生物膜(英文版)
第十章生物膜ppt-PowerPointPresent
•二、大分子物质的过膜转运
•吞噬作用（ phagocytosis）
•细胞内吞噬 较大的固体颗 粒或分子复合 物如微生物、 细胞碎片等的 过程。
•
•第四节 膜受体介导的信号传导
•
•一、受体 •1.受体的概念
• 是指细胞膜上或细胞内能识别生物活性分子（激素、神
经递质、毒素、药物等）并与之结合的生物大分子。
•当两种细胞融合形成杂 核细胞后，各自特定的 蛋白质分布在各自膜表 面。
•一段时间后发现不同的 蛋白质已均匀的分布在 杂核细胞膜上。
•
•流动镶嵌模型
•脂双分子层是细胞膜的主要结构支架；膜蛋白为球蛋白，分 布于脂双层表面或嵌入脂分子中，有的甚至横跨整个脂双层 ；细胞膜具有流动性；组成细胞膜的各种成分在膜中的分布 是不均匀的，即具有不对称性。
第十章生物膜pptPowerPointPresent
2020年8月12日星期三
•本章主要内容
•生物膜的化学组成 •生物膜的结构 •物质的过膜运输 •信号的跨膜传导
•
•第一节 生物膜的化学组成
•
生物膜（biomembranes）
是包括细胞质膜在内的细胞中全部膜结构的统称。
•A 细胞膜 •B 腔膜 •C 线粒体膜 •D 消化泡（次级溶酶体 ） •E 内质网膜 •F 分泌泡
• 结构为
•半乳糖
•
•二、膜蛋白 •
•根据在膜上的定位情况： • 外周蛋白 • 内在蛋白 • • 膜蛋白是生物膜实施功能的基本场所。
•
•外周蛋白（peripheral protein）
• 这类蛋白约占膜蛋白的20－30%，分布于双 层脂膜的外表层，主要通过静电引力或范德华力 与膜结合。 • 外周蛋白与膜的结合比较疏松，容易从膜上 分离出来。 • 外周蛋白能溶解于水。
高中生物竞赛细胞生物学专业词中英文对照(1-3章)
细胞生物学专业词中英文对照第一章细胞学——Cytology细胞生物——Cell biology细胞学说——Cell theory原生质——protoplasm原生质体——protoplast有丝分裂——mitosis福尔根反应——Feulgen reaction哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白——mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)支原体——mycoplast真核细胞——rucaryotic cell真核生物——procaryote原核细胞——prokaryotic cell原核生物——prokaryote类群、域——domain古核细胞——archaea古核生物——archaeon古细菌——archaebacteria真细菌——eubacteria鞭毛——flagellum鞭毛蛋白——flagellin类核——nucleoid质粒——plasmid管蛋白——tubulin蓝细菌——cyanobacteria类囊体——thylakoid异形胞——heterocyst直系同源基因——orthologous gene 盐细菌——halobacteria热源体——thermoplasma硫氧化菌——sulfolobus核小体——nucleosome核纤层——nuclear lamina核纤层蛋白——lamin核基质——nuclear matrix纳米生物学——nanobiology自我装配——self-assembly协助装配——aided-assembly直接装配——direct-assembly次生代谢产物——secondary metabolite天然产物——natural product衣壳——capsid核壳体——nucleocapsid囊膜——envelope第二章光学显微镜——light microscope分辨率——resolution相差显微镜——phase-contrast microscope微分干涉显微镜——differential-interference microscope录像增差显微镜——video-enhance microscope荧光显微镜——fluorescence microscope绿色荧光蛋白——green fluorescent protein, GFP激光扫描共焦显微镜——laser scanning confocal microscope, LSCM全内反射荧光显微术——total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy 光激活定位显微术——photoactivated localization microscopy, PALM随机光学重构显微术——stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy受激发射损耗显微术——stimulated emission depletion microscopy结构照明显微术——structured-illumination microscopy, SIM电子显微镜——electron microscope, EM电荷耦合器件——charge-coupled device, CCD超薄切片——ultrathin section负染色技术——negative staining冷冻蚀刻技术——frezze etching快速冷冻深度蚀刻技术——quick freeze deep etching低温电镜技术——cryo-electron microscopy单颗粒分析技术——single particle analysis电子断层成像技术——electron tomography背散射电子成像——back scattered electron imaging扫描电镜——scanning electron microscope, SEM光-电关联技术——correlative light microscopy and electron microscopy 扫描隧道显微镜——Scanning tunnel microscope, STM原子力显微镜——atomic force microscope, AFM免疫印记——western blotting放射免疫沉淀——radioimmuno-precipitation原位杂交——in situ hybridization流式细胞术——flow cytometry原代细胞——primary culture cell传代细胞——subculture cell单层细胞——single layer cell细胞系——cell line有限细胞系——finite cell line永生细胞系——infinite cell line连续细胞系——continuous cell line细胞株——cell strain成纤维样细胞——fibroblast like cell上皮样细胞——epithelial like cell外殖体——explant愈伤组织——callus细胞融合——cell fusion电融合技术——electrofusion methodB淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术——B-lymphocyte hybridoma technique 单克隆抗体——monoclonal antibody胞质体——cytoplast核质体——karyoplast细胞松弛素B——cytochalasin B显微操作——micromanipulation微量注射——microinjection荧光漂白恢复技术——fluorescence photobleaching recovery, FPR 荧光恢复——fluorescence recovery酵母双杂交系统——yeast two-hybrid systemDNA结合域——DNA binding domain转录激活域——activation domain荧光共振能量转移——fluorescence resonance energy transfer, FRET 放射自显影技术——autoradiography第三章细胞质膜——plasma membrane细胞内膜系统——internal membrane生物膜——biomembrane单位膜模型——unit membrane model流动镶嵌模型——fluid mosaic model菌紫红质——bacteria rhodopsin脂筏模型——lipid raft model辛德毕斯病毒——sindbis virus, SbV甘油磷脂——glycerophosphatide鞘脂——sphingolipid固醇——sterol磷脂酰胆碱——phosphatidylcholine, PC(卵磷脂)磷脂酰乙醇胺——phosphatidylethanolamine, PE磷脂酰丝氨酸——phosphatidyserine, PS磷脂酰肌醇——phosphaditylinositol, PI心磷脂——cardiolipin鞘磷脂——sphingomyelin, SM磷脂——phospholipid豆固醇——stigmasterol麦角固醇——ergosterol翻转酶——flippase脂质体——liposome微团——micelle膜蛋白——membrane protein周边膜蛋白——peripheral membrane protein外在膜蛋白——extrinsic membrane protein整合膜蛋白——integral membrane protein内在膜蛋白——intrinsic membrane protein脂锚定膜蛋白——lipid-anchored membrane protein 磷脂酶——phospholipase蛋白聚糖——proteoglycan磷脂酰肌醇糖脂——glycosylphosphaditylinositol跨膜蛋白——transmembrane protein单次跨膜蛋白——single-pass transmembrane protein 多次跨膜蛋白——multipass transmembrane protein 孔蛋白——porin卷曲结构——coiled-coil水孔蛋白——aquaporin去垢剂——detergent微团临界浓度——critical micelle concentration,CMC相变温度——phase transition temperature扩散常数——diffusion constant细胞外表面——extrocytoplasmic surface, ES外小叶——outer leaflet原生质表面——protoplasmic surface, PS内小叶——inner leaflet细胞外小叶断裂面——extrocytoplasmic face，EF原生质小叶断裂面——protoplasmic face，PF脂肪细胞——adipocyte鞭毛——flagellum纤毛——cilium微绒毛——microvillus膜相关的细胞骨架——membrane associated cytoskeleton 肌动蛋白——actin基于肌动蛋白的膜骨架——actin-based membrane skeleton 细胞皮层——cortex血影——ghost血影蛋白（或红膜肽）——spectrin锚蛋白——ankyrin血型糖蛋白——glycoprotein内收蛋白——adducin阀蛋白——flotillin膜脂微区——membrane lipid microdomain 阿尔兹海默症——Alzheimer disease。
生物膜
细胞膜在电镜下为厚6-10nm的薄膜,主要由 脂类和蛋白质组成。生物膜的脂类具有非级性的 尾部和极性的头部，其尾部由于疏水作用而聚集 在一起，而头部则因亲水作用而与水相接触。除 类脂外，生物膜还含有多种蛋白质，这些蛋白质 便是膜蛋白。膜蛋白表面是两性的，其疏水表面 在膜内与脂类的脂肪酸链相接触，而亲水表面则 与膜两侧的水相和脂类的极性头部基团相接触， 因此膜蛋白不溶于水溶液中。正因为膜蛋白的这 种特性，认为膜蛋白不可能结晶成三维晶体。 但米歇尔勇于向困难挑战，解决了当时膜蛋白研 究面临的最大障碍，即膜蛋白不能结晶的问题。
1925， E. Gorter F. Grendel
单分子层微团、脂双分子层和脂质体结构
生物膜脂类分子的组成和含量
总脂（%） PC PE PS 鞘磷脂 胆固醇 糖脂 其它
肝细胞
红细胞 神经髓鞘 线粒体 内质网
24
17 10 49 40
7
18 15 25 17
4
7 9 2 5
19
18 8 0 5
17
光合反应中心的分子结构
局部膜结构——微区（microdomains）
膜脂和膜蛋白分子在细胞膜上的分布并不是均一的，它们可 形成特殊的，排列有序并且相对稳定的局部膜结构——微区 （microdomains）。脂筏（lipid rafts）和小凹（caveolae， 也称为膜窖）。二者均富含鞘糖脂和胆固醇。 脂筏直径约70nm,因所含有的鞘糖脂长且饱和的脂肪酸链相对 伸展而使局部细胞膜增厚。 小凹是电镜下可观察到的膜的囊状内陷，含有特异的结构蛋 白-小凹蛋白(caveolin)。脂筏和小凹通过所聚集的多种GPI连接糖蛋白、膜受体和信号分子等，参与了跨膜信号转导、 胆固醇代谢调节和膜泡运输等多种细胞行为。
生物膜是什么 如何消除生物膜
证书
1)微生物附着；
2)固定并成膜；
3)快速增长；
生物膜造成重复污染
生物膜形成后会向四周环境释放微生物，造成持续的微生物污染。例如管道内壁的生物膜会持续污染流经管道的饮水、物料，造成严重的二次污染。
生物膜存在于哪些场所
生物膜形成于水系统的边界（干区和湿区的交界处—例如：洗漱台的排水管），同时也存在于水系统中（罐体、管道、灌装机以及与水有接触的表面）。
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生物膜也叫生物被膜，英文名称Biofilm formation，生物膜由微生物分泌的胞外聚合物（EPS），一层薄薄的黏液层组成，形成一种水凝胶或基质，保护微生物免受外部影响和消毒措施。在正常情况下，生物膜可以抵抗大多数化学杀菌剂的攻击。
生物膜图示
生物膜的生长阶段
从图中可以看到，生物膜形成过程中大致有3个阶段：
如何消除生物膜？
生物膜具有极高的抗性，对消毒剂来说是一个真正的挑战。
想要消除生物膜，需要采用对生物膜具有强力作用的消毒剂，该消毒剂应能强力破除生物膜并杀灭生物膜内部的全部类型微生物。
德国Oxytech/奥克泰士消毒剂能够强力消除生物膜，解决生物膜造成的微生物污染危害。
生物膜(英文)
9,12,15-octadecatrienoate)
生物膜系统详细讲解
生物膜系统详细讲解英文回答：A biofilm is a complex community of microorganisms that adhere to surfaces and form a protective matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). This matrix provides structural integrity to the biofilm and allows for communication and cooperation among the microorganisms within it.Biofilms can form on various surfaces, including medical devices, pipes, and even natural environments like rocks and plants. They are commonly found in environments with moisture, such as water systems and the human body. In fact, biofilms are estimated to be responsible for over 80% of all microbial infections in humans.The formation of a biofilm begins with the attachment of individual microorganisms to a surface. Once attached, these microorganisms start to produce EPS, which acts as aglue to hold the biofilm together. As the biofilm grows, more microorganisms join the community and contribute to the EPS production.Within the biofilm, microorganisms communicate through a process called quorum sensing. This allows them to coordinate their activities and respond collectively to changes in their environment. For example, if a nutrient source becomes limited, the microorganisms in the biofilm can adjust their metabolic activities to ensure their survival.Biofilms are highly resistant to antibiotics and immune responses, making them difficult to treat. The EPS matrix provides a physical barrier that prevents antimicrobial agents from reaching the microorganisms within the biofilm. Additionally, the microorganisms in the biofilm can change their gene expression and become more resistant to antibiotics.One example of a biofilm-related infection is dental plaque. Dental plaque is a biofilm that forms on thesurface of teeth and can lead to tooth decay and gum disease. The bacteria in the plaque produce acids thaterode the enamel, causing cavities. Regular brushing and flossing help to disrupt the biofilm and prevent thebuildup of plaque.中文回答：生物膜是一种复杂的微生物群落，它附着在表面上，并形成一层保护性的胞外聚合物物质（EPS）基质。
中英文对照环保术语解析（排水）
中英文对照环保术语解析（排水）室外排水术语排水工程中排水制度和管渠附属构筑物的术语及其涵义发布人：水世界－中国城镇水网发布时间：2006-10-31１.合流水量 ComBinedfloW在一个地区内收集和输送废水的方式。
它有合流制和分流制两种基本方式。
2.合流制 ComBinedsysTem用同一种管渠收集和输送废水的排水方式。
3.分流制 separaTesysTem用不同管渠分别收集和输送各种污水、雨水和生产废水的排水方式。
4.检查井 manhole排水管渠上连接其他管渠以及供养护工人检查、清通和出入管渠的构筑物。
5.跌水井 dropmanhole上下游管底跌差较大的检查井。
6.事故排出口 emerGenCyouTleT在排水系统发生故障时，把废水临时排放到天然水体或其它地点去的设施。
7.暴雨溢流井（截留井） sTor mov erf loW Wel l，inT erC epT inG W ell合流制排水系统中，用来截留、控制合流水量的构筑物。
8.潮门 TideGaTe在排水管出水口处设置的单向启闭的阀，以防止潮水倒灌。
排水工程中水和水处理的术语及其涵义发布人：水世界－中国城镇水网发布时间：2006-10-311.原污泥 raWsludGe居民在日常生活中排出的废水。
2.工业废水 indusTrialWasTeWaTer生产过程中排出的水。
它包括生产废水和生产污水。
3.生产污水 polluTedindusTrialWasTevaTer被污染的工业废水。
还包括水温过高，排放后造成热污染的工业废水。
4.生产废水 non polluTedindusTrialWasTeWaTer未受污染或受轻微污染以及水温稍有升高的工业废水。
5.城市污水 muniCipalseWaGe，muniCipalWasTeWaTer排入城镇污水系统的污水的统称。
在合流制排水系统中，还包括生产废水和截留的雨水。
6.旱流污水 dryWeaTherfloW合流制排水系统在晴天时输送的污水。
生物膜系统详细讲解
生物膜系统详细讲解英文回答：Biofilm is a complex and organized community of microorganisms that adhere to surfaces and are enclosed within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). This matrix provides structural support and protection for the microorganisms within the biofilm. Biofilms can form on a wide range of surfaces, including medical devices, industrial equipment, and natural environments such as rocks and riverbeds.Biofilm formation begins with the attachment of individual microorganisms to a surface. This can be facilitated by the production of adhesins, which are proteins that enable the microorganisms to adhere to specific molecules on the surface. Once attached, the microorganisms begin to multiply and secrete EPS, which forms a protective layer around the community.The EPS matrix is composed of various components, including polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA. These substances not only provide structural integrity to the biofilm but also play a role in nutrient acquisition and communication between the microorganisms. For example, the EPS can trap and concentrate nutrients, allowing the microorganisms to survive in nutrient-limited environments. Additionally, the EPS can serve as a signaling network, enabling the microorganisms to coordinate their activities and respond to changes in their environment.Biofilms are highly resistant to antimicrobial agents and immune responses compared to their free-floating counterparts. The EPS matrix acts as a physical barrierthat prevents the penetration of antimicrobial agents and immune cells. Furthermore, the microorganisms within the biofilm can exhibit altered gene expression and metabolic activity, leading to increased resistance to antibiotics. This makes biofilm-associated infections difficult to treat and often requires the use of higher concentrations of antimicrobial agents or the removal of the infected surface.In addition to their pathogenic implications, biofilms also have beneficial roles in various ecosystems. For example, biofilms play a crucial role in wastewater treatment by removing organic pollutants and nitrogen compounds. They can also enhance the productivity of agricultural soils by promoting nutrient cycling and improving soil structure.中文回答：生物膜是一种复杂而有组织的微生物群落，它们附着在表面上，并被自身产生的胞外聚合物物质（EPS）所包裹。
生物学名词(附英文名称)解读
生物学名词(附英文名称)解读一、细胞(Cell)细胞是生物体的基本单位，是生命活动的场所。
细胞具有细胞膜、细胞质和细胞核等结构，负责执行生命活动的各种功能。
二、DNA(DNA)DNA是脱氧核糖核酸的缩写，是生物体内存储遗传信息的分子。
DNA分子由四种碱基组成，通过碱基对排列形成双螺旋结构，负责传递遗传信息。
三、蛋白质(Protein)蛋白质是生物体内的重要分子，具有多种功能，如催化反应、运输物质、调节细胞活动等。
蛋白质由氨基酸组成，通过肽键连接形成长链。
四、酶(Enzyme)酶是一种特殊的蛋白质，具有催化化学反应的功能。
酶能够降低化学反应的活化能，提高反应速率，从而加速生命活动。
五、光合作用(Photosynthesis)光合作用是植物、藻类和某些细菌利用光能将二氧化碳和水转化为有机物和氧气的过程。
光合作用是地球上生物能量循环的基础。
六、呼吸作用(Respiration)呼吸作用是生物体内分解有机物，释放能量的过程。
呼吸作用包括有氧呼吸和无氧呼吸两种形式，有氧呼吸需要氧气，无氧呼吸不需要氧气。
七、有丝分裂(Mitosis)有丝分裂是生物体内细胞分裂的一种方式，通过有丝分裂，一个细胞分裂成两个细胞，保证了遗传信息的传递。
八、减数分裂(Meiosis)减数分裂是生物体内细胞分裂的一种方式，通过减数分裂，一个细胞分裂成四个细胞，每个细胞只含有一套染色体，保证了生殖细胞的形成。
九、基因(Gene)基因是生物体内控制遗传特征的基本单位，位于染色体上。
基因通过编码蛋白质，决定了生物体的遗传特征。
十、生态系统(Ecosystem)生态系统是由生物体和非生物环境组成的相互作用的整体。
生态系统中的生物体之间存在着食物链和食物网，通过能量流动和物质循环维持生态平衡。
十一、生物多样性(Biodiversity)生物多样性是指地球上生物种类、遗传差异和生态系统的多样性。
它包括物种多样性、遗传多样性和生态系统多样性。
十二、进化(Evolution)进化是指生物种群在长期演化过程中，通过自然选择、基因突变和基因重组等机制，逐渐适应环境变化的过程。
水处理常用名词中英文对照
水处理常用名词中英文对照1、给水工程water supply engineering原水的取集和处理以及成品水输配的工程。
-2、排水工程sewerage ,wastewater engineering收集、输送、处理和处置废水的工程。
3、给水系统water supply system给水的取水、输水、水质处理和配水等设施以一定方式组合成的总体。
4、排水系统sewerage system排水的收集、输送、水质处理和排放等设施以一定方式组合成的总体。
5、给水水源water source给水工程所取用的原水水体。
6、原水raw water由水源地取来的原料水。
7、地表水surface water 存在于地壳表面，暴露于大气的水。
8、地下水ground water存在于地壳岩石裂缝或工壤空隙中的水。
9、苦咸水(碱性水) brackish water ,alkaline water碱度大于硬度的水，并含大量中性盐，PH值大于7。
10、淡水fresh water含盐量小于500mg/L的水。
11、冷却水cooling water用以降低被冷却对象温度的水。
12、废水wastewater居民活动过程中排出的水及径流雨水的总称。
它包括生活污水、工业废水和初雨径流以及流入排水管渠的其它水。
13、污水sewage ,wastewater受一定污染的来自生活和生产的排出水。
14、用水量water consumption 用水对象实际使用的水量。
-??15、污水量wastewater flow ,sewage flow排水对象排入污水系统的水量。
16、用水定额water flow norm对不同的排水对象，在一定时期内制订相对合理的单位排水量的数值。
17、排水定额wastewater flow norm对不同的排水对象，在一定时期内制订相对合理的单位排水量的数值。
18、水质water quality在给水排水工程中，水的物理、化学、生物学等方面的性质。
中国农业大学研究生课程中英文对照表
课程名称课程英文名称发展社会学专题Development Sociology中国概况 A Brief Introduction of “The General Situation of China”英美经典短篇小说赏析 A Guide to Classic Short Stories in British and AmericanLiterature对策论 A Primer in Game Throry对策论 A Primer in Game Throry植物蛋白研究进展Aadvance of Vegetable Protein Research植物蛋白研究进展Aadvance of Vegetable Protein Research作物遗传育种专业英语Academic English作物遗传育种专业英语（必修）Academic English会计学Accounting高等农业机械化管理与模拟Adanvced Agricultural Mechanization Management and System Simulation高等农业机械化管理与系统模拟Adanvced Agricultural Mechanization Management and System Simulation调整型抽样Adjusting Sampling行政法Administrative Law高等动力学Advaced Dynamics动物传染病学专题Advance in Animal Infectious Diseases动物传染病学Advance in Animal Infectious Diseases动物传染病专题Advance in Animal Infectious Diseases动物病理学进展Advance in Animal Pathology动物病理学进展Advance in Animal Pathology植物病害生物防治进展Advance in Biological Control of Plant Diseases植物病害生物防治Advance in Biological Control of Plant Diseases植物逆境信号传递研究Advance in Plant Stress Signaling植物逆境信号传递研究Advance in Plant Stress Signaling先进制造技术Advance Manufacture Technology蛋白质互作的研究方法进展Advance of Methods for Analysis of Protein-protein Interaction 国际农药残留分析进展Advance of Pesticide Residue Analysis in Foreign Countries国际农药残留分析进展Advance of Pesticide Residue Analysis in Foreign Countries果蔬采后生理研究进展Advance of Postharvest Physiology of Fruit and Vegetable果蔬采后生理研究进展Advance of Postharvest Physiology of Fruit and Vegetable资源环境科学进展Advance of Recources and Enviromental Science高级建筑设计Advanced Garden Building Design高级园林建筑设计Advanced Garden Building Design高级生物气象学Advanced Biometeorology高级生物气象学Advanced Biometeorology高级会计理论与实务Advanced Accounting Theory and Practice高等农业机械学Advanced Agricultural Machinery高等农业机械学Advanced Agricultural Machinery高等农业机械学Advanced Agricultural Machinery高等农业机械学Advanced Agricultural Machinery高等农业机械化管理Advanced Agricultural Mechanization Management高等农业机械化管理Advanced Agricultural Mechanization Management农业机械化工程新技术讲座Advanced Agricultural Mechanization New TechnologyLectures农业机械化工程新技术讲座Advanced Agricultural Mechanization New TechnologyLectures人工智能Advanced Artificial Intelligence高级人工智能Advanced Artificial Intelligence高级审计理论与实务Advanced Auditing Theory and Practice高级生物化学Advanced Biochemistry高级生物化学Advanced Biochemistry高级生物信息SEMI.Advanced Bioinformatics Seminar高级生物信息学Seminar Advanced Bioinformatics Seminar高级害虫生物防治Advanced Biological Control of Insect Pests高级害虫生物防治Advanced Biological Control of Insect Pests高级蔬菜育种学Advanced Breeding of Vegetable Crops高级蔬菜育种学Advanced Breeding of Vegetable Crops高级财务管理Advanced Corporate Finance高级财务管理Advanced Corporate Finance高级园林植物遗传育种学Advanced Course of Ornamental Plant Breeding高级园林植物遗传育种学Advanced Course of Ornamental Plant Breeding高级作物育种学I Advanced Crop Breeding I高级作物育种学ⅠAdvanced Crop Breeding I高级作物育种学II Advanced Crop Breeding II高级作物育种学ⅡAdvanced Crop Breeding II作物生态学Advanced Crop Ecology高级作物生态学Advanced Crop Ecology高级作物生理学Advanced Crop Physiology高级细胞遗传学Advanced Cytogenetics高级发展学Advanced Development Studies高级发展学Advanced Development Studies高等结构动力学Advanced Dynamics of Structures高级计量经济学Advanced Econometrics高级计量经济学Advanced Econometrics高级园林植物生理生态学Advanced Eco-physiology of Ornamental Plants高级园林植物生理生态Advanced Eco-physiology of Ornamental Plants高等工程热力学Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics高等工程热力学Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics高级试验设计与数据分析Advanced Experimental Design and Data Analysis 高级试验设计与数据分析Advanced Experimental Design and Data Analysis 兽医免疫高级实验Advanced Experiments of Veterinary Immunology 兽医免疫高级实验Advanced Experiments of Veterinary Immunology 高级饲料分析技术Advanced Feed Analysis Technology高级饲料分析技术Advanced Feed Analysis Technology高级财务管理理论与实务Advanced Financial Management食品微生物学专题Advanced Food Microbiology动物遗传工程Advanced Gene Engineering高级基因工程Advanced Gene Engineering高级葡萄生理与分子生物专题Advanced Grape Physiology and Molecular Biology 高级葡萄生理与分子生物学专题Advanced Grape Physiology and Molecular Biology 高级昆虫生理生化Advanced Insect Physiology and Biochemistry高级昆虫生理生化Advanced Insect Physiology and Biochemistry高级昆虫毒理学Advanced Insect Toxicology高级昆虫毒理学Advanced Insect Toxicology高等内燃机学Advanced Internal-combustion Engine高等内燃机学Advanced Internal-combustion Engine高级实验动物学Advanced Laboratory Animal Science高级实验动物学Advanced Laboratory Animal Science高级园林设计Advanced Landscape Design高级园林设计Advanced Landscape Design高级园林工程Advanced Landscape Engineering高级环境绿地规划Advanced Landscape Planning高级宏观经济学Advanced Macroeconomics高级宏观经济学Advanced Macroeconomics高级管理会计理论与实务Advanced Management Accounting管理科学与工程专业Seminar Advanced Management Science and Engineering (Ph.D)管理科学与工程专业Seminar Advanced Management Science and Engineering (Ph.D)高级市场营销学Advanced Marketing高级市场营销Advanced Marketing高等金属学Advanced Metal高等金属学Advanced Metal高级微生物遗传学Advanced Microbial Genetics高级微生物遗传学Advanced Microbial Genetics高级微生物学进展Advanced Microbiological Seminar高级微生物学进展(全年）Advanced Microbiological Seminar高级微观经济学Advanced Microeconomics高级微观经济学Advanced Microeconomics高级运筹学Advanced Operations Research高级运筹学Advanced Operations Research高级果树生理学Advanced Physiology of Fruit Trees高级果树生理学Advanced Physiology of Fruit Trees高级植物与细胞生物学Seminar Advanced Plant and Cell Biology Seminars高级植物与细胞生物学Seminar Advanced Plant and Cell Biology Seminars高级植物营养学Advanced Plant Nutrition高级植物营养学Advanced Plant Nutrition高级植物生理生态Advanced Plant Physiological Ecology高级植物生理生态Advanced Plant Physiological Ecology高级植物生理学专题Advanced Plant Physiology高级植物生理学Advanced Plant Physiology高级植物生理学Advanced Plant Physiology高级植物生理学专题Advanced Plant Physiology高级观赏植物采后生理Advanced Postharvest Physiology of Ornamental Plants 高级观赏植物采后生理Advanced Postharvest Physiology of Ornamental Plants 高级植物营养进展Advanced Progress in Plant Nutrition高级设施园艺学Advanced Protected Horticulture高级设施园艺学Advanced Protected Horticulture高级可再生资源工程专题Advanced Renewable Resource Engineering现代可再生资源工程学Advanced Renewable Resource Engineering国际食品研究进展Advanced Research of Food Science植物细胞信号转导研究中的反向遗传学与细胞生物学研究技术与方法Advanced Reverse Genetic and Cell Biological Approaches to Study Signal Transduction in Plant高级生物化学与分子生物学Seminar Advanced Seminar for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology高级生物化学与分子生物学SeminarAdvanced Seminar for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology高级遗传学Seminar Advanced Seminar for Genetics高级遗传学Seminar Advanced Seminar for Genetics高级生物质工程Seminar Advanced Seminar on Biomass Engineering高级社会统计Advanced Social Statistics高级社会统计Advanced Social Statistics高级生化专题Ⅲ（生物膜）Advanced Topics in Biochemistry：Biomembrane 高级生化专题Ⅲ（生物膜）Advanced Topics in Biochemistry：Biomembrane高级生化专题IV(酶学及代谢调控)Advanced Topics in Biochemistry：Enzymology and Metabolism Control高级生化专题Ⅳ（酶学与代谢调控）Advanced Topics in Biochemistry：Enzymology and Metabolism Control高级生化专题II(核酸化学)Advanced Topics in Biochemistry：Nucleic Acid高级生化专题Ⅱ（核酸化学）Advanced Topics in Biochemistry：Nucleic Acid高级生化专题Ⅰ（蛋白质化学）Advanced Topics in Biochemistry：Protein高级生化专题Ⅰ（蛋白质化学）Advanced Topics in Biochemistry：Protein农产品物料干燥技术特论Advanced Topics in Drying Technology：Drying of PorousMedia高级分子生物学专题Advanced Topics in Molecular Biology高级分子生物学专题Advanced Topics in Molecular Biology高级城市规划Advanced Urban Planning高级蔬菜生理学Advanced Vegetable Physiology高级蔬菜生理学Advanced Vegetable Physiology高级杂草学Advanced Weeds高级杂草学Advanced Weeds高级兽医寄生虫学Advanceds Veterinary Parasitology高级兽医寄生虫学Advanceds Veterinary Parasitology高级兽医微生物学Advances in Veterinary Microbiology高级兽医微生物学Advances in Veterinary Microbiology作物栽培新技术专题Advances in 4H Crop Cultivation作物分子生理与生物技术Advances in Agricultural Biotechnology农业水土工程研究进展Advances in Agricultural Water-soil Research农业水土工程研究进展Advances in Agricultural Water-soil Research动物育种专题Advances in Animal Breeding动物育种专题Advances in Animal Breeding动物病理生理学专题Advances in Animal Pathophysiology动物病理生理学专题Advances in Animal Pathophysiology动物科学研究进展Advances in Animal Science动物科学研究进展Advances in Animal Science害虫生物防治理论与实践新进展Advances in Biological Control of Insect Pests害虫生物防治理论与实践新进展Advances in Biological Control of Insect Pests细胞生物学进展Advances in Cell Biology细胞生物学进展Advances in Cell Biology农副产品化学进展Advances in Chemistry of Agricultural Byproducts农副产品化学进展Advances in Chemistry of Agricultural Byproducts作物营养与水分生理专题Advances in Crop Nutrition and Water Physiology作物光合、产量与品质生理专题Advances in Crop Photosynthesis,Yield and Quality能源作物与生物质工程专题Advances in Crop Physiology and Ecology作物科学研究进展Advances in Crop Science作物科学研究进展Advances in Crop Science作物逆境生理专题Advances in Crop Stress Physiology发育生物学进展Advances in Developmental Biology数字农业研究进展Advances in Digital Agriculture Research 农作制度理论与技术专题Advances in Farming System Science果树学进展讨论Advances in Fruit Sciences果树学进展讨论Advances in Fruit Sciences现代果树遗传学研究进展Advances in Genetics of Fruit Crops分子遗传学进展Advances in Molecular Genetics病毒学进展Advances in Molecular Virology营养科学研究进展Advances in Nutritional Sciences营养科学技术研究进展Advances in Nutritional Sciences杀菌剂药理学及抗药性研究进展Advances in Pharmacology and Fungicide Resistance in Phytopathogen药理学与毒理学专题Advances in Pharmacology and Toxicology药理学与毒理学专题Advances in Pharmacology and Toxicology植物同化物运输高级讲座Advances in Photoassimilate Transport Mechanisms 植物同化物运输高级讲座Advances in Photoassimilate Transport Mechanisms 植物生物学进展Advances in Plant Biology植物激素与化学控制专题Advances in Plant Hormones and Chemical Regulation 植物病毒学进展Advances in Plant Virus Research植物病毒学进展Advances in Plant Virus Research家禽营养与饲养技术（案例）Advances in Poultry Nutrition and feeding Technology 种子病理学进展Advances in Seed Pathology种子病理学进展Advances in Seed Pathology兽医免疫学进展Advances in Veterinary Immunology兽医免疫学进展Advances in Veterinary Immunology兽医科学进展Advances in Veterinary Medicine兽医科学进展Advances in Veterinary Medicine水资源研究进展专题Advances in Water Resource Science水资源研究进展专题Advances in Water Resource Science分子植物病理学研究进展Advances of Molecular Plant Pathology分子植物病理学研究进展Advances of Molecular Plant Pathology生物环境与能源工程综合专题Seminar Advances on Agricultural and Bioenvironmental Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程研究进展Advances on Agricultural and Bioenvironmental Engineering 食品保藏技术研究进展Advances on Food Preservation Technology食品保藏技术研究进展Advances on Food Preservation Technology水土保持与荒漠化防治新技术研究进展Advances on Soil and Water Conservation and Deforestation Control水土保持与荒漠化防治研究进展Advances on Soil and Water Conservation and DeforestationControl结构工程研究新进展Advances on Structure Engineering城镇与区域规划Advances on Urban and Regional Planning城镇与区域规划研究进展Advances on Urban and Regional Planning近代水文学及水资源研究进展Advances on Water Concervancy Project水利工程研究进展Advances on Water Concervancy Project农业商务管理Agri-business Management农业产业组织Agribusiness Organization核技术农业应用基础Agricultural Application Foundation of Nuclear Technology 核技术农业应用基础Agricultural Application Foundation of Nuclear Technology 核技术农业应用基础Agricultural Application Foundation of Nuclear Technology农业可控管理技术Agricultural Controllable Management Technology农业可控管理技术Agricultural Controllable Management Technology农业发展经济学Agricultural Development Economics农业经济理论与政策Agricultural Economics: Theory and Policy农业经济理论与政策Agricultural Economics: Theory and Policy农业装备开发与设计Agricultural Equipment Development and Design农产品期货市场Agricultural Futures Markets农产品期货市场Agricultural Futures Markets农业历史文献选读Agricultural History Literature农业历史文献选读（必修）Agricultural History Literature农业信息系统工程Agricultural Information and System Engineering农业信息系统工程Agricultural Information and System Engineering农业保险Agricultural Insurance农产品市场分析Agricultural Market Analysis农产品市场分析Agricultural Market and Analysis农产品市场分析Agricultural Market and Analysis有害生物治理的原理与方法Agricultural Pests Prevention and Control农业有害生物的预防与控制Agricultural Pests Prevention and Control农业资源与利用Agricultural Resources and Utilization核技术农业应用专论Agricultural Specialized Application of Nuclear Technology 核技术农业应用专论Agricultural Specialized Application of Nuclear Technology 农业系统工程Agricultural Systems Engineering农村技术创新与知识系统Agricultural Technology Innovation and Knowledge System 农村技术创新与知识系统Agricultural Technology Innovation and Knowledge System 农业与食品企业管理Agriculture and Food Corporate Managemnt农业信息学Agriculture Informatics农业科技与“三农政策”Agriculture Technology and Rural Development农业装备机电一体化技术Agricutural Equipment Mechantronics农业项目的计划与管理Agricutural Project Plan and Management农业工程项目规划Agricutural Project Plan and Management农产品国际贸易实务Agri-goods International Trade Practice农业生态系统分析Analysis and Simulation of Ecosystem生态系统分析与模拟Analysis and Simulation of Ecosystem农业关联产业分析Analysis of Agribusiness国情分析和发展战略Analysis of Country Situation and Development Stratagem 兽医临床病例分析Analysis of Veterinary Clinical Cases兽医临床病例分析Analysis of Veterinary Clinical Cases现代食品分析技术Analytic Technology of Modern Food Science现代食品分析技术Analytic Technology of Modern Food Science古汉语Ancient Chinese古汉语Ancient Chinese动物病理剖检诊断技术Animal Autopsy Technique for Pathological Diagnosis克隆动物与转基因动物Animal Cloning and Transgensis克隆动物与转基因动物Animal Cloning and Transgensis动物源食品卫生检验技术Animal Derived Food Inspection Technique动物实验方法Animal Experiment Technology动物消化道微生物Animal Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiology动物消化道微生物Animal Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiology动物遗传资源Animal Genetic Resource 动物卫生行政法学Animal Health Management 动物卫生行政法学Animal Health Management 畜牧工程Animal Husbandry Engineering 动物营养代谢病Animal Metabolic Diseases 动物营养代谢病专题Animal Metabolic Diseases 人类疾病模型的构建与应用Animal Models for Human Diseases 动物分子病毒学Animal Molecular Virology 动物分子病毒学Animal Molecular Virology 动物神经生物学Animal Neurobiology 动物神经生物学Animal Neurobiology 动物营养与免疫专题Animal Nutrion and Immunology 动物营养与免疫专题Animal Nutrion and Immunology 动物保护与福利Animal Protection and Welfare 动物生殖内分泌学Animal Reproduction and Endocrinology 动物生殖内分泌学Animal Reproduction and Endocrinology 动物繁殖学SeminarAnimal Reproduction Seminar 动物繁殖学SeminarAnimal Reproduction Seminar动物繁殖理论与现代生物技术（案例）Animal Reproduction Theory and Modern Biotechnology 动物生殖生理学实验Animal Reproductive Physiology 动物生殖生理学Animal Reproductive Physiology动物生殖生理学实验Animal Reproductive Physiology Experiment 动物生殖生理学实验Animal Reproductive Physiology Experiment 动物功能基因组学Animl Functional Genomics 动物功能基因组学Animl Functional Genomics 人类学与中国社会研究Anthropology and Chinese Society 人类学与中国社会研究Anthropology and Chinese Society 植物抗菌化合物专题Antimicrobial Compounds from Plants 植物抗菌化合物专题Antimicrobial Compounds from Plants 3S 技术农业应用Application of 3S in Agriculture 3S 技术在水利工程中的应用Application of 3S Techniques on Soil and Water Conservation生物多样性与应用Application of Biodiversity 生物多样性与利用Application of Biodiversity 生物多样性与利用Application of Biodiversity 3S 技术应用Application of GIS, GPS and RS 3S 技术应用Application of GIS, GPS and RS应用数理统计Application of Mathematical Statistics 应用数理统计Application of Mathematical Statistics 分子生物学在昆虫学中的应用Application of Molecular Biology to Entomology 分子生物学在昆虫学中的应用Application of Molecular Biology to Entomology 植物生理生态仪器Application of Plant Physiology and Ecology 植物生理生态仪器Application of Plant Physiology and Ecology 3S 在水文模拟中的应用Applications of "3S" to Hydrology Simulation电力系统最优化技术Applications of Optimization Method in Electrical Power System 电力系统最优化技术Applications of Optimization Method in Electrical Power System 稳定同位素在生态环境研究中的应用Applications of Stable Isotopes in Studies of Environment and Ecology 稳定同位素在生态环境研究中的应用Applications of Stable Isotopes in Studies of Environment and Ecology 应用数理统计Applied Mathematical Statistics应用经济学Seminar Applied Economics Seminar应用地质地貌与土地资源Applied Geology Geomorphology and Land Resource应用地质地貌与土地资源Applied Geology Geomorphology and Land Resource应用植物生物技术Applied Plant Biotechnology农业应用随机过程Applied Stochastic in Agriculture应用随机过程Apply Stochastic Processes园林设计研究进展Approach of Landscape Architecture风景园林研究进展Approach of Landscape Architecture观赏植物生理生态研究进展Approach of Ornamental Horticulture观赏园艺研究进展Approach of Ornamental Horticulture英语教学法Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching英语教学法Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching水生昆虫学Aquatic Entomology水生昆虫学Aquatic Entomology艺术设计Art Design人工智能原理Artificial Intelligence人工智能技术Artificial Intelligence结构抗震减震分析原理Aseismic Analysis Principle of Structure兽药安全评价技术Assessment Technique of Veterinary Drug Safety不对称合成Asymmetric Synthesis不对称合成Asymmetric SynthesisAutoCAD 二次开发技术Auto CAD Customization自动控制技术Automatic Control Technology自动控制理论Automatical Control Theory自动控制理论Automatical Control Theory自动机械设计Automatical Machine Design禽类生理学Avian Physiology禽类生理学Avian Physiology遗传分析原理Basic Concepts of Genetic Analysisi基础分子生物学实验Basic Experiment of 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Pesticide边界元法Boundary Element Method材料成型中的计算机应用Brief Introduction of Computer Application in Plastic Working 经济学流派Brief Introduction of Economics Schools经济学流派Brief Introduction of Economics Schools商务英语Business EnglishC语言程序设计 C LanguageC语言程序设计 C Language基于PRO-E的CAD/CAM集成制造技术CAD/CAM Based on Creo资本运营Capital Operation汽车网络通讯技术Car Network Communication Technology汽车网络通讯技术Car Network Communication Technology碳水化合物化学Carbohydrate Chemistry碳水化合物化学Carbohydrate Chemistry农业水土工程设计案例Case Analysis for Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering国内外食品安全案例辨析Case Studies on Food Safety Incidents企业管理案例分析Case Study for Corporation Management企业管理案例分析Case Study for Corporation Management电子商务案例Case Study for E-Commerce细胞生物学Cell Biology细胞生物学Cell Biology细胞生物学Cell Biology细胞生物学Cell Biology细胞培养基础和实验Cell Culture Basics and Experiments细胞培养基础和实验Cell Culture Basics and Experiments动物细胞工程Cellular Engineering Technology in Animal动物细胞工程原理与方法（原细胞Cellular Engineering Technology in Animal工程 ）英语六级CET-6化学生态学Chemical 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生物膜是什么如何消除生物膜
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如何消除生物膜？
生物膜具有极咼的抗性，对消毒剂来说是一个真正的挑战。
想要消除生物膜，需要采用对生物膜具有强力作用的消毒剂，该消毒剂应能强力破除生物膜并杀灭生物 膜内部的全部类型微生物。
德国Oxytech/奥克泰士消毒剂能够强力消除生物膜，解决生物膜造成的微生物污染危害。
奥克泰士来自德国的消毒专家
奥克泰士是过氧化氢银离子复合型消毒剂，由德国BUDICH国际公司研制，并在1978年推向国际市
生物膜也叫生物被膜，英文名称Biofilm formation，生物膜由微生物分泌的胞外聚合物（EPS），—层
薄薄的黏液层组成，形成一种水凝胶或基质，保护微生物免受外部影响和消毒措施。在正常情况下，生 物膜可以抵抗大多数化学杀菌剂的攻击。
生物膜图示
生物膜的生长阶段
从图中可以看到，生物膜形成过程中大致有3个阶段：
1）微生物附着；
2）固定并成膜；
3）快速增长；
生物膜造成重复污染
生物膜形成后会向四周环境释放微生物，造成持续的微生物污染。例如管道内壁的生物膜会持续污染流 经管道的饮水、物料，造成严重的二次污染。
生物膜存在于哪些场所
生物膜形成于水系统的边界（干区和湿区的交界处一例如：洗漱台的排水管），同时也存在于水系统中 （罐体、管道、灌装机以及与水有接触的表面）。
牙体牙髓名解及英文
牙体牙髓名解及英文龋病：dental caries or tooth decay是在以细菌为主的多种因素影响下，牙体硬组织发生的慢性进行性破坏的一种疾病患龋率：incidence rate即龋病的患病率precalence rate表示在某一特定观察期间内，可能发生龋病的特定人群新发病的频率龋失补指数：DMF，decayed-misingfilled是龋齿数、因龋失牙数、因龋补牙数的总和。
是一种不可逆指数，能反应一个人终身龋病的经历分为： DMFT：指受检人群中每个个体罹患龋齿的牙数DMFS：代表受龋病累及的牙面数，更具敏感性，适合较短期内观察，相对DMFT更能反映龋病流行的严重程度口腔生态系：oral ecosystem口腔内正常菌群之间，正常菌群与宿主之间相互依存、相互作用所构成的生态系分为颊粘膜上皮生态系、舌背部生态系、龈上菌斑生态系、龈下菌斑生态系牙菌斑：dental plaque堆积在牙表面或其他硬的口腔结构上，不能被中度水喷冲去的细菌团块。
可分为龈上菌斑和龈下菌斑其结构包括:菌斑-牙界面、中间层、菌斑表层生物膜：biofilm微生物群落与细胞外基质相互连接而在介质表面形成的生态环境，是有通道和空隙的开放性立体结构获得性膜：acquired pellicle唾液蛋白或糖蛋白吸附至牙面所形成的生物膜口腔正常菌丛：oral normal flora寄生在健康人体各特殊部位或表面的生物群别称为正常菌丛或固有菌丛口腔菌丛是人体各菌丛中最复杂的一种生物矿化：biomineralizatio是指生物体内钙磷等无机离子在多种生物因子调控下通过化学反应产生难溶性盐，并与有机基质结合，形成机体矿化组织仿生矿化：体外模拟体内环境，利用生物矿化机制的矿化钙三角理论：是氟抗龋的最核心机制。
氟磷灰石晶体中，氟离子与三个钙离子组成的三角形在同一个平面上，其负电荷与钙离子形成强烈静电引力，从而增加晶体结构稳定性，降低釉质溶解度，增加釉质对有机酸的抵抗力四联因素学说：龋病是一种多因素疾病，宿主、微生物、饮食以及时间相互作用导致龋病发生，也就是说，龋病发生要求有敏感的宿主、口腔致龋菌群的作用以及适宜的底物，且这些底物必须在口腔滞留足够时间Miller化学细菌学说：龋病是由两个阶段组成的化学细菌过程，先是细菌发酵产生的酸使组织脱矿、软化，然后细菌分泌的蛋白溶解酶使软化残存物溶解釉质中缺乏第二阶段脱矿：在酸的作用下，牙齿矿物质发生溶解，钙和磷酸盐等无机离子由牙中脱出包括：唾液蛋白质形成获得性膜、细菌吸附形成牙菌斑、牙菌斑中的致龋菌产生有机酸、氢离子与釉质反应再矿化：钙、磷和其它物离子沉积于正常或部分脱矿的釉质中或釉质表面的过程再矿化治疗：remineralizative therapy采用人工方法(再矿化液)使脱矿釉质或牙骨质再次矿化，恢复其硬度，终止或消除早期龋损浅龋：局限于牙釉质或牙骨质的龋，一般无自觉症状，检查时可发现局部颜色改变需要与牙釉质钙化不全、牙釉质发育不全、氟斑牙相鉴别中龋：发生于牙本质浅层的龋，颜色改变，大多有冷热酸甜敏感症状深龋：龋损已发展到牙本质深层，刺激症状明显，检查时可见较深的龋洞急性龋：acute caries多见于儿童和青少年，病变进展快，病变组织颜色较浅，呈浅棕色，质地较软而湿润，又称湿性龋由于来不及形成修复性牙本质，牙髓组织容易受累猖獗龋：rampant caries是急性龋的一种类型， 病程进展很快，多数牙在短期内同时患龋常见于颌面及颈部接受放射治疗的患者(又称放射性龋)，Sogren综合征患者，胃食管酸返流慢性龋：chronic caries进展慢，龋坏组织染色深，呈黑褐色，病变组织较干硬，又称干性齲静止龋：arrested caries龋病发展到某一阶段，由于病变环境发生改变，隐蔽部位变得开放，原有致病条件发生了改变，龋病不能再继续进行，损害仍保持原状，也是一种慢性龋继发龋：secondary caries龋病治疗后，由于填充物边缘或窝洞周围牙体硬组织破裂形成菌斑滞留区，或修复材料与牙体组织不密合，留有小缝隙，这些成为致病条件，产生龋病。
2009年江南大学微生物学考研试题1
2009年江南大学微生物学考研试题江南大学微生物学生化问答1.天冬氨酸转变成葡萄糖所需的A TP数2.乳糖操纵子是谁提出的,年份是多少,用操纵子机制解释基因对如何对酶作用的3.考了个凝胶层析方面的问题4.RNA聚合酶和DNA聚合酶相比为什么不需要SSB,和另一种东西,记不清了5考了个氨基酸对蛋白质活性的影响,题目给出的具体的氨基酸微生物问答1实验室内五种常用的消毒,灭菌,除菌方法2.紫外线对氨基酸缺陷型的诱变过程,氨基酸缺陷型的定义及在工业微生物上的应用3.霉菌,细菌,病毒,酵母菌的繁殖方式4微生物相互之间的作用类型,并举例说明江南大学微生物(发酵)第一题是判断,记不清了,说第2题二.名词解释(10个一个三分)1.转道噬菌体2.巴斯德效应3.移码突变4.生物膜(英文的)5.生长因子6.记不清了,想想我再来补充三.问答题(90分)1.简述大肠杆菌,酿酒酵母,红曲霉,噬菌体的繁殖过程,并丛微生物的繁殖方式角度阐述你对微生物多样性的了解(20分)2.简述营养物质进出细胞的方式,并丛运输方向,运输动力,载体,是否耗能,有无竞争性,运输前后是否变化,输送物质类别(举例)等方面比较各种运输方式(20分)3.什么叫基因工程?为什么说基因工程的操作离不开微生物(15分)4.简述斜面培养基的配制步骤?并说明每步的注意事项(15分)5.以赖氨酸高产菌株为出发菌株,筛选菌种的题,记不清了(20分)2009生物化学试题名词解释1. molecular chaperones2. domain3. hyper chromic effct4. multienzyme system5. respiratory chain6. krebs cycle7. restriction endonuclease8. gentic code名词解释19971原生质体2芽孢3菌落4诱导酶5生长因素6回复突变7诱导8拮抗9血清学反应10巴斯德效应19981芽孢2菌落3质粒4回复突变5生长因子6诱导酶7拮抗8巴斯德效应9光复活作用10活性污泥19991原生质体2菌落3质粒4芽孢5诱导酶6生长因子7巴斯德效应8营养缺陷型9 BOD 10血清学反应20001温和性噬菌体2巴斯德效应3 艾姆斯试验（Ames test）4 ELISA 5 PCR20011类毒素2暗修复作用3巴斯德效应4 诱导酶20021转化2 半抗原3活性污泥4回复突变5 PCR填空19971微生物生长的特点是：_____2微生物的学名是由_和_所组成3细菌革兰氏染色的主要原理是_。
(完整版)考研环境工程复试常见英语
专业英语环境：environment 环境工程：environmental engineering环境保护：environmental protection 环境意识：environmental consciousness/awareness 环境问题：environmental issue/problem 环境效应：environmental effect环境污染：environmental pollution 环境要素：environmental elements环境因子：environmental factors 环境化学：environmental chemistry环境生态学：environmental ecology 环境质量：environmental quality环境自净作用：environmental self-purification/self-cleansing微生物：microbe生物圈：biosphere 生态学：ecology生态系统：ecosystem 生态平衡：ecological balance生态破坏：ecological damage生物群落：biological community食物链：food chain营养级：trophic level物质循环：material cycle能量传递：energy transfer水环境：watershed 水体：water body流域：watershed 水质：water quality水资源：water resources 供水：water supply废水：waste water 水处理：water treatment物理性水质指标：physical indicate of water quality 水污染物：water pollutant生物性水质指标：biological water-quality index 水质标准：water quality standard化学性水质指标：chemical water-quality indexDS：dissolved solids BOD：biochemical oxygen demand TDS：total dissolved solids COD：chemical oxygen demand TSS：total suspended solids DO：dissolved oxygenTOC：total organic carbon PH值：TN：总氮total nitrogen TP：总磷phosphorus物理处理：physical treatment 过滤：screening生物处理：biological treatment 沉淀：sedimentation化学处理：chemical treatment 气浮：flotation物理化学处理：physical-chemical treatment好氧处理：aerobic treatment 生物膜法：biofilm process bio-membrane process 厌氧处理：anaerobic treatment 生物滤池：trickling filters活性污泥法：activated sludge process 生物接触氧化：biological contact SBR：Styrene Butadiene RubberUASB（流式厌氧污泥床）：Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket活性污泥：activated sludge一级处理：primary treatment二级处理：secondary treatment三级处理：tertiary treatment高级氧化处理：advanced treatment生活污水：domestic wastewater生产废水：industrial wastewater城市生活污水：municipal wastewater水质净化：water quality purifies混凝沉淀：coagulate flocculating agent活性炭吸附：activated carbon adsorption调节池：adjusting tank生物反应池：biological reactor加药设备：physical equipment沉淀池：sedimentation tank初沉池：primary sedimentation tank二沉池：secondary sedimentation tank絮凝剂：flocculant混凝剂：coagulate flocculant大气环境：airshed 气体净化：atmospheric cleanup对流层：troposphere 平流层：stratosphere中间层：mesosphere热层：thermosphere 臭氧层：ozonosphere粉尘：dust 烟雾：smoke降尘：dust fall飘尘：floating dust 可吸入颗粒物：inhalable particles酸雨：acid rain一次污染物：primary pollutant二次污染物：secondary pollutant吸收：absorption吸附：adsorption臭氧：ozone光化学烟雾：photochemical smoke喷淋（洗涤）：scavenging凝聚：flocculation土壤：soil 热污染：temperature change/thermal pollution 噪声：noise 放射性：radioactivity光辐射：optical radiation大气污染控制工程：air pollution control水污染控制工程：water pollution control固体废物污染控制工程：solid waste management污染物：pollutant污染源：pollution source同化作用：assimilation 固体废物：solid wastes危险废物：hazardous wastes城市生活垃圾：municipal wastes化学污泥chemical sludge：生物污泥：biological sludge工业固废：industrial wastes 矿业固废：mine solid wastes农业固废：agriculture solid wastes 污泥脱水：disposal of the sludge污泥浓缩：sludge thickening筛分：screening资源化：resource减量化：pollution control无害化：harmlessness固体废物污染控制：solid waster pollution control固体废物处理：processing and recovery处置：disposal四、硕士期间的学习和研究计划倘若能顺利保送贵校环境工程硕士研究生的话，我将着重在以下几个方面继续努力：（一）专业知识的学习。
植物生理学名词中英文对照
三十烷醇 1-triacontanol 三碘苯甲酸 2，3，5-triiodobenzoic acid，TIBA 三氯苯氧乙酸 trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 三重反应 triple response 293 三羧酸循环 tricarboxylic acid cycle，TCAC 干旱 drought 干旱胁迫 drought stress 土壤—植物—大气连续体 soil-plant-atmosphere continuum,SPAC 下调作用 down regulation 大纤丝 macrofibril 大量元素 major element，
开放体系 open system 天然单性结实 natural parthenocarpy 天冬氨酸 aspartate,Asp 天冬氨酸转氨酶 aspartate amino transferase 天线色素 antenna pigment 无土栽培 soilless culture 无融合生殖 apomixis 无辐射退激 radiationless deexcitation 无氧呼吸 anaerobic respiration 1 无氧呼吸消失点 anaerobic respiration extinction point 无籽果实 seedless fruit 无限生长 indeterminate growth 无孢子生殖 apospory 无丝分裂 amitosis 木酮糖 5 磷酸 xylulose-5-phosphate 木质素 lignin 支链淀粉 amylopectin 区域化 compartmentation 瓦伯格效应 Warburg effect 日中性植物 day neutral plant 中日照植物 intermediate day length plant 中央液泡 central vacuole Ｃ3－Ｃ4 中间植物 Ｃ3－Ｃ4 intermediate plant 中间丝 intermediate filament 中层 middle lamella 水培 hydroponics 水培法 water culture method 水势 water potential 水杨基氧肟酸 salicylhydroxamate，SHAM 水杨酸 salicylic acid,SA 水生植物 hydrophytes 水氧化钟 water oxidizing clock 水合补偿点 hydration compensation point 水分亏缺 water deficit 水分平衡 water balance 水分临界期 critical period of water
细胞生物学主要名词解释(含英文索引)
Amphipathic molecule/兼性分子0109 Anchoring junction/锚定连接150 Adhesion belt/黏合带501 adhesion plaque/粘合斑154 Active transport/主动运输123 Autophagy/自体吞噬502 Autophgosome/自噬体202 Autolysis/自溶作用205 Acrosome/顶体207 Apoptosis/细胞凋亡410 Biological membrane/生物膜108 Ca2+ pump/钙泵0118 caryoty pe/核型310 Cell membrane/细胞膜0101 Cell surface/细胞表面0102 Cell coat/细胞外被0103 Cell junction/细胞连接148 Cell recognition/细胞识别141 Cell cycle/细胞周期401 Cell cycle engine/细胞周期引擎503 Cell cycle checkpoint/细胞周期检控点504 Cell differentiation/细胞分化0414 cell determination/细胞决定413 Cell communication/细胞通讯140 cellular respiration/细胞呼吸228 Cellular aging/细胞衰老0433 Cellular death/细胞死亡0434 Centromere/着丝粒0505 Centromere domain/着丝粒结构域506 Chromatin/染色质507 Chromosome/染色体0508 Chromatids/染色单体307 Centriole cycle/中心粒周期406 Communication junction/通讯连接152 Carrier protein/载体蛋白0114 Channel protein/通道蛋白0115 Channel diffusion/通道扩散127 Clathrin/网格蛋白0133 Coated pit/有被小窝510 Coated vesicle/有被小泡511 Cytoskeleton/细胞骨架231 Contact inhibition/接触抑制145 Cristae/(线粒体)嵴222 central body;centrosome/中心体241 Desmosomes/桥粒151 Dedifferentiation/去分化415 Euchromatin/常染色质0305 Endosome/内体512 Endomembrane system/内膜系统0201 Endoplasmic reticulum;ER/内质网513 Exportin;Export protein/输出蛋白0514 Endocytosis/胞吞/内吞/入胞作用0129 Exocytosis/胞吐作用515Elementary particle/基粒223embryonic induction/胚胎诱导417Fluid mosaic model/液态镶嵌模型0112Facilitated diffusion/易化扩散0126free diffusion/自由扩散125free radical/自由基435Free ribosomes/游离核糖体319Fixed ribosome/附着核糖体320Golgi apparatus/complex/高尔基复合体0219G protein/G蛋白155Gap junction/间隙连接153Glycosy lation/(蛋白质)糖基化216Gene differential expression/基因差次表达0416Heterophagy/异体吞噬516Heterochromatin/异染色质0306housekeeping gene/持家基因0420hemidesmosomes/半桥粒159human leucocyte antigen ,HLA/人白细胞抗原147Intermediate filaments;IF/中间纤维239Integral protein/膜内在蛋白0104Intermediate junction/中间连接ly sosome/溶酶体518mosaic protein/镶嵌蛋白519ionic pump/离子泵116ionic channel/离子闸门通道122informational molecule/信号分子karyotype;cary otype/核型310karyotype analysis/核型分析0521kinetochore动粒308Luxury gene/奢侈基因0418lipid rafts model/脂筏模型0522leader sequence/peptide/导肽0523liposome/脂质体0524ligand gated channel/配体闸门通道120ligand /配体135microfilaments;MF/微丝0236microtubule;MT/微管0232mitosis/有丝分裂402meiosis/减数分裂411mitotic apparatus/有丝分裂器409membrane receptor/膜受体139mitochondrion/线粒体221mtDNA/线粒体DNA 0227microsome/微粒体211microtubule-associated protein;MAP/微管相关蛋白质0233MTOC/微管组织中心235membrane flow/膜流0220membrane transport protein/膜转运蛋白113membrane structure/膜相结构157myosin/肌球蛋白238nucleoid/类核体210nuclear envelope/membrane/核膜525nuclear pore complex/核孔复合体0302nuclear lamina/核纤层0303nucleoskeleton/核骨架0526nucleosome/核小体0304nucleolus/核仁0527Nuclear localization signal;NLS/核定位序列0528Na+K+pump/钠钾泵0117nucleolar organizing region,NOR/核仁组织区0311NP/核质指数；核质比301oxidative phosphorylation/氧化磷酸化230peripheral protein/膜周边蛋白质0105phase transition/相变110passive transport/被动运输124peroxisome/过氧化物酶体529primary messenger/第一信使143primary lysosome/初级溶酶体208primary constriction/主缢痕530phagocytosis/吞噬作用131pinocytosis/胞饮作用130polyribosome/多聚核糖体0217proteoglycan /蛋白聚糖107polarization/极化138ribosome/核糖体531respiratory chain/呼吸链226restriction point/R点;限制点0403residualbody/残余小体203Russell’s body/罗氏小体212receptor mediated endocytosis/受体介导的胞吞作用0132Resting Potential,RP/静息电位137signal transduction/信号传导532signaling molecules/信号分子142second messenger/第二信使143signal recognition particle;SRP/信号识别颗粒0215signal peptide/信号肽0214secondary lysosome/次级溶酶体209structural protein/结构蛋白质0533solenoid/螺线管534supersolenoid/超螺线管535simple diffusion/简单扩散125synaptonemal complex;SC/联会复合体0412spindle/纺锤体0240semiautonomous organelle/半自主性细胞器224sarcoplasmic reticulum/肌质网218tetrad/四分体0538Telomeres/端粒309transmembrane protein/跨膜蛋白0106tight junction/紧密连接149transport by vesicle foration /膜泡运输0128transcytosis/穿胞吞吐作用136telolysosome/终末溶酶体0203transmembrane signal transduetion/膜受体介导的跨膜信号转导536tricarboxylic acid cycle/三羧酸循环229unit membrane/单位膜0111uniport/单运输0537voltage-gated-channel/电压闸门通道1216119质子泵6134出胞作用6144细胞膜抗原6146 AB0血型抗原6156细胞体积守恒定律6158非膜相结构6160受体的激活6204粒溶作用6206异噬作用6213脱粒6225 F1因子6234微管蛋白流6237肌动蛋白微丝6242中心粒小轮6312染色体病6313翻译6314遗传密码6315密码子6317同义密码子6318核糖体循环6321密码子兼并性6322同功受体6404 G0期细胞6405终端分化细胞6406中心粒周期6407细胞分裂周期基因6419奢侈蛋白6421管家蛋白6422干细胞6423畸胎瘤6424全能性6425多能细胞pleuripotent stem cell;PSC6426单能细胞6427免疫细胞6428裸细胞6429双重标志细胞6430嵌合体6431癌基因6432抑癌基因6436细胞坏死性死亡6437阻遏物repressor6438癌细胞0开头的四位编号是可能的重点,所以提到最前面,保留原三位编号顺序,1至4的三位编号为单元分布,5开头的是补充编号,6开头的四位编号是无英译非重点0101细胞膜又称细胞质膜是位于细胞最外层,围绕整个细胞质的一层薄膜,主要由脂类和蛋白质构成。
细胞生物学英文课件：细胞膜及物质的穿膜运输1
Na+-H+ exchange carrier Cl--HCO3- exchanger
主动运输方式的特点：
1. 主动运输为小分子物质逆浓度或电化学梯度穿膜转运； 2. 需要消耗能量，可直接水解ATP或利用来自离子电化
2、Membrane protein
Intrinsic protein（内在蛋白）or integral protein（整合膜 蛋白） Extrinsic protein (外在蛋白) Lipid anchored protein （脂锚定蛋白）
3、sugar-chains from glycoproteins and Glycolipids (membrane carbohydrate) cover the cell surface
Biomembrane(生物膜):plasma membrane(质膜) and endomembrane system（细胞内膜系统）
一、 Chemical components of cell Membrane and their molecular structure
（一）Chemical components of cell membrane
2、Fluidity of the membrane guaranteed the biological functions of the membrane
（1）Lipid layer is a two dimentaional fluid 液晶态（liquid-crystal state)
（2）Membrane lipids have different movements
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What is a biofilm?
• “Sequence” complexity
How is a biofilm complex? Microenvironment (chemical signals, nutrient conditions) -> complex regulatory networks -> change in physiology or metabolism -> affects environment • Complex cell-cell interactions • Effects of environmental conditions on biofilm morphology and physiology. Multiple parameters exist and their effects are difficult to predict. • More “complex” than planktonic cells
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Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1
–facultative anaerobe –versatile respiration –gram negative –MR-1 genome is sequenced and can be manipulated genetically
.5mM lactate
5mM LB lactate 1:10
50 um
How are biofilms differentiated?
Given the existence of many microenvironments, how is the biofilm organized with respect to metabolism?
• Important to keep in mind when working with biofilm systems
biofilm
Complexity
What is complexity? What is a good quantitative measure of complexity?
• No theoretical discussion of complexity.
• Introduction to biofilms
– Number of different functions an organism can perform, or – Computational capacity of an organism (or device), the maximal mutual entropy between input signals and output actions.
Who cares? How is it useful? How might thinking about complexity in biofilms systems be useful? • Adaptation and complexity • Does the complexity of the system allow it to be more adaptable or resilient? • Are there complexity measures that could allow us to predict how resilient a biofilm would be? • Would decreasing the complexity of a biofilm cause it to be more susceptible to environmental influences?
Biofilm formation and growth
Given the heterogeneity of the environment, how is the biofilm community structured? There is a strong relationship between the cell’s environment and its physiology and structure.
Bacteria that are attached to a surface and form a 3-dimensional structure, held together by an extracellular polymeric substance
Biofilms in the environment
Design concept
Use reporter systems consisting of promoter regions fused to fluorescent proteins to indicate regions of differing metabolism within a biofilm Use oxygen respiration as indicators of the cells metabolic state
Biofilms form
Nutrient levels decrease towards the center
Variety of ຫໍສະໝຸດ nvironmental niches form Science News
Relationship between biofilm morphology and the environment
• Promoter regions • Unstable fluorescent proteins
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• Microscopy
What is complexity?
Dr. Adami – Complexity Club, Jan 21, 2003
• “Structural” complexity: Number of different parts and their interactions • “Hierarchical” complexity: Number of levels in a hierarchy • “Functional” complexity:
Catheter
Morning Glory Pool in Yellowstone National Park
National Park Service
Contact lens
Biofilm formation and growth
O2
• Quorum sensing and chemical signaling • Microcolonies with extracellular matrix • Network of channels • Cells experience different environmental conditions • Multi-species