英美概况lecture2
英美概况美国部分
Lecture one: Geography and PeopleLocation :Situated in the central part of North America with Canada on the north ,Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico on the south ,the United States is on the east coast of Pacific and west coast of Atlantic.Territorial area:9.5million square kilometers50states and seat of government is Washington D.CLargest state---AlaskaLargest on the continent---TexasSmallest-----Rhode Island(罗德岛州)Newest---HawaiiThree geographical divisions（三大地形区）:Western ,central and eastern part .Land forms and region:Eastern part:Highlands formed by Appalachian rangeWestern part:High plateaus and mountains(Rockies are called as the back bone of the continent). Great central plain:A large plain between the eastern Appalachian and western RockiesMain geographical regions:New England(6,northeast, longest history featured with mountains ,valleys and rivers ,and cities and towns with historic sites ,top-ranking universities )The Mid-Atlantic StatesThe West (11,a wealth of forests and stream notable cities, high-tech industry predominant agricultural yielding,14% of GDP )The Mid-WestThe South(13,plenty of rainfall and mild climate are favorable for agriculture, fast growing industry and population recent years, great size with few large citiesThe SouthwestHawaii:Tourism is the largest source of incomeTropical climateRivers and Lakes:Mississippi River---largess and most important river in the system of GulfKnown as the river to American Indians.Hudson River:Flow through New York.The Great Lakes:Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, Lake Huron and Lake Erie.The most important system of inland waterways in the world.Lake Michigan is wholly within the United StatesPart of the boundary runs through these lakesNiagara Fall is located on the U.S-Canada border between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Climate:Mainly temperate and some mild subtropical areas with only southern Florida and Hawaii being tropical.Natural resources:Abounds in mineral resourcesPopulation:The third most populous country in the worldUneven distribution :most densely populatedNation of Immigrants :White Anglo-Saxon protestantThe Black :The Civil Rights Movements:The Civil Rights Movements began when the black people spontaneously oppose the Segregation Law and establish organizations to make the protest successful.Martin Luther King:The political and religious leaders of non-violent civil rights movementNobel peace prize.Hispanics:Spanish-speaking AmericansMexican-Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban-Americans(best economic achievements )MiamiAsian Immigrants :The Chinese were the first Asians to come to the U.S, ”model minority”.Racial Assimilation:America is a nation of many ethnic groups, making it a ”Melting Pot”and a Multi-Cultural SocietySpeak the same languageHave the same habits and manner.Lecture2:government and political systemAmerican constitution :Set down the basic framework of American government.Basic concept :Separation of power ,check and balances.Functions :Founding the American rule of law.Creating the federal system with a supreme national government.Having great flexibilityBuilding up the Republican form of government(共和制政体).Defining and limiting the power of the national government.Defining the relationship between national government and individual(个别)state governments.Guaranteeing the rights of the citizens of America.Supreme law, authority derived from people.Significance :Taking precedence over （为…开创先例）all state constitutions and law.First of its kind in the world, it has inspired dozens of other countries to seek for political reform.Federal system and government:The definition of Federalism(联邦制):The states are united into a federation.Federal government has the delegated power（委托权）.Both federal government and state government are Supreme power in their spheres of authority.Significance of federalism :Unify the states in their pursuit of common goals without completely deprive them of their independence.Federal government:Established by a federalism, there is a federal republic of 50 U.S states, District ofColombia and many other insular(岛屿的) areas.Branches of the government :Legislative ,executive and judicial branch.Separate but equally important ,checked and balanced by each other.The legislative branch :Congress :Briefing :Conference venue（会议场所）：The capitol(国会大厦)with Senate in the north wing and the house of representatives in the south wing.Law making and supreme legislative body.Monitor /supervise and influence aspects of the executive branch(congress’s responsibility :ensure ,comply with the law)Two chambers ----Senate（参议院）and the House of representatives（众议院）. Senate:Two members from each state as required by the Constitution with current membership 100.More important, consent to president’s proposal.The house of representatives:Each congressional district elect a representative.Each state is represented on the basis of population.More partisan that the Senate.The function:Pass the laws for the Union.The revenue bills must be originated in the house of representatives.The executive branch: comprises 14 branches and other independent agencies.Cabinet :formed by department’s heads ----secretaries.President:the chief of executive branch of the federal government. state and commander-in-chief of the military.Presidential residence: White House ,presidential term ：Serve one or two successive terms.Responsibility: taking care of the laws be faithfully executed.Executive Departments :Functions:The day-to-day enforcement and administration of federal laws.Head of the departments are chosen by president and approved by the Senate .Cabinet :A part of the executive branches of the U.S government and consists of the heads of the executive departments.Secretary of the state:Head of the Department of State, foreign affairs.Judicial branch:Definition:consist of a series of courts:supreme court (highest),court of appeal and district court.What it applies to ?In most criminal cases and some civil cases.Function:Finders of factDecide on whether the defendant committed the crime.Unanimous decision.Political partiesDemocratic party and Republican partyDonkey and ElephantThe Democratic Party(donkey):Liberal.Anti –federalists southwest cotton plantation ownersEmphasizing the governmental interference in economy.The Republican Party(GOP, elephant):Conservative (more assertive in international affairs)Difference and similarity:With regard to economy, the Democrats favor the governmental intervention while the Republicans stress the role of the market.On social issues, the Democrats support a strong social security system while the Republican oppose a large social security programs.Presidential election:Only the candidates nominated by the two Parties have the chance to win a Presidential election.Presidential election has 4 stages：The first stage: choosing the candidatesThe second stage: the campaigning stageThe third stage: votingThe forth stage: meeting the states capitalsLecture3:EconomyThe U.S economy is the current economic, industrial and technological giant.The largest developed country and the only superpower in the worldMixed economy:Emphasizing the private ownership(私有制).Federal government will regulate businesses.Private business produce the most goods and services.Economy system :free enterprise system.Type of business: Proprietorship(独资), cooperation and partnerships.History of American economy:The colonial period:Colonies are settled to escape religious persecutions and business ventures.After the settlement of the new England in1620,The English investors turn over colonial charter to the settlersSubsequently, the settlers established secondary industries formed a clear regional patterns of development.Since the America gained its independence:(词汇自己衔接)The constitution establish the nation as a unified market.Alexander Hamilton’s economic development strategyThe Industrial Revolution ：the boom of the cotton cloth production and textile industry(棉布生产和纺织业的繁荣)During that period of time, the south were dependant on the north for capital and manufactured goods.The Second Industrial Revolution gave birth to an explosion of new discoveries and inventions.In the 20 century :The U.S experienced a period of prosperity in the early of 20 century.Underwent Great Depression in the 1930s.President Roosevelt’s New Deal （massive intervention of the government ）saved itseconomy.略看：历届总统经济政策：Regan administration---new monetarist policiesGeorge Bush H.W----slow recession.Clinton----RecoveryAppearance of the new tycoonCurrent American economy:Agriculture：favorable natural condition.Successful agriculture mode （investment, labor method）and modern technology of farming .Remain to be the foundation of the economyManufacturing industry : America formed an industrial system with large productivity(northeastern is the lead region)Service industry:Financial services :banking, real estates and law servicesPublic welfare services:sheltering and retail servicesTop high-tech industryAdvanced space technology, information technology and computing.Lecture 4: Thirteen Colonies and the Independence War Pilgrim fathers:Columbus discovered the new world in1492.The discovery of new world epoch-making: people come to realise the world is round.Pilgrim Father(English separatists and other colonists) landed on north America on Dec 21th,1620 to escape religious persecutions. Forefather’s day Dec 21th(Mayflower).Thanksgiving day:For celebrating their first harvest of the forefathers.Fourth Thursday of November.Thirteen colonies:Those colonies were separately charted and governed by the Great Britain and finally became independent by signing the Declaration of Independence, which led the American Revolutionary War and the establishment of the U.SThe first colony was Virginia.The independence war:A series of armed conflict between the Great Britain and its 13 colonist for the colonists trying to gain their Independence and the uncontrollable contradictions. The shot of Lexington marked the beginning of the American Revolutionary WarThe Second Continental Congress:Held in Philadelphia ,May 10th , 1775Assume the functions of a national governmentFounding continental Army and NavyAppointed George Washington as the commander-in-chief of America forces. Printing paper money and open diplomatic relations.On fourth of the January,1776 approved the Declaration of IndependentThe Declaration :Consisting two parts：1.Justifing the rights for people to rebel against a government that denied theirnatural rights2.Indicting the King George for his cruel tyranny.Significance :Upholding the principle of equality and freedom of all manThe principle that people have the right to revolt.Independent DayJuly 4thThe course of the independence war:It dragged on for seven yearsThe victory of Saratoga became the turning point of the war.With the Assistance of French, Spain and Holland the war quickly ended.The Treaty of Paris put an end to the war and bring about the Independence of the 13states.Lecture 5:The American Constitution and Civil War.The American Constitution:The Constitutional Convention(制宪会议)Washington(elected as chairman), James Madison and other predominant figures discussed issues on federalism James Madison became “the father of the constitution”.Content :Representation : equal number of Senators, representatives based on population Structure of the government：a strong central government divided into 3 branches. Establishing federalism. (constitution day Sep17,1787)Causing disagreement between the federalist and the anti-federalist.Ten amendments were add to the constitution, known as “The Bill of Rights”.First general election: First President Washington.Significance of the US Constitution:Designed to unite all the people and prevent abuse of power by government officials Dividing the federal government into 3 separate but interdependent part: legislature, judiciary and executive.Becoming the first written constitution in modern sense upholding the principle that government should serve the people.Guaranteeing the unalienable human rights with the adoption of the Bill of Rights ,people’s supremacyupholding equality and political liberalism .The Era of Expansion:Louisiana Purchase became the first major event in American expansion.The Monroe doctrine: show “America for Americans “in foreign policy.Initiating Mexican American War annexed the entire southeast and CaliforniaThe civil war :The American civil war was fought in the united states between the Union and the Confederate States of the America from 1861 until 1865.The only war fight on America soil by Americans.Causes:Economic reason: contradictions between the two different existing economic systemsPolitical reason: the independence of the states.Immediate cause :The dispute over Negro slavery finally led to the session of the southern sates Abraham Lincoln:On Feb 4,1861,Abraham Lincoln took the office and insisted that slavery was evil and should be ultimately abolished.1862,he announced the Emancipation Proclamation, providing all slaves in the rebellion states freedom and setting the stage for the ultimate abolition to slavery. Gettysburg---turning point of the war.Lincoln deliver the famous Gettysburg Address, proposing the 3 principles of an ideal: government of the people, by the people and for the people.Assassinate , Lincoln memorialAftermath(result) :Victorious Union government sought to end the slavery and guarantee a permanently unbreakable union.The Confederate surrendered, the U.S stayed as a whole countrySlavery was totally abolished through the 13 and 14 amendment to the constitution, which swept the obstacles to the development of the U.S capital production.。
英美概况 教案第二讲
Ⅰ. Natural Resources
Britainis rich in coal, iron, tin, copper, lead and silver
1.Water—abundant surface water: rivers, reservoirs in Welsh mountains, lakes inLake District. 38% requirements are from underground sources.
(3) Lead ore:containing silver has been worked since pre-Roman times, lies in limestone regions; today the only production is from fluorite and barites.
(4) Copper: inNorth Wales, the deposits are associated with ancient volcanic rocks
4.Other Resources
(1) Saline Deposits:brine-pumping of the thick salt seriesbenБайду номын сангаасathCheshire;
one salt mine continues operations and is adequate for centuries to come
(2) Useful Rocks:rich in clays, of great economic value are china clay in granite inCornwall;
formerly in the Cleveland Hills inYorkshireand now are exhausted;
2024版年度《英美概况教案》PPT课件
美国文化与社会
第一季度
第二季度
第三季度
第四季度
多元文化
美国是一个由多民族组 成的国家，拥有丰富多 彩的文化传统。不同民 族和种族的文化在这里 交融，形成了独特的美 国文化。
社会制度
节日与庆典
美国的社会制度以自由、 平等和民主为核心价值。 其教育、医疗、社会保 障等制度相对完善，为 居民提供了较好的生活
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交际策略运用指导
礼貌用语
教授学生使用得体的礼 貌用语，以建立良好的
人际关系。
2024/2/2
非语言交际
了解并运用肢体语言、 面部表情、眼神交流等 非语言交际方式，增强
交际效果。
交际技巧
学习并掌握倾听、表达、 提问、回应等交际技巧，
提高沟通效率。
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解决交际障碍
教授学生如何应对语言 障碍、文化冲突等交际 问题，以化解误会和矛
2024/2/2
网络资源，如官方网站、学术论坛等， 提供更多关于英美的信息和讨论平台
旅游指南和游记分享，激发学生对英 美的兴趣和好奇心，促进跨文化理解。
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THANKS
感谢观看
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英国课程设置
注重传统学科的教学，如文学、历史、哲学等，同时增加职业 教育和技能培训课程。教学方法以学生为中心，注重启发式教 学和讨论式教学。
2024/2/2
美国课程设置
更加灵活多样，包括社会科学、自然科学、艺术等多个领域。 教学方法强调实践性和创新性，注重培养学生的团队协作和问 题解决能力。
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教育改革与发展趋势分析
条件。
美国有许多重要的节日 和庆典活动，如独立日、 感恩节、圣诞节等。这 些节日和庆典不仅丰富 了美国人的文化生活， 也吸引了众多游客前来
英美概况 课件chapter2
CHAPTER2 GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED KINGDOMDifferent Names for UK and its Parts1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.British Isles: the main land, Britain; part of the Irish island; and a host of nearby smaller islands. Great Britain: England, Wales, and Scotland.England: one of several separated political entities.2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.In political sense, UK also includes the many islands around Britain and the few remnants of the British Empire, such as the British Virgin Islands or the British region of Antarctica.3. Three political divisions on the main island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh(3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.4. The Commonwealth (of nations):It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991.II. Geographical Features 英国的地理特征1.Geographical position of Britain:Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands.III. Rivers and Lakes 河流与湖泊Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m).Severn River is the longest river in Britain (338km).Thames River is the second longest and most important river in Britain. (336km).Lough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain which is located in Northern Ireland. (396 square kilometres).River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.Snowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.（1,085m）IV. Climate 气候1. Britain's favorable climateBritain has a maritime climate: winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range. 2.The factors influence the climate in Britain:1）The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer;差的作用；2)The prevailing south-west winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year roundbringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;3）The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.3.RainfallBritain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east.V. The People1.population distributionBritain has a population of about 57 millions and it is very unevenly distributed. 90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural. The population of Britain is made up mainly of the English (81.5%), the Scottish (9.6%), the Welsh (1.9%), the Irish (2.4%), the Northern Irish (1.8%) and other peoples (2.8%).2.The difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish:The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons; the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts.3.The difference in character The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers and are proud of their past.The Scots are said to be a serious, cautious and thrifty people, and they are also hospitable, generous and friendly.The Irish are charm and vivacity.。
英美概况第二版
a preference for peace
US Great Seal
E Pluribus Unum
[Out of Many, One] Traditional motto of America
The shield: a blue Chief: the Congress blue: vigilance, perseverance
An Outline of the UK and the USA
Warming-up
• the symbols of USA
An Outline of the UK and the USA
New words and expressions
• contiguous: adj. very close or connected in space or time 邻近的，接触的，连续的 — California and Mexico are contiguous.
The Star Spangled Banner (2) On the shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep, Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, In full glory reflected now shines in the stream: 'Tis the star-spangled banner! Oh long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!
英美概况教案2
Chapter 2 NORTHERN IRELANDGeneral IntroductionTeaching Aims: Let the students get a general knowledge of Northern IrelandDifficult Points：population and physical features of Northern Irelandeconomy of Northern Irelandthe Home Rule Billthe Easter Rising of 1916the Sinn Fein Partythe religious conflicts between the Irish and the Britisha partition of Ireland in 1921a Civil Rights MovementMain Points:IRA's violence in the 1970sBloody Sundaythe collapse of the power-sharingcooperation between the British and Irish governmentsIRA's refusal to hand over their weaponsfuture for Northern Ireland still in doubtPeriods:Teaching Procedure：1.IntroductionNorthern Ireland (often called "Ulster” after an ancient Irish kingdom which once existed in that part of Ireland) is the smallest of the four nations, both in area and population. With only 1.5 million people, it is smaller than many Chinese cities. Its capital, Belfast, is a relatively small town of around 350 000 people, but is much the biggest city in the province. Though Northern Ireland is small it is significant because of the political troubles there.Physically, it is mostly rural, with low hills, a beautiful lake district in the south-west, and a rugged coastline, which includes its most famous landmark, the "Giant' s Causeway"~, a rocky promontory made up of black hexagonal columns formed by cooling lava millions of years ago. Legend has it that the giant Finn MaCool built it to cross the sea to Scotland. The nature of its link to Great Britain has been a key element in Northern Ireland's history, and remains an issue today.2.Detailed study of this partNorthern Ireland has an active cultural life with many theatres,restaurants, pubs and museums: its best known poet, Seamus Heaney,won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1995. Film-maker Neil Jordan won an Oscar for the "Best Original Screenplay” in 1992 with his film The Crying Game. Van Morrison is an internationally famous pop musician. Brian Friel4 is a playwright whose stageplays are acclaimed in London and Dublin as well as further afield.The Northern Ireland economy has its problems, partly as a result of the troubles discouraging investment, partly as a result of its peripherality in relation to the UK. Its wealth per head is the lowest of any UK region. Nevertheless living costs are also comparatively low, and a standard of living is possible for those of middle to upper incomes which many Londoners might envy. Industrial companies there include the aircraft manufacturers, Shorts, who build small commuter aircraft, as well as parts for other manufacturers such as Boeing, and the UK's largest shipbuilders, Harland and Woolf.This chapter will concentrate on the political problems of Northern Ireland, because unfortunately that is what is best knownHistoryabout it, though often not well understood. However, you should remember that it is a place where ordinary life continues, to which the troubles are an addition, rather than the main preoccupationof everyday life. Apart from the troubles, crime is very low, and even including political violence the murder-rate is much lower than in most American cities. Also the problems are mainly concentrated in particular areas, (where the troubles cannot be ignored for long, and where everyone would know a victim), but away from these places they might almost be forgotten, at least until the evening newspaper is delivered, or an armoured car drives by.However, there was a problem. The majority of Irish people were descendants of the original Celtic people who inhabited the British Isles before the Romans arrived 2 000 years ago. Ireland was not invaded by the Romans, or settled by the Anglo-Saxons who followed them into Britain, thus they were ethnically distinct from the majority of British people. Adding to this difference was religion: most Irish people remained Catholics, while most British people had become Protestants. But in one part of Ireland this was not, and is not, the case. In the seventeenth century, the English government, trying to increase its control of Ireland, encouraged people from Scotland and Northern England to emigrateto the troublesome north of Ireland. As a result the northeastern part of Ireland gained a population who saw themselves differently from the rest of the Irish people. They thought of themselves as British, and wished to remain a part of the British state. Also, they were Protestants. In 1921 the idea of being a part of an independent Irish State, where most people were Catholic, did notUntil 1921 the full name of the UK was "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", not only "Northern Ireland", because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britain's domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost, and one of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called "home-rule" Irish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill5 was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.Along with the political campaign for home-rule there were groups who followed a more direct method of pursuing Irish independence, engaging in guerilla or terrorist activities against British institutions and the British military forces. During the first World War and immediately after, this activity increased, sometimes brutally suppressed by British forces. The Easter Rising of 1916' was the most spectacular event, in which the rebels took over Dublin's Post Office, forcing the British to retake it by military means. The leaders of the rebellion were executed. In 1919 a group calling itself the IRAs (Irish Republican Army) expanded the fighting. In the end the conflict became too great to ignore, and as the Sinn Fein ("Ourselves Alone") party9, who were supporters of the Irish terrorists (or freedom-fighters, depending on your point of view), gained most of the Irish seats in the British parliament, Irish independence became inevitable.appeal. On the other hand they could not "go home"-- Ireland wasThe Troublestheir home: they had been there 250 years or more. They had shown in 1913 that they would not accept union with Ireland by organising a show of force, and put 100000 armed men in the streets of Northern IrelandFaced with these conflicting demands the British government chose a compromise and organised a partition of Ireland. The southern 26 counties would form an independent "free state", while the 6 north-eastern counties would remain a part of the UK. This is what happened in 1921, bringing to an end 700 years of British rule in southern Ireland.Unlike the other nations in the UK, Northern Ireland was given its own Parliament to deal with Northern Irish internal affairs, based at Stormont, just outside Belfast. The problem was that just as Ireland had not been purely "Republican" (for an independent Irish Republic) so in the 6 northern counties the population was not purely "Loyalist”or "Unionist" (for union with Great Britain, loyal to the British Crown). Nearly 40% of the populations were Catholic Irish, many of whom resented the North's separation from the south. To worsen the situation, the Protestants, being the majority, controlled the local democratically elected parliament, and used that power to support their own economic and social dominance in the province. Catholics found it harder to get jobs, or to benefit from social programmes such as public housing. Understandably resentment grew, and the armed conflict known as the "troubles" developed.Following the example of Black Americans, in the 1960s Catholics in Northern Ireland began a Civil Rights Movement, campaigning for equality, often marching in the streets. Groups of Protestants began to organise counter-demonstrations, and e out. Protestant mobs attacked catholic areas. The police (The Royal Ulster Constabulary, RUC) were overwhelmed by the fighting, and the Northern Irish Prime Minister asked London for soldiers to help restore order. In 1969,the first British soldiers were see n on Northern Irish streets. They have been there ever since.They came first to protect the Catholic people, and news film of the time shows them being offered cups of tea by grateful Catholics, however, the longer they stayed, the more they were seen as the symbol of British rule in Northern Ireland. The IRA at this time split. The Official IRA thought enough progress had been made that they could concentrate on a political process, and run candidates for elections, but a strong faction felt that armed force was the only way to get the British out, and separated from the officials, calling themselves the "Provisional IRA". It is this group which has continued the conflict for the last 25 years, and it is them that are usually referred to by talk about the IRA.In the early 1970s the IRA carded out a campaign of bombing and shooting, usually targeting the security forces, but often bombing city centres. Usually they gave warnings, but not always. The British Security forces were strengthened, with up to 20 000 soldiers, and 10 000 armed police in the province. They were forced to patrol in bullet-proof armoured cars, and to fortify police-stations and barracks, always being under threat of the IRA's activities. The Protestants formed their own illegal "paramilitary" groups and took revenge on Catholics, often murdering individuals at random. Catholics in mainly Protestant areas, and Protestants in mainly Catholic areas were threatened, and sometimes their houses burned down, causing each to flee. The result is that now Northern Irish cities are "ghettoised" into exclusively Protestant and exclusively Catholic areasn. As their children also attend separate schools the two communities hardly mix at all. In 1971 the Northern Irish government took the desperate step of imprisoning terrorist suspects from both sides without trial, a policy known as "internmentm3. This suspension of civil fights caused anger on both sides, and, if anything, intensified the conflict~4 (The policy was ended in 1975, and is now seen as a major mistake in the handling of the crisis).In the following year, 1972, 468 people were killed in Northern Ireland, the worst year of the troubles. These included 13 Catholics who had been taking part in a peaceful (though banned) civil rights ma rch. They were shot dead by British soldiers. This was a key event in strengthening Catholic opposition to the British presence. This day has now been mythologised as "Bloody Sunday”s, an important symbol of British oppression.While attempting to maintain normality through a massive and increasingly effective security presence the government looked for political solutions to the troubles. In 1973, an agreement was reached between the main political parties in Northern Ireland, and importantly, the British and Irish governments. This led to a new form for the Northern Irish Parliament, with a Power-Sharing mechanism~6 to allow the minority Catholic population political influence. This, especially the Irish involvement, outraged the Protestant majority, leading to a massive and prolonged strike by the Protestant workforce, eventually leading to the collapse of the power-sharing group.At this point the British government decided that the Northern Irish parliament could not govern the province effectively, and suspended it, replacing it with "direct-rule" from London. This is still the situation today. The IRA's bombing campaign extended to the mainland of Great Britain, but even so the troubles settled down to a peculiar level of semi Britain, but even so the troubles settled down to a peculiar level of semi acceptability. People had got used to it. Both sides continued the conflict, but the British forces kept the scale down to a lower level than in While attempting to maintain normality through a massive and increasingly effective security presence the government looked for political solutions to the troubles. In 1973, an agreement was reached between the main political parties in Northern Ireland, and importantly, the British and Irish the early 1970s, and through the late 1970s and the 1980s the death rate averaged around 90 per year. It didn't get worse, but neither could anyone see an end to it. A visitor to Belfast from England in the 1980s found a city which looked very much like home, but then might be shocked by seeing a police patrol with two armed policemen (shocking in itself to the British, whose police do not carry guns) protected by perhaps ten heavily armed British soldiers walking on both sides of the street ahead of and behind the policemen,looking through their guns’ telescopic sights for any sign of danger. Meanwhile the people of Belfast would be walking amongst them, doing their shopping, taking their children to school, apparently hardly noticing the military force in their midst, the armoured car cruising by. Life went onTowards a Solution?The British government still felt that involving the Southern Irish in Northern Irish affairs was the right way to proceed despite the disaster of power-sharing in the 1970s. It should not be thought that the Irish government supports the IRA: they do not (following independence in 1921 a civil war was fought between the Irish government's forces and the IRA which the Irish government won, executing 3 times as many IRA men as the British ever had). The IRA is thus an illegal organization there too, and the British and Irish governments work together on a range of security matters. Nevertheless, the Irish do seek to protect the rights of Catholics in Northern Ireland, and it is still a part of the Irish constitutionthat they claim sovereignty over the 6 northern counties also, which makes the Protestants of the north suspicious of their intentions. However, in 1985 the Anglo-Irish agreement was signed between the two governments, giving the Irish a right to consultation on Northern Irish matters. Again, huge Protestant protest followed with the "Ulster says No" campaign. This time the government did not give in and the Anglo-Irish agreement is still in effect. A series of big bombs in London in the late 1980s and early 1990s increased pressure on the British government to come up with a solution.Through the actions of a constitutional Nationalist politician, John Hume, leader of the SDLP, and the leader of Sinn Fein, Gerry Adams, in August 1994, to most peoples' surprise, the IRA declared a ceasefire. Protestant paramilitary groups did the same. Everyone breathed a sighof relief, but the problem was not solved, though for the moment no one was being killed.The problem lay in the "commitment to peaceful methods" aspectof the possible talks. The British government felt that to make the Sinn Fein presence at the talks acceptable to the Unionist politicians, the IRA should hand over at least some of its weapons to show its seriousness. The IRA saw this as surrender, and refused. Time went on with various unsuccessful attempts to get over this hurdle. After 18 months of peace, the IRA's patience broke. They ended their ceasefire and set off two explosions in London, killing a number of people. At the moment of writing (April 1996) this is how the situation stands. Brit ain has offered Sinn Fein a place at talks planned to begin in June, if the IRA will declare another ceasefire. They have not done so. Province-wide elections are planned under a complex formula to ensure a wide rangeof representation on the body which will carry out these talks, in an attempt to give them legitimacy. Without the participation of Sinn Fein and the IRA it is hard to see them succeeding. Northern Ireland is poised on the brink--a new peaceful future, or a return to the violence that has claimed 3150 lives so far.3. exercises: do the exercises on page 27-30。
英美概况课件——英国的二战
Britain in the Two World Wars
❖ Britain and First World War ❖ Britain and the Second World War ❖ The Post War Britain
The Rivalry between Britain and Germany
❖ Result of the War ❖ destroyed many cities; ❖ changed the face of London; 250,000 casualties [`kæӡjuәlti] caused poor economic and financial
difficulties; end of empire. Churchill received massive popular
❖ In January 1919, representatives from 27 nations gathered in Paris to decide the fate of the defeated nations. The talk was dominated by the “Big three” : the United States , France ,Britain.
❖ In1907 Britain reached an agreement with Russia, and allied herself with France and Russia .The Triple Entente was formed.
causes
❖ the fundamental cause: ❖ Redividing the world colonies among the
英美概况UK-1 The coountry (2)
London, capital of England
London
Top: City of London skyline, Middle: Palace of Westminster, Bottom left: Tower Bridge, Bottom right: Tower of London.
2. Lakes
a. Lough Neagh: largest lake in Britain (located in Northern Ireland). b. Lake District: ① One of the popular tourist attractions in Britain; ② 15 lakes, the largest ones are Windermere, Ullswater, Derwentwater and Coniston Water; ③ The home of the lake poets of 19th century: Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey.
3.Rainfall 降雨量:
Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout
the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east. 英国全年降雨量稳定，平均降雨量超 过1000毫米。 英国北部、西部雨量过
London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; the historic settlement of Greenwich; the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; and the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey and St.
英美概况PPT
2. The beginning of Plantagenet Dynasty (金雀花王朝，安茹王朝）
William, the Conquorer William Rufus (William’s second son) Henry I (William’s youngest son) Henry II (first king of PD)
He robbed the rich to aid the distressed Legend in Sherwood Forest Read Sir Scott’s Ivanhoe 《艾凡赫》
② Its major clauses
(1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council； (2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property； (3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections； (4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country
Henry II’s struggle with the archbishop of Canterbury
Henry II chose his old-time friend Thomas Becket to be the Archbishop of Canterbury But Becket gave no support to Henry’s religious reform on Clergical privilege—he refused King’s demand of criminal cleric being sentenced in the King’s court (they might get minor or milder punishment in Church court)
英美概况Chapter 2
III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871) 盎格鲁-萨克逊人 盎格鲁 萨克逊人
• 1. Who were the Anglo-Saxons? • The Anglo-Saxons referred to the three Teutonic tribes（日而漫部落）who invaded Britain in the mid-5th century. They were Jutes, Saxons and Angles. • --The Jutes 朱特人, from today’s Denmark, came to Britain first for assistance to drive out the Picts and Scots. • --Then the Saxons from northern German • --The Angles who also came from northern German and were to give their name to the 10 English people.
– – – – The art of pottery making The ability to fashion (ornament with patterns) bronze tools The custom of individual burial The hill forts (堡垒) and small fortified towns (筑堡城镇). The Maiden Castle is one of the finest examples.
2. How did the Heptrchy (七王国 七王国) 七王国 come into being?
英美概况---演讲unit2
VCD presentation
• Version1： only includes a reference to the audience
• Version2： includes all the items in the checklist
Review
• 1. 女士们先生们，很荣幸有机会对如此尊贵的听 众作发言。（address，distinguished） • 2.我的发言旨在使大家了解公司采取工薪冻结措 施的原因。（give…the background to， salary freeze） • 3.我只占用大家5分钟时间（take…of） • 4.我的发言分为三个部分。（divide into/fall into） • 5.如果你们有问题，可以随时提出来。（feel free to interrupt）
Checklist
• • • • • • • • Your name and position The title/subject of your presentation The purpose of your presentation The length of time you will take The main parts or points you will cover Any visual aids you will use When the audience may ask questions A reference to the audience :a human touch
Homework
• 1. finish exercises
• 2. prepare a introduction for a serious presentation(2-3mins free topic) a lecture /a speech/a business meeting…
2024年度专业课程《英美概况2》
英国实行全民免费医疗制度，国民可享受全面的公共卫生服务。
社会福利制度
英国建立了完善的社会福利制度，包括养老保险、失业保险、医疗 保险等，保障国民的基本生活需求。
10
03
美国篇：政治、经济与社会制度
2024/3/23
11
美国政治制度及改革
总统制
美国总统是国家元首、政府首脑 和三军统帅，由选举产生，任期 四年。
政治改革
近年来，美国政治改革主要集中 在选举制度、投票权、政党制度 和政治参与等方面。
01
联邦制
美国实行联邦制，联邦政府和各 州政府分权而治，具有相对独立 性。
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03
两党制
美国政治主要由两大政党——民 主党和共和党主导，两党通过竞 选争夺执政地位。
04
2024/3/23
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美国经济发展现状与趋势
专业课程《英美概况2》
2024/3/23
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目录
2024/3/23
• 课程介绍与教学目标 • 英国篇：政治、经济与社会制度 • 美国篇：政治、经济与社会制度 • 英美文化：传统、习俗与价值观 • 英美教育：体系、特点与发展趋势 • 英美科技：创新、应用与影响 • 总结与展望：深化对英美的理解与认识
2
2024/3/23
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英美价值观比较
个人主义与集体主义
探讨英美两国在个人与集体关系上的不同侧 重点。
平等观念与等级观念
分析英美社会在平等与等级问题上的异同。
2024/3/23
竞争与合作
比较英美两国在竞争与合作方面的不同态度 和价值观。
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跨文化交际中的注意事项
01
文化差异意识
强调在跨文化交际中需要认识 到不同文化之间的差异，并尊 重这些差异。
最新《英美概况》谢福之-课后简答题及部分重点答案资料
《英美概况》谢福之课后简答题及答案Chapter 1 geography people and language1.what is the full name of the U.K?A: the full name is the united kingdom of great Britain and northern Ireland.2.Why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?A: because they like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery, to drink the scotch whisky and to see the Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3.How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and whatare they?A:the development of English language be divided into three period :old English , middle English ,modern English .4.Why did English become more important after the Black Death?A: the laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social important after the Black Death. So English also grew in importance compared to French .Chapter 2 History1.What are the two components of the British parliament?A: they are the House of Commons and the House of Lords.2.What were some of Queen Victoria’s major achievements?A:the Queen Victoria’s major achievements in almost every aspect : she promoted further industrial revolution, the building of railways and the growing of trade and commerce. By the end of her reign , British had developed to an empire including a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world’s landmass.3.What were the two camps in Europe in world war I?A: The central powers which included Germany ,Austria-Hungary , the ottoman empire and Bulgaria and allied powers which were mainly comprised of France , the Russian empire ,and British empire , Italy and the united states.5.Why did Britain cooperate closely with the united states after world war II?A: because they were allied during the war and share the same worries about the former soviet union.Chapter 3 government and the commonwealth1.What the three functions of the house of commons?A: the three functions are : to draft laws, to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the activities of the government policy.2.Why is the Conservative party sometimes called the “Right”?A: because the conservative party is supported by landowners and businessmen, who are often from the middle and upper-middle class.3.What kind of public image dose liberal democrats have in Britain?A:the liberal democrats is perceived as “middle” between the conservation and the labor party . it is comparatively flexible and pragmatic in its balance of the individual and the social . it emphasizes the need for a change in Britain’s constitutional arrangements to make the government more democratic and accountable.4.Why are independent candidates unlikely to win in the general election ?A; Because even if they were elected, they would be powerless in parliament. Therefore , it isnot possible for many people to vote for independent candidates.Chapter 4 economy1.What was the negative aspect of Thatcher’s reform in the early 1980s?A: its negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment . in 1982,the unemployment rate reached the level of the great depression years, with three million people out of work.2.What are the characteristics of Britain’s agriculture?A:britain’s agriculture is characterized by a small portion of the population engaged in agriculture activities with a high degree of mechanization. Although it employs a mere 1% of the country’s labor force , it meets around 60% of the national demands.3.What happened to Britain’s beef industry in the mid-1990s?A: Britain’s beef industry was hit badly by BSE, resulting in a ban on beef exports in 1996.4.What are some of the popular tourist attractions in Britain?The popular tourist attractions in England include : The Dorset and the East Devon Coast, the Lake District, Stonehenge , Windsor Castle, University towns of Oxford and Cambridge, Tower of London ,St.Paul’s cathedral and so on .Chapter 5 education ,media and holidays1.What used to be the major functions of grammar schools and vocational schools in Britain?The major functions of grammar schools were to train the most academically capable students and prepare them for university , whereas the major functions of vocational schools were to help less successful students to learn a trade.2.What kind of subjects do Britain comprehensive schools provide?Britain comprehensive schools provide a general education, offering both academic subjects like literature and science, and practical subjects like cooking and carpentry.3.In what ways do British universities enjoy complete academic freedom?British universities enjoy complete academic freedom because they can appoint their own staff, decide which students to admit, provide their own courses and award their own degrees.4.How do the students in the open university receive their education?The students follow university courses through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence ,video, and a network of study centers.5.What role dose the media play in British leisure culture?The media play an essential role in British leisure culture since it helps to shape the public’s opinion, determine people’s moral and political orientation and consolidate or undermine the rule or a government.Chapter 6 literature1.What are the three categories of Shakespeare’s play and their representatives?Shakespeare’s plays fall into three categories: comedy, tragedy and historical play. The representatives of his comedies include A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It and Twelfth Night. His major historical plays include Richard Ⅲ，HenryⅣand Cleopatra . His great tragedies are represented by Hamlet, Othello, King Lear , Macbeth and Romeo and Juliet.2.What is critical Realism?critical Realism is a literary school which flourished in the 40s and early 50s of the 19th century .the critical realists described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint . the greatest English critical realist wasCharles Dickens .3.What are the two new literary trends prevailing at the end of 19th century?The new literary trends that prevailed at the end of 19th century are neo-romanticism and aestheticism. Those who belong to neo-romanticism laid emphasis on the invention of exciting adventures and fascinating stories, and those of aestheticism believed in “art for art’s sake”.4.What is stream of consciousness?stream of consciousness is the writing technique which puts the unorganized flow of thought on page . writers who adopt this technique give precedence to the depiction of the characters’mental and emotional reactions to external events, rather than the events themselves. Chapter 7 society and cultureUSAChapter 8 geography and people1.How is the American population distributed?The distribution of the American population is rather uneven . the most densely populated region is the northeastern part of the country. The great plains have a comparatively small population . the south also has a population of almost 57.5million. the west is not densely populated ,except for some metropolitan centers like los Angeles and san Francisco . it has about 20% of the nation’s population.2.How is the life of the native Americans today ?About one third of all native Americans now live on reservations and the others live in cities.Poverty and unemployment are the major problems for them , especially on the reservations .3.Why was the immigration act of 1942 instituted ?The new immigrants in the united states , being poor and accustomed to poverty , were willing to work for very low wages .this made other workers afraid that the immigrants would lower wage levels and take jobs away from them . this opposition led to the immigration act of 1942.Chapter 9 history1.Why did American change its policy and enter world war II?Because of the formation of the axis , the American government feared that the axis countries were wining the war and it might threaten America’s security and interests . it began to provide war equipment to the foreign nations resisting the aggression of the axis power . the Japanese air raid on pearl harbor became the direct cause for America’s entrance into the war.2.What were Nixon’s well-known contributions during his presidency?a)brought the Vietnam war to a close ;b)reestablishing U.S. relations with china ;c)negotiating the first strategic arms limitation treaty with the former soviet union .3.What were the contents of Reagan’s economic program?Reaga n’s economic program called for reductions in income taxes and business taxes in order to encourage investment , and it also requested that many government regulations be eliminated so as to reduce the federal government’s role in the day-to-day operation of business.Chapter 10 government1.What are the two characteristics of the U.S. constitution?One is “checks and balances”, the other is that the power of the central government and thepowers of state governments are specified.2.What are the qualifications for a senator and a representative respectively?A senator must be over 30 years old , a U.S. citizen for at least nine years, and a resident inthe state which they represent . a representative should be at least 25 years old and a U.S.citizen for no less than seven years.3.What are the major powers of the supreme court?a)to interpret laws ;b)to hear appeals from any federal court cases; c)to hear appeals from statecourt cases that involve the constitution or national laws ; d)may declare a law unconstitutional ; e) may declare a presidential act unconstitutional.4.What is the difference between the democrats and the republicans in terms of politicalopinions?The democrats want the government to play an important role in the economy and emphasize full employment as a matter of national concern . they favor civil rights laws , a strong social security system which gives enterprises a greater freedom and demand that the government control inflation. They stress the need for law and order, and oppose complete government social programs and free choice of abortion . they also favor a strong military posture and assertive stand in international relations.5.What is the content of president Wilson’s fourteen points?president Wilson’s fourteen points include: abandonment of secret international agreements;freedom of the sea; free trade between nations ; reduction of armaments ; adjustment of colonial claims in the interests of the inhabitants affected; self-rule for subjugated European nationalities ; and the establishment of an association of nations which guarantees the political independence and territorial integrity of all nations.Chapter 11 economy1.What industry developments took place during the colonial period of America?During the colonial period ,the secondary industries developed as the colonies grew . a variety of specialized sawmills and gristmills appeared. Colonists established shipyards to build fishing fleets and trading vessels . they also built small iron forges . by the 18th century , regional patterns of development in America had become clear.2.How did the civil war affect the American economy?After the civil war , the large southern cotton plantations became much less profitable .northern industries , which had expanded rapidly because of the demands of the war ,surged ahead.3.Why does America try to reduce trade barriers?Because the united states has increasingly realized that open bilateral trade will not only advance its own economic interests, but also enhance domestic stability and its peaceful relationship with other nations.Chapter 12 education , media and holidays1.How does an American university choose its applicants?a)their high school records; b) recommendations from their high school teachers; c) the impression they make during interviews at the university ; d) their scores on the SAT.2.What functions do American higher education institutions perform?Higher education institutions in the united states have three functions: teaching , research and public service , and each has its own emphasis with regard to its function .3.What similarities do four famous university share?They all have a long history , they all have an excellent faculty , a large number of students and have made extensive academic achievements. Some of their graduates are very successful or influential in some areas such as politics, arts and business.4.What are the origins of thanksgiving day?Thanksgiving is associated with the time when Europeans first came to the new world , in 1620,the mayflower arrived and brought about 150 pilgrims. Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food , so many of them died. During the following summer the native America helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest. So they held a big celebration to thank god and the native Americans.Chapter 13 literature1.What is the essence of American Puritanism?American Puritanism stress predestination , original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement or the salvation of a selected few who would receive God’s grace.2.What themes are reflected in Theodore Dreiser’s works?Theodore Dreiser’s novels deal with everyday life, often its sordid side. Dreiser found that living in such a materialistic society, the human individual is obsessed with an endless and meaningless search for satisfaction of their desires . he embraced social Darwinism and advocated the idea of “the survival of the fittest”.3.What is the lost Generation?The lost Generation refer to the young American writers caught up in the world war I and cut off values yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization has gone mad .they produced works of disillusionment. Two of the most representative writers of the lost generation are Ernest Hemingway and F.Scott Fitzgerald.4.What is the Beat Movement?The Beat Movement began in the middle of the 1950s. the word “beat”suggests a non-conformist , rebellious attitude toward conventional values concerning sex. Religion and the America way of life , an attitude which results from the feeling of depression and exhaustion and the need to escape into an unconventional, communal mode of life. The representatives are Allen Ginsberg, William Burroughs and Jack Kerouac.CanadaChapter 14 geography and history1.考试重点英国：1 、the rise and fall of the British empire.In 1583, the British empire built the first overseas colony to Newfoundland, marked the beginning of the British empire. By 1837, Britain had long been an empire which included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zea land, India and many small states in the west indies. By the end of 19th century, the British empire include a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world’s landmass. During the mid-19th century, the British government consolidated the existing colonies by bringing them under the direct control of the government. Before world war I, Britain had the largest colonial empire in the world. However , Britain suffered great loss to its manpower in the two world wars and exhausted its reserves of gold, dollars and overseas investment. Most of the Britain’s colonies gained independence since the 1940s, which inevitably led to the fall of the Empire.2.The major reasons of the Britain’s relative economic decline:Britain’s economic experienced a relative decline in the postwar period for several reasons:(1)Britain suffered great losses in the two world wars and had gone heavily into debts to finance the war.(2)the era of the British Empire was over. India and other British colonies, which provided raw material and large market for British goods, gained their independence.(3)Britain was forced to maintain an expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the end of 1960s. (4)Britain had to make substantial financial contributions to NATO and UN security Council.(5)Britain failed to invest in industry after world war II whereas its competitors like Germany and Japan caught up with Britain by investing in the most modern equipment and means of production.3. What are the three categories of Shakespeare’s play and their representatives?Shakespeare’s plays fall into three categories: comedy, tragedy and historical play. The representatives of his comedies include A Midsummer Night’s Dream(仲夏夜之梦), The Merchant of Venice(威尼斯商人), As You Like It (皆大欢喜)and Twelfth Night(第十二夜). His major historical plays include Richard Ⅲ(理查三世)，HenryⅣ（亨利四世）and Cleopatra(埃及艳后) . His great tragedies are represented by Hamlet（哈姆雷特）, Othello（奥赛罗）, King Lear（李尔王）, Macbeth（麦克白）and Romeo and Juliet（罗密欧与朱丽叶）.4.The industrial Revolution took root in Britain’s reasons:(1) the Britain had a huge market(2)from the colonies in America and India, England acquired enormous wealth with which to develop its industries.(3) the enclosure movement deprived many small landowners of their property(4)England experienced rapid economic development in the 18th century.美国1.Why did American change its policy and enter world war II?Because of the formation of the axis , the American government feared that the axis countrieswere wining the war and it might threaten America’s security and interests . it began to provide war equipment to the foreign nations resisting the aggression of the axis power . the Japanese air raid on pearl harbor became the direct cause for America’s entrance into the war.2. What are the ideals that guide the American education system?The first ideal is that as many as possible should receive as much education as possible. The second ideal is that producing a society that is totally literate and of local control. Education is governed by the state and local government, not by the national government. The third ideal is that the scholars and students should work to discover new information or conceive new ways to understand what is already known. Teach the children how to learn and help them reach their maximum potential.3. What are the origins of thanksgiving day?Thanksgiving is associated with the time when Europeans first came to the new world , in 1620,the mayflower arrived and brought about 150 pilgrims. Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food , so many of them died. During the following summer the native America helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest. So they held a big celebration to thank god and the native Americans.加拿大1.The responsibilities of the Governor General : Including summon the House of Commons and the Senate, giving Royal Assent to all federal laws passed by the House, opening and ending sessions of Parliament before election.。
英美概况 第二章爱尔兰国家概况
第二节 政治与经济 Politics and Economy 三 政治体制
① 宪法
【宪法】现行宪法于1937年6月14日经议会 通过，同年12月29日生效，后修改过10次。宪 法规定：爱尔兰国体为共和国，总统由选民直 接选举产生，任期7年，有权召集和解散议会， 任命内阁总理及部长，并任军队统帅。1999年 12月，根据爱英两国政府及北爱有关各方达成 的《北爱和平协议》，爱政府修改宪法，取消 了有关要求北爱领土主权的条款。 。
℃。
爱尔兰历史
爱尔兰历史概述
爱尔兰岛古为凯尔特人居住地。12世纪下半 叶英国入侵爱尔兰，1541年英王亨利成为爱尔兰 君主，1801年爱尔兰并入英国，成立不列颠及爱 尔兰联合王国。1912年爱尔兰一分为二，北方6 郡仍属英国，南部26郡成立自由邦。1937年爱尔 兰自由邦宣布为独立的共和国，1948年脱离英联 邦。目前北爱尔兰仍为英国所统治。 1949年英 国承认爱尔兰独立，但拒绝归还北部6郡。1955 年，爱尔兰加入联合国，1973年，爱尔兰加入欧 共体。1979年，爱尔兰与中国建立外交关系。
② 文化
a.
传媒
有全国性日报8种。此外还有5种星期日报及许多周报、月报和杂志，地方 性报纸90余种。主要报刊有《爱尔兰时报》（日发行量11.38万份）、 《爱尔兰独立报》（日发行量16.5万份）、《爱尔兰先驱晚报》（日发行 量11万份）和《观察者报》（日发行量6万份）。爱无官方通讯社。 爱尔兰广播电视总台于1926年成立并开始广播。1961年开始播放电视节 目。用英语播音。全年广播时间超过9500小时。另有爱尔兰语广播电台。
面积：爱尔兰的面积约为 7 万平方公里，由于全岛被 面积：
植被覆盖，故有“绿宝石岛”或“翡翠之国”的美誉
英美概况chapter 2
4. Standard English • Standard English is based on the speech of
many are red hair 3. Other European source: • Italians, Greeks, Australians, and New
Zealanders
The Origin of British People
4. Immigrants: • Immigrants from Africa and Asia, mainly from
modified English as their native tongue. 3) English evolved into Middle English • After Black Death, the laboring and merchant
classes grew in economic and social importance, and English also increased in importance.
The English Language
2) England nobles adopted English again • 1204, King John lost the province of Normandy. • Norman nobles in England began to adopt
the former colonies of the British Empire
大三上学期英美概况British-History市公开课获奖课件省名师示范课获奖课件
❖ Roman Christianity St. Augustine brings Christianity to Britain from Rome and becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
The Norman Conquest
❖Origin: northern France ❖Its country--- Normandy ❖The Norman Conquer England in 1066 ■ the war between William and Harold in
1066 ■ the death of Edward ■ the battle of Hastings ■ William the conqueror, the first Anglo-
successful Roman invasion of Britain ❖ Left—Germanic attack in
Rome, forcing all Roman troops to leave Britain, and thus ending the Roman occupation of the island.
❖This is the last invasion of England by foreigners.
1.1.6 The Norman Conquest
In 1067, William started building the Tower of London, the great fortress which demonstrated his power and dominated the city of London.
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–Ethnic groups: white 92.1%, black 2%, Indian, Pakistani, mixed, other.(2001 census)
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Discussion:
1. What is the most densely populated area of Britain? 2. Which is the least densely populated? How might
Examples of Old English (just for fun)
• Broeor min My brother,…
• Sweostor min My sister,…
• Lareow
Teachady, …
• My nama is Michael. My nama is Michael.
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2. Nations and Languages
• The main nations in Britain are the English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish.
• The English people are the descendants of Anglo-Saxons, while the Scots, Welsh and Irish are the descendants of the Celts.
Lecture 2 General Introduction to Great Britain: (2)
----The people
Main Contents
1. Population 2. Nations and Languages 3. National/regional identity 4. National character/values 5. The four nations in the UK 6. Major cities 7. Some other facts
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1. Population
– Population:61,126,832 (July2009)
– 3rd largest in Europe; with some 248 persons living in every sq km, about ten times that of the US.(P13.)
– Britain has one of the highest population
densities in the world; unevenly distributed
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–Urban-rural: urban 89.5%; rural
10.5%.
–Sex distribution: male 49.09%;
Jutes, started to migrate to England) • Normans(11th century , from Normandy in
France), later immigrants
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Languages
1.Origin of “English”--- the language that belongs to Angles
• 1) Old English (5th-12th century) • 2) Middle English (12th-15th century) • 3) Modern English (15th century--) 2. Gaelic (Celtic language) 3. Welsh
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this be explained? • England (London, Thames estuary area) is most densely
populated area and Scotland is the least populated. • Geographically, Scotland is a mountainous region, and
therefore less populated. Other factors are historical, political and economic. London developed as a political and economic center of the United Kingdom with the development of the British Empire. This attracted people from all parts of the UK to live in the south-east.
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Middle English
• The main thing to say about Middle English is that everything got all messed up. Particularly once the Normans conquered England, thereby making English the language of the lower classes. A lot of the structure, spelling, and pronunciation that was left from Old English was lost during this period. There were no upper classes speaking English and “preserving” or teaching a “standard”. Everything changed very quickly.
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Early history • Celts or Britons(2000 years ago) • Romans (1st century A.D.) • Celts regained (early 5th century) • North Germany (Angles, Saxons, and