be a big plus,”says Mayghin Levine,the manager of educational opportunities with The Cabbage Patch Settlement House,a Louisville,Kentucky,nonprofit community center.High school students who have had a strong positive influence on their community through an extracurricular activity may impress a college and win a scholarship,says Erica Gwyn,a former math and science magnet program assistant at a public high school who is now executive director of the Kaleidoscope Careers Academy in Atlanta, a nonprofit organization.[A]Students who stand out in a specific extracurricularactivity will be favored by top-tier institutions.41.Sue Rexford [B]Students whose extracurricular activity has benefited their community are likely to win a scholarship.42.Sara Harberson [C]Undertaking too many extracurricular activities will hardly be seen as a plus by colleges.43.Katie Kelley [D]A student who exhibits abilities in doing business can impress colleges.44.Mayghin Levine [E]High school students participating in a popular activity should excel in it.45.Erica Gwyn [F]Engaging in uncommon activities can demonstrate students'determination and dedication.[G]It is advisable for students to choose an extracurricular activity that is related to their future study at college.英语(二)试题.12.(共14页)SectionⅢTranslation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese.Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)With the smell of coffee and fresh bread floating in the air,stalls bursting with colourful vegetables and tempting cheeses,and the buzz of friendly chats,farmers' markets are a feast for the senses.They also provide an opportunity to talk to the people responsible for growing or raising your food,support your local economy and pick up fresh seasonal produce—all at the same time.Farmers'markets are usually weekly or monthly events,most often with outdoor stalls,which allow farmers or producers to sell their food directly to customers.The size or regularity of markets can vary from season to season,depending on the area's agricultural calendar,and you're likely to find different produce on sale at different times of the year.By cutting out the middleman,the farmers secure more profit for their produce.Shoppers also benefit from seeing exactly where—and to who—their money is going.英语(二)试题13.(共14页)Section IV WritingPart A47、Directions:Suppose you and Jack are going to do a survey on the protection of old houses in an ancient town.Write him an email to1)put forward your plan,and2)ask for his opinion.Write your answer in about100words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in your email;use“Li Ming”instead.(10points) Part B48.Directions:Write an essay based on the chart below.In your essay,you should1)describe and interpret the chart,and2)give your comments.Write your answer in about150words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)某高校劳动实践课学生主要收获调查英语(二)试题.14.(共14页)2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)试题参考答案Section I Use of English1.C2.B3.A4.D5.A6.C7.B8.B9.D10.A11.D12.A13.B14.C15.C16.A17.C18.D19.B20.DSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart AText121.C22.C23.D24.A25.DText226.A27.A28.B29.D30.CText331.C32.D33.B34.B35.BText436.A37.A38.D39.B40.DPartB41.C42.E43.A44.G45.BSectionⅢTranslation46.空气中弥漫着咖啡和新鲜面包的香味，摊位上摆满了色彩缤纷的蔬菜和令人垂涎的奶酪，友好的交谈声嘈杂而又喧闹着，农贸市场就是一场感官盛宴。

内师大研研究生英语期末考试复习资料—英语2（unit4）

内师大研研究生英语期末考试复习资料—英语2（unit4）新视角研究生英语复习资料Unit 4Unit 4一、VocabularyPart A1. Our company is one of the leading manufacturers of commercial and institutional kitchen equipment, such as ovens, freezers, refrigerators, blenders, etc.2. An annual increase of 1.3% in food production is necessary at the present time to feed the burgeoning hum an population, assuming present diets remain invariant.3. You can envision the joy of your beloved ones when they receive the DVD shows made by your own hands as a special gift.4. This book depicts the cultural history of race and the complicated relationship between marginal and mainstream culture in early twentieth-century America.5. These sorts of jobs are available between late May and late August and often encompass a wide range of work.6. There is currently a trend for companies to outsource much of their IT to third-parties, in some cases to overseas third-parties.7. In ancient China, women would compete to show off their prowess in needlecraft on Qixi, the most important way of celebrating the festival.8. Morgan shunned publicity of any kind, and never permitted signs bearing her name at construction sites.9. Immigrants need time to overcome difficulties when they are assimilating into new cultures.10. Electronics chain stores are sometimes willing to forgo profits for a period of time in order to gain market share.Part B1. leaders are those courageous individuals who throughout history have refused to accept the status quo.A. ScornfulB. VisionaryC. ImpersonalD. Respectful2. The thick soap won’t foam properly, so it is necessary and economical to ____ it with water.A. pierceB. dipC. diluteD. balance3. I’ve been on suspension for over 2 weeks because I stood up to a rude, ____ boss.A. arrogantB. disloyalC. corporateD. uncommitted4. The successful candidates are all creative in solving problems and ______ at learning new technologies and skills.A. capableB. marginalC. adequateD. adept5. She ________ as she talked about the messy young boys who had drunk up all her milk and eaten up all her chocolates.A. bristledB. disdainedC. downsizedD. shunned6. Not only does he have one of those distinctive radio voices that sets him apart, he also brings a fun and a slightly ________ attitude to his show.A. irrelevantB. irreverentC. burgeoningD. mentoring7. ________ assets comprise items such as land, buildings, plants, machinery, fixtures and fittings, IT equipment and vehicles.A. DiverseB. MassiveC. ClassicalD. Tangible8. These few old-style wooden shops are soon to be demolished. With them will go the last ________ of the town’s original look.A. prowessB. monikerC. vestigeD. portfolio9. Our way to stay ahead of the competition is by continually creating ________ products and services while building new value in existing product lines.A. unmanageableB. deliverableC. innovativeD. institutional10. He always smiled and never had a negative comment about anyone or a _________ remark about any situation.A. cynicalB. skepticalC. hierarchicalD. prototypical二、CloseThe 51 million members of Generation X, born between 1965 and 1976, grew up in a very different world than 1) previous g enerations. Divorce and working moms 2) created“latchkey” kids out of many in this generation. This led to 3) traits of independence, resilience (弹性) and adaptability.At the same time, this generation expects immediate and ongoing feedback, and is equally comfortable 4) giving feedback to others. Other traits 5) include working well in multicultural settings, desire for some fun in the workplace and a pragmatic (重实效的) approach 6) to getting things done.Generation X saw their parents get laid off or 7) fase job insecurity. Many of them also entered the workplace in the early ’80s, 8) when the economy was in a downturn. Because of thes e factors, a Gen Xer doesn’t 9) waste time complaining if he is dissatisfied 10) with the company — he sends his resume out and accepts thebest 11) offer he can find at another organization.At the same time, Generation X takes employability 12) seriously . But for this generation there isn’t a career ladder. There’s a career lattice (格子). They can move laterally (横向的), stop and start, their career is more 13) fluid.Members of Generation X dislike authority and 14) rigid work requirements. Therefore, providing feedback on theirperformance should 15) play a big part, as should encouraging their creativity and 16) initiative to find new ways to get tasks done. As a mentor, you’ll want Gen Xers to work with you, not 17) for you. Start by informing them of your expectations and how you’ll measure their progress and 18) assure them that you’re committed to helping them learn new s kills. (Members of Generation X are eager to learn new skills because they want to 19) stay employable.) Gen Xers work best when they’re given the desired outcome and then left 20) along to figure out how to achieve it themselves. This means a mentor should guide them with feedback and suggestions, not step-by-step instructions.三、Translation1. 经过五年的实践, 他现在对同国际投资和贸易相关的法律事务已很在行了。

内蒙古师范大学研究生英语期末考试复习资料第二学期

新视角研究生英语复习资料Unit 1一、VocabularyPart A1. His heart attack was triggered by the physical and emotional pressures suffered under interrogation.2. We are all under the illusion that the country is doing well economically , but in fact it is in serious difficulty.3.He couldn’t join the police because he was below the minimum height allowed by the rule.4. We hope to see stronger commitment from the world community for international working together in the fight to protect our common natural surroundings.5. The professor felt grateful and relieved that the debate hadn’t degenerated into something absurd and degrading.6. Tiger populations have stopped shrinking ,and working to protect them is now a way of life in nations where they roam.7. Our efforts result in a great rise in enrollments in our universities, coupled with a radical shift in higher education from the private to the public sector.8.It was such a funny and wonderful show; I could scarcely keep from laughing with delight.9. Details are often organized according to time sequence or from one place to another. These are two very important means of descriptive writing.10.Many how-to books advise you to stride into a room and impress others with your qualities.Part B1. Even without knowing all the details, the reader can often be able to predict the general direction the author is going to.A. anticipateB. expectC. captureD. nurture2. In the Chinese household, grandparents and other relatives play vital roles in raising children.A. intolerableB. impassionedC. intellectualD. indispensable3. Eat these foods with plentiful Vitamin C, for example, drink orange juice with cereal (谷类食品) or put a tomato on a sandwich, to increase the amount of iron absorbed.A. intensifyB. enhanceC. strengthenD. reinforce4. Believing that he was fully qualified, he submitted his application instantly, but a week later he was crushed to learn that it had been turned down.A. ultimatelyB. hesitantlyC. promptlyD. attentively5. The rule for the competition is somewhat vague. I can’t get it and I require an explanation.A. distinctB. obscureC. clumsyD. imaginary6. The diseases thrive in conditions where freshwater is insufficient and sanitation is poor.A. scarceB. plentifulC. fruitfulD. inexhaustible7. After the scandal, public confidence in the economic recovery has fallen dramatically, according to a post-election survey.A. graduallyB. frequentlyC. surprisinglyD. analytically8. The tutorial system is considered so important at Oxford and Cambridge that students are not even forced to attend general lectures.A. compelledB. insulatedC. memorizedD. challenged9. They must know how to keep and make use of and when necessary abandon the old and outdated conventional rules.A. skimB. clarifyC. discardD. insulate10. They believe that identity theft is caused by issuing too many instant credit cards, deficient checking of identity, and too few legal protections for consumers’ personal information.A. sufficientB. overdueC. naiveD. inadequate二、CloseHow to Be an Effective ListenerAuthor G. K. Chesterton once said, “There is no such thin g as an uninteresting subject; there are only uninterested people.” Listening is a skill that 1) requires coordination of the listener’s mental powers with an outside force (the person or thing which is being listened to). In addition, listening is three-2) dimensional; listen critically with the ears, 3) thoughtfully with the mind, and understandingly with the eyes.(1) Good listeners need to think around the topic by listening between the 4) lines, and anticipate the instructor’s5) next point.(2) Good listeners 6) summarize what has been said and put instructor’sthoughts into their 7) own words.(3) Good listeners listen with a pencil in their hands and take good 8) notes.(4) Good listeners try to get as much 9)out of a lecture as from a chapter in a book.(5) Good listeners avoid supersensitive listening, i.e. not 10) refuse to listen to anything they don’t agree with.(6) Good listeners sit near the 11) front so as not to miss anything.People who are good listeners manage to judge the 12) content, and not the delivery. They realize that not all instructors are good lecturers. Some instructors have a very nervous demeanor ( 行为；举止) and may not 13) act as though they are comfortable lecturin g; it doesn’t mean that they have nothing of 14) value to say. And some instructors may have a(n) 15) accent, or may speak softly. Again, while these things may be 16)distracting to the listener, every 17) effort should be made to ignore these physical problems and pay attention to the message.Another area that good listeners can take 18) advantage of is non-verbal communication. Facial expressions, gestures, body posture: all of these add to a lecture. Even something so minor as the instructor pacing back and 19) forth, stopping only to emphasize a point, is important. A good listener will couple what is being said with what isn’t being said (non-verbals) and draw 20) conclusions .三、Translation1. 那位教授很可能在他唯一的学生缺席的情况下对着空空的教室讲了一课。

内师大研研究生英语期末考试复习资料—英语1(unit3)

新视角研究生英语复习资料Unit 3Unit 3一、VocabularyPart A1.As house prices plummet, the new breed of renters escape the danger of fallinginto debt traps and save their spare cash for the future.2.Nothing could daunt me and I talked to everyone with the same message:“Cancer was absolutely great because it put you in touch with yourself and the world”.3.The 19-year-old model Saffron Domini needed little persuasion to appear in aharrowing film about racism and violence.4.Carefree and full of youthful enthusiasm, his happy disposition attracted whitesand Indians alike.5. In British political life of the previous twenty years, latent anti-Jewish feeling hadbeen apt to surface in response to particular events.6.With standards often being poor, unregulated, and uncontrolled, disaster seemsimminent.7.After walking for an hour, she wasn’t sweating, but there was a pleasurable senseof exertion.8.Particularly worrisome were the fruit drinks, which projected a wholesome imagewhile containing sugar in some form or another.9.With the rising tide and bad conditions it was possible that the strand man mightnot survive until the lifeboat arrived.10.One study estimates that the headquarters and related functions of big Americancompanies gobble up almost a fifth of their annual profits.Part B1. With a(n) __________ network of committees, sports clubs and societies, eachstudent is encouraged to play a full part in this aspect of student life.A. thrivingB. encouragingC. excitingD. succeeding2. They may pick up ideas almost at random from skimming journals, ideas thatmay _____ new trains of thought or fruitful new cross-connections.A. steerB. pilotC. sparkD. lead3. Being a good listener is not only useful because you will hear what others miss,but you will find that people will tell you things that they __________ others.A. shield onB. shield fromC. shield inD. shield out4. What right did he have to come back into her life like this, trying to _____ it intosmall pieces that couldn’t be put back t ogether for a second time?A. crashB. crushC. shatterD. explode5. In many areas local services were provided by numerous different authorities,which often gave rise to _____ co-ordination problems.A. acuteB. accurateC. accusativeD. alternative6. The awful truth that he was suffering from lung cancer ____ him, though hisfamily members tried very hard to keep the secret.A. came uponB. dawned onC. fell toD. went for7. I suppose yoga enthusiasts would find it painless, but for most of us an hour spentin this position was a(n) __________.A. trialB. testC. examD. ordeal8. But rules that strengthen banks in good times can____ them in recessions.A. crippleB. reduceC. slashD. decrease9. There are few more __________ places on earth than the plains surrounding avolcano in the aftermath of its eruption.A. fertileB. unproblematicC. barrenD. unprofitable10. The minds of many of these young offenders appear to have been __________by greed and indifference to violence.A. retardedB. numbedC. idledD. fooled二、CloseEveryone wants to be successful in life, but where are the 1) keys to success? When we begin to examine life, we can see that it is 2) divided into two aspects-life within and life without; internal life and3) external life-and we can see that these aspects are of equal importance. Even one who has renounced the world has to understand the word relationship properly, because 4)life itself is actually relationship. The body is related 5)to the breath, and the breath is related to the mind. The body, breath, senses, and mind all 6)function together as a unit. So life virtually 7)means relationship, and thus the art of living and being requires an 8)understanding of one’s relationship to the external world and the relationships within 9)oneself.All human beings have inner potentials, but many people are not aware 10)of those potentials and do not know how to use them to have a 11)successful life. Those who are not happy 12)internally can never be happy externally; those who are not happy within themselves can never make 13) others happy. Those who do not love themselves 14)can never love others.If we are not happy, how can we be successful in life? Success 15)lies in our happiness. The keys to happiness lie within us, but our modern education does not 16)teach us how to find them. It is helpful to have a few formulas to practice in dailylife to make it more successful. They are 17) derived from observations based on experience. There are five points to remember: first, how to decide things on time; second, how to study personal habit patterns; third, how to 18)conduct ourselves in the external world; fourth, what attitude to take; fifth, where to 19)find happiness. To attain success in life, one should learn and 20)apply these five points.三、Translation1. 当一个人处于“经历中的沙漠”——一段感到毫无出路、甚至毫无希望的时期，最重要的是不要让自己陷入荒漠之中无法自拔。

研究生期末考试英语资料

研究生期末考试英语资料1~3听力原文Unit 1 Part III African-Americans Still Lag behind WhitesAs the U.S. economy struggles to emerge from a long recession, some analysts say the recovery is not being felt in the African-American community. That’s why one civil rights organization says it is “declaring a war” on black unemployment with a plan to spur job creation.“Every war needs a battle plan, and our battle plan is the National Urban League’s 12-point jobs plan; jobs rebuild America, putting urban America back t o work.” Marc Morial is President of the National Urban League.At a town hall meeting in Washington, his organization released its annual report on the state of black America. It paints a bleak picture for urban and minority communities entangled in economic uncertainty. The study measures the relative status between blacks and whites, based on five areas—economics, education, health, social justice and participation in civic activities.Valerie Rawlston Wilson worked on the report. “There are major area s of inequality in this country between black Americans and white Americans. The areas where we see the greatest disparities, of course, are in economics. That includes things like unemployment.”The U.S. jobless rate for whites is falling. The latest U.S. Labor Department figures put it at 7.9 percent. But the same report says the unemployment rate for blacks rose in March to 15.5 percent. The unemployment rate for black teenagers is 50 percent—more than double the national average. Morial is calling on President BarackObama and lawmakers to fund targeted job creation programs in more than 400 communities.“We need a focused strategy on those communities where unemployment is higher, where poverty is higher. The bigger the headache, the bigger the pill. That means, the higher the unemployment rate, the bigger dose of medicine needed to help those communities get beyond unemployment and get back to economic growth.”The Urban League says another major factor in the economic gap between black and white Americans is the lack of college degrees among many blacks. The report says college enrollment among African-American high school graduates continues to fall, with black students less likely to enroll, compared to whites.Chatman Young, an accounting student at Howard University in Washington, has landed a job at a bank after he graduates. He said without a good education, it will be difficult for young African-Americans to find a good job.The National Urban League report makes several recommendations to Congress, including providing funding for a summer-youth-jobs program and creating 100 urban job training schools— to prepare young African-Americans for careers in areas such as technology and healthcare.Unit 2 Part II Rethink the Role of the CityBig cities are vibrant hubs for culture and industry, or dirty, congested, crime-ridden warrens. As the world population passes seven billion, economists, environmentalists and social scientists are rethinking the role of the city in global society.Economist Edward Glaeser believes cities are the best places to live. “Cities are so fascinating because they play to mankind’s greatest gift, which is our ability to learn from other people.”Since ancient times, he says, cities have attracted smart people and enabled them to work collaboratively to advance society. But it wasn’t always a smooth road.“In the 1970s, it looked as if globalization, new technologies and the death of distance was making our older cities obsolete. After all, the garment industry was fleeing New York. It looked like history itself was telling New York City to drop dead.”Over the past three decades many cities have been revitalized, not just despite globalization and new technologies, but, as Glaeser explains, because of them.“What these new forces have done is they’ve increased the returns to new ideas, to being smart. Because now if you’ve got a new idea, you can manufacture it on the other side of the planet. You can take advantage of some new market opportunity in India or Indonesia or Sub-Saharan Africa. These trends have also made cities more important because cities are at their heart today, engines of innovations, forgers of human capital.”In a new book Triumph of the City, Glaeser takes readers on a world tour of urban success stories from Boston and London, to Tokyo, Bangalore and Kinshasa. He explains how cities are places of pleasure andproduction. Restaurants, supermarkets, theaters and museums create job opportunities and vibrant economies.“If you look across the world, the countries where more than half of the people live in urban areas are more than four times richer, on average, than the countries where less than half of the people live in urban areas.”Even the pockets of poverty that are part of the modern urban landscape, Glaeser says, are signs of the power of cities.“Cities don’t make people poor, they attract poor people, and they attract poor people by delivering a path out of poverty and to prosperity, a chance to partner with people who have different skills, access to world markets, access to capital that enables poor people, some of them, not all of them, to actually find a way forward.”Concentrating population in a city, Glaeser says, is better for the environment.“There is significantly less carbon usage in c ities. There are two reasons for that, one of which is less driving. They are more likely to take public transportation. And when they drive, they drive shorter distances. And the second is that people in the cities, they occupy smaller homes than people l iving in rural areas.”To multiply that effect, the economist would like to see even more people move to cities, where towering skyscrapers would provide energy-efficient, affordable housing.“Building up is an option to avoid building out.”21st century cities are being reshaped as energy, the environment and the economy become more vital considerations in urban planning.Unit 3 Part I WordmasterAA: I’m Avi Arditti with Rosanne Skirble, and this week on Wordmaster: words that express emotion.RS: Suppose someone gave you two minutes to write down as many different emotions as you could think of—for example: happy, sad, angry. You’re also told to rate each emotion as “unpleasant,” “neutral” or “pleasant.” What would come to mind?AA: That’s what groups o f English speakers in Chicago, and Spanish speakers in Mexico City, had to do for a study led by Robert Schrauf, a linguistics professor at Penn State University.ROBERT SCHRAUF: So that data was available to me, and I began to analyze it one day and found this rather curious difference. And that was that about 50 percent of the emotion words that people mentioned were negative, and about 30 percent positive and 20 percent neutral. And those proportions were consistent across all of these groups, from young Mexicans to older Mexicans in Mexico City and young to old English speakers in Chicago. For instance, here is the young Anglos’, in order, the first five: happy, sad, angry, excited, afraid. Now what’s curious about that list is, happy is positive. That’s one word. Then there’s sad, angry, afraid—that’s three negative—and excited, which generally comes across to people as a neutral word.RS: What does this tell us, that 50 percent are negative, 30 percent are positive and 20 percent are neutral? What does this tell us about our emotions, or how we express ourselves?ROBERT SCHRAUF: Right, so that’s the curious thing. So you could look at that list and entertain a number of hypotheses. You could say, “Well, you know, human beings just have more negative expe riences than positive ones, and therefore…” Or you might think that people take dour views of things, I don’t know. So what became interesting was how to explain this. And I went back to the literature and found that the theorizing about emotions is as follows: We tend to think that there are positive and negative emotions on a kind of a continuum. But both the behavioral and the neuro-physiological literature suggest that actually there are two channels for processing emotions—one negative and one positive. And what happens is, it seems to me—or the explanation I’m taking from the literature—is that we respond to negative emotions by thinking more carefully, in a more detailed manner, and we respond to positive emotions by thinking more schematically. We tend to process those more facilely. So my response to a happy emotion is to sort of think top-down, to think that things are moving as they should in the world or perhaps a bit better. And that makes sense from an evolutionary perspective. I mean, if there’s danger or threat, then I need to pay a great deal of careful attention to that. If things are going OK, then it’s benign; I can sort of move ahead.RS: I find it very interesting, the comparison across cultures in the studies that you reviewed.ROBERT SC HRAUF: Right, right. So let’s say there are five to seven basic emotions which we’ll find with appropriate emotion words present in all languages and all cultures. I mean, we would have to do an empirical study to find that, but the evidence that we’ve gathered so far tends to suggest that that’s true. What makes cultures unique are all of those non-basic emotions that once you get through joy, anger, fear, sadness—those initial very pan-cultural words andpan-cultural emotions—then there are long lists of emotion words in each language that make rather curious distinctions that are not translatable. So an example in Spanish, for instance, is ‘verguenza,’ which we translate as ‘shame.’ But it’s a far more powerful word than our word shame. Or for instance, i n German, ‘schadenfreude’ is a word that implies a feeling of glee at someone else’s misfortune, and we don’t have an appropriate translation in English.填词第一单元If we’re serious about breaking the cycle of intergenerational（世代相传的）poverty, then many of these women will need some extra help with the basics that those living outside the inner city often take for granted. They need more police and more effective policing in their neighborhoods （社区）, to provide them and their children some semblance（n.类似）of personal security. Theyneed access to community-based（社区化的）health centers that emphasize prevention-including reproductive（生殖的）health care, nutritional（营养的）counseling（n.营养咨询）, and in some cases treatment for substance abuse. They need a radical（a.彻底性的）transformation of the schools their children attend, and access to affordable child care that will allow them to hold a full-time job or pursue（vt.继续；从事）their education.And in many cases they need help learning to be effective parents. By the time many inner-city children reach the school system, they’re already behind-unable to identify basic numbers,colors,or the letters in the alphabet, unaccustomed to sitting still or partipating in a structured environment, and often burdened by undiagnosed health problems. They’re unprepared not because they’re unloved but because their mothers don’t know how to provide what they need. Well-structured government programs-prenatal counseling, access to regular pediatric care, parenting programs, and quality early-childhood-education programs-have a proven ability to help fill the void.第三单元When someone you love dies from a heart attack or cancer, you remember him not in relation to his death but in relation to his life. This is not true of suicide. You go over and over the details（细节）of how he did it, why he did it and what you could have done to prevent it. You keep rewriting the story, trying to get all the answers, or you bury（埋藏）the questions and never fully grieve the loss. But if you’re constantly（时常）rewriting the life of the person who killed himself, you’re not moving ahead with your own life.I didn’t realize that I hadn’t really moved on until I heard a man about my age talk about his father. He described him as a person who was sensitive and cruel, generous and selfish, unable to forgive wrongs in others but desperate to be loved. He talked about his father’s relationship with his mother, and how his "mood" had controlled the temperature of the entire family. As I sat there listening, I could see my father in the very words he was using to describe his own. It didn’t matter that mine was a gynecologist（妇科医生）and his was a blue-collar worker. Neither suicide had anything to do with class or profession. Both men suffered from similar depressions that overwhelmed them after they retired, and went largely untreated at this crucial time of their lives.1~3单元句子翻译翻译:1.因为极端分子可能激起冲突和分裂，为了我们的共同安全，我们应该联合起来。

内师大研研究生英语期末考试复习资料—英语1(unit4)

新视角研究生英语复习资料Unit 4Unit 4一、VocabularyPart A1. His way of staying sane was to compose poems in classical Chinese which he somehow kept with him.2. The children’s insatiable curiosity will be satisfied one way or the other, as there are plent y of museums, libraries and children’s palaces in the city.3. Examination of the theory which purport to provide an answer to this question is nonetheless important for a number of reasons.4.It is impossible to forget the uplifting speech that the president gave at the commencement ceremony.5. The athlete, a devout Christian, like his parents, died in 1945 in a Japanese internment camp in Shandong province.6. The picture drawn is a static one, and it has been unable to provide a convincing account of how and why changes have occurred in the pattern of industrial relations.7. The choice of players for the team seemed completely arbitrary.8. He listened in rapt concentration as Mr. Mercer described how one soldier shot off his leg and threatened to kill him until he shouted back at him.9. Respect for life is a cardinal principle of English law.10. Building a home is a more demanding business compared with buying one.Part B1. Her reputation suffered a _________ blow as the result of the scandal.A. mortalB. shamefulC. humiliatingD. disgraceful2. In explaining this situation, it might be possible to point to sources _____ to the nation: its culture, mentality, religions, or geography.A. inheritedB. hereditaryC. inherentD. heritable3. His _______ difficulties may make it impossible for him to recognize you and his family.A. perceptualB. appreciableC. understandableD. recognizable4. He had never previously thought of himself as _______ or even as particularly materialistic.A. inquisitiveB. interactiveC. positiveD. acquisitive5. Like a dreamer, the young artist is absorbed in ________ of something outside himself and does not identify with it.A. illusionB. contemplationC. conceptionD. fantasy6. The club, where I am staying, releases forgotten gusts of memory, like those lilies which only _____ their sweet perfume at night.A. exhaleB. inhaleC. relaxD. relieve7.If it is a technique which works for you then, use it ________.A. by all meansB. by no meansC. in one wayD. by the way8.You would ________ some responsibility immediately for particular areas and additional responsibilities are available to those with the ability and enthusiasm to undertake.A. bear onB. take onC. carry onD. hold on9. This raises the question whether the education of children in rural communities is prejudiced by the ________ of a curriculum devised for urban conditions.A. publicationB. compulsionC. computationD. imposition10. The weak point in the school is due to the_________ of parents who remove their sons from the school at too early an age.A. follyB. prudenceC. crazinessD. madness二、CloseHappiness is basically a state of mind. Happiness depends 1)more on one’s disposition and outlook. Only 2) by connecting to your real identity, deeper than merely the body and 3) mind, can one reach real happiness because that is where such happiness is always 4) found. In this way, very little is needed to have a happy life. It is all within 5)yourself . Thus, we can attain a state of being satisfied 6)with what we have without being anxious to attain all our temporal desires, without 7) worrying about the future, and without concerning ourselves with 8)unnecessary hopes and fears. When you are really and naturally happy from within, 9)everything else that you accomplish can be viewed as icing on the cake, an extra sweetness to life. But such external activities are not where true happiness 10)lies.The only 11)reason why people cannot attain their inward spiritual bliss right here and now is because they put too much 12)focus on their external situation and what they feel they need and how to get it. Or they focus on the 13)problems that they think they have. Actually, what people need to be happy is 14)right inside them, at all times, 15)regardless of whatever trials and challenges may happen outside and 16)around them. As I’ve always said, it is not what 17)happens to you, but it is how you perceive it and how you 18)react or respond to it that makes the difference. We have to understand that happiness and distress is a constant flow in material 19)life. We are affected by it 20)only if we identify with it. One has to learn to rise above that by connecting with your true self, or higher self. So how do we do that?三、Translation1.在当今社会，广告几乎完全成为致力于描写快乐的现代表达方式。

内师大研研究生英语期末考试复习资料—英语2(unit3)

新视角研究生英语复习资料Unit 3Unit 3一、VocabularyPart A1. The passenger pigeon was a prime example of a species that was made extinct by overhunting.2. Climate, soil, water, and air are nonliving components of an ecosystem.3. As a language, English is derived from the Anglo-Saxon, a West Germanic variety, although its current vocabulary includes words from many languages.4. Stopping the loss of biodiversity and limiting climate change are the two most important challenges facing our planet.5. A recent report claims that Microsoft products, with their market dominance, are creating a computing monoculture that’s dangerously susceptible to worms and other attacks.6. The December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was reported to have killed more than 225,000 people, and with uncounted others missing or losing their homes.7. With the invention of blogs, the number of websites that would be interesting to follow each day has multiplied several times over.8. The movie Two Brothers tells the story that two tigers are separated as cubs and taken into captivity, only to be reunited years later as enemies.9. In 2000 and again in 2002, the US congress considered legislation to limit violent content and more tightly regulate the video games industry in America.10. These conservation projects and educational activities have contributed to wildlife habitat improvement, watershed protection, and forest health.Part B1. The environmental changes might have caused the disappearance of many species by eliminating food sources, or exposing animals to climatic conditions to which they were not adapted.A. extinctionB. distinctionC. punctuationD. destruction2. The study showed that increasing amounts of bird flu virus were contaminating the birds’surroundings without the farmers’ realizing of it.A. conditionsB. climatesC. habitatsD. ecosystems3. While recently becoming the tenth most crowded city in the USA, San Jose has also held the title of The Safest Big City in America for the past several years.A. diverseB. popularC. disappointingD. populous4. An internal inquiry has begun into whether soccer players received improper housing benefits under the former coaches.A. examinationB. investigationC. invasionD. invitation5. It’s our job to prepare bright, ambitious young people for the opportunities offered by what will continue to be the main sectors for the 21st century.A. principleB. extinguishedC. globalD. keystone6. The teenager who made a dramatic escape after eight years of confinement ina windowless cell has agreed to a televised interview this week.A. captivityB. preventionC. preservationD. limitation7. The little group so imperfectly known to us is counterbalanced by multitudes of species, of which there are numberless varieties.A. uncommonB. primeC. uncountedD. rare8. The protection of tropical rainforests as public good will require cooperation between all countries in the world.A. institutionB. conservationC. precautionD. construction9. Taken before or while drinking, many medications will increase the effects of alcohol on your body.A. expandB. multiplyC. enlargeD. extend10. The Chicago History Museum has one of America’s lar gest collections of architectural working drawings, as well as manuscript materials, photographs, architectural models, and building fragments.A. componentsB. substancesC. monoculturesD. debris二、CloseLoss of BiodiversityBiological diversity is the variety of all life forms—the different plants, animals and microorganisms, the genes they 1) contain, and the ecosystems to which they belong.Millions of years of 2) isolation from other continents have resulted in Australian plants and animals evolving in ways 3) different from elsewhere. As a result, about 82% of our mammal species, 45% of our land bird species, 85% of our flowering plant species, 89% of our reptile species, and about 93% of our frog species are found 4) only in Australia.The 5) major threat to our biodiversity is the loss of habitat through clearing for agriculture, forestry, mining and 6) urban development. This, combined with theeffects of invasive plants and animals, and 7)natural events such as fire, drought and flood, threatens the survival of our 8) native species. Since European settlement, most of Australia’s ecosystems have been 9) extensively altered.The result has been 10) dramatic declines in the distribution and abundance of many species, and the 11) extinction of at least 17 native mammal species and ten terrestrial (陆栖的) bird species. The effects on aquatic (水栖的) habitats have 12) contributed to a decline in our native fish populations.The benefits of conserving biodiversity are 13) numerous. The world’s s pecies provide us with all our food and many medicines and industrial products. There are also opportunities for 14) developing new or improved food crops from our biological diversity. Biodiversity is also 15) important for ecological processes such as regulating climate, producing soil, providing protection from erosion, 16) storing nutrients and breaking down pollution.Biodiversity is culturally important and it 17) maintains the aesthetic values of our landscapes. There is also the 18) view every species on earth has the right to 19) survive and that no single species or generation can 20) claim the earth as its own.三、Translation1. 由生物多样性的丧失而引起的对人类和地球的威胁和由气候变化所带来的危险一样大。

内蒙古师范大学研究生英语期末考试复习资料第一学期

新视角研究生英语复习资料Unit 1一、VocabularyPart A1. The company has planned to strengthen its corporate identity.2. The results of this survey demonstrate clearly the fact that younger people are the most mobile.3. More than 100 development groups throughout the world are working on the technology, many of them attempting to update old designs to work with modern engines.4. But to ignore the evidence of differences in performance between gender or ethnic groups can lead to unjust treatment of individuals.5. I am pleased with the progress to date and I believe that you are not finding the process too disruptive.6. The markets are smart enough to guests when a realignment is coming.7. You simply cannot assume that because the report has been well received that it will produce action or a decision.8. Academic qualifications cannot be the only criteria in judging a person.9. If difficulties do arise during your time abroad, you may feel isolated and vulnerable to pressure both from local management and head office.10.Many museums employ specialist to offer teachers sample worksheets.Part B1. The country is heavily dependent on its oil exports.A. reliant onB. complaint withC. yielding toD. attached to2. An alternative approach is to define words according to the sentence contexts in which they occur.A. outlineB. explainC. specifyD. term3. A second hospital has been accused of mixing up a baby’s name tag, making the mother fear she had the wrong child.A. codeB. paperC. boardD. label4. The director will have to shift his roles and expectations when he’s asked by the rest of the board to answer criticism of company performance.A. moveB. stintC. alterD. transit5. Japanese computer makers are turning to scientists overseas to help them develop software and applications for massively parallel supercomputers.A. heavilyB. immenselyC. solidlyD. ponderously6. There is also evidence that younger people expect to transfer the source oftheir main emotional support to their spouse when they marry.A. move ... toB. subtract ... fromC. distract ... fromD. deflect ... to7. Psychometric tests which attempt to measure students’ ability to use the library have been developed and made use of primarily in the USA.A. arbitrateB. assessC. calculateD. reckon8. Consequently, the neighborhood they live in, the interests they have, the lifestyle of their friends and colleagues, will necessarily determine what reality is for the child.A. residential pathB. residential streetC. residential districtD. residential part9. The aim is to help participants identify their own learning needs in this area and then to suggest ways in which they can increase their knowledge.A. affirmB. confirmC. assumeD. recognize10. As we shall see later, they have been one of the factors that have helped to tip the economic balance firmly against the nuclear option.A. tiltB. inclineC. slideD. slant二、CloseI remember viewing half a dozen men in a chair factory whose job was to bend several pieces of steel and attach them so that a folding chair would result. The men knew they 1)were good. When I talked with them, each expressed enormous 2) pride in being a part of the fastest, best team. And this sense of belonging 3) to an accomplished work group is one of the distinctive satisfactions of the world of 4) work.Unlike many other aspects of life, relationships among people at work 5)tend to be simpler, less complicated, somewhat less emotional. This is 6)not to say there aren’t arguments and jealousies, but, on the 7)whole , behavioral research discloses that 8)human relations at work are just easier, perhaps because they are more regular and predictable and 9)thus simpler to adjust to than the sporadic, the more intense and 10)less regular relationships in the community. And the work group also gently pressures its members to learn how to 11)adjust to one another so that the “rough edges” are worked 12)off because people know they must do certain things 13)with and through one another each day.14)Beyond the team and the work group, there is the organization, whether it be company or hospital or university. The 15)same pride in being part of a well-coordinated, successful unit is 16)derived from being part of a larger collectivity. Working for a company that is 17)thought of as being part of the best in the community can provide employees 18)with both status and self-confidence. They assume, usually with good reasons, that others regard them more 19)highly, evenenvy them, and that they are more 20)competent than the average because of this association with a “winner,” a prestigious institution.三、Translation1. 餐饮行业与电影行业的共同之处在于其小型企业的失败率很高。

研究生综合英语2_Unit1

研究生综合英语2_Unit1U1 Warm-up 1 Warm-up 2 Warm-up 3 AIFTTR1 AIFTTR2 AIFTTR3.1 AIFTTR3.2 AIFTTR4 AIFTTR5-6 AIFTTR7 AIFTTR8.1 AIFTTR8.2 AIFTTR8.3 AIFTTR8.4 AIFTTR8.5 Text MIOTT1 Introduction to the Author and the article Introduction to the Author and the article2 Part2_T1 Part2_T2 Part2_T3 Part2_T4 Part2_T5 Part2_T6 Part2_T7 Part2_T8 Part2_T9 Part2_T10 Part2_T11 Part2_T12 Part2_TA_Notes1 Part2_TA_Notes2 Part2_TA_ Phrases and Expressions1 Part2_TA_ Phrases and Expressions2 Part2_TA_t1 Part2_TA_t2 Part2_TA_t3 Part2_TA_t4 Part2_TA_t5 Part2_TA_t6 Part2_TA_t7 Part2_though I’m sure… Part2_It invites… Part2_I might be thrown… Part2_It is one … Part2_Here is an area… Part2_Someone utters… Part2_ I didn’t do it.… Part2_The nearest… Part2_carried away… Part2_ I think we make… Part2_I know a man… Part2_ He employs… Part2_I don’t think… Part2_This sort of thing … Part2_ That one… Part2_ But for every… Part2_ It takes a Dorothy… Part2_ I worked … Part2_ the unwritten… Part2_ with immeasurably… Part2_There is no … Part2_ at the bottom… Part2_ a lady of… Part2_ He said … Part2_ Given the… Part2_ the chances … Part2_cope with Part2_blurt out Part2_inarticulate Part2_bestow sth. upon Part2_downright Part2_carry sb. away Part2_well off Part2_get possession of Part2_put one’s mind Part2_come up withPart2_brush sth. off Part2_on the right track Part2_appalled Part2_inept at Part2_fall flat Part2_fall apart Part2_execrable Part2_adroit Part2_poise Part2_etiquette Part2_comport Part2_the chances Part2_TA_exercises1.1 Part2_TA_exercises1.2 Part2_TA_exercises2.1 Part2_TA_exercises2.2 Part2_TA_exerci Part2_TA_exerci Part2_TA_exerci Part2_TA_exerci Part2_TA_exerci Part2_TA_exerci Part2_TA_exerci Part2_TA_exerci Part2_TA_exerci Part2_TA_exerci Part2_TA_exerci Part2_TA_exerci Part2_TA_exerci Part2_TA_exercises4.1 Part2_TA_exercises4.2 Part2_TA_exercises4.3 Part2_TA_exercises4.4 Part2_TA_exercises4.5 Part2_TA_exercises5.1 Part2_TA_exercises5.2 Part2_TA_exercises5.3 Part2_TA_exercises5.4 Part2_TA_exercises6 Part2_TA_exercises5.3_pop1 Part2_TA_exercises5.3_pop2 Part2_TA_exercises5.4_pop1 Part2_TA_exercises5.4_pop2 Further Reading Text b1` Text b2 Text b3 Text b4 Text b5 Text b6 Text b7 Text b8 Text b9 Text b10 Text b11 Text b12 Text b13 Text b14 Blaine Smith She can cou nt… who are Christ’s body… It’s to this end that… Most of us have… S_ who gives herself… S_ Christians are not… S_ The body of Christ… S_ Most of us have… MIOFR Idiom Studies 1 Idiom Studies 2 Idiom Studies 3 EX1 EX2 WK_1 WK_2 WK_3 WK_4 WK_5 WK_6 WK_7 WK_8 WK_9 WK_10 WK_11 WK_12 WK_13 WK_14 WK_15 WK_16 WK_17 WK_18 WK_19 WK_20 WK_21 WK_22 WK_23 WK_24 WK_25 WK_26 Additional Work AW_1.1 AW_1.2 AW_1.3 AW_1.4 AW_2.1 AW_2.2 AW_2.3 AW_2.4 AW_2.5 AW_2.6 AW_2.7 AW_2.8 AW_2.9 AW_2.10 AW_3.1 AW_3.2AW_3.3 AW_3.4 AW_3.5 AW_3.6 AW_3.7 AW_4.1 AW_4.2 Writing the IntroductionThe introduction is the first part of an essay, usually the first paragraph.There are many ways to write an introduction, such as beginning with aquestion, or giving background information about the topic, etc ... Thekind of introduction you choose depends on how you want to present thetopic and the type of essay you want to compose. The introduction for mostshort essays is one paragraph and usually consists of three parts:Introduction Lead-in + Connecting information + Thesis statementWriting the Body The body of an essay is the main part. It usuallyconsists of three or four paragraphs and develops the idea advanced inthe thesis statement. The body part of an essay generally follows a planof organization which can be put in the form of an outline. An outlinecan be written in topic or sentence form. If you have written a thoroughtopic outline or sentence outline, you have done much of the work already.Therefore, knowing how to outline is a valuable skill in writing the bodypart of the essay. Learn about the arrangement of a six-leveloutline from the following format. Format of a Six-level Outline I. A.B. 1. 2. a. b. 1 a b 2 II. Here are thesamples of a Sentence Outline and a Topic Outline respectively. For yourbetter understanding, the thesis statement of the essay is given beforethe outline. Writing the Conclusion A successful essay concludes;it doesn’t just end. A good conclusion completes the discussion in the body part, echoing, in independent fashion, the thesis and the supporting ideas. What follows are several guidelines to follow when writing the conclusion: Most importantly, let the readers know that this is the conclusion. Writers mark conclusions with some kind of transition or connectors. Some examples are: in conclusion, from the information given, to summarize, and so on. And sometimes the first sentence of the conclusion rephrases the thesis or main idea of the essay in a way that reflects knowledge of the essay’s content. The conclusion should not open a new subject by raising questions unexplored in the body section or introduce new information in this last part of the essay. There are many different ways to conclude a paper. An effective conclusion can consist of any or some of the following techniques: 1. 2. 3. 4 A response to a question or a solution to a problem raised in the introduction and explored in the body section, or a statement that no final, clear answer or solution exists, thus indicating the complexity of the issue. A quotation, especially one that amplifies the thesis statement or verifies another quotation presented earlier in the introduction. A relevant anecdote, which the reader will be likely to remember and which echoes or resonates with the thesis statement. A pointed rephrasing of the thesis statement and/or supporting claims or assertions, followed by a sentence or two that turns the reader’s thoughts to the implication of the paper.Writing Up an Expository Essay As we mentioned above, an expository essay aims to explain or explore things. And good expository essays often make use of one or some writing techniques such as illustration or example, process writing how to ... , definition, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, etc. Most importantly, no matter which writing techniques are employed, the emphasis of exposition is on the subject itself. So an expository essay should be as objective as possible. Illustration In the illustration essay, wise selections of sufficient examples are used to illustrate or support the viewpoint of the thesis. The structure follows a certain pattern: in the brief introduction section, the thesis statement is presented as a generalization, a theory, or a point of view. In the body section, each topic sentence presents a main supporting point, using carefully chosen examples to illustrate, explain or prove that point. And in the conclusion section, a brief summary is given to emphasize what the examples illustrate, from which account the viewpoint of the essay becomes clearer or more forceful. Process In this type of essay, the process of doing certain things is explained or described for the readers’ understanding and knowledge. The structure follows a pattern like this: in the introduction section, the process is described briefly and the purpose of the essay is stated clearly. In the body section, the explanation is systematically divided into steps; and these steps areexplained according to the process sequence and include enough details or data. Since the sequence is usually important in this type of essay, sequence words are, therefore, commonly used. Good writers make use of a variety of transitional terms to indicate sequence. Finally in the conclusion section, the value or importance of the process description is highlighted, leaving something substantial in the minds of the readers. Definition In this type of essay, definition is useful when the writer uses abstract, ambiguous or controversial terms with various denotative or connotative meanings or shades of meaning. Since different people can have different understandings abo ut certain terms ― for instance, a discussion of political systems, feelings or wisdom ― abstract terms therefore need to be defined or clarified for accuracy. In fact, a definition essay often illustrates the most essential nature and characteristics of the subject under discussion even as it presents the writer’s own understanding or viewpoint of the matter. It is this expression of the writer’s personal opinion or attitude that gives life to a definition paper and makes it appeal to the readers. Essays of this type follow no set pattern. The definition essay can be either inductive or deductive. The inductive essay begins by using any of the other development methods, and then leads up to a definition of the subject. The deductive essay, in contrast, starts with a definition and then employs other expository patterns of development. In the conclusionsection, the definition is often summarized and emphasized, so that the author’s point of view is reinforced. Comparison and Contrast In this type of essay, you compare or contrast things. The subjects are usually two ideas that are related in some significant way. You can focus on the similarities between the two things, or on the differences, or on both the similarities and the differences. These essays aim to reveal to the readers the strengths and advantages or the weaknesses and disadvantages of the subjects under discussion. The conclusions of such essays do not merely recapitulate or summarize points of contrast. They make sure to address the significance of the comparison and the information gained from the process. Essays based on comparison and contrast can be developed in two ways: 1. 2. Vertical Movement: You can group the main ideas about Subject A in one paragraph or section and the main ideas about Subject B in the next paragraph or section. Horizontal movement: You can treat corresponding ideas on Subject A and Subject B as pairs and compare or contrast them one after the other, in successive paragraphs. In the vertical pattern, you present one single subject and all its points of comparison before you move on to do the same for the second subject. But in the horizontal pattern, you present both subjects under one point of comparison or contrast before moving on to the next point. Whether you choose the ‘vertical’ or the ‘horizontal’ pattern depends on the kind of text you are writing, itspurpose or your own preference. Generally speaking, the vertical patternis sometimes favored because of its relative simplicity, since it developseach subject completely without interruption. The horizontal pattern isfavored sometimes because each paragraph repeatedly reminds the readersof the comparison or contrast relationship; it is therefore more suitablefor longer pieces of writing. Both patterns are commonly used in descriptions involving comparison and contrast. Cause and Effect In this type of essay, the writers discuss the relationship between something that happens and its consequences, or between certain actionsand their results. Cause-effect essays can be informative and insightful. Generally speaking, there are two ways of writing cause-effect essays.The first is called the Focus-on-Cause method, in which the writer focuseson the causes of something. The second is called Focus-on-Effect method,in which the writer emphasizes the effects or results of a cause. Essays that use the Focus-on-Cause method answer the question “Why does something happen?” And essays that us e the Focus-on-Effect method answerthe question “What happens when ...?” Sample Essay （Exposition）Hypocrisy When I was a little girl, my mother told me to wait forthe light to turn green before I crossed the street and to cross alwaysat the corner. This I did. Indeed, I was positive as a very young childthat I would get mashed like a potato if I even so much as stepped a footoff the sidewalk while the light burned red. I followed my mother’s adviceuntil I realized that she herself jaywalked constantly, dodging in and out of moving traff ic ― and pulling me with her. So after a while I followed her example and not her advice. My father told me never to cheat or steal and I remember my intense humiliation the day, only 6 years old, I received a public spanking for swiping three dimes from the windowsill where they had been left by a visiting uncle. Yet my father pushed me under the turnstile to get into the subway and got me into the movies for half fare, way after I was old enough to pay full price. And my mother continually brought home reams of stationery and other supplies lifted from the offices where she worked. Both my parents exacted severe punishment for lying and yet I knew, in time, that they lied to me and to each other and to others when, presumably, they felt the occasion warranted it. And this was just part of the story. But hypocrisy about sex, about race relations, about religion, took me a longer time to see. I was out of high school before that picture began to pull together. Understanding didn’t devastate me because I had begun to absorb the knowledge little by little, through the years. By the time I was 18 or 19 I guess I was both old enough to understand and strong enough to face what I saw. And I could face it because I learned my parents were not unusu al. Most everybody’s parents were the same. And we, my friends and I, did come to take it for granted. Parents were that way. Older people were that way. The word for what we found out about our parents’ generationwas hypocrisy. And most of us accepted it as part of life ― as the waythings were. ― Lynn Minton, “Double Vision” Additional Work I.Idiom Studies III. Reading Appreciation II. Vocabulary Expansion IV.Translation of Proverbs Choose a suitable idiom from the listgiven below to fill in each blank in the following sentences. Make changeswhen necessary. I. Idiom Studies a dog in the manger let the cat out ofthe bag swan song fish in troubled waters the only fly in the ointmentcry crocodile tears a sitting duck a white elephant talk turkey buy a pigin a poke 1. 2. 3. 4. All the tickets have been sold for the elderlysinger’s performance in London this week ― the public clearly believethat this will be her . The young couple enjoyedtheir holiday in Paris very much; was the bad weather ― it rained nearly every day. The car we bought lastyear is a ; it uses a lot of petrol andbreaks down again and again. He’sreally ― even though he doesn’thave a car he won’t let anyone else use his empty garage. swan song_________ the only fly in the ointment ______________________ a whiteelephant ______________ a dog in the manger ________________ 4. 5.“If you compliment someone, they’ll assume you love them only for their achievement; this will cause them to feel under unfair pressure to liveup to your expectations.” Some feel that this is a reason not to verballyaffirm their children. If you commend Johnny for getting an A in math, it’s feared, he’ll associate your love with getting good grades. He’ll then feel insecure if he doesn’t produce top marks in the future. “Compliments don’t need to be verbalized.” Others will know you appreciate them simply by your actions. At most, an occasional or veiled compliment is all that should be needed to keep someone feeling affirmed. Firmly Affirmed There is certainly an element of truth to each of these objections. We each are expected to do our duty whe ther we’re praised for it or not. There are times when compliments amount to flattery or adulation that should only be directed to God. Too 6. “Praise is due to God alone.” To compliment someone is to give them commendation that God alone deserves. Since no one can achieve anything worthwhile apart from God’s help, we dishonor him by praising someone for their accomplishment. We imply that they achieved success by their own effort rather than by God’s grace. much praise may cause another’s ego to swell, or lead them to think that they now have to live up to certain expectations that we have. Yet to adopt a philosophy of never complimenting others, or doing so only sparingly, because of any of these reasons, is to take the truth to an unfortunate extreme. It’s to ignore that fact that God has created us humans with a substantial and ongoing need for affirmation. An important part of how we experience his grace and commendation is through encouragement from people ― particularly from other Christians,who are Christ’s body on this earth. It’s to this end that Paul commands in Romans 12:10, “outdo one another in showing honor.” Thisis the only place in the New Testament where we’re told to strive to outdoeach other in some way! Paul’s point is that we should give considerable attention to building each other up through giving compliments. Thebody of Christ should be marked by an unusually strong atmosphere of affirmation. For this to occur, though, compliments need to be verbalized. It’s not enough to assume that others know we appreciate themeven though we don’t say as much in words. I remember a long seminar Ionce gave where the sponsor afterwards merely thanked me but had nothing affirming to say to me about the weekend. I assumed from his silence thathe must have taken offense at something I’d said, or that he didn’t thinkmy teaching had been effective. It was only several years later that Ifound the event had been an important turning point in his life: it simply wasn’t his nature to express compliments outwardly. Most of ushave enough critical self-talk going on within us that we assume othersare disappointed in what we’ve done unless they expressly say otherwise. For most of us, too, it’s not enough for compliments mer ely to be occasional. Charlie Shedd has likened our need for affirmation to a tirewith a slow leak, which though pumped up at night must be blown up againthe next day. His point is that yesterday’s compliments don’t sufficefor today. We have an ongoing need for affirmation, and initialcompliments need to be followed up with reminders. Giving Others CreditThat They Can Handle But what about the objection that complimenting someone will make them think you only appreciate them fortheir achievemen t? Here I believe we have to give people credit ― evensmall children ― that they can discern whether our love is merely tiedto what we’re commending them for, or that we’re complimenting them because we love them and want them to feel encouraged. If the latter is true, then we shouldn’t fear that our praise will make them think theyhave to act a certain way in order to merit our love. It’s more likelythat our affirmation will have a freeing effect on them: they’ll be relieved to know they don’t have to strive endlessly and futilely to achieve our praise. Consider those intriguing instances in the Gospels where Jesus commends individuals for their faith ― telling someone he healed, for instance, that their faith had made them well. He actually paid these people a profound compliment by affirming their faith. Take the example of the woman with the hemorrhage, who was healed after pressing through a huge crowd and touching Jesus’ robe Mark 5:2434 .Jesus did her an extraordinary service merely by healing her. While sheowed him plenty of praise, he didn’t owe her any compliment at all. Iteven would have been appropriate for him to say, “The power of God has healed you, even though you were unworthy of receiving it.” Yet instead,he declared to her ― in front of all those standing around them ―“Your faith has healed you” Mark 5:34 . In effect, I believe he was saying, “Your confidence in God, and your tenacity in persisting to find an answer to your problem in spite of so many setbacks, have played a vital role in your healing. You are to be congratulated!” I’m certain that Jesus’ affirming the faith of sick people who sought his help often had as great a healing effect on them as the actual physical cures that he brought. Yes, there is risk involved in giving compliments. Yet usually the risk is greater in refraining, since we may lose a golden opportunity for extending the love of Christ to someone who needs it. I might add that the loss is not only to others spiritual and emotional health but to our own, for some of the greatest joy we can know as Christians comes from the experience of affirming others. I can’t help but wonder if this was part of what Jess had in mind when he said, “It is more blessed to give than to receive.” Notes to Further Reading Blaine Smith: a missionary that serves in American Presbyterian Church and author for The Optimism Factor： Outrageous Faith Against the Odds 1994 , Overcoming Shyness 1993 , Knowing God’s Will: Biblical Principles of Guidance 1979 , Should I Get Married 1990 She can count on the fingers of one hand the number of times the supervisor of the small social service agency where she works has given her a genuine compliment： She finds her supervisor seldom compliments her on her work. Since a hand has only five fingers, this means her supervisor has complimented her fewer than fivetimes. Usually this expression is used to complain about ill treatment, neglect, or abuse by another person. Notes to Further Reading who are Christ’s bod y on this earth: Christians believe that Jesus Christ was the incarnation of God, walking on earth. By extension, all Christian believers on earth are God-like. Notes to Further Reading It’s to this end that Paul commands in Romans 12:10, “outdo one anothe r in showing honor”: It Is for this reason Paul in New Testament chapter “Romans” verse 12:10 tells his audience to compete with and outdo each other in performing Christian acts of respect and kindness to each other. Paul was an intelligent and popular di sciple of Christ’s teachings. Notes to Further Reading Most of us have enough critical self-talk: Most people are very self-critical. Notes to Further Reading Paraphrase of Difficult Sentences ... who gives herself relentlessly to the needs of others. who tries her best to serve the needs of others Christians are not to stoop to flattery. Christians should not debase themselves to receive flattery. Paraphrase of Difficult Sentences The body of Christ should be marked by an unusually strong atmosphere of affirmation. The body of Christ should be very willing to give others affirmation. Paraphrase of Difficult Sentences Most of us have enough critical self-talk going on within us that we assume others are disappointed in what we’ve done unless they expressly say otherwise. Most of us are so self-critical that we may think others are disappointed in what we’ve done if they don’tsay clearly that they really appreciate our work. Paraphrase of Difficult Sentences Main Idea of Further Reading In Further Reading, BlaineSmith urges us to give people enough affirmation for what they have doneas every one has a need for verbal compliments. He explores the reasonswhy some people refrain from giving compliments. Finally he cites fromthe Bible to show that as Christians some of the greatest joy comes fromthe experience of affirming others. Idiom studies 1. a dog in the manger a person who prevents others from enjoying something he does notuse or need 占马槽的狗；占着茅坑不拉屎的人 2. shed/cry crocodiletears shed false tears, show phony sadness 流鳄鱼的眼泪；猫哭耗子假慈悲 3. let the cat out of the bag reveal a secret carelesslyor by mistake 泄露秘密，露马脚 4. a sitting duck a person whois an easy target or easily attacked 容易击中的目标；易受攻击的人 5.swan song a farewell or final appearance, action, or work; the beautiful legendary song sung only once by a swan in its lifetime,as it is dying from the belief that the swan sings as it dies 绝唱；告别演出；最后的作品 6. white elephant a possession that is useless and often expensive to maintain 用而不值得保留的东西；大而无用的东西 7. fish in troubled waters： try to gain advantage for oneself from a disturbed state of affairs 浑水摸鱼 8. talk turkey talk frankly and bluntly 坦率地交谈 9. the only fly in the ointment a person or thing that spoils an otherwise satisfactory situation 令人扫兴的人（或事）；唯一美中不足之处 10. buy a pig in a poke buy sth. without seeing it or knowing if it is satisfactory 隔山买老牛；（未曾过目或不分好坏地）乱买东西Exercises I. Comprehension Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Is Sandra happy about her job? What is her problem? What are the reasons listed for not giving compliments? What does the author say to dismiss the first reason for never complimenting others as unwarranted? What does the author say about the reason that complimenting someone will make them think you only appreciate them for their achievement? What, according to the author, is the risk of refraining from complimenting other people? II. Topics for Discussion 1.2. 3. The writer lists six reasons for not giving compliments. To what extent do you find them warranted or unwarranted? To what extent do you share Paul’s point that we should give considerable attention to building each other up through giving compliments? There is, according to the author, a fear in some people that compliments might amount to flattery. How do you strike a balance between compliments and flattery? Essay Writing: Overview The papers that you write in most college courses are essays ― nonfiction compositions in which a limited topic is analyzed or interpreted. An essay shows the writer’s personal view or subjective understanding of a topic. Unlike a journalism article, which objectively reports an event, or a lab report, which precisely details an experiment, an essay offers the writer’s view from his/her personalangle. As a successful essay is usually developed through a process of several important steps or stages of writing, in this unit we are first going to present you with an overview of essay writing and then will set about introducing the steps in the writing process in chronological order. Types of Essays An essay is a short collection of paragraphs that presents facts, opinions, and ideas on a certain topic. There is always a purpose in an essay: to inform, to entertain, to instruct, to inspire, or to persuade. And these purposes may overlap sometimes. Since the topics of essays vary a great deal, there are many different ways to write essays. The method that a writer chooses is based on the topic of the essay and the kind of essay that he or she believes will present that topic in the best way. Depending on the topic, the purpose and the audience, essays are generally divided into four types: narrative, descriptive, argumentative, and expository. Narrative: Descriptive: Expository: Argumentative: A narrative essay tells a story by relating a sequence of events. A descriptive essay uses details and images to depict a scene, an event, a person, an object, or an atmosphere. An expository essay informs, explains, or analyzes and gives the readers information to help them understand the world. An argumentative essay attempts to persuadea reader to take some action or to convince a reader to accept your position on a debatable issue. However, the boundaries among these four types of essays are not always strict or rigid. And it’s very possiblethat a good writer will use more than one kind of writing in an essay. For example, you might use a descriptive or a short narrative passage in an argumentative essay. Development Strategies for Essays As an essay is composed of multiple paragraphs, the same paragraph development strategies can be adopted within one essay, such as paragraph developing through examples and details, comparison and contrast, analogy, classification, cause and effect, definition, and/or process. In fact, a combination of these strategies is often used within a single essay. Moreover, the principles of paragraph writing apply equally to essay writing. Just as a paragraph has a topic sentence that expresses its main idea, an essay has a thesis statement that states and narrows the writer’s purpose. Also like a paragraph, an essay should be unified and coherent, with every part clearly related to the idea expressed in the thesis statement. And both paragraphs and essays require thorough supporting details and/or explanations to fulfill their purposes. Structure of an Essay A typical assigned college essay is between 500 and 750 words. However, no matter what the length of an essay is, it always follows a general pattern that includes three basic parts: the introduction, the body, and the conclusion. The introduction presents the thesis statement, usually at the end of the paragraph. The purpose of the introduction is to arouse the reader’s interest and establish or define the territory the essay will cover. The body is made up of several paragraphs, each。

研究生英语第二册一单元资料

• Just because you don't want to go to the party there's no need to be ___________ and prevent me from going.
• I saw him play in that last tournament, and it was clearly his ____________. He's too old to play tennis any longer.
– True, but that’s ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱews.
• √ Some political analysts believe that Lyndon Johnsons’ civil rights policies of the sixties helped defeat Michael Dukakis for president in 1988.
– Readers are at a loss about what to expect in the paper.
• √ Television advertisements for cologne (古龙) and perfumes portray a false world, where everyone is beautiful, rich, happy, and in love.
Unit 1
Review
Review
• A compliment is much harder to respond to than an insult. Therefore I have never cultivated a mustache as it invites compliments which would throw me into panic to blurt out some awkward words.

研究生综合英语(2)课后答案与课文翻译期末考试整理版

Unit One---Coping with the ComplimentIII. VocabularyA.1. came up with2. The chances are3. fell flat4. bestowed upon5. Downright6. put your mind7. appalled8. verdict9. poise 10. blurted outB.1. inarticulate2.insults3. inept4. glowingly5. execrable6. enhance7.invite8. sickly9. adroit 10. CharmingTranslation of Text如何应对恭维尽管我确信蓄胡子会使我更加气度不凡，走在大街上会使女性发笑，但我从不留胡子，原因是我不敢冒险，因为哪怕蓄一点点胡子也很危险，它会招来别人的恭维。

例如，如果一位女士走到我跟前，说道：“你的胡子最迷人，”我会无所适从，不知怎样回答才好。

我可能会惊慌得脱口而出：“我也喜欢您的胡子。

”在社会交往中，应对恭维比对付辱骂要艰难得多，这话听起来有点矛盾，却有一定的道理。

闲聊时来句恭维话，往往让我们大多数人不知所措。

例如，有人对我们说上一句动听、赞美的话，我们就慌得说不出话来，膝盖开始瑟瑟发抖。

如果别人称赞不是真正属于我自己的东西时，我根本无法欣然接受。

我家住在一个小山上，俯瞰山下一片宽广的谷地。

来访者惊叹道：“天哪！你这儿的景色太美了！”整个山谷原本就在那里，不是我造的，也不属于我。

然而我傻乎乎地笑着说：“噢，没什么——无非是过去留下的一片土地而已。

”我在接受这种特定的恭维时，表示最能完全接受的说法就是“嗯，我们喜欢。

”采用这种答话必须得小心谨慎。

就某样东西说“我们喜欢”，言外之意就是，还有许多其他人都认为它很令人讨厌。

不久前，我和一批人在一起时，其中有位来自澳大利亚的地球物理学家在滔滔不绝地谈论宇宙中的奇观。

内师大研研究生英语期末考试复习资料—英语1(unit10)

新视角研究生英语复习资料Unit 10Unit 10一、VocabularyPart A1. To most women, diamond is an irresistible temptation.2. Don’t worry. Even if the road is cut off by snow, we have sufficient food to last a week.3. Much should be taken into consideration when one budgets for a research project.4. People doubt whether prison is the best sanction against a crime like this throughout the country.5. I don’t think he is qualified for the position. He panics easily and is therefore useless in an emergency.6. With a 30-year effort, the company has built a reputation of innovative designs, and quality manufacturing.7. A suspected kidnapper was caught after a rush-hour police chase along a London Underground tunnel yesterday.8. Intellectual property rights represent exclusive rights for intellectual wealth created in the field of science, technology, literature and arts.9. Since there is no better way to evaluate one’s intelligence, we have to place our reliance on IQ tests.10. I hereby affirm that all the information given in this form is true and correct. Part B1. If someone is honest and firm in his moral principles, he is a man with ________.A. optimumB. ethnicsC. reputationD. integrity2. The director tried to wave aside these issues. He said they are _____ details and could be settled later.A. trivialB. partialC. exclusiveD. extra3. The symbols and ___ used in this document are essentially those in current use in North America.A. signaturesB. labelsC. notationsD. notes4. In China ginger is not only a spice for food but also a ________ for colds.A. striveB. remedyC. harnessD. mend5. We can’t just wait for new technologies to solve our problem. We shall make_____use of existing technology.A. proactiveB. impeccableC. egregiousD. optimal6. I was ________ by the report about a new plagiarism detection software.A. intriguedB. marredC. suspectedD. recruited7. The taxis in this small town have no meters so it is essential to ________ the fare before setting off.A. communicateB. negotiateC. determineD. budget8. The organization aims to support projects which _______ the issue of campus integrity.A. affirmB. implementC. DesignateD. address9. You need to ________ someone to take over your affairs while you are in hospital.A. directB. assignateC. designateD. attribute10. Using another person’s phrases or sentences without putting quotation marks around them is considered ________.A. temptationB. plagiarismC. convenienceD. strategy二、CloseStudents are getting better and better at cheating, and it’s time for college faculty and administrators to do something about it. The latest scandal to rock the academic world happened last month at the University of Maryland, where 12 students in the undergraduate business school were 1)accused of using their cell phones and PDAs to cheat on an exam.Academic cheating has been around ever 2) since the first time a student successfully stole an answer key, or took someone else’s intellectual 3) property and put their own name on it. What’s new is how easily students are exploiting 4) technology to get the right answers –– or produce the perfect essay –– without their professors 5) suspecting a thing.Whether or not it is always 6) acknowledged, students and professors often stand on 7)opposite sides of a digital divide. The current generation of college kids has grown up on 8)instant communication in the form of computers, the Internet and cell phones. They 9) adapt quickly to new technology. Most professors, however, are constantly playing a 10) catch-up game when it comes to technological gadgets.Sending signals with pencil-tapping or hand gestures used to be the most 11) sophisticated way students could cheat on exams in the classroom. They could also steal answer keys and memorize them in 12) advance, or write 13) answers on small pieces of paper and sneak them into the exam room. Now, students have many more 14) options, thanks to the explosion of technology in the past 15) decade. Students can 16) store information on their calculators and 17)access them discreetly duringtests –– making it more 18) difficult for watchful exam proctors to detect cheating.The creation of committees to 19) prevent hi-tech academic fraud would help make professors aware of such cheating tools and help college campuses 20) bridge the digital divide between faculty and students. In the meantime, professors and students should work hard to prevent a repeat of what happened at the University of Maryland.三、Translation1. 我们应该常常回顾过去，让过去的经验为我们提供指导，这样我们就不会再重复同样的错误。

研究生综合英语1-Unit2

Unit 2 Is Love an Art?
2. What is Love? In English we say the one word“ love” where in Greek there are four words. Our word “love” actually covers four kinds of love, namely, 1) agape, that is, spiritual love or the love of God; 2) storge, that is, family love; 3) philia, that is, the love between friends which we usually call brotherly; and 4) eros, that is, love experienced between a man and a woman when sexual feelings stir between them. It is the fourth kind of love that someone is experiencing when they tell you they have fallen in love. It’s a great experience. It comes in that wonderful rainbow like section of the spectrum of human emon Art?
2. Can you suggest ways to win a young woman or a young man’s love? At some point in our lives, we all play the dating game. The question is: how do we win it? Should we exaggerate our positive qualities or stick to the truth? Which pick-up lines are winners and which ones bomb? Will a blind date lead to longlasting love? Here are some “rules” to live by in the dating world. Choose the ones you think will work for you: Make them suspect you’re interested, but don’t let them know for sure. Men like the chase, so give it to them!

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新视角研究生英语复习资料Unit 1Unit 1一、VocabularyPart A1. His heart attack was triggered by the physical and emotional pressures suffered under interrogation.2. We are all under the illusion that the country is doing well economically , but in fact it is in serious difficulty.3.He couldn’t join the police because he was below the minimum height allowed by the rule.4. We hope to see stronger commitment from the world community for international working together in the fight to protect our common natural surroundings.5. The professor felt grateful and relieved that the debate hadn’t degenerated into something absurd and degrading.6. Tiger populations have stopped shrinking ,and working to protect them is now a way of life in nations where they roam.7. Our efforts result in a great rise in enrollments in our universities, coupled with a radical shift in higher education from the private to the public sector.8.It was such a funny and wonderful show; I could scarcely keep from laughing with delight.9. Details are often organized according to time sequence or from one place to another. These are two very important means of descriptive writing.10.Many how-to books advise you to stride into a room and impress others with your qualities.Part B1. Even without knowing all the details, the reader can often be able to predict the general direction the author is going to.A. anticipateB. expectC. captureD. nurture2. In the Chinese household, grandparents and other relatives play vital roles in raising children.A. intolerableB. impassionedC. intellectualD. indispensable3. Eat these foods with plentiful Vitamin C, for example, drink orange juice with cereal (谷类食品) or put a tomato on a sandwich, to increase the amount of iron absorbed.A. intensifyB. enhanceC. strengthenD. reinforce4. Believing that he was fully qualified, he submitted his application instantly, but a week later he was crushed to learn that it had been turned down.A. ultimatelyB. hesitantlyC. promptlyD. attentively5. The rule for the competition is somewhat vague. I can’t get it and I require an explanation.A. distinctB. obscureC. clumsyD. imaginary6. The diseases thrive in conditions where freshwater is insufficient and sanitation is poor.A. scarceB. plentifulC. fruitfulD. inexhaustible7. After the scandal, public confidence in the economic recovery has fallen dramatically, according to a post-election survey.A. graduallyB. frequentlyC. surprisinglyD. analytically8. The tutorial system is considered so important at Oxford and Cambridge that students are not even forced to attend general lectures.A. compelledB. insulatedC. memorizedD. challenged9. They must know how to keep and make use of and when necessary abandon the old and outdated conventional rules.A. skimB. clarifyC. discardD. insulate10. They believe that identity theft is caused by issuing too many instant credit cards, deficient checking of identity, and too few legal protections for consumers’ personal information.A. sufficientB. overdueC. naiveD. inadequate二、CloseHow to Be an Effective ListenerAuthor G. K. Chesterton once said, “There is no such thin g as an uninteresting subject; there are only uninterested people.” Listening is a skill that 1) requires coordination of the listener’s mental powers with an outside force (the person or thing which is being listened to). In addition, listening is three-2) dimensional; listen critically with the ears, 3) thoughtfully with the mind, and understandingly with the eyes.(1) Good listeners need to think around the topic by listening between the 4) lines, and anticipate the instructor’s5) next point.(2) Good listeners 6) summarize what has been said and put instructor’sthoughts into their 7) own words.(3) Good listeners listen with a pencil in their hands and take good 8) notes.(4) Good listeners try to get as much 9)out of a lecture as from a chapter in a book.(5) Good listeners avoid supersensitive listening, i.e. not 10) refuse to listen to anything they don’t agree with.(6) Good listeners sit near the 11) front so as not to miss anything.People who are good listeners manage to judge the 12) content, and not the delivery. They realize that not all instructors are good lecturers. Some instructors have a very nervous demeanor ( 行为；举止) and may not 13) act as though they are comfortable lecturin g; it doesn’t mean that they have nothing of 14) value to say. And some instructors may have a(n) 15) accent, or may speak softly. Again, while these things may be 16)distracting to the listener, every 17) effort should be made to ignore these physical problems and pay attention to the message.Another area that good listeners can take 18) advantage of is non-verbal communication. Facial expressions, gestures, body posture: all of these add to a lecture. Even something so minor as the instructor pacing back and 19) forth, stopping only to emphasize a point, is important. A good listener will couple what is being said with what isn’t being said (non-verbals) and draw 20) conclusions .三、Translation1. 那位教授很可能在他唯一的学生缺席的情况下对着空空的教室讲了一课。