2019年攻读博士学位研究生初试参考书目-医学博士英语
博士生考试参考书目.docx
王东明
2007年，第二版
大数据智能
《机器学习》
清华大学出版社
周志华
2016年
模式识别
《模式分类》
机械工业出版社
迪达等著
2003年，第二版
计算机图形学
《计算机图形学基础教程》
清华大学出版社
孙家广、胡事民
2005年
《计算机图形学（版）》
清华大学出版社
S 等著。胡事民 等译
2009年,第三版
自然地理学
《自然地理学》
科学出版社
刘南威
2007年，第二版
普通化学
《普通化学》
高等教育出版社
徐端钧
2011年,第六版
环境微生物学
《环境微生物学》
清华大学出版社
任何军、张婷娣
2015年
环境毒理学
《环境毒理学基础》
高等教育出版社
孟紫强
2010年,第二版
环境科学
《环境学导论》
清华大学出版社
何强，井文涌
2004年，第三版
附件1
2019年博士生考试参考书目
学科
考试科目
参考书名
出版社
作者
出版年份、版次
材料科学与工程
材料科学基础
《材料科学基础》
上海交通大学出版社
胡赓祥、蔡珣、戎咏华
2010年，第三版
固体物理
《固体物理学》
高等教育出版社
黄昆
2009年，第一版
物理化学
《物理化学》
高等教育出版社
傅献彩
2005年，第五版
有机化学
高等光学
《高等物理光学》
中国科学技术大学出版社
羊国光,宋菲君
2019医学考博英语真题电子版
2019医学考博英语真题电子版part ⅡVocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B, C D, are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentences. Then, mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.1.appetite2.purition(水净化步骤)3.gratitude(感激烈士牺牲做贡献)4.surveyed(调查一堆人)5.futile(没有用)6.accidental7.vulnerable8.likewise9.in turn10.turn toSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET.1.disaster(灾难)2.malformation(畸形)3.increased4.immerse(好像是什么腿肿了浸泡在冰里)5.restrain6.Maintenance (保养维修什么东西)7.inactive8.tedious(好像是什么)monotonous(单调的乏味的)9.apparent(明显的划线的词是)distinct10.slender(说的女性什么追求苗条划线词是slim)。
英语学院2019年博士研究生招生专业目录及参考书目
英语学院2019年博士研究生招生专业目录及参考书目一、学院简介英语学院是对外经济贸易大学历史最悠久的院系之一，英语专业成立于1951年，1978年获得全国首批英语语言文学专业硕士学位授予权，2003年获批“外国语言文学”一级学科硕士学位授予权，2012年在应用经济学一级学科下自设“商务外语研究”二级博士学位授权点和博士后流动站，2018年获批“外国语言文学”一级学科博士学位授予权，学科体系已近完备。
英语学院教学和研究团队实力雄厚，现有专任教师120余人，博士生导师12人，教授17人，多人担任国务院学位委员会学科评议组成员，教育部教学指导委员会副主任委员、委员，多人获得国务院政府特殊津贴专家、教育部新世纪优秀人才、北京市教学名师、北京市师德先进个人等称号，66%具有副教授以上职称，80%的教师拥有博士学位，90%的教师具有海外留学、进修或工作经历。
此外学院还常年聘有外国专家及外籍教师、国内外知名客座和兼职教授20余人。
学院的成长与国家改革开放的历程同步，六十年来，我们紧跟国家对外发展的战略导向，强主流，显特色，业已形成外国文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学、商务英语研究及国别与区域研究5个稳定的主干学科方向，在聚焦国际商务环境下的语言、文学、翻译研究的同时，大力提升商务英语研究尤其是跨文化交际研究的特色优势，发挥高校智库作用，助推中国企业“走出去”，促进建设人类命运共同体，受到全国外语学界和社会的高度认可。
早年有著名爱国将领张治中将军长女、享受国务院特殊津贴专家张素我教授；有曾担任周恩来总理的英、匈、俄、法、西班牙语的翻译，《温哥华来客》的作者张冰姿教授；有中国当代著名翻译家张培基教授；有学校和学院的奠基人诸葛霖教授；有曾在外交部担任翻译的汪廷弼教授；有1979年首批赴澳留学的杨潮光教授；有上世纪八十年代央视《夺魁》教学节目主讲人丁衡祁教授；有上世纪八十年代中国作家协会会员屠珍教授；有英文“活字典”的何增楣教授；有北京市人大代表廖雅章教授等一代海内外名师和学者耕耘于此。
整理19年医学考博英语真题
中国医科大学2021年博士研究生入学考试
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中国医科大学2021年博士研究生入学考试
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2019年宁波大学博士研究生招生考试初试科目
2019年宁波大学博士研究生招生考试初试科目
考试大纲
科目代码、名称: 3826 内科学
一、考试形式与试卷结构
（一）试卷满分值及考试时间
本试卷满分为100分，考试时间为180分钟。
（二）答题方式
答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
试卷由试题和答题纸组成；答案必须写在答题纸（由考点提供）相应的位置上。
（三）试卷内容结构
考试内容主要包括：1、掌握常见的症状与体征；2、掌握基本的实验室检查及心电图的判读；3、掌握内科系统常见疾病的发病机制、临床表现、诊断要点、鉴别诊断、治疗原则；4、了解学科发展的热点方向。
（四）试卷题型结构
1.名词解释
2.选择题
3.简答题
4.病例分析题
二、考查目标
考察考生对临床医学的基本理论、基本原理和基本知识的掌握程度。
三、考查范围或考试内容概要
循证医学与临床决策
呼吸系统疾病
心血管系统疾病
消化系统疾病
泌尿系统疾病
血液和造血系统疾病
内分泌和代谢疾病
风湿性疾病
理化因素引起的疾病
参考教材或主要参考书：
1.《内科学》（8年制），王辰，王建安主编，人民卫生出版社，第3版,2015年3月。
2.《内科学精粹》，陈晓敏主编，浙江大学出版社，第1版，2012年3月。
南京中医药大学2019年攻读全日制中医专业学位博士研究生入
105701中医内科学 中西医结合治疗恶性肿瘤的临床和实验研究
舒鹏 1001英语 2301内科学或2302金匮要略 3310中医内科学
中医药治疗肿瘤的研究
吴勉华 1001英语 2301内科学或2302金匮要略 3310中医内科学
中医内科病机辨证理论与临床及名医经验传承
叶放 1001英语 2301内科学或2302金匮要略 3310中医内科学
3310中医内科学或3307诊断学 3310中医内科学或3307诊断学
105709中西医结合临床
围术期器官保护和针刺器官保护作用机制研究
中西医结合泌尿系肿瘤微创研究
105707针灸推拿学
穴位贴敷治疗哮喘及雷火灸治疗骨关节病 针灸治疗脑血管疾病的基础与临床研究
003第二临床医学院
105707针灸推拿学 中医防治心血管系统疾病的效应研究
3301中医外科学
1001英语 2304妇产科学
3303中医妇科学
陈晓虎 1001英语 2301内科学
3310中医内科学或3307诊断学
男性性功能障碍及不育症临床研究
陈赟 1001英语 2303解剖学
3301中医外科学或3311外科学
消化道肿瘤中西医结合临床及基础研究 105709中西医结合临床
血液病中西医诊治的基础与临床
刘沈林 孙雪梅
1001英语 2301内科学 1001英语 2301内科学
105709中西医结合临床 生殖健康高危妊娠的管理及诊治
田伟千 朱清毅 刘兰英 彭拥军 顾一煌 陈仁寿 隆红艳 霍介格 刘红权 胡镜清 沈建平 万贵平 王佩娟 朱方石 吕国忠 韩国荣
1001英语 2303解剖学
3309麻醉学
1001英语 2303解剖学
2019年博士研究生入学考试初试科目大纲
(四)核酸
DNA和RNA的组分、结构和功能及二者之间的差异，以及核酸的主要理化特性；DNA一、二、三级结构，RNA的一级结构及分类；核酸杂交技术的原理及应用。
(八)糖代谢
熟悉糖的各种代谢途径，包括物质代谢、能量代谢和酶的作用；掌握糖酵解、丙酮酸的氧化脱羧、三羧酸循环和磷酸戊糖途径及其限速酶调控位点、生理学意义；糖原的分解与合成代谢的概念、反应步骤及限速酶；理解糖的无氧分解、有氧氧化的概念、部位和过程。
(九)脂代谢
脂肪酸代谢的调节；磷脂和胆固醇的代谢；熟悉脂类的消化、吸收和转运；酮体的生成和利用；脂肪酸的活化、和脂肪酸β-氧化过程及能量生成的计算；酮体的生成和利用；脂肪酸的生物合成途径。
(十三)蛋白质生物合成
密码子的概念、分类、特点、蛋白质生物合成的步骤；核糖体、tRNA的结构及它们在蛋白质合成中的作用、蛋白质合成的能量消耗。
(十四)物质代谢的调节机制
糖代谢和脂肪代谢的关系；糖代谢与蛋白质代谢的相互关系、脂肪代谢与蛋白质代谢的相互关系、核酸与其它代谢的相互关系。
二、参考书目
不指定参考书目，考试范围以本考试大纲为准。
(十)蛋白质的降解和氨基酸代谢
蛋白质的酶促降解；氨基酸的脱氨基作用和脱羧基作用，氨的代谢去路；氨基酸合成代谢；
(十一)核苷酸代谢
掌握核苷酸的分解和合成代谢；核苷酸的从头合成概念、过程；核苷酸的补救合成；嘌呤、嘧啶核苷酸的分解代谢与合成代谢的途径。
(十二)核酸的生物合成
DNA的复制和DNA损伤的修复基本过程；DNA半保留复制的实验原理；真核细胞的转录作用、RNA的复制、RNA的转录后加工。
中国医科大学2019年博士研究生入学考试参考书目
3014
细胞生物学
医学细胞生物学
人民卫生出版社 第5版
陈誉华
3019
环境卫生学
环境卫生学
人民卫生出版社 第8版
杨克敌
3022 流行病与卫生统计学
流行病学 卫生统计学
人民卫生出版社 第8版 人民卫生出版社 第8版
詹思延 李晓松
3023
组织胚胎学
组织学与胚胎学
高等教育出版社 第3版
石玉秀
3024
麻醉药理学
彭聃龄 郑日昌
第 1 页，共 1 页
中国医科大学2019年博士研究生入学考试参考书目
科目 代码
考试科目名称
参考书目名称
出版社
版次
主编
3001
病理生理学
病理生理学
人民卫生出版社 第9版
王建枝
3002
病理学
病理学
高等教育出版社 第3版
王恩华
3003
病原生物学
病原生物学
科学出版社
第5版
罗恩杰
3008
流行病学
流行病学
人民卫生出版社 第8版
詹思延
麻醉药理学
人民卫生出版社 第4版
喻田
3025
遗传学
人类发育与遗传学
科学出版社
第3版
赵彦艳
3026
药代动力学
临床药物代谢动力学
科学出版社
第3版
刘克辛
3027
口腔生物学
口腔生物学
人民卫生出版社 第4版
边专
3028
药理学
药理学
人民卫生出版社 第3版 杨宝峰 陈建国
3029
心理学基础
普通心理学 心理测试学
2019年宁波大学博士研究生招生考试初试科目
2019年宁波大学博士研究生招生考试初试科目考试大纲科目代码、名称: 2612病理生理学一、考试形式与试卷结构（一）试卷满分值及考试时间本试卷满分为100分，考试时间为180分钟。
（二）答题方式答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
试卷由试题和答题纸组成；答案必须写在答题纸（由考点提供）相应的位置上。
（三）试卷内容结构考试内容主要包括疾病概论，水、电解质代谢紊乱，酸碱平衡紊乱，缺氧，发热，应激，缺血－再灌注损伤，休克，凝血和抗凝血平衡紊乱，心功能不全，肺功能不全，肝功能不全肾功能不全，脑功能不全。
（四）试卷题型结构1.名词解释2.选择题3.论述题4.分析题二、考查目标课程考试的目的在于测试考生系统地掌握疾病发生的原因和条件，疾病发生、发展的规律和趋势，为疾病的防治提供理论依据。
三、考查范围或考试内容概要病生绪论,疾病概论掌握：细胞和分子在各种病因作用下所发生的代谢、功能、形态变化特征及对机体的影响，同时掌握一般的处理原则。
了解：病理生理学的研究内容、任务和在医学中的地位；病理生理学的主要研究方法及发展简史。
水、电解质紊乱掌握：水、钠代谢障碍及其分类，水、钠代谢异常的引起原因、对机体的影响及处理原则；钾代谢及钾代谢障碍对机体的影响.酸碱平衡紊乱掌握：机体对酸碱平衡的调节机制、反映酸碱平衡状况的常用指标及其意义、各种酸硷平衡紊乱及对机体的影响和处理原则。
分析判断酸碱平衡紊乱的方法及其病理生理基础。
缺氧掌握：缺氧的类型、原因和发病机制，掌握缺氧时机体的功能代谢变化；了解：机体对缺氧耐受性的因素；发热掌握: 发热的原因及机制，发热机体的主要功能代谢变化。
了解: 发热时的热代谢特点，发热的生物学意义。
应激掌握：应激时的神经内分泌反应，应激时机体的功能代谢变化，应激蛋白，应激与疾病。
缺血—再灌注损伤掌握：缺血—再灌注损伤的发生机制。
了解：缺血—再灌注损伤的原因，条件及功能代谢变化。
休克掌握：休克的发生机制，休克的细胞代谢改变及器官功能障碍；各型休克的特点；凝血和抗凝血平衡紊乱掌握: 弥散性血管内凝血的原因和机制，弥散性血管内凝血的发展弥散性血管内凝血过程、功能代谢变化及临床表现。
2019年博士科目及参考书目
2019年博士科目及参考书目001化学工程学院081700 化学工程与技术002机械工程学院080200 机械工程080706 化工过程机械003信息工程学院081100 控制科学与工程004经贸管理学院020200 应用经济学120200 工商管理005生物工程学院081703 生物化工006建筑工程学院081400 土木工程007药学院100700 药学008计算机科学与技术学院081200 计算机科学与技术017长三角绿色制药协同创新中心081703 生物化工083000 环境科学与工程100700 药学024环境学院083000 环境科学与工程001化学工程学院081700化学工程与技术一、初试科目及参考书目3101化工原理：《化工原理》（第3版）何潮洪等科学出版社 2017《化工原理》上/下册(第四版) 谭天恩、窦梅等化学工业出版社 20132102高等有机化学：《高等有机化学》(第1版) 王积涛高等教育出版社 1980《高等有机化学》(第1版) 恽魁宏高等教育出版社1989《高等有机化学基础》(修订本)(2)荣国斌化学工业出版社 20022101物理化学：《物理化学》（5）天津大学物理化学教研室高等教育出版社 2009 3105化学反应工程：《反应工程》(第2版) 李绍芬化学工业出版社，2010《化学反应工程》(第3 版) 陈甘棠化学工业出版，20103106传递过程原理:《传递原理及其应用》裘俊红化学工业出版社 2007《应用流体力学》毛根海高等教育出版社 2006《Transport Phenomena》（传递现象, 第2版） Bird R.B.等 John Wiley & Sons Inc, 20023108高分子化学：《高分子化学》（第5版），潘祖仁主编，化学工业出版社，2011年9月；3107材料学：《材料科学基础》（第四版），刘智恩主编，西北工业大学出版社，2013年9月；《材料科学基础》，杜丕一、潘颐编著，中国建材工业出版社，2002年3月。
医学考博2019真题
Listening：无Vocabulary：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subjectto abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acidrain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it willhappen______, and it will not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous diseasein the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains firstseek medical help to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD.accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take placeright under our noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock comemostly from ______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD.contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects on bones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______ to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overly dependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite ofa full array of emergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helps us understand a person’ emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have known far 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychology at the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The 53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to be afraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Symptoms and Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”, was published in the journal The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respond and what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children—so, understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of social learning,” Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchers showed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old, images of two women’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped with an eye tracking device that allowed them to measure 54 on the screen children were looking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the two women a total of four times. Next, one of the images was 55 with a loud scream and a fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both faces again without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired with the loud scream than the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they pay attention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they were of the faces.3. The more children avoided eye contact；the more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a face when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads to greater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety 59 , the study finds that—over time—children may be missing out 60_ important social information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary, and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” period from birth to three may scar a child’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far fromit.Certainty, Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy，and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it’s practiced by so many people nowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don’t know about day care’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care for their children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What’s the author’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needs further study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory inthemselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada’s North are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behavior can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of years, ” says Moore, " Animals can't change their behavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft，and they’re easier to deploy,”he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,”what does Moore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in theArctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in the Journal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development. The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day or more in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animal studies have further suggested that prenatal caffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liver development with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a debilitating condition normally associated with obesity and diabetes. However, the underlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liverdevelopment remains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates these effects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China, investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose (equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function and hormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin like growth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of the stress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activity for liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function, as IGF-1 activity increases and stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease caused by prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced, compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lower birth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our current understanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest the potential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, these animal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggests that prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findings still need to be confirmed in people, I would recommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats given caffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has been achieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development when taking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The research hasn’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoidcaffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers. Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery? No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours later on a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep. And the great French writer Voltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed, dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went back to bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, Pandit Ramrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer, in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker. He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said to know more about sleep than any otherliving man, and during the last thirty-five years had lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers. But none of my sleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, I doubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of those dramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. It lends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is much more common than is generally supposed. Some have estimated that there are four million somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that an accurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vivid dream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, or some other emotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare’s Lady Macbeth. Her nightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut.”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weighty problems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “Some people stay awake all night worrying about their problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are still truthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identified two sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives”: aggression and libido. The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams. The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of the forebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just above the hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for something new. “What I was seeing,” he says, “was the urge to do stuff. ” Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that sounds very much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects,” says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically.” Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement —which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral。
2019年度全国医学考博英语统考-阅读理解全解及详解
2019年度全国医学考博英语统考-阅读理解全解及详解2019年全国医学考博英语阅读理解(真题)Part IV Reading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from complicated and controversialday care would not be so widespread today if parents,care-takers found children had problems with it.Thirdly,in the last decade,there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care,and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children’s development（63）.Whatever the long-term effects,parents sometimes find theimmediate effects difficult to deal with.Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness.At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time（64）.The matter,then,is far from clear-cut,though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.英国⼼理分析学家约翰-波尔认为在孩⼦出⽣到3岁之前这时间段是孩⼦敏感的依恋期，和⽗母分离的话可能会伤害到孩⼦性格的形成，并可使他们在未来容易出现情感问题。
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2019年攻读博士学位研究生初试参考书目
考试科目代码考试科目名称参考书目
1001英语无
1003日语《新编日语》(1-3册)周平、陈小芬，上海外语教育出版社
1004德语①《大学德语》戴鸣钟，高等教育出版社；②《新编大学德语》朱建华编，外语教学与研究出版社，2002年9月第一版
1005法语《法语》(1-3册)马晓宏，外语教育出版社
2001工程流体力学①《工程流体力学》（第二版），归柯庭汪军王秋颖，科学出版社，2015年；②《工程流体力学》（第四版），孔珑，中国电力出版社，2014年
2002传热学《传热学》杨世铭，高等教育出版社，2006年
2003计算方法《数值分析》李庆杨等编著，清华大学出版社，2008年2005物理光学《物理光学》第四版，梁铨庭，电子工业出版社,2012年
2006传感器技术及应用①《传感器》强锡富主编，机械工业出版社，2004年7月第三版；②《非电量电测技术》严钟豪等主编，机械工业出版社，2003年1月第二版
2007激光原理《激光原理及应用》陈家璧，彭润玲主编，电子工业出版社，2010年
2008普通物理（光学）《普通物理学》（光学部分）程守洙，人民教育出版社
2009现代数学基础①《高等数学》(第5版)(上下册)，同济大学应用数学系主编，高等教育出版社，2007.7；②《线性代数》(第3版)，同济大学数学系《线性代数》编写组编，同济大学出版社，2010.8；③《常微分方程》(第3版)，王高雄等编，高等教育出版社，2006.7。
2010最优化方法《最优化方法》，解可新等，天津出版社，1997年8月
2012系统工程《系统工程》，严广乐，张宁，刘媛华编，机械工业出版社，2008年09月
2013常微分方程《常微分方程》，王高雄等编，高等教育出版社，2006年07月
2014计算机网络《计算机网络》（第4版），Andrew S.Tanenbaum著，潘爱民译，清华大学出版社，2004
2015管理学《管理学：现代的观点》，芮明杰主编，上海人民出版社，2005年05月
2016经济学①《西方经济学（微观部分）》、西方经济学（宏观部分）》，高鸿业主编，中国人民大学出版社，2007年3月;②《微观经济学：现代观点》，范里安著，上海人民出版社，最新版;③《宏观经济学》，多恩布什著，中国财政经济出版社，最新版
2019弹性力学《弹性力学》（上）（第5版），徐芝纶，高等教育出版社，2016年
2020数值分析《数值分析》李庆杨等编著，清华大学出版社，2008年
2021
材料科学基础《材料科学基础》（第3版），胡赓祥、蔡珣、戎咏华，上海交通大学出版社，2010年
2022工程数学①《工程数学》，侯风波等编，高等教育出版社，2004年7月；
②《高等工程数学》，于寅编，华中科技大学出版社，2003年1月
2023机械设计基础①《机械设计基础》，杨可桢主编，高等教育出版社，第4版；
②《机械原理》，邹慧君等主编，高等教育出版社，2006年5月第2版
2024电子线路①《电子技术基础（模拟部分）》，《电子技术基础（数字部分）》，康华光主编，高等教育出版社，第5版；②《电子线路（线性部分）》，《电子线路（非线性部分）》，冯军等主编，高等教育出版社，第5版
2025食品化学①《食品化学》王璋等编，中国轻工业出版社，1999年第1版；
②《食品化学》王璋等译，中国轻工业出版社，2003年第1版
2026数理方程①《数学物理方程》袁洪君等编，高等教育出版社，2006年第一版；②《数学物理方程》陈志浩编，高等教育出版社，1990年第一版
2027普通化学《普通化学》，浙江大学普通化学教研组编，徐端钧等修订，2015年（第六版）
2028物理化学《物理化学》第五版，上下两册，高等教育出版社，天津大学物理化学教研室编，李松林，周亚军，刘俊吉修订，2009年
2029分析化学《分析化学》上册（第六版）、《分析化学》下册（第五版），武汉大学主编，高等教育出版社，2007年
3001工程热力学《工程热力学》童钧耕主编，高等教育出版社，2007年
3002数值传热学①《流体流动与传热的数值计算》帕坦卡著，张政译，科学出版社，1989年；②《数值传热学》陶文铨编著，西安交通大学出版社，第二版，2001年
3003最优控制《最优控制应用基础》刑继祥，科学出版社，2003年
3004锅炉原理①《锅炉原理》陈学俊主编，机械工业出版社，1991年；②《锅炉原理及计算》冯俊凯、沈幼庭，科学出版社，2003年；③锅炉原理，《锅炉原理》，周强泰主编，中国电力出版社，2009年
3005燃烧学①《工程燃烧学》汪军主编，中国电力出版社，2008年；②《工程燃烧学》童正明，张松寿编著，中国计量出版社,2008年
3008透平机械原理《航空叶片机原理》楚武利，刘前智，胡春波，西北工业大学出版社，2009年8月，第一版
3009机械系统可靠性技术①《汽车可靠性工程基础》王宵锋，清华大学出版社，2007年；
②《机械可靠性设计》刘惟信,清华大学出版社,2000年
3010泵与风机①《泵与风机》沙毅、闻建龙编著，中国科学技术大学出版社，2005年；②《离心式压缩机原理》徐忠主编，机械工业出版社，1990年
3011计算流体力学①《计算流体力学》李万平，2004年；②《计算流体力学教程》张德良高等教育出版社，2010年
3013热工测试技术①《热能与动力工程测试技术》（第2版）严兆大,机械工业出版社，2006年；②《热力机械测试技术》叶大钧，机械工业出版社，2000年
3015制冷原理《制冷原理与装置》，郑贤德，机械工业出版社，2005年3016材料化学《材料化学》李松林等编著，化学工业出版社，2008年
3017固态相变与扩散《材料固态相变与扩散》，程晓农编著，化学工业出版社,2006年
3018傅立叶光学《傅里叶光学》吕乃光，机械工业出版社，2006年
3020微机原理及应用①《8086／8088宏汇编语言程序设计》张怀莲，电子工业出版社；②《8086／8088系列微型计算机原理》舒贞权、任伟利编，西安交大出版社
3022电磁场理论《电磁场与电磁波》(第1-6章)，谢处方饶克谨编，第四版，高等教育出版社,2006年
3023光电检测《光电检测技术及应用》周秀云等，电子工业出版社，2009年
3025测试系统应用设计《测试技术基础》王伯雄主编清华大学出版社2003年4月第1版
3027控制理论《最优控制理论与应用》，李国勇编著，国防工业出版社，2008年10月
3028化工原理A 《化工原理》（上、下册）(第四版)，第2版，陈敏恒、丛德滋、方图南、齐鸣斋编，化学工业出版社，2015.7
3029建筑环境学①《建筑环境学》（第二版），黄晨等，机械工业出版社，2016.5；
②《建筑环境学》（第四版），朱颖心等，中国建筑工业出版社，2016.7
3030运筹学《高级运筹学》，马良主编，机械工业出版社，2008年
3031线性代数《线性代数》，卢刚，冯翠莲编著，北京大学出版社，2006年06月
3032统计物理《热力学》（统计物理部分）（第三版），汪志诚，高等教育出版社
3034计算机基础与应用《计算机软件基础》沈被娜，清华大学出版社，2002年
3035数理统计《概率论与数理统计》(浙大四版)，盛骤，谢式千，潘承毅编，高等教育出版，2008年6月
3036管理信息系统《管理信息系统》（第六版），薛华成主编，清华大学出版社，2013年8月
3038计量经济学《计量经济学》（第四版），李子奈，潘文卿编著，高等教育出版社，2015年9月
3044机械测试与控制基础①《机械工程测试技术基础（第3版）》，熊诗波黄长艺，机械工业出版社，2009年②《机械工程控制基础(第六版)》，杨叔子杨克冲，华中科技大学出版社，2011年
3045机械优化设计①《机械优化设计方法》.陈立周，冶金工业出版社,2005年
②《机械优化设计》，孙靖民，梁迎春,机械工业出版社,2004年
3046医学基础《生理学》，朱大年主编，人民卫生出版社，第七版
3047低温生物学《低温生物医学技术》，华泽钊，任禾盛主编，科学出版社，1994年9月
3048新能源理论基础《新能源概论》王革华主编,化学工业出版社,书号：9787502587864
3049材料物理《材料物理》张德主编，化学工业出版社，2011.5
3050高等岩土力学①《高等土力学》，李广信主编，清华大学出版社，2004年；
②《岩体力学》沈明荣主编，同济大学出版社
3051线性系统理论《线性系统理论》，郑大钟，清华大学版社，2005年（第二版）
3052纳米材料《纳米材料和纳米结构》，张立德，牟季美著，科学出版社有限责任公司出版，2016年3月
3053数字图像处理《数字图像处理》第三版，冈萨雷斯著，电子工业出版社，2017年5月
3054微生物学①《微生物学教程》（第2版），周德庆，高等教育出版社，2006年；②《食品微生物学》(第3版)，何国庆,贾英民，丁立孝，中国农业大学出版社，2016年
3055化工原理B ①《化工原理》（第四版）（上下册）陈敏恒等编，化学工业出版社，2015年；②《制药化工原理》（第二版）王志祥、黄德春主编，化学工业出版社，2014年
3056食品冷冻冷藏与设备①《食品冷冻冷藏原理与设备》，华泽钊、李云飞、刘宝林，机械工业出版社，2004年；②《食品冷冻冷藏学》，刘宝林等，中国农业出版社，2010.8。