2015年南京大学考博英语真题试卷.doc

2015年南京大学考博英语真题试卷(总分：114.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Structure and Vocabu(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.The ambassador was accused of having______on domestic affairs.（分数：2.00）A.trespassedB.encroachedC.entrenchedD.invaded2.The goal is to use crops, weeds and even animal waste______the petroleum that fuels much of American manufacturing.（分数：2.00）A.in terms ofB.in favor ofC.in spite ofD.in place of3.As computer security systems become even more advanced, ______the methods of those who try to break into them illegally.（分数：2.00）A.so much doB.so too doC.as much asD.as well as4.Parents with only one child tend to have higher academic______for their child.（分数：2.00）A.ambitionsB.intentionsC.propositionsD.aspirations5.A series of attempts______made, he came to realize that he had underestimated the enormity of the task.（分数：2.00）A.wereB.to beC.had beenD.having been6.Manufacturing is China's most important economic activity, ______over 30 percent of the workforce.（分数：2.00）A.includingB.engagingC.approximatingD.accounting7.The writer seems to______between approving of Collin's actions and finding them disgusting.（分数：2.00）A.alterB.transformC.vacillateD.vibrate8.A lie is as much a lie, when it is whispered, as when it is______at the market cross.（分数：2.00）A.proclaimedB.reclaimedC.acclaimedD.claimed9.The______of computer technology has led to major changes in our social and family life.（分数：2.00）A.fraudulenceB.arrivalC.dawnD.advent10.Teenage children began to assert their independence and this can lead to good deal of______in the family.（分数：2.00）A.controversyB.frictionC.restrictionD.contradiction11.Their reflexive mindset tells scientists that all claims, ______political, moral, or religious are open to examination and critique.（分数：2.00）A.be theyB.However they areC.no matter they areD.whether they be12.The development of the English language falls into three reasonably ______periods: Old English, Middle English, and Modern English.（分数：2.00）A.cuttingB.rationalC.distinctD.disputable13.The death of his father gave him a whole new______on life: now he spends more time with his family.（分数：2.00）A.perspectiveB.euphemismC.conformationD.providence14.As the leaves turn yellow and fall, you can feel the______of winter.（分数：2.00）A.approachB.effectC.surroundingD.specimen15.The teacher's role is not simply to______knowledge to students; he should also set a good example for them.（分数：2.00）A.provideB.impartC.shareD.stretch16.Thomas Leech______a very successful career as a photographer.（分数：2.00）A.built upB.carved outC.fought forD.stumbled on17.Hardy's weakness______his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.（分数：2.00）y inB.gave rise toC.shed light onD.derived from18.Although this theory was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned______the opposing view.（分数：2.00）A.in favor ofB.in place ofC.instead ofD.in terms of19.Historians such as Le Roy Laduric have used the documents to extract case histories, which have______the attitudes of different social groups and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.（分数：2.00）minatedB.ruminatedC.illuminatedD.eliminated20.As our work is not done yet, I'm in no______to go out for a movie tonight.（分数：2.00）A.mindB.temperC.moodD.disposition二、Cloze(总题数：1，分数：30.00)Smoking, which may be a pleasure for some people, is a seruious source of discomfort for their fellows.【C1】______, medical authorities express their【C2】______about the effect of smoking 【C3】______the health not only of those who smoke but also of those who don't. In fact, non-smokers who must【C4】______inhale the air polluted by tobacco smoke may【C5】______more than the smokers themselves. A【C6】______number of our students have【C7】______in an effort to【C8】______the university to ban smoking in the classrooms. I believe they are【C9】______right in their aim.【C10】______, I would hope that it is【C11】______to achieve this by【C12】______the smokers to use good judgment and show concern【C13】______others rather than by regulation. I am therefore asking you to【C14】______"No Smoking" in the auditoriums, classrooms and seminar rooms. This will prove that you have the non-smoker's health and well-being【C15】______, which is very important to a large number of our students.（分数：30.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.StillB.MoreC.AgainD.Further(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.concernB.troubleC.interestD.displeasure(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.onC.withD.to(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.involuntarilyB.instinctivelyC.spontaneouslyD.reluctantly(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.endureB.sufferC.undergoD.put up with(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.fewB.considerableC.manyD.quantitative(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.linkedB.connectedC.associatedD.joined(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.makeB.persuadeC.causemit(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.entirelyB.totallyC.justD.wholly(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.But thenB.HoweverC.AlthoughD.Moreove(11).【C11】（分数：2.00）A.likelyB.probablyC.capableD.possible(12).【C12】（分数：2.00）A.pleadingB.beggingC.insistingD.calling on(13).【C13】（分数：2.00）B.forC.toD.in(14).【C14】（分数：2.00）A.inscribeB.decorateC.maintainD.claim(15).【C15】（分数：2.00）A.on headB.in heartC.in mindD.in your brain三、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship group, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment. Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders". It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group. Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done". Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group menbers and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.（分数：10.00）(1).What does the passage mainly discuss?（分数：2.00）A.The problems faced by leadersB.How leadership differs in small and large groupsC.How social groups determine who will lead themD.The role of leaders in social groups(2).The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT （分数：2.00）A.recruitment.B.formal election process.C.specific leadership training.D.traditional cultural patterns.(3).In mentioning "natural leaders" in paragraph two, the author is making the point that（分数：2.00）A.few people qualify as "natural leaders".B.there is no proof that "natural leaders" exist.C.natural leaders are easily accepted by the members of a social group.D.natural leaders share a similar set of characteristics.(4).Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph two?（分数：2.00）A.A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader of another group.B.Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.C.A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.D.Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.(5).The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on（分数：2.00）A.ensuring harmonious relationship.B.sharing responsibility with group members.C.identifying new leaders.D.achieving a goal.The word hospice is hundreds of years old. It comes to us from the time called the Middle Ages in Europe. Religious groups then provided hospice as a place where traveler could stay. Sometimes the groups also offered a place for the sick and the dying. Today the word hospice means more than a place. It means a way of caring for the dying. In the modern sense of the word, it means that, if possible, dying people can receive care at home during their last days; and the health-care workers do not try to lengthen the lives of the dying with modern medical equipment. Instead, care-givers make every effort to control or stop the patient's pain. It also means that patients get help for their emotional needs in addition to their physical needs. A British woman Cicely Saunders was the first major activist for hospice care in modern times. Cicely Saunders worked as a nurse in a hospital right after World War II , where she met a man who was dying of cancer. Together they found ideas about the best possible treatment for people who would never get well again. They talked about treatments that would permit patients to discuss their feelings and to take part in activities meaningful to them. They planned a system that would allow dying people to be surrounded by the people and things they loved most. The dying man gave Cicely Saunders enough money to study to become a doctor. By 1967 Dr. Saunders had organized and opened St. Christopher's Hospice in London. In 1974, after the America's first hospice started in New Haven, others followed suit in cities throughout the country. Organizers had a difficult job. They had to teach the public about the idea of hospice. They had to get money from companies, religious groups and citizens. And they had to negotiate with local govermments to use public money to care for the dying. Thanks to their unyielding determination and painstaking efforts, hospice has grown in America. Dr. Jo Magno, the President of the National Hospice Organization, said that working with the dying occasionally made her sad. Yet she remembers the words of Dr. Cicely Saunders — "We can not add days to life, but we can add life to days. "（分数：10.00）(1).What is the original meaning the word "hospice"?（分数：2.00）A.It was a place where the homeless old people were taken care of.B.It was a place where religious people lived.C.It was a place offered by churches for the travelers.D.It was a place where doctors treated patients.(2).In the modern sense of the word, hospice includes all of the following EXCEPT（分数：2.00）A.a priest is invited to pray for the dying.B.a dying patient is taken care of at his home.C.efforts are made to reduce the pain of the dying people.D.the psychological needs of the dying are considered and cared for.(3).What did Cicely and the man talk about?（分数：2.00）A.How to advise the hospital to treat the dying patients.B.How to make arrangement for the patients who had no hope of recovery.C.The meaningful activities for all patients to take part in.D.The kind of people that are allowed to visit the patients.(4).How did Cicely Saunders complete her study?（分数：2.00）A.By working part-time.B.Be obtaining a fellowship.C.With the help of a man's money.D.Through her management of St. Christopher's Hospice.(5).Which is a correct statement about the early American hospice?（分数：2.00）A.It was an immediate success as a result of the effort by Dr. Cicely.B.It was probably not easy to persuade companies to provide financial support.C.Many people readily accepted the new idea.D.Local governments forbade what they did.What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday "folks" who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits. Citizens of prosperous, essentially middel-class republics—whether ancient Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans—have always shown a marked taste for portraiture. Starting in the late eighteenth century, the United States contained increasing numbers of such people, and of the artists how could meet their demands. The earliest American folk art portraits come, not surpisingly, form New England—especially Connecticut and Massachusetts—for this was a wealthy and populous region and the center of a strong craft tradition. Within a few decades after the singning of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the population was pushing westward, and Missouri. Midway through its first century as a nation, the United States' population had increased roughly five times, and eleven new states had been added to the original thirteen. During these years the demand for portraits grew and grew, eventually to be satisfied by the camera. In 1839 the daguerreotype was introduced to America, ushering in the age of photography, and within a generation the new invention put an end to the popularity of painted portraits. Once again an original portrait became a luxury, commissioned by the wealthy and executed by the professional. But in the heyday of portrait painting-from the late eighteenth century until the 1850's—anyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner, as such a portaitist was called. Local craftspeople-sign, coach, and house painters —began to paint portraits as a profitable sideline; sometimes a talented man or woman who began by sketching family members gained a local reputation and was besieged with requests for portraits; artists found it worth their while to pack their paints, canvases, and brushes and to travel the countryside, often combining house decorating with portrait painting.（分数：10.00）(1).In lines 3-5 the author mentions seventeenth-century Dutch burghers as an example of a group that（分数：2.00）A.consisted mainly of self-taught artistsB.appreciated portraitsC.influenced American folk artD.had little time for the arts(2).According to the passage, where were many of the first American folk art portaits painted?（分数：2.00）A.In western New YorkB.In Illinois and MissouriC.In Connecticut and MassachusettsD.In Ohio(3).The word "this" in line 8 refers to（分数：2.00）A.a strong craft traditionB.American folk artC.New EnglandD.western New York(4).The phrase "ushering in" in line 17 is closest in meaning to（分数：2.00）A.beginningB.demandingC.publishingD.increasing(5).According to the passage, which of the following contributed to a decline in the demand for paint portraits（分数：2.00）A.The lack of a strong craft traditionB.The westward migration of many paintersC.The growing preference for landscape paintingsD.The invention of the cameraWhat percentage of the population in a modern technological society are, like myself, in the fortunate position of being workers? At a guess I would say sixteen per cent, and I do not think that figure is likely to get bigger in the future. Technology and the division of labor have done two things: by eliminating in many fields the need for special strength or skill, they have made a very large number of paid occupations which formerly were enjoyable work into boring labor, and by increasing productivity they have reduced the number of necessary laboring hours. It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority of the population, that is to say, its laborers, will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy. When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved, the prospect is not cheerful. Indeed, the problem of dealing with boredom may be even more difficult for such a future mass society than it was for aristocracies. The latter, for example, ritualized their time; there was a season to shoot grouse, a season to spend in town, etc. The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion which changes as often as possible in the economic interest of certain people. Again, the masses cannot go in for hunting, for very soon there would be no animals left to hunt. For other aristocratic amusements like gambling, dueling, and warfare, it may be only too easy to find equivalents in dangerous driving, drug-taking, and senseless acts of violence. Workers seldom commit acts of violence, because they can put their aggression into their work, be it physical like the work of a smith, or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist. The role of aggression in mental work is aptly expressed by the phrase "getting one's teeth intoa problem".（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, the writer believes the majority of the population（分数：2.00）A.are unhappy with what they do.B.will get bigger in their number in the future.C.agree with him on his classification.D.are in the fortunate position of being workeers.(2).According to the passage, technology and division of labour have done all of the following EXCEPT（分数：2.00）A.increasing the joy of the paid occupations.B.making skill and special strength unnecessary in work.C.causing jobs to be dull labour.D.decreasing working hours(3).What can be inferred from the passage about special strength and skill?（分数：2.00）A.Special strength and skill must be abandoned if people want to enjoy their work.B.Special strength and skill are necessary for people to find their work enjoyable.C.Special strength or skill causes work to be boringD.Special strength or skill reduces the number of necessary labouring hours.(4).According to the passage aristocracy dealt with boredom by（分数：2.00）A.enjoying more leisure.B.working with labourers.C.demanding difficult work for the masses.D.ritualizing their time.(5).Which of the following is one of the amusements of the masses?（分数：2.00）A.HuntingB.GamblingC.Foolish acts of violenceD.Doing scientific research四、English-Chinese Tran(总题数：1，分数：2.00)21.There is no happiness except as we take on life-engaging difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfactions we get from a lifetime depend on how high we choose our difficulties. Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of "The pleasure of taking pains". The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless. Happiness is never more than partial. There are no pure states of mankind. Whatever else happiness may be, it is neither in having not in being, but in becoming. What the Founding Fathers declared for us as an inherent right, we should do well to remember, was not happiness but the pursuit of happiness. What they might have underlined, could they have foreseen the happiness-market, is the cardinal fact that happiness is in the pursuit itself, in the meaningful pursuit of what is life-engaging and life-revealing, which is to say, in the idea of becoming.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、Chinese-English Tran(总题数：1，分数：2.00)22.据心理学家称，乐观和自信是健康的心理状态所应具备的要素。