英语复习资料
Unit one
I.Cloze:
One of many definitions
1.approach
2. situations
3.term
4.with
5.science
6.heart
7.to
8.whether
9.implementation 10.is 11.levels 12.application 13.relevant 14.science 15.concepts 16.evaluations 17.experimenting 18.model 19.evaluate 20.decisions
II.Tranlate the following into Chinese:
With their physical limitations constantly dramatized by the power and speed of other animals, humans have long sought to develop tools that exploit the strengths they do have and to overcome their weaknesses. In contrast, our intellectual capabilities have been so clearly superior to those of other species that we have come
to believe that our minds need little assistance. But research in cognitive psychology suggests otherwise. In a review of Behavioral Decision Theory, Paul Slovic, Baruch Fishhoff and Sarah Lichtenstein of Decision Research observe that "a decade or more of research has abundantly documented that humans are quite bad at making complex, unaided decisions". The human mind needs tools, too. ~ 由于人与其他动物在力量和速度这些体力方面相比，又十分明显的局限性。因此，长期以来他们一直致力于研制工具来发挥他们的长处，克服它们的短处。相比之下，我们的智力明显优于其他物种的智力，因此我们认为我们的头脑不需要帮助。但认知心理学的研究表明的情况恰好相反。在关于《行为决定理论》的一篇评论中，决策研究所的保罗·斯洛维克、巴鲁克·菲什霍夫和萨拉西滕斯坦提到：“十多年的研究以大量的文献说明人类不擅长做复杂而独立的决定。”人脑也需要工具。
Quick analysis is a decision-making tool designed to exploit the intellectual strengths we do have and to overcome our cognitive handicaps. Moreover, quick analysis is designed specifically to aid in making those decisions that people most frequently confront.
快速分析是一种决策工具，它是用来发扬我们的智力优势和克服我们的认知缺陷的。此外，快速分析是专门设计来帮助人们做出经常遇到的决策。
Though the quality of a decision will always depend upon the decision maker's wisdom and experience, anyone can improve his own decision-making skills through the thoughtful use of systematic analysis. This is true even when there is little time or information. Analytical thinking can help even the busiest decision maker.
尽管决策的质量总是取决于决策者的智慧和经验，然而任何人，通过周密地利用系统分析方法，都能提高其决策技巧。即使在时间紧迫和信息有限的情况下，亦如此。解析性思考甚至能帮助最繁忙的决策者。IV. Topics for discussion:
1.Talk about open models and closed ones in the systems approach.
答：The closed model generally deals with routine tasks, task specialization, emphasis on the means, and top down conflict management. Closed systems are self-contained and do not rely on the environment.Closed systems operate best under stable conditions.
Open models generally deal with non-routine task performance. Open systems operate under unstable conditions and are not considered selfcontained. They rely on the environment for inputs and outputs.
2.The differences among the three approaches mentioned in this passage.
答：The process approach views management as a process.This process is a circular loop ,from plan,organize, lead to control, and then with controlling leading back to planning,indicating that is continuous.
The systems approach described a “system” which consisted of connected parts joined to form a whole in which the coordinated and combined effect of the subsystems creates synergy. The organization take resources from the large system,processes these resources, and returns them to the environment in changed form.
The contingency approach stresses the need for appraisal and analysis of the entire managerial environmeng within the organization.The appraisal and analysis are done in order to determine what work features, technology, personnel and organizational designs need to be considered as most fitting for particular
circumstances.
Unit Two
I.Cloze
A number of follow-up studies
1.idea
2.However
3.Specifically
4.important
5.lower
6.managers
7.which
8.traditional
9.planning 10.approach 11.functions 12. activities 13.perform 14.offer 15.classification 16.roles 17. planning 18.interpersonal 19. difference 20.work
II.Tranlate the following into Chinese:
Votes, either on issues or for representatives, will settle many decisions. Direct votes will not, however, guarantee no wasteful public decisions or choices which satisfy the Pareto criterion for improving society and can impose substantial costs on minorities. Further, the cyclical majority property can prevent a clear public choice from emerging from individual preferences. Some problems of direct choice are reduced when representatives make decisions, but there will remain imbalances of influences and posturing to continue in office rather than to follow clearly defined principles.
无论是表决问题，还是选举代表，投票都将解决许多决策问题。然而直接投票不能保证政府的决策或选择不是浪费，这些决策或选择能满足帕累托的改善社会的准则，同时又使少数人承担了巨大的费用。而且，周期变化的多数性会妨碍根据个人偏好来形成一个明确的工种选择。代表决策可以减少直接选择的某些问题，但在执行其结果过程中，各种影响及观点仍起作用，而不是遵循明确规定的原则。
Finance in a representative democracy is not simple. Success ought to be judged on its general responsiveness to public preferences and on its refusal to ignore minority positions. Not all governments can meet those simple standards, and not all budget systems used in the United States do much to contribute to those objectives. The U. S. structure delivers and finances services using three tiers of government--federal, state, and local.
代议制民主国家的财政并不简单。成功与否应看它是否能在总体上估计民意，而又能兼听少数人的心声。并非所有政府都能执行这些简单的标准，并非所有的美国预算系统都非常有助于这些目标的实现。美国体制是通过三级政府——联邦、州和地方——提供和资助服务的。
IV.Topics for discussion
https://www.360docs.net/doc/6d16379084.html,pare the 4th Generation Management with the first three Generations of Management.
答：4th Generation Management recognizes the basic problem with the first three generations and incorporates methods for overcoming them. It avoids the limited capacity of 1 st Generation, the micromanagement of 2nd Generation, and the distorted system and figures of 3rd Generation. Fourth Generation managers care greatly about results but know that better results can reliably be obtained only through fundamental improvement. They become the champions of customer needs, the drivers of real improvement. They work together with other employees as partners to help develop better and better methods to get better and better results.
Unit Three
I.Cloze
Fist, you may not know the
1.uncertainty
2.continue
3.plant
4.Vision
5.or
6.decision
7.future
8.factor
9.A 10.on 11.increase 12.over 13.costly 14.wonder 15.for 16.reason https://www.360docs.net/doc/6d16379084.html,plicated 18.uncertainties 19.consequences 20.countless
II.Tranlate the following into Chinese:
As its simplest，a management information system consists of a data base,a set of procedures for maintaining and maintaining and modifying the data base，and a set of programs (manual or computerized) for
extracting the data．At a more sophisticated level,the management information system may include an extensive computerized set of models capable of simulating many aspects of instritution’s operation. Such a system aids in the informed consideration of numerous alternatives and their probable effects.
最简单的信息管理系统有一个数据库、一套维持和修改数据库的程序和一套（手工的或计算机化的）提取数据的程序。水平较高的管理信息系统可以包括一组形式多样的计算机的模型，这些模型可以模拟学校运行的多方面。这一系统有助于根据信息情报，考虑众多方案及其可能产生的结果。
At the most sophisticated level of computer simulation, many of the models for the programs are combined into one comprehensive model in which the effects of quantifiable changes in one part of the program are refiectozl in most of the others. Thus. a material change in the student-faculty ratio might be reflected in changes in space and equipment requirements, maintenance services, instructional salaries, support service salaries, classroom use, anticipated budget tor the faculty dining room, and such factors as student attrition rates and indexes of student achievement. Existing models may not be able to accomplish all the above, but a model can be devised that will relate quantifiable factors, whose relationship one can estimate to a certain degree.The effectiveness of a given model depends on the accuracy of estimates, the scope of factors included, and chosen outputs that are relevant to management derisions.
在最高水平的计算及模拟中，用于规划的众多模型组合成一个综合性的模型。在这个综合性模型中，规划的部分量变产生的影响会在几乎所有其他部分中反映出来。因此，师生比率的重大变化会反映在如下一些方面的变化：空间和设备需求、管理和维修服务、学校薪金、辅助服务薪金、教师使用、教师食堂的预算以及学生的退学率和学生成绩指标等。现有的模型也许不能做到上述的一切，但可以设计出一个模型将各种可以量化的因素联系起来。对于这些因素的关系，人们可以进行某种程度的判断。一个给定模型的实效取决于估计的准确性、所设计因素的范围以及所选择的与管理决策相关的输出。
IV.Topics for discussion
1.According to your understanding , what is strategy?
答：A strategy is a plan of action designed to achieve a specific goal. Strategy is all about gaining (or being prepared to gain) a position of advantage over adversaries or best exploiting emerging possibilities.
2.The difference between strategy and OE.
Operational effectiveness means performing similar activities better than rivals perform them. OE includes but is not limited to efficiency. It refers to any number of practices that allow a company to better utilize its inputs by, for example, reducing defects in products or developing better products faster. In contrast, strategic positioning means performing different activities from rivals' or performing similar activities in different ways.
Unit Four
I.Cloze
In the late 1750s Humphrey Jackson
1.transfer
2.product
3.economic
4.diffusion
5.involve
6.techniques
7.available
8.range
9.time 10.which 11.early 12.collection 13.experience 14.role 15.to 16.transfers 17.as 18.into 19.employed 20.easily
II.Tranlate the following into Chinese:
The major problem facing our civilization has now been widely recognized as the threat to the natural systems that sustain life on the planet. The environment is now seriously threatened by the by-products of many industrial processes as well as the products themselves. We are currently polluting the air we breathe, the water we drink, wash and swim in, the soil that produces our crops, the animals we farm and the fish we eat. Our current lifestyle is unsustainable and will be disastrous for our planet unless appropriate changes are made.
现在人们广泛地认识到，我们的文明面临的主要问题是维持地球上生命的自然体系受到威胁。环境现在受到工业过程的副产品以及工业产品本身的严重威胁。现在我们正在污染着我们呼吸的空气，饮用、洗涤和在其中游泳的水，生长庄稼的土壤，牧养的动物和吃的鱼。我们目前的生活方式是不可持续的，并且
会给我们的星球带来灾难，除非作出适当的改变。
Man has already become an endangered species in many countries. One billion people are suffering from malnutrition and starvation now, and 20 million of these die each year from starvation or related diseases, at least half being children under four years of age.
在很多国家人已经成了频危物种。现在有十亿人营养不良和挨饿，每年有两千万人死于饥饿和有关疾病，至少有一半是四岁以下的儿童。
IV.Topics for discussion
1.The similarities and differences between management and medicine.
答：For most part, management and medicine both rely on instead: obsolete knowledge gained in school,
long-standing but never proven traditions, patterns gleaned from experience, the methods they believe in and are most skilled in applying, and information from hordes of vendors with products and services to sell.
But companies vary so wildly in size, form, and age, compared with human beings, it is far more risky in business to presume that a proven “cure” developed in one place will be effective elsewhere.
2.What passes for wisdom?
Unit Five
I.Cloze:
Services have traditionally been
1. technology
2.in
3.management
4.processes
5.source
6.edge
7.services
8.equipment
9.new 10.areas 11.what 12. Information 13.treatment https://www.360docs.net/doc/6d16379084.html,puter 15.up 16. independent
17.corporation 18.expert 19.intelligence 20. Encouraging
II. Translate the following into Chinese.
Most management writers take a multi-factorial view of emerging paradigms.Some writers are more likely to attribute most casual influence to a single variable, and the most frequently singled-out factor is information technology (IT).R. D. Hames, for instance, looking at the essence of future organization, saw the shift from the industrial to the information age in terms of its impact on the design of organizations, particularly from an IT perspective. One of the key emergent trends is a shift from organizational envelopes as containers of business activity to network linking between organizations.
大多数管理方面的作者从多种不同的角度来观察新兴的范式。有些作者比较喜欢将大多数不定影响归为一个变量，最经常提及的因素是信息技术(IT)。例如，R.D. 黑姆斯在研究未来组织的特性时，从信息技术对组织设计的影响，特别是从信息技术的发展前景，考察了工业时代向信息时代的演变。关建的发展趋势之一是由作为经营活动的载体的组织框架向组织之间的联系网络汇演变。
As organizations seek value through the strength of their ties to--and networks With--other organizations, attempts at imperative managerial control become intrusive and inappropriate. Control through networks, particularly where there is considerable complexity and short span of product life cycles, means that emergent "windows of opportunity" require rapid and widespread sharing of knowledge. Old paradigms of management tradition and practice become increasingly obsolete. Fulk and DeSanctis provide an overview of the research that has begun to address issues of electronic communication and its impact upon, and change of, organizational forms.
由于组织是通过其本身与其他组织的联系——以及与其他组织的网络关系——的力量来实现其价值的，因此试图实行强制的管理控制已不合理和下恰当、通过网络控制，特别是在产品较为复杂和生命周期短的情况下，意味昔短暂的“机会窗口”需要快速地和广泛地共享知识。管理的传统理论和实践组成的旧范式已越来越过时了。有一类研究起始于处理电子通讯的问题，进而研究了电子通讯对组织形式的影响以及组织形式的变化，富尔克和德桑克蒂斯对这类研究做了概述。
lV, Topics for discussion:
1.The basic procedure of decisionmaking.
2. The functions that a model plays in systems analysis.
其他翻译
Unit one
According to Koontz,the process approach, originally proposed by Fayol, views management as a process of getting things done through and with individuals who are operating in organized groups.
在孔茨看来，最初由法约尔提出的流程方法把管理看成是组织成员达到目标的过程。
In systems theory,the organization is one of several elements which interact interdependently.
在系统论中，组织是相互作用的几个要素之一。
Unit Two
They were expanding markets, delighting more customers,streamlining their system, sharply reducing wasted efforts, and increasing revenue while reducing costs.
他们扩展市场，取悦更多的顾客，是他们的系统更加合理，大大地减少浪费，并在降低费用的同时提高收益。
So they had their technical support and product development staff go out with the salespeople to talk with customers face-to-face, gathering data that reflected customers’ attitudes. They soon came to understand that their customer’ definition of quality weren’t the same as their own.
因此，他们让他们的技术辅助人员和产品开发人员与销售人员一道去与顾客进行面对面的交谈，收集反映顾客态度的资料。很快他们了解到他们的顾客对质量的定义与他们自己的定义不一样。
Unit Three
Operational effectiveness and strategy are both essential to superior performance, which after all, is the primary goal of any enterprise. But they work in very different ways.
优异绩效是每个企业都追求的主要目标，运营效益和战略都对其起着关键作用。但是，两者的作用方式有很大不同。
The popularity of outsourcing and the virtual corporation reflect the growing recognition that it is difficult to perform all activities as productively as specialists.
外包和虚拟企业现象的盛行反映出人们日益认识到一个企业很难在开展所有业务时都能达到专业者的效率。
Unit Four
Lots of managers, likewise, get their companies into trouble by importing, without sufficient thought, performance management and measurement practices from their pass experience.
同样，许多管理者未充分考虑就把自己过去的经验中总结出的绩效管理和测度方法引入到企业管理中，从而给企业带来了麻烦。
In business, the use and defense of stock options as a compensation strategy seems to be just such a case of cherished belief trumping evidence, to the detriment of organizations
在管理领域，把股票期权作为一种补偿政策的做法似乎就是成见战胜证据的例子，但是这种做法损害了组织利益。
单词：
Adverse 不利的conjecture 猜测Contemplate 沉思
Contingency 偶然性Designate 划定
Desirability 可取
deviation 偏差discrepancy 差异
exogenous 外源性Expenditure 支出Fatality 死亡
intricate 复杂的
iteration 迭代negligible 微不足道implementability 可实施性Intuition 直觉jurisdiction 管辖权
Optimization 优化payoff 回报run-through 运行通过screen out 筛选出settle (on) 结算Standing 地位
最新高考英语语法知识讲解(完整版)
高考英语语法知识讲解 (名师详细讲解语法+配套实战练习，零基础也可以学 好英语，建议下载保存) (绝对精品文档，价值很高，值得下载打印收藏) (每天背诵提高英语语感。零基础学英语，每天进步一 点点！)
第一讲座：名词---基础篇 一、名词的复数： 1. 名词变复数的规则形式： 1). 一般情况下直接加s：book------books cup-----cups 2). 以辅音字母+y结尾的，先变y为i再加es： city-------cities family-----families 3). 以s、x、sh、ch结尾的加es： bus-----buses wish------wishes watch------watches 4). 以o结尾的多数加S 初中阶段只有三个单词加es： tomato-----tomatoes potato------potatoes hero-----heroes Negroes 5). 以f、fe 结尾的，先把f、fe变v 再加es： leaf----leaves self---selves shelf----shelves life----lives thief---thieves 2. 少数名词的复数形式是不规则的： man----men woman---women child----children foot-----feet tooth----teeth mouse---mice 3. 单数和复数形式相同： deer---deer fish----fish sheep----sheep Chinese ----Chinese Japanese---Japanese 4. 某国人的复数： 1). 中、日不变：Chinese----Chinese Japanese---Japanese 2). 英、法变：Englishman----Englishmen Frenchman----Frenchmen 3).其余s加后面：American-----Americans German----Germans Australian---Australians 二、不可数名词： 1. 不可数名词： 1). 不能直接用数字表数量；2). 不能直接加a或an；3). 没有复数形式； 4). 可用some、any、lots of、plenty of、much 修饰；5). 可用“量词短语”表示； 2. 不可数名词的数量的表示方法：a / 数字+ 量词+ of + 不可数名词： a piece of paper a cup of tea a glass of milk 三、名词的所有格： 1. ’s 所有格：
英语必修二知识点整理
英语必修二知识点整理 Unit1 Cultural relics 1.基础梳理 rare valuable survive vase dynasty amaze honey design fancy style decorate jewel artist belong to remove troop reception doubt former worth local apartment paint castle trail envidence entrance sink sailor maid in formal debate take apart keep…in one’s heart 2.词语归纳 1)state 指“国家”时，常表示“政权，国体”等政治性概念，首字母常常大写。表示“状态，情况”时，为可数名词，常作单数;in a state表示“处于混乱或者是不整洁的状态”;get into a state变得十分紧张。 in state 庄严堂皇的，隆重的 state也可以作动词，表示“陈述，阐明，声明”，多用于正式场合或者是公文，商务信函，日常用语中应该避免。 表示“据说，据称”常用于it或者sb/sth作主语的被动句中。 2)rare 作形容词，表示“罕见的，稀少的，稀有的，难得的”，可形容人或者是物。rare也可以指肉，表示“未熟的，半熟的”。 rare也是作副词，相当于rarely，意思是“很，非常”。 rare和and连用，相当于一个副词，意思是“很，极，非常”。 3)belong 不能用于被动语态和进行时。 belong in 适宜于，用利于，应该用在……。 4)gift
中考模拟英语试卷及答案10
中考模拟英语试卷及答案 Part 1 Listening （第一部分听力） I. Listen and choose the right picture (根据你听到的内容，选出相应的图片): (共6分) A B C D E F G II. Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to the question you hear (根据你听到的对话和问题，选出最恰当的答案): (共10分) 7. A) The man’s.B) The woman’s. C) The man’s son’s.D) The woman’s son’s. 8. A) In the classroom. B) At the airport. C) In the teachers’ office.D) At the railway station. 9. A) He is listening to the radio. B) He is playing a sports game. C) He is watching television. D) He is reading a newspaper. 10. A) 8:30. B) 9:00. C) 9:30. D) 10:30. 11. A) Ben. B) Alice. C) Jimmy. D) Linda.
12. A) In an hour. B) In half an hour. C) In ten minutes. D) In twenty minutes. 13. A) By taxi. B) By bike. C) By bus. D) On foot. 14. A) Twenty dollars. B) Twenty-five dollars. C) Fifty dollars. D) Thirty-five dollars. 15. A) Because he had to pay for his education. B) Because he had to study several subjects. C) Because he wanted to stay in America. D) Because he wanted to look for a good job. 16. A) It’s much newer, but noisier. B) It’s much bigger, but noisier. C) It’s bigger and quieter. D) It’s smaller and quieter. III. Listen to the passage and tell whether the following statements are true or false (判断下列句子是否符合你听到的内容, 符合的用“T”表示，不符合的用“F”表示): (共7分) 17. Bill used to be the best student in his new school. 18. Nobody liked Bill because he liked being alone all the time. 19. Bill’s teacher asked his parents to come to the school. 20. Bill’s father went to see Bill and talked with him. 21. Bill’s father asked him some questions about his studies. 22. Bill’s father told Bill that he was the most important person for him. 23. From the passage we know that nobody cared for Bill in this world. IV. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the blanks (根据你听到的对话，完成下列句子，每空格限填一词): (共7分) 24. Jim can’t (24) asleep and he feels very tired in the morning. 25. Jim thinks about (25) a lot and he’s afraid he is going to fail. 26. If Jim makes a study plan, he can (26) his time better and feel more confident. 27. Jim often has all his books (27) at the same time, and he never knows which one to read first. 28. There are 1,800 students and (28) teachers in Jim’s school.
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人教版高中英语必修二重点单词和短语
人教版高中英语必修二重点单词和短语
必修2 Unit1 重点单词: 1. c ultural adj文化的 2. s urvive v. 幸免于;幸存;生还 3. r emain vi.保持;仍是 4. s tate n. 国家;政府;州;状态 5. r are adj. 稀罕的;稀有的;珍贵的 6. d ynasty n.朝代;王朝 7. b elong vi.属于;为….的一员 8. h eat n. 热;热度 vt.把…加热; 使激动 9. d esign n.图案；vt。构思；设计 10. fancy adj奇特的;异样的 vt 想象;设想;爱好 11. jewel n. 珠宝;宝石 12. reception n.接待;招待会;接收 13. light vt.&vi. 点火;点燃;照亮 14. wonder n.奇迹;惊奇 15. remove vt.移动;搬开
16. furniture n. 家具(总称) 17. secretly adv.秘密地;背地里 18. wooden adj木制的 19. doubt n怀疑;疑惑 vt怀疑;不信 20. apart adv. 分离;分别地 21. trial n.审判;审讯;试验 22. consider vt. 考虑;照顾;认为 23. opinion n.意见;看法;判断 24. evidence n. 根据;证据;证物 25. prove vi 原来是;证明是 vt证明;证实 26. pretend vt. 假装;装扮 27. treasure n. 财宝;财富;珍品 28. besides adv此外 prep 除…之外 重点短语 29. look into 调查 30. serve as 作…之用,担任,供职 31. take apart 拆开 32. rather than 而不是,与其 33. think highly of 着重,器重 34. belong to 属于