2016华中科技大学考博完形真题答案
1-13冲刺直播完形填空讲义--2016年湖北省联考真题[3页]
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2016湖北省博士英语联考完形填空真题：（376 words）①Old people do not dream when they recall their childhood past. ②When his mind, usually concentrated on present realities, is __21__ and allows itself to follow the slope leading back to his first __22__, an adult resembles a man who dreams, because there is a lively __23__ between his habitual preoccupations and these images with no relation to what animates his activities in the __24__.①But this kind of dreamlike activity, which is a distraction for the adult, comes to bea true occupation for the __25__. ②Old people ordinarily are not content to wait passively for memories to __26__. ③They attempt to make them more precise, ask other old people, __27__ old letters; they tell what they remember, when they do not try to write it down. __28__, old people are much more interested in the past; ④but it does not __29__ from this that the old person can evoke more memories of this past and that old images, __30__ in the unconscious since childhood, “regain the power to cross the threshold of __31__” only in the state of old age.①We can better understand what reasons __32__ in the old person this new interest in a period of his life that had been long neglected __33__ we put him back into the society __34__ which he is no longer an active member, but in which he nevertheless continues to have an assigned role.②In __35__ tribes, the old are the guardians of traditions not just because they absorbed them at an earlier point than others, but also __36__ because they are the only ones to enjoy the necessary leisure to determine the details of these traditions in their __37__ with other old people and to teach them to the young during initiation. ③In our society an old person is also __38__ because, having lived for a long time, he has much experience and is full of memories. ④Why should old people not then be __39__ interested in the past, in the common treasure of which they are the guardians? ⑤Why should they not try quite consciously to __40__ the function which gives them the only prestige to which they can now lay claim?21.A. relaxed B. worried C. humiliated D. segregated22.A. ages B. comments C. days D. records23.A. contract B. connection C. communication D. contrast24.A. past B. present C. meantime D. future25.A. idle B. wealthy C. old D. adolescent26.A. reside B. collapse C. arise D. revive27.A. look on B. set aside C. go through D. come across28.A. In short B. On the contrary C. By analogy D. As a result29.A. deprive B. follow C. testify D. resume30.A. buried B. ensured C. tempted D. liberated31.A. regret B. consciousness C. embarrassment D. peace32.A. pursue B. promise C. awaken D. detect33.A. since B. though C. unless D. if34.A. of B. on C. for D. from35.A. forest B. primitive C. unruly D. separate36. A. shamefully B. subconsciously C. undoubtedly D. questioningly37.A. exchanges B. debates C. analyses D. bargains38.A. confronted B. refuted C. twisted D. esteemed39.A. ambiguously B. passionately C. indifferently D. unanimously40.A. proceed B. accompany C. reconcile D. fulfillKEYS:21-25：AABCC 26-30：DCABA 31-35：BCDAB 36-40：CBDBDTranslation :当老年人回忆起已逝的童年时，他们不会做梦。
考博模拟完形填空30篇(附答案解析)
考博英语完形填空30篇(附答案解析)（一）Mrs Brown had just finished cooking when she heard a knock at the door. She was __1__ because the postman and the milkman had already ___2__ there. She went into the ___3___ room and, pulling the curtain (窗帘) back a little, looked out of the window___4__who it was. A man was standing outside the front door.He was a tall man ___5__ an old man army coat and a big black hat pulled forward ___6__ his eyes, so that it was difficult to see his __7___ clearly. His shoes, Mrs Brown ___8__ , were old and dirty. He carried a small , black box in ___9__ hand.As she looked at him, Mrs Brown remembered stories she ___10__on the newspapers about old ladies who opened the door to __11__ , and were hit on __12__ head and had all their things __13__ . She felt rather frightened ( 害怕) . “ I’m not going to open the door, “ she said to herself. “If I __14__ , perhaps he’ll think there’s no one in and go away.” She let the curtain fall back into place and watched.The man took out a bunch out of (一串) keys from his pocket and began to __15__ them one by one in the front door.1. A. careful B. serious C. interested D. surprised2. A. been B. gone C. passed D. stopped3. A. quiet B. front C. dark D. back4. A. to watch B. watching C. to see D. seeing5. A. wore B. wearing C. put on D. putting on6. A. over B. to C. on D. under7. A eyes B. head C. face D. shape8. A. said B. learnt C. recognized D. noticed9. A. the B. one C. / D. a10. A. has read B. was reading C. had read D. is reading11. A. strangers B. visitors C. people D. men12. A. / B. their C. her D. the13. A. gone B. lost C. taken away D. picked up14. A. do B. don’t C. will D. won’t15. A. put B. get C. push D. try( 二)Some people have very good memories, and can 1 learn quite long poems by ___2__ . There are other people who can only __3__ things that they have said again and again.A __4__ memory is a great help in learning a language. __5__ learns his own language by remembering __6__ he hears when he is a small child. Some children __7__in their own country, and they seem to learn two languages___8__ as easily as one. In school it is not so easy to learn __9__ foreign language because students have so __10 __time for it and they are busy with other lessons, too.A man’s mind is rather like a camera, but it takes photos not only __11__ what we see but also what we feel , hear, smell and taste. When we take a real photo__12__a camera, there is much to do when the photo is finished and__13__to show to our friends. In the same way there is much work __14__ before we can keep a picture __15__ in our minds.1. A. easy B. easily C. interesting D. interestingly2. A. heart B. mind C. memory D. attention3. A. notice B. recognize C. remember D. learn4. A. good B. poor C. rich D. bad5. A. Nobody B. Somebody C. Everybody D. Anybody6. A. that B. which C. / D. what7. A .live B. don’t live C. didn’t live D. lived8. A. almost B. mostly C. nearby D. hardly9. A. the B. this C. one D. a10. A. much B. little C. many D. few11. A. about B. at C. with D. of12. A. as B. for C. of D. with13. A. prepared B. ready C. clear D. sure14. A. to be done B. to be doing C. having been done D. being done15. A. up B. on C. ever D. forever（三）Some plays are so successful that they run for years on end. In many ways, this is __1__ for the poor actors who are required to go on repeating the same __2__ night after night. One would __3__ them to know their parts by heart and __4__ have cause to falter（结巴）. Yet __5__ is not always the case.A famous actor in a __6__successful play was once cast in the role of an aristocrat __7__ had been imprisoned in Bastille for twenty years. In the last act, a gaoler ( 监狱长，看守) would always come on to the stage with a letter whichhe would hand to the prisoner. __8__ the noble was expected to read the letter at each __9__ , he always insisted that it should be written out in full.One night, the gaoler decided to play a joke __10__ his colleague to find out if , after so many performances, he had managed to learn the __11__ of the letter by heart. The curtain went up on the final act of the play and revealed (使暴露) the aristocrat sitting alone behind bars in his dark cell. Just then, the gaoler __12___ with the precious letter in his hands. He entered the __13__ and presented the letter to the aristocrat. But the copy he gave him had not been written out in __14__ as usual. It was simply a blank sheet of paper. The gaoler looked on eagerly, __15__ to see if his fellow actor had at last learnt his lines. The noble stared at the blank sheet of paper for a few seconds. Then, squinting (眯着眼看) his eyes, he said, “ The light is __16__. Read the letter to me.” And he promptly handed the sheet of paper to the gaoler. __17__ that he could not remember a word of the letter either, the gaoler replied, “ The light is indeed dim , sir. I must get my __18__ .” With this, he hurried off the stage. Much to the aristocrat’s __19__ , the gaoler returned a few moments later with a pair of glasses and the __20__ copy of the letter which he proceeded (继续进行) to read to the prisoner.1. A. fortunate B. unfortunate C. happy D. unhappy2. A. lines B. words C. plays D. roles3. A. want B. ask C. expect D. wish4. A. always B. never C. sometimes D. often5. A. such B. the thing C. one D. this6. A. highly B. high C. poorly D. poor7. A. where B. what C. which D. who8. A. Because B. Even though C. When D. Though9. A. play B. performance C. role D. case10. A. with B. in C. on D. to11. A. pages B. joke C. lines D. contents12. A. appeared B. disappointed C. came out D. came in13. A. room B. cell C. stage D. office14. A. English B. French C. order D. full15. A. worried B. surprised C. anxious D. afraid16. A. bright B. dim C. dark D. out17. A. To see B. To find C. Seeing D. Finding18. A. glasses B. lines C. light D. letters19. A. surprise B. satisfaction C. anger D. amusement20. A. usual B. old C. unusual D. new（四）A person may have an idea about himself that will prevent him from doing good work.He may have the belief that he is not capable (有能力的) of it. A child may think he is __1__ because he doesn’t understand how to make the __2__ of his mental faculties (才能). Older people may be mistaken that they are incapableof learning things new because of their __ 3__.A person who believe that he is incapable will not make a real __4__ because he feels that it would be useless. He won’t go at a job with confidence necessary for __5__ , and he won’t work his hardest way, even though he may think he is doing so. He is __6__ likely to fail, and the failure will __7__ his belief in his competence (才能) .Alfred Alder, a famous doctor, had __8__ like this. When he was a small boy, he had a poor __9__ in maths. His teacher told his parents he had no ability in maths in order that they would not __10__ too much of him. In this way, they two __11__ the idea. He accepted __12__ mistaken thinking of his ability, felt that it was useless to __13__ and was very poor at maths, __14__ as they expected.One day he worked at a problem which __15__ of the other students had been able to solve.Alder __16__ in solving the problem. This gave him confidence (信心). He now __17__ with interest, determination and purpose, and he soon became especially good at __18__. He not only proved that he could learn maths well, but luckily he learned __19__ in his life from his own experience that if a person goes at a job with determination and purpose, he may __20__ himself as well as others by his ability.1. A. clever B. shy C. useless D. stupid2. A. biggest B. most C. highest D. deepest3. A. ability B. age C. brain D. knowledge4. A. decision B. success C. effort D. trouble5. A. work B. study C. improvement D. success6. A. truly B. really C. however D. therefore7. A. lead to B. strengthen C. increase D. add to8. A. an experience B. an example C. a thought D. a story9. A. state B. mind C. start D. ending10. A. blame B. expect C. get D. win11. A. developed B. organized C. discovered D. found12. A. his B. her C. its D. their13. A. manage B. succeed C. try D. act14. A. only B. almost C. just D. then15. A. none B. no C. no one D. nobody16. A. gave B. succeeded C. failed D. believed17. A. lived B. worked C. played D. graduated18. A. lessons B. medicine C. subjects D. maths19. A. early B. deeply C. late D. simply20. A. encourage B. love C. astonish D. disappoint（五）Bedtime stories are one of the delights of early childhood. But according to Dr. Julie Spreadbury from Queensland University, parents should not __1__ up reading to their children__2__they enter primary school. She says listening to, reading and discussing the stories help children's__3__.“My__4__ indicates that once children can read themselves, most parent stop reading__5__them,” Dr. Spreadbury says.“__6__may be at the end of year 1,which is far too__7__.”Dr. Spreadbury says __8_reading not only gives children a good start at school. But brings parents and children closer.“This makes it __9__for them to open up and talk to parents about things that worrying them, or things they are __10__ in their everyday life.”1. A. speed B. keep C. give D. hold2. A. after B. until C. if D. unless3. A. thinking B. comprehension C. relaxation D. development4. A. theory B. research C. story D. decision5. A. about B. from C. to D. through6. A. Some B. Most C. They D. That7. A. difficult B. early C. much D. informal8. A. daily B. healthy C. fast D. bedtime9. A. easier B. funnier C. rarer D. clearer10. A. reading B. promising C. celebrating D. receiving（六）Chinese scientists are again becoming excited about the fact that a large hairy animal may live in central China. Now they hope it won't be too long before they are able to __1__its existence. Their confidence is the __2__of a newdiscovery of the mystery animal in Hubei Province.Ten Chinese __3__, enjoying a holiday in a National Forest Park, were driving down a road. As their bus turned a corner, the men were suddenly__4_by what they saw. Three__5_animals, covered with long black hair, were crossing the road. On seeing the animal, the engineers immediately stopped and __6_them. __7__, when they saw how the animals moved through the forest with great__8__ and strength, they did not dare to follow any further.The men did not take any __9__. However, scientists are__10__ by the discovery, because the engineers were all very educated people and scientists feel they can __11__ What they described.After the discovery, scientists returned to the forest and__12__some hair and measured footprints. About 20 inches appears to be the animal's foot！Chinese scientists have now set up a special group to exchange information and make a__13__of the forest. But in the meantime, some people__14__to believe that this half-man, half-monkey exists. They will not believe that it is__15_until one of the animals have been caught.1. A. prove B. analyze C. protect D. check2. A. basis B. requirement C. result D. preparation3. A. travelers B. engineers C. scientists D. explorers4. A. frightened B. amazed C. upset D. inspired5. A. trained B. projected C. tall D. violent6. A. shot at B. looked at C. fought with D. ran after7. A. However B. Indeed C. Meanwhile D. Anyway8. A. difficulty B. speed C. care D. pleasure9. A. bullets B. tools C. medicinesD.photographs10. A. surprised B. delighted C. disturbed D. supported11. A. rely on B. deal with C. write down D. pass on12. A. cut B. pulled C. collected D. tore13. A. film B. tour C. choice D. study14. A. come B. refuse C. prefer D. have15. A. wrong B. alive C. real D. correct（七）Our airplane was just beside the airport building. It did not look too strong to me, but I decided not to think about such things. We saw the baggage going out __1__it on trolleys and being loaded from __2__ the aircraft. Next, three men and three girls, all in uniform, went over to the plane and __3__ it. Over the loudspeakers we were __4__ the plane was ready to leave and were asked to walk __5__ to it. Everybody moved quickly in order to __6__ the seats they wanted. I was __7___ to get a seat near the tail, but the plane looked __8__ inside than it had from outside. I fastened my seat belt __9___ we took off and tried to __10__ my nervousness.After an hour's flying I __11__ black clouds ahead through my window. An electric sign flashed __12__: “Fasten your seat belts, please, ” and one of the hostesses made a __13__ request over the loudspeakers. She told us we were about to fly into a storm but __14__ cheerfully there was nothing to worry__15___. Suddenly, the plane __16__ all over, dropped about twenty feet and seemed to hang on one __17__. Then it rose twenty feet and there was a great flash of lightning. The three girls did their best to __18__ pills for airsickness and __19__ the passengers. Soon the sky became light again. The pilot had__20__ to get above the storm.1. A．at B．over C．to D．above 2．A．inside B．beside C．behind D．under 3．A．arrived B．entered C．climbed D．flew 4．A．asked B．noticed C．announced D．told 5．A．out B．inside C．in D．by 6．A．fetch B．hold C．keep D．get 7．A．impossible B．possible C．unable D．unsuitable 8．A．prettier B．stronger C．smaller D．heavier 9．A．before B．after C．untilD．when10．A．smooth B．forget C．correct D．drive 11．A．noticed B．looked C．watched D．realized 12．A．on B．up C．out D．in13．A．general B．similar C．common D．sharp 14．A．smiled B．spoke C．addedD．acted15．A．at B．about C．on D．with 16．A．shake B．shaken C．shook D．shocked 17．A．edge B．line C．side D．wing 18．A．give out B．give off C．give up D．give back 19．A．save B．cool C．persuade D．comfort 20．A．succeeded B．flown C．plannedD．managed（八）More and more students want to study in “ hot majors (专攻课程). __1___ a result , many students want to __2___ their interests and study in these __3__ such as foreign languages , international business and law , etc.Fewer and fewer students choose scientific majors, __4__ maths ,physics, and biology, and art majors, __5__ history, Chinese and philosophy. (哲学).__6__ students can study in these “hot” majors, because the number of these “hot” majors __7__limitedIf one __8__ interest in his work or study, __9__ can he do well? I __10__ this from one of my classmates. He is __11__ the countryside. His parents are farmers. Though he __ 12__ biology, he chose “international business.” He__13__ to live a life which is different __14__ of his parents.In the end, he found he __15__ in doing business. He found all the subjectsto be __16__.__17__ this wouldn’t have happened if he had chosen his major according to his own interests.Choosing a major in university __18__ decide one’s whole life. Majors__19__ are not “hot” today may become the “hot” major of tomorrow. Choosing your major according to your own __20__ is the best way to succeed.1. A. Being B. For C. Having D. As2. A. give up B. appear C. give D. master3. A. place B. room C. areas D. space4. A. for example B. such as C. and so on D. as a result5. A. even B. like C. just D. or6. A. Only a few B. Quite a lot C. Perhaps few D. Many7. A. is B. are C. would be D. have been8. A. had to B. had C. has no D. has9. A. why B. and what C.. how D. and how10. A. suggested B. guessed C. searched D. learned11. A. out of B. off C. in D. from12. A. studies B. likes C. learns D. succeeds to study13. A. wants B. doesn’t want to C. enjoys D. doesn’t like14. A. from which B. from that C. for which D. for that15.A. was interested B. was clever C. was not interested D. was not clever16. A.. lovely B. rare C. obvious D. tiresome17. A. so B. Then C. Just then D. Maybe18. A. can B. does not C. probably D. perhaps not to19. A. on which B. in which C. which D./20. A. interests B. experience C. mind D. heart（九）Mary was seven years old. Her parents had recently moved to a new town, and so Mary was going to a __1__ school, which was a few kilometers from the house they lived now. A school bus going around picked up __2__ every morning and brought them back to their __3__ every afternoon , and as both of Mary’s parents __4__ to go to work , she always went on this bus. She had to be at a __5__ twenty metres from her front door by half past eight every day and the __6__ was usually on time.Mary’s parents always __7__ their alarm clock every morning so that none of them would be __8__ . But one morning the alarm __ 9__ to go off, and it wasnot till a quarter past eight that Mary’s mother suddenly woke up, looked__10__ the clock and said, “ What’s ever happened to that clock?” and then__11__ into Mary’s room. Mary was fast asleep, __12__ her mot her woke her up and told her to get ready for school.“I’m __13__ , dear,” she said, “but you’ll have to wash and __14__ very quickly, have an even quicker breakfast and then I’ll __15__ you to school on my way to the office.”“But how can you __16__ the way, Mum?” Mary said “You’ve only been to school once.”“Yes,” her mother answered, “but you’ve done the __17__ several times now in the bus, so you can be by __18__ to get there, can’t you?”“Oh, yes, “ said Mary, “I suppose __19__.” She washed, and dre ssed and had a quick breakfast, and then they set off. Mary told her mother to __20__ each time they came to a place she recognized. In this way she made her mother drive round __21__of the town before they got to her school. When they arrived , her mother __22__ that it was not really very far from her house.“Why ever did you make me go such a long way round, Mary, instead of the most __23__ way?” her mother asked her.“Well, Mum,” answered Mary, “it was because I didn’t know how else to get __24__ . That’s the way our bus __25__ goes to pick up the other children on the way to school.1. A. big B. nice C. different D. primary2. A. pupils B. teachers C. parents D. passengers3. A. streets B. towns C. classrooms D. homes4. A. wanted B. had C. decided D. started5. A. shop B. road C. stop D. corner6. A. bus B. class C. school D. girl7. A. found B. set C. remembered D. fixed8. A. late B. early C. lazy D. asleep9. A. started B. stopped C. failed D. continued10. A. for B. up C. into D. at11. A. broke B. hurried C. walked D. went12. A. but B. and C. so D. then13. A. regretful B. careless C. unhappy D. sorry14. A. go B. get up C. dress D. run15. A. carry B. pick C. drop D. drive16. A. know B. find C. realize D. learn17. A. homework B. job C. trip D. driving18. A. guide B. driver C. partner D. teacher19. A. this B. that C. not D. so20. A. speed B. turn C. think D. stop21. A. part B. some C. outside D. most22. A. saw B. thought C. said D. heard23. A. easiest B. straight C. correct D. direct24. A. here B. there C. home D. back25. A. sometimes B. always C. never D. seldom （十）Many people who work in London prefer to live outside it, and to go into their offices, factories or schools every day by train, car or bus, even though this means they have to get up __1__ in the morning and reach __2__ later in the evening.One benefit of living outside London is __3__ houses are __4__ . Even a small flat in London __5__ a garden costs quite a lot __6__ . With the same money, one can get a little house in the country with a garden of __7__own.Then, in the country one can be __8__ from the noise and hurry of the town. Although one has to __9__ earlier and spend more time in trains or buses, one can sleep __10__ at night , and , during weekends and __11__ summer evenings, one can enjoy the __12__ , clean air of the country . If one __13__ gardens, one can spend one’s __14__ time digging, planting, watering and doing a hundred and one other jobs which __15__ in the garden. Then , when the flowers and vegetables __16__ , one has the reward of a person __17__ has the secrets of__18__.Some people , however, take__19__ in country things; for them ,, __20__ lies in the town, with its cinema and theatres, because of shops and busy streets, dance—halls and restaurants. Such people would __21__ that their life was not worth __22__ if they had to live __23__ outside London. A walk in one of the parks and a visit __24__ the sea every summer is all the country __25__.1. A. at 8 o’clock B. early C. earlier D. earliest2. A. home B. family C. flat D. house3. A. because B. that C. the D. all4. A .cleaner B. nicer C. bigger D. cheaper5. A. with B. without C. near D. opposite6. A. money B. to lend C. to borrow D. to rent7. A. it’s B. its C. one’s D. their8. A. free B. far C. out D. absent9. A. return home B. get up C. go to bed D. go to sleep10. A. little B. less C. longer D. better11. A. on B. for C. at D. by12. A. cold B. warm C. fresh D. pleasant13. A. pleases B. likes C. wants D. interests14. A. day B. rest C. spare D. whole15. A. need B. needed C. are needing D.are needed16. A. come on B. come to C. come up D. come over17. A. who B. whom C. whose D. which18. A. mankind B. society C. science D. nature19. A. not interest B. an interest C. much interest D. great interest20. A. health B. happiness C. wealth D. future21. A. know B. feel C. understand D. hope22. A. to live B. to spend C. living ` D. spending23. A. it B. life C. this D. that24. A. for B. to C. of D. at25. A. hope B. wish C. ask D. want（十一）Soon it would be the holidays, but before that, there were year exams. All the 1_____ had been working hard for some time, reviewing their lessons for the exams. If they didn’t 2_____, they would have to retake them in September. There were usually a few who 3_____, but Jane didn’t want to be one of them. She had worked hard all year, 4_____ just before the exams she was working so hard that her sister Barbara was 5_____ about her. She went to bed too 6_____.The night before the first exam, Barbara 7____ that she have an early night and take a 8____ pill（药丸）. She promised to wake 9_____up in the morning.As she was falling asleep, Jane was afraid that she might oversleep. Her 10_____ kept jumping from subject to subject. At last, with the help of 11____, she went to sleep. In no time at all, she was sitting in the examination hall, looking at the examination 12_____, but she couldn’t answer any of the questions. 13_____ around her was writing pages and gages. 14_____ she thought hard, she couldn’t find anything to wr ite 15_____. She kept looking at her 16_____. Time was running out. There was only an hour to go. She started one question, wrote two sentences, 17_____ and tried another one. With only half an hour left she wrote another two sentences. By this time she was so worried that she started 18____. Her whole body shook. It shook so much that she 19____ up. She was still in bed and it had all been a 20_____ dream. A minute later, Barbara called her name.1. A. teachers B. students C. classmates D. schools2. A. prepare B. miss C. join D. pass3. A. succeeded B. failed C. ended D. called4. A. but B. so C. and D. because5. A. excited B. frightened C. worried D. pleased6. A. early B. late C. heavily D. eagerly7. A. insisted B. hoped C. ordered D. wished8. A. sleeping B. resting C. exciting D. breathing9. A. him B. her C. them D. herself10.A. hand B. eye C. mind D. body11.A. her sister B. her parents C. the lessons D. the medicine12.A. result B. marks C. desk D. paper13.A. The teacher B. The students C. No one D. Everyone14.A.If B. Though C. So D. How15.A. with B. about C. on D. to16.A. watch B. textbook C. sister D. subject17.A. gave up B. put off C. look around D. think over18.A. examining B. leaving C. copying D. crying19.A. raised B. woke C. stood D. cheered20.A. nice B. wonderful C. terrible D. special答案简析：1、选B。
考博英语(完形填空)历年真题试卷汇编20(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（完形填空）历年真题试卷汇编20(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 4. ClozeCloze(北京航空航天大学2016年试题) The front matter of a book consists of the title, subtitle, table of contents, and preface. But the【C1】______of readers who pay no attention to the signals is larger than you might expect, unless you happen to be one of those who are【C2】______to admit it. I have this experience again and again 【C3】______students. I have asked them【C4】______a book was about. I have asked them to tell me, in the most general【C5】______, what sort of book it was. This, I have【C6】______, is a good way, almost an indispensable【C7】______, to begin a discussion. Many students are【C8】______to answer this first and simplest question about the book. Sometimes they apologize【C9】______that they haven’t finished reading it yet, and【C10】______do not know. That’s no【C11】______, I point out. Did you look at the title? Did you study the【C12】______? Did you read the preface【C13】______introduction? No, they did not. The front matter of a book【C14】______to be like the ticking of a clock,【C15】______you notice only when it is not there. One reason why titles and prefaces are【C16】______by so many readers is that they do not think【C17】______important to clarify the book they are reading. They do not follow this first【C18】______. If they tried to follow it, they【C19】______be grateful to the author【C20】______them.1．【C1】A．majorityB．amountC．numberD．figure正确答案：C解析：空格所在句是说不关注这些信息的读者数量要比人们预想的多。
2016华中科技大学英语语言文学真题回忆版
2016华中科技大学英语语言文学考研经验及真题回忆版昨天复试结束，今天确定结果，努力终有回报，应该是第一名。
感谢所有帮助过我的人。
基英:请好好看两本高英书！记住所有的单词，每个句子都要理解意思，难句子要自己做paraphrase。
第一题是名词替换和后面的paraphrase，基本上全是书上的，请好好看两本高英书，我是翻来覆去看了好几遍书的。
完形填空，是汤姆叔叔的小屋，如下: A thousand lives seemed to be concentrated in that one moment to Eliza. Her room opened by a side door to the river. She caught her child, and sprang down the steps towards it. The trader caught a full glimpse of her just as she was disappearing down the bank; and throwing himself from his horse, and calling loudly on Sam and Andy, he was after her like a hound after a deer. In that dizzy moment her feet to her scarce seemed to touch the ground, and a moment brought her to the water's edge. Right on behind they came; and, nerved with strength such as God gives only to the desperate, with one wild cry and flying leap, she vaulted sheer over the turbid current by the shore, on to the raft of ice beyond. It was a desperate leap—impossible to anything but madness and despair; and Haley, Sam, and Andy, instinctively cried out, and lifted up their hands, as she did it.The huge green fragment of ice on which she alighted pitched and creaked as her weight came on it, but she staid there not a moment. With wild cries and desperate energy she leaped to another and still another cake; stumbling—leaping—slipping—springing upwards again! Her shoes are gone—her stockings cut from her feet—while blood marked every step; but she saw nothing, felt nothing, till dimly, as in a dream, she saw the Ohio side, and a man helping her up the bank.阅读gre考的是大旱灾导致迁移巨石城和戏剧中的性别区分。
华中科技大学考博英语-4.doc
华中科技大学考博英语-4(总分：99.99，做题时间：90分钟)一、Translation(总题数：6，分数：100.00)By far the most common snake in Britain is the adder. In Scotland, in fact, there are no other snakes at all. The adder is also the only British snake with a poisonous bite. It can be found almost anywhere, but prefers sunny hillsides and rough open country, including high ground. In Ireland there are no snakes at all.Most people regard snake bites as fatal misfortune, but not all bites are serious, and very few are fatal. 1 Sometimes attempts at emergency treatment turn out to be more dangerous than the bite itself, with amateurs heroically, but mistakenly, trying do-it-yourself surgery and other unnecessary measures.All snakes have small teeth, so it follows that all snakes can bite, but only the bite of the adder presents any danger. 2 British snakes are shy animals and are far more frightened of you than you could possibly be of them. The adder will attack only if it feels threatened, as can happen if you take it by surprise and step on it accidentally or if you try to catch it or pick it up which it dislikes intensely. If it hears you coming it will normally get out of the way as quickly as it can, but adders cannot move very rapidly and may attack before moving if you are very close.The effect of a bite varies considerably. It depends upon several things, one of which is the body-weight of the person bitten. The bigger the person, the less harmful the bite is likely to be, which is why children suffer far more seriously from snake bites than adults. A healthy person will also have better resistance against the poison. 3 Very few people actually die from snake bites in Britain, and though these bites can make some people very ill, there are probably just as many cases of bites having little or no effect, as there are of serious illness.（分数：15.00）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Sociology is concerned with people and with the rules of behavior that structure the ways in which people interact. As one of the social sciences, sociology has much in common with psychology and anthropology.The subject matter of social science inquiry is patterned social regularities. 4 A search for these regularities shows that most human behavior, from big and momentous acts to small and insignificant ones, is patterned.All of the social sciences are interested in patterned regularities in human social behavior. The distinction among the social sciences is chiefly in the kinds of regularities of interest. Psychology occupies itself principally with patterns of learning, motivations and mental disorders. Because mental behavior also has a biological base, psychology is related to the natural science as well as the social. Anthropology has traditionally limited its inquiry to small, preliterate societies and has turned to focus on culture and cultured systems. The focus on such societies provides anthropologists with field laboratories in which they study many of the concerns of the other social sciences. 5 To the extent that anthropologists turn their attention to modern societies, there is little difference in the subject matter of anthropology and sociology; in many colleges and universities, they are in the same department. The chief differences continue to be in methodology and level of analysis.Whatever their particular area of concern, all social sciences rely on the scientific method of inquiry. 6 This means they rely on critical and systematic examination of the evidence before reaching any conclusions and that they approached each research question from a position of moralneutrality. This scientific approach is what distinguishes the social sciences from journalism and other fields that comment on the condition.（分数：15.00）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Every year, according to the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), millions of men and women suffer from depressive illness. 7 Worse, thousands of depressives, including an alarming number of teenagers, take their own lives—often, it is believed, before their condition is identified.A NIMH survey has found that only about one third of depressed people seek treatment. Yet when treated, 80 to 90 percent can be helped with new drugs and therapy, and may never have another episode—if those around them spot their troubles early and treatment begins promptly. Clinical depression should not be confused with the blues. 8 Everyone has brief "down" periods, and sometimes depression strikes tor perfectly understandable reasons: the death of a loved one, the loss of a job or the breakup of a marriage. But most people gradually adjust to their losses. Clinical depression differs from the blues in duration and severity. For some it may be associated with disturbances in the brain"s neurochemistry (神经化学系统). Says Dr. Frederick K. Goodwin, director of the Center on Neuroscience, Behavior and Society at George Washington University Medical Center, "In depression-prone people, what starts as a normal response takes on a biochemical life of its own. The regulatory, systems keep running, and you get a kind of burnout."9 Untreated, the condition frequently recurs, and with each recurrence the chances of yet another episode increase. Half of those who have an untreated first episode will have a second, and after three episode, there is a 90 percent chance of a fourth. So early treatment is critical. Depression is a crippling illness. But with a little help from observant friends or family, and with proper medical treatment, most people recover and return to healthy, productive lives.（分数：15.00）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Did life emerge spontaneously on earth, or did it come from outer space? 10 The scientific community is sharply split on the question, and the evidence from Mars (火星) not only heats up the debate but also adds a third possibility: life-forms may have arisen on Mars first and then hitched a ride on a meteorite (陨石) to Earth—or vice versa. As Stanford University chemist Richard Zare puts it, "Who is to say that we are not all Martians?"Sounds implausible? Consider the alternatives. Sir Fred Hoyle, the distinguished British astronomer, favors an even more radical theory. The idea is that billions of years ago, the solar system was peppered by biological "seeds", which took root wherever conditions were right. That would explain how life may have arisen at roughly the same time on Earth and on Mars. 11 But it also raises awkward questions about where those seeds came from and what, or who, sent them flying through space.There is something to this theory. 12 Even scientists who reject it acknowledge that some of life"s building blocks probably had extraterrestrial (外星的) origins. Indeed, they now believe that everything from organic chemicals to amino acids (氨基酸), the constituents of proteins, was carried in by the comets, asteroids (小行星) and meteorites.（分数：15.00）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Americans are the first of the big spenders. 13 Among twenty major countries, the U. S. ranks third from last in individual willingness to save, putting aside a bare 4% of disposable income.A key reason is world-beating U. S. consumer debt, which has ballooned in 20 years from $100 billion to $900 billion. Things were not always thus. Thriftiness, not to say tightfistedness, used to be a Yankee (美国人的) virtue. As recently as 1984, Americans were saving 8% of their after-tax income. The image of Americans as spoiled children is fairly new, though now firmly established.14 Instead of putting something aside for a rainy day, Americans now start saving only when recession hits, while in other parts of the world like Asia, higher savings are associated with prosperity and growth.Savings also help maintain that happy state of affairs. Capital accumulation funds capital investment, so it comes as no surprise that as in savings, the U. S. lags in investment: 18.5% of GDP in 1994 against 24.8% for Germany, 28.9% for Japan and even more for Asia"s Young Tigers. Given the right encouragement, can Americans become born-savers again? If not, Joseph Gorman, CEO of TRW Inc., the $8 billion American auto-components manufacturer, warns, " 15Macro-economists would argue that we are condemned to run a big trade deficit because our country consumes far more than it saves, and other countries save far more than they consume. So goods are going to flow largely to the consumers, but the capital profits and the jobs will flow to the producers, who are the savers." In other words, Americans will be the grasshoppers (蚱蜢) in a world of ants.（分数：15.00）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________16 We are all now aware that some new scientific or technological advances, though useful, may have unpleasant side effects. More and more, the tendency is to expert caution before committing the world to something that may not be reversible.The trouble is, it"s not always easy to tell what the side effects will be. In 1846, a man called Sobrero produced the first nitroglycerine (硝化甘油). When heated, a drop of it exploded. The Italian chemist realized in horror its possible application to warfare and stopped his research at once. It didn"t help, of course. 17 Others followed his research and other high explosives were indeed being used in warfare by the close of the 19th century.Did that make high explosives entirely bad? In 1867, Alfred Nobel learned how to mix nitroglycerine with other substances to produce a safer-to-handle mixture he called "dynamite". With dynamite, earth could be moved at a rate far beyond that of pick and shovel.We can"t abandon industrialization, because our food supply depends on it. If everyone decided to grow food without chemical fertilizers or insecticides or machinery, it would mean that only one quarter of the world population could be fed.Can we abandon some of our industrial technology and hold onto the rest? That would be very difficult, since it all hangs together.We can save, conserve, cut out waste, but what we have we must keep. 18 The only solution, as always in the history of mankind, is to solve problems by still further advances in technology.（分数：24.99）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。
湖北考博英语真题答案解析
湖北考博英语真题答案解析湖北考博英语真题是备考考博英语的重要参考材料之一。
通过分析和解析真题，考生可以更好地了解考试的出题规律和要求，提高备考效率和准确度。
本文将对湖北考博英语真题答案进行解析，帮助考生更好地备考。
一、阅读理解题阅读理解题是考博英语中的重点和难点之一。
针对每篇阅读理解文章，考生需要理解文章主题和主旨，抓住关键信息，并根据文章内容回答问题。
下面是一道典型的湖北考博英语阅读理解题。
Passage 1Evolution, in the broadest sense, is a process that results in heritable changes in a population spread over many generations. The Latin word evolutio means to unfold, meaning the unfolding of something complex into something more simple or primitive. In simple terms, it is the process of gradual change in species over time, resulting in the formation of new species.Question 1: What is the main topic of the passage?A. The process of evolutionB. The meaning of the word "evolution"C. The formation of new speciesD. The word origin of "evolution"根据文章内容可知，文章主要讨论的是进化的过程，所以正确答案为A。
二、完形填空题完形填空题也是考博英语中常见的题型。
湖北学位英语考试完形填空真题训练及答案
湖北学位英语考试完形填空真题训练及答案2016年湖北学位英语考试完形填空真题训练及答案黑发不知勤学早，白首方悔读书迟。
以下是店铺为大搜索整理的2016年湖北学位英语考试完形填空真题训练及答案，希望能给大家带来帮助!Passage 8Can authority be criticized? In (1) of the world, authority is not (2) either out of respect or out of (3) In such countries children are not expected to (4) their teachers in school and (5)young scholars or (6) industrial men are hampered (受阻) in the technical research because they don't feel free to (7) with their superiors. Clever researchers may be considered too (8) to have"any right" to present (9) that are different from knowledge and wisdom of men of old ages.(10), the American is (11) from childhood to question, analyze and search. School tasks are (12) to encourage the use ofa (13) range of materials. A composition topic like "Write a paper(14) the world's supply of sugar" will send even (15) in search of completely unfamiliar ideas.(16) in the primary grades, children are taught to (17) libraries, and to search for (18) ideas of various sorts. (19) the time you are 14, 15 and 16, many young scholars are making original and (20) contributions in all fields of science.1. A. suchB. anyC. muchD. many2. A. acceptedB. claimedC. isolatedD. challenged3. A. fearB. mercyC. hateD. sympathy4. A. questionB. askC. changeD. charge5. A. famousB. brilliantC. employedD. curious6. A. originalB. sensibleC. imaginativeD. affective7. A. disagreeB. complainC. linkD. cooperate8. A. oldB. braveC. youngD. nervous9. A. functionsB. awardsC. rewardsD. findings10. A. SecondlyB. ThenC. ThereforeD. However11. A. treatedB. trainedC. tracedD. transformed12. A. doneB. designedC. fulfilledD. neglected13. A. moderateB. limitedC. wideD. various14. A. ofB. onC. forD. to15. A. a childB. a boyC. a girlD. an adult16. A. SinceB. AsC. IfD. Even17. A. organizeB. useC. cleanD. manage18. A. conventionalB. sameC. NewD. familiar19. A. WhenB. SinceC. DuringD. By20. A. preciousB. pricelessC. worthD. valuable参考答案及解析1.【解析】C。
2016华中科技大学考博阅读真题答案1
Early models of the geography of the metropolis were unicellular: that is, they assumed that the entire urban district would normally be dominated by a single central district, around which the various economic functions of the community would be focused. This central business district (CBD) is the source of so-called high-order goods and services, which can most efficiently be provided from a central location rather than from numerous widely dispersed locations. Thus, retailers of infrequently and irregularly purchased goods, such as fur coats, jewelry, and antique furniture, and specialized service outlets, such as theaters, advertising agencies, law firms, and government agencies, will generally be found in the CBD. By contrast, less costly, more frequently demanded goods, such as groceries and housewares, andlow-order services, such as shoe repair and hairdressing, will be available at many small, widely scattered outlets throughout the metropolis.Both the concentric-ring model of the metropolis, first developed in Chicago in the late nineteenth century, and the sector model, closely associated with the work of Homer Hoyt in the 1930s, make the CBD the focal point of the metropolis. The concentric-ring model assumes that the varying degrees of need for accessibility to the CBD of various kinds of economic entities will be the main determinant of their location. Thus, wholesale and manufacturing firms, which need easy accessibility to the specialized legal, financial, and governmental services provided in the CBD, will normally be located just outside the CBD itself. Residential areas will occupy the outer rings of the model, with low-income groups residing in the relatively crowded older housing close to the business zone and high-income groups occupying the outermost ring, in the more spacious, newer residential areas built up through urban expansion.Homer Hoyt’s sector model is a modified version of the concentric-ring model. Recognizing the influence of early established patterns of geographic distribution on the later growth of the city, Hoyt developed the concept of directional inertia. According to Hoyt, custom and social pressures tend to perpetuate locational patterns within the city. Thus, if a particular part of the city (say, the east side) becomes a common residential area for higher-income families, perhaps because of a particular topographical advantage such as a lake or other desirable feature, future expansion of the high-income segment of the population is likely to proceed in the same direction. In our example, as the metropolis expands, a wedge-shaped sector would develop on the east side of the city in which the higher-income residence would be clustered. Lower-income residences, along with manufacturing facilities, would be confined, therefore, to the western margins of the CBD.Although Hoyt’s model undoubtedly represented an advance in sophistication over the simpler concentric-ring model, neither model fully accounts for the increasing importance of focal points other than the traditional CBD. Recent years have witnessed he establishment around older cities of secondary nuclei centered on suburban business districts. In other cases, particular kinds of goods, services, and manufacturing facilities have clustered in specialized centers away from the CBD, encouraging the development of particular housing patterns in the adjacent areas. A new multicellular model of metropolitan geography is needed to express these and other emerging trends of urban growth.1. The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) explain the significance of Hoyt’s concept of directional inertia and its effecton patterns of urban growth(B) emphasize the inadequacy of past attempts to explain patterns of urbangeography(C) analyze two varying theories concerning the distribution of residential areaswithin and around the metropolis(D) describe two models of metropolitan geography and suggest their limitations(E) show the importance of the central business district as a focus for urbangrowth2. It can be inferred from the passage that according to a unicellular urban model,law firms are commonly located near the center of a city mainly because(A) law firms benefit from the proximity to financial and governmental servicesthat a center city location provides(B) the demand for legal services is too irregular to support many small law firmsin the outer districts of the city(C) law firms require accessibility to the wholesale and retail businesses thatprovide a major share of their clientele(D) the high-income groups that make up the primary users of legal servicesdemand easy access to the firms’ offices(E) the specialized service personnel required by a law firm are often interested inresiding as close as possible to the city center3. According to the concentric-ring model, in which of the following orders (fromthe center of the city outward) would the areas of the typical city be arranged?(A) central business district, low-income housing, wholesale and manufacturingbusinesses, high-income housing(B) central business district, wholesale and manufacturing businesses,low-income housing, high-income housing(C) wholesale and manufacturing businesses, central business district,low-income housing, high-income housing(D) central business district, high-income housing, wholesale and manufacturingbusinesses, low-income housing(E) wholesale and manufacturing businesses, low-income housing, centralbusiness district, high-income housing4. According to the passage, the sector model differs from the concentric-ring modelprimarily in that it(A) stresses the role of topographic features in determining patterns of urbandevelopment(B) emphasizes the continuing expansion of the city as an influence on urbandevelopment(C) recognizes the importance of focal points of urban growth other than thetraditional central business district(D) assumes that the need for access to the central business district is the maindeterminant of urban developmental patterns(E) takes into account the influence of certain social factors on urbangeographical patterns5. The passage states that both the concentric-ring model and the sector model(A) inadequately represent the forms of urban development emerging in today’scities(B) need to be considerably refined to be of real use to students of urban growth(C) have been superseded by more recently developed models of urban growth(D) represent older cities more accurately than they do newly foundedmetropolitan areas(E) fail to explain the rapid outward growth of cities that has occurred in recentyears6. According to the passage, an updated model of urban geography would indicatethe(A) phenomenal growth in population and area of suburban residential districtsbeyond the limits of the city itself(B) recent decline in the influence of business and industry over the geographicalpatterns of urban growth(C) growing importance of urban business and service centers located away fromthe central business district(D) clustering of business facilities in recently built areas, while older districts areturned into residential areas(E) gradual displacement of older urban centers by new, more highly specializedcities in geographically dispersed locations7. All of the following are examples of the emerging trends of urban growthdescribed in the last paragraph of the passage EXCEPT(A) the construction in a suburban community of a large shopping mall wheremany of the local residents do most of their buying(B) the opening of an industrial park on the outskirts of a declining older city(C) the construction of hospital-medical school complex near a highway fifteenmiles from a downtown business district(D) the building of a residential development near a suburban tool factory tohouse the factory workers and their families(E) the creation of a luxury housing development in a rural setting thirty milesfrom the center of a city8. Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph ofthe passage?(A) It summarizes the information presented in the first three paragraphs anddraws some conclusions.(B) It outlines a new model, applies it to recent phenomena, and argues in favorof its adoption.(C) It introduces no evidence in support of an existing model.(D) It evaluates two models in the light of recent evidence and advocates thedevelopment of a third model.(E) It compares one model unfavorably with another and develops thecomparison by citing examples.。
2016年3月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2016年3月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Google is not the only search utility in town, but it comes with such a(n) ______collection of tools to focus your search that it is the engine of choice for many of us.A．comparableB．formidableC．innumerableD．compatible正确答案：B解析：本题考查形容词的语义。
A可比较的；B强大的；C无数的；D兼容的。
该句的大意为：谷歌并非唯一的搜索工具，不过，它强大的工具集合能够专注搜索，因此谷歌是大多数人选择使用的搜索引擎。
2．The defect in David’s character has______him from advancement in his career.A．exemptedB．forbiddenC．underminedD．hindered正确答案：D解析：本题考查动词的语义。
A免除；B禁止；C破坏；D阻碍。
该句的大意为：大卫性格上的缺陷阻碍了他的事业发展。
3．The theory that business could operate totally without the aid of government has proved to be a (n) ______.A．allusionB．seclusionC．illusionD．confusion正确答案：C解析：本题考查名词的语义。
华中科技大学外科学(胸心外科)2016年考博真题试卷
（2）为明确诊断需要进行什么辅助检查
（3）需要与哪些肺疾医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
华中科技大学
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科总论及胸外科
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
外科总论(40分)
一、问答题
1.水电解质及酸碱平衡失常的治疗原则。
2.外科术后常见并发症及形成原因。
3.创伤性休克的形成原因及处理原则。
4.多器官功能衰竭的病因。
胸外（60分）
一、名词解释
1.重症肌无力
2.肺隔离症
3.Horner's syndrome
4.反常呼吸
5.pancoast瘤
二、问答题
1食管癌术后与消化道相关的常见并发症（至少列举三个）及诊断。
2.肺结核外科治疗适应症。
3.病例分析
男性患者65岁，痰中带血2月，吸烟30年，CT提示：右上肺占位直径3.5cm。
华科考博真题
Since Would War II considerable advances have been made in the area of health-care services. These include better access to health care (particularly for the poor and minorities), improvements in physical plants, and increased numbers of physicians and other health personnel. All have played a part in the recent improvement in life expectancy. But there is mounting criticism of the large remaining gaps in access, unbridled cost inflation, the further fragmentation of service, excessive indulgence in wasteful high-technology “gadgeteering,” and a breakdown in doctor-patient relationships. In recent years proposed panaceas and new programs, small and large, have proliferated at a feverish pace and disappointments multiply at almost the same rate. This has led to an increased pessimism—“everything has been tried and nothing works”—which sometimes borders on cynicism or even nihilism.It is true that the automatic “pass through” of rapidly spiraling costs to government and insurance carriers, which was set in a publicized environment of “the richest nation in the world,” produced for a time a sense of unlimited resources and allowed to develop a mood whereby every practitioner and institution could “do his own thing” without undue concern for the “Medical Commons.” The practice of full-cost reimbursement encouraged capital investment and now the industry is overcapitalized. Many cities have hundreds of excess hospital beds; hospitals have proliferated a superabundance of high-technology equipment; and structural ostentation and luxury were the order of the day. In any given day, one-fourth of all community beds are vacant; expensive equipment is underused or, worse, used unnecessarily. Capital investment brings rapidly rising operating costs.Yet, in part, this pessimism derives from expecting too much of health care. It must be realized that care is, for most people, a painful experience, often accompanied by fear and unwelcome results. Although there is vast room for improvement, health care will always retain some unpleasantness and frustration. Moreover, the capacities of medical science are limited. Humpty Dumpty cannot always be put back together again. Too many physicians are reluctant to admit their limitations to patients; too many patients and families are unwilling to accept such realities. Nor is it true that everything has been tried and nothing works, as shown by the prepaid group practice plans of the Kaiser Foundation and at Puget Sound. In the main, however, such undertakings have been drowned by a veritable flood of public and private moneys which have supported and encouraged the continuation of conventional practices and subsidized their shortcomings on a massive, almost unrestricted scale. Except for the most idealistic and dedicated, there were no incentives to seek change or to practice self-restraint or frugality. In this atmosphere, it is not fair to condemn as failures all attempted experiments; it may be more accurate to say many never had a fair trial.1. The author implies that the Kaiser Foundation and Puget Sound plans (lines47-48) differed from other plans by(A) encouraging capital investment(B) requiring physicians to treat the poor(C) providing incentives for cost control(D) employing only dedicated and idealistic doctors(E) relying primarily on public funding2. The author mentions all of the following as consequences of full-costreimbursement EXCEPT(A) rising operating costs(B) underused hospital facilities(C) overcapitalization(D) overreliance on expensive equipment(E) lack of services for minorities3. The tone of the passage can best be described as(A) light-hearted and amused(B) objective but concerned(C) detached and unconcerned(D) cautious but sincere(E) enthusiastic and enlightened4. According to the author, the “pessimism” mentioned at line 35 is partlyattributable to the fact that(A) there has been little real improvement in health-care services(B) expectations about health-care services are sometimes unrealistic(C) large segments of the population find it impossible to get access tohealth-care services(D) advances in technology have made health care service unaffordable(E) doctors are now less concerned with patient care5. The author cites the prepaid plans in lines 46-48 as(A) counterexamples to the claim that nothing has worked(B) examples of health-care plans that were over-funded(C) evidence that health-care services are fragmented(D) proof of the theory that no plan has been successful(E) experiments that yielded disappointing results6. It can be inferred that the sentence “Humpty Dumpty cannot always be put backtogether again” means that(A) the cost of health-care services will not decline(B) some people should not become doctors(C) medical care is not really essential to good health(D) illness is often unpleasant and even painful(E) medical science cannot cure every ill7. With which of the following descriptions of the system for the delivery ofhealth-care services would the author most likely agree?(A) It is biased in favor of doctors and against patients.(B) It is highly fragmented and completely ineffective(C) It has not embraced new technology rapidly enough(D) It is generally effective but can be improved(E) It discourages people from seeking medical care8. Which of the following best describes the logical structure of the selection?(A) The third paragraph is intended as a refutation of the first and secondparagraphs.(B) The second and third paragraphs explain and put into perspective the pointsmade in the first paragraph.(C) The second and third paragraphs explain and put into perspective the pointsmade in the first paragraph.(D) The first paragraph describes a problem, and the second and third paragraphspresent two horns of a dilemma.(E) The first paragraph describes a problem, the second its causes, and the third apossible solution.9. The author’s primary concern is to(A) criticize physicians and health-care administrators for investing in techno-logically advanced equipment(B) examine some problems affecting delivery of health-care services and assesstheir severity(C) defend the medical community from charges that health-care has notimproved since World War II(D) analyze the reasons for the health-care industry’s inability to provide qualitycare to all segments of the population(E) describe the peculiar economic features of the health-care industry that are thecauses of spiraling medical costs1. C2. E3. B4. B5. A6. E7. D8. C9. B 10.Behavior is one of two general responses available to endothermic (warm-blooded) species for the regulation of body temperature, the other being innate (reflexive) mechanisms of heat production and heat loss. Human beings rely primarily on the first to provide a hospitable thermal microclimate for themselves, in which the transfer of heat between the body and the environment is accomplished with minimal involvement of innate mechanisms of heatproduction and loss. Thermoregulatory behavior anticipates hyperthermia, and the organism adjusts its behavior to avoid becoming hyperthermic: it removes layers of clothing, it goes for a cool swim, etc. The organism can also respond to changes in the temperature of the body core, as is the case during exercise; but such responses result from the direct stimulation of thermoreceptors distributed widely within the central nervous system, and the ability of these mechanisms to help the organism adjust to gross changes in its environment is limited.Until recently it was assumed that organisms respond to microwave radiation in the same way that they respond to temperature changes caused by other forms of radiation. After all, the argument runs, microwaves are radiation and heat body tissues. This theory ignores the fact that the stimulus to a behavioral response is normally a temperature change that occurs at the surface of the organism. The thermoreceptors that prompt behavioral changes are located within the first millimeter of the skin’s surface, but the energy of a microwave field may be selectively deposited in deep tissues, effectively bypassing these thermoreceptors, particularly if the field is at near-resonant frequencies. The resulting temperature profile may well be a kind of reverse thermal gradient in which the deep tissues are warmed more than those of the surface. Since the heat is not conducted outward to the surface to stimulate the appropriate receptors, the organism does not “appreciate” this stimulation in the same way that it “appreciates” heating and cooling of the skin. In theory, the internal organs of a human being or an animal could be quite literally cooked well-done before the animal even realizes that the balance of its thermomicroclimate has been disturbed.Until a few years ago, microwave irradiations at equivalent plane-wave power densities of about 100 mW/cm2 were considered unequivocally to produce “thermal” effects; irradiations within the range of 10 to 100 mW/cm2 might or might not produce “thermal” effects; while effects observed at power densities below 10 mW/cm2 were assumed to be “nonthermal” in nature. Experiments have shown this to be an oversimplification, and a recent report suggests that fields as weak as 1 mW/cm2 can be thermogenic. When the heat generated in the tissues by an imposed radio frequency (plus the heat generated by metabolism) exceeds the heat-loss capabilities of the organism, the thermoregulatory system has been compromised. Yet surprisingly, not long ago, an increase in the internal body temperature was regarded merely as “evidence” of a thermal effect.1. The author is primarily concerned with(A) showing that behavior is a more effective way of controlling bodilytemperature than innate mechanisms(B) criticizing researchers who will not discard their theories about the effects ofmicrowave radiation on organisms(C) demonstrating that effects of microwave radiation are different from those ofother forms of radiation(D) analyzing the mechanism by which an organism maintains its bodilytemperature in a changing thermal environment(E) discussing the importance of thermoreceptors in the control of the internaltemperature of an organism2. The author makes which of the following points about innate mechanisms forheat production?I. They are governed by thermoreceptors inside the body of the organismrather than at the surface.II. They are a less effective means of compensating for gross changes in temperature than behavioral strategies.III. They are not affected by microwave radiation.(A) I only(B) I and II only(C) I and III only(D) II and III only(E) I, II, and III3. Which of the following would be the most logical topic for the author to take upin the paragraph following the final paragraph of the selection?(A) A suggestion for new research to be done on the effects of microwaves onanimals and human beings(B) An analysis of the differences between microwave radiation(C) A proposal that the use of microwave radiation be prohibited because it isdangerous(D) A survey of the literature on the effects of microwave radiation on humanbeings(E) A discussion of the strategies used by various species to control hyperthermia4. The author’s strategy in lines 39-42 is to(A) introduce a hypothetical example to dramatize a point(B) propose an experiment to test a scientific hypothesis(C) cite a case study to illustrate a general contention(D) produce a counterexample to disprove an opponent’s theory(E) speculate about the probable consequences of a scientific phenomenon5. The author implies that the proponents of the theory that microwave radiationacts on organisms in the same way as other forms of radiation based theirconclusions primarily on(A) laboratory research(B) unfounded assumption(C) control group surveys(D) deductive reasoning(E) causal investigation6. The tone of the passage can best be described as(A) genial and conversational(B) alarmed and disparaging(C) facetious and cynical(D) scholarly and noncommittal(E) scholarly and concerned7. The author is primarily concerned with(A) pointing out weaknesses in a popular scientific theory(B) developing a hypothesis to explain a scientific phenomenon(C) reporting on new research on the effects of microwave radiation(D) criticizing the research methods of earlier investigators(E) clarifying ambiguities in the terminology used to describe a phenomenon1. C2. B3. A4. A5. B6. E7. A8.9.10.Agricultural progress provided the stimulus necessary to set off economic expansion in medieval France. As long as those who worked the land were barely able to ensure their own subsistence and that of their landlords, all other activities had to be minimal, but when food surpluses increased, it became possible to release more people for governmental, commercial, religious and cultural pursuits.However, not all the funds from the agricultural surplus were actually available for commercial investment. Much of the surplus, in the form of food increases, probably went to raise the subsistence level; an additional amount, in the form of currency gained from the sale of food, went into the royal treasury to be used in waging war. Although Louis VII of France levied a less crushing tax burden on his subjects than did England’s Henry II, Louis VII did spend great sums on an unsuccessful crusade, and his vassals—both lay and ecclesiastic—took over spending where their sovereign stopped. Surplus funds were claimed both by the Church and by feudal landholders, whereupon cathedrals and castles mushroomed throughout France.The simultaneous progress of cathedral building and, for instance, vineyard expansion in Bordeaux illustrates the very real competition for available capital between the Church and commercial interests; the former produced inestimable moral and artistic riches, but the latter had a stronger immediate impact upon gross national product. Moreover, though all wars by definition are defensive, the frequent crossings of armies that lived off the land and impartially burned all the huts and barns on their path consumed considerable resources.Since demands on the agricultural surplus would have varied from year to year, we cannot precisely calculate their impact on the commercial growth of medieval France. But we must bear that impact in mind when estimating the assets that were likely to have been available for investment. No doubt castle and cathedral building was not totally barren of profit (for the builders, that is), and it produced intangible dividends of material and moral satisfaction for the community. Even wars handed back a fragment of what they took, at least to a few. Still, we cannot place on the same plane a primarily destructive activity and a constructive one, norexpect the same results from a new bell tower as from a new water mill. Above all, medieval France had little room for investment over and above the preservation of life. Granted that war cost much less than it does today, that the Church rendered all sorts of educational and recreational services that were unobtainable elsewhere, and that government was far less demanding than is the modern state—nevertheless, for medieval men and women, supporting commercial development required considerable economic sacrifice.1. According to the passage, agricultural revenues in excess of the amount neededfor subsistence were used by medieval kings to(A) patronize the arts(B) sponsor public recreation(C) wage war(D) build cathedrals(E) fund public education2. According to the passage, which of the following was an important source ofrevenue in medieval France?(A) Cheese(B) Wine(C) Wool(D) Olive oil(E) Veal3. The passage suggests that which of the following would have reduced the assetsimmediately available for commercial investment in medieval France?I. Renovation of a large cathedralII. A sharp increase in the birth rateIII. An invasion of France by Henry II(A) III only(B) I and II only(C) I and III only(D) II and III only(E) I, II, and III4. It can be inferred from the passage that more people could enter government andthe Church in medieval France because(A) the number of individual landholdings in heavily agricultural areas wasbeginning to increase(B) an increase in the volume of international trade had brought an increase in thepopulation of cities(C) a decrease in warfare had allowed the king to decrease the size of the army(D) food producers could grow more food than they and their families needed tosurvive(E) landlords were prospering and thus were demanding a smaller percentage oftenants’ annual yields5. The author implies that the reason we cannot expect the same results from a newbell tower as from a new water mill is that(A) bell towers yield an intangible dividend(B) bell towers provide material satisfaction(C) water mills cost more to build than bell towers(D) water mills divert funds from commerce(E) water mills might well be destroyed by war6. The author of the passage most probably bases his central argument on which ofthe following theoretical assumptions often made by economists?(A) Different people should be taxed in proportion to the benefit they can expectto receive from public activity.(B) Perfect competition exists only in the case where no farmer, merchant, orlaborer controls a large enough share of the total market to influence marketprice.(C) A population wealthy enough to cut back its rate of consumption can funnelthe resulting savings into the creation of capital.(D) A full-employment economy must always, to produce one good, give upproducing another good.(E) There is a universal tendency for population, unless checked by food supply,to increase in a geometric progression.7. The author suggests that commercial expansion in medieval France “requiredconsiderable economic sacrifice” (lines 59-60) primarily for which of thefollowing reasons?(A) Cathedrals cost more to build and rebuild than did castles.(B) The numerous wars fought during the period left the royal treasury bankrupt.(C) Louis VII levied a more crushing tax burden on his subjects than did HenryII.(D) Although much of the available surplus had been diverted into vineyardexpansion, the vineyards had not yet begun to produce.(E) Although more food was being produced, the subsistence level was not veryfar above the minimum required to sustain life.8. The passage implies that which of the following yielded the lowest dividend tomedieval men and women relative to its cost?(A) Warfare(B) Vineyard expansion(C) Water mill construction(D) Castle building(E) Cathedral building9. Which of the following statements best expresses the central idea of the passage?(A) Commercial growth in medieval France may be accurately computed bycalculating the number of castles and cathedrals built during the period.(B) Competition between the Church and the feudal aristocracy for funds createdby agricultural surplus demonstrably slowed the economic growth ofmedieval France.(C) Despite such burdens as war and capital expansion by landholders, commercein medieval France expanded steadily as the agricultural surplus increased.(D) Funds actually available for commerce in medieval France varied with thedemands placed on the agricultural surplus.(E) The simultaneous progress of vineyard expansion and building in medievalFrance gives evidence of a rapidly expanding economy.1. C2. B3. E4. D5. A6. C7. E8. A9. D 10.Astrophysicists wrestling with the study of a new kind of star, the flat, “two-dimensional”configurations known as accretion disks have recently gained new insights into the behavior of these stars. Accretion disks exist in a variety of situations where matters swirl around a compact star such as a white dwarf star or a neutron star. Accretion disks are also suspected of playing a part in more exotic situations, in which the central object is imagined to be a supermassive black hole, the ultimate form of collapsed matter, rather than a compact star. The modeling of accretion disks is still in its infancy, a situation analogous to the days when ordinary stars were modeled by using elementary scaling laws without benefit of knowledge of the nuclear processes that power the stars. Similarly, the basic physics of the power by which accretion disks radiate, thought to originate in a form of turbulent friction, is known only at the crudest level.Accretion disks were first defined in the context of Cataclysmic variables. In these systems, matter from the outer layers of an ordinary star is attracted by the gravitational influence of a nearby orbiting white dwarf star, the matter lost from the ordinary star cannot strike the surface of the tiny white dwarf directly but settles into an orbit around the star. The viscosity in the disk thus formed causes heating, radiation, and a slow spiraling of disk matter onto the surface of the white dwarf.The rapid advances made in x-ray astronomy in the past decade have identified a second type of system in which accretion disks occur. In such a system, an accretion disk whirls about a neutron star rather than a white dwarf. The inner reaches of the accretion disk extend deeply into the gravitational potential of the neutron star where very rapid motion is the rule. The energy released by friction and the actual raining of the material from the disk onto the surface of the neutron star is so great that radiation is given off in a powerful flood of x-rays. And in at least one case, x-ray astronomers believe that the object in the center of an accretion disk is a black hole, suggesting that a third system may exist.It had been assumed that portions of accretion disks would be unstable and that, as a result, clumping of their matter into rings would occur. There is no evidence from observation, however, that accretion disks do, in fact, suffer from these instabilities. In recent work, Abramowicz has shown that added gravitational effects due to general relativity may alter the expected Newtonian gravitational relationships in such a way that the disk remains stable, indicating that it is possible that these predicted instabilities do not occur.Further progress toward understanding accretion disks will involve defining and proposing solutions to restricted problems just as was done in this case and was done and continues to be done for ordinary stars. Abramowicz’ work is a valuable example of the care that must be taken before reaching conclusions regarding accretion disks.1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with(A) comparing Abramowicz’ work to the work of earlier astrophysicists(B) providing information about accretion disks and discussing significant newwork(C) defining the conditions under which accretion disks can be observed(D) exploring the question of whether a black hole can ever be the central objectof an accretion disk(E) describing the phenomenon of accretion disks and reviewing severalconflicting theories of their origins2. It can be inferred from the passage that predictions of the instability of accretiondisks were based on which of the following?(A) A calculation of the probable effects of standard Newtonian gravitationalrelationships(B) A calculation of the probable relationship between general relativity andstandard Newtonian gravitational relationships(C) A calculation of the energy released by friction within a compact star(D) Observation of the x-rays radiated by compact stars(E) Observation of the clumping of accretion disk matter into rings aroundcompact stars3. The author’s attitude toward Abramowicz’ work can best be described as one of(A) uncertain approval(B) unqualified respect(C) mild interest(D) careful dismissal(E) hostile skepticism4. The passage suggests which of the following about current scientific knowledgeof the nuclear processes of ordinary stars?(A) Its pattern of development has been analogous to that of developments inx-ray astronomy.(B) Its role in the explanation of turbulent friction has been significant.(C) It has contributed to a more accurate modeling of ordinary stars.(D) It lags behind knowledge of scaling laws.(E) It explains the behavior of accretion disks as well as that of ordinary stars.5. The passage suggests that Abramowicz’ work was motivated by which of thefollowing assumptions?(A) The quantity of energy released by accretion disks can be as large as it is onlyif the disks are stable.(B) Improved techniques in x-ray astronomy would reveal any instabilitiesoccurring in accretion disks.(C) The lack of observational evidence of instabilities in accretion disks suggeststhat predictions of their occurrence might be wrong.(D) Known methods of observing accretion disk surrounding compact stars andblack holes do not permit the observation of the matter in accretion disks.(E) The gravitational potential of compact stars does not vary from star to star.6. The passage implies which of the following about the progress of knowledge inastrophysics?(A) Adherence to outdated theories has, in the past, limited the activities ofastrophysicists and restricted progress.(B) Progress has, in the past, occurred only as a result of significantbreakthroughs in basic physics and chemistry.(C) Progress has, in the past, occurred as a result of a process of defining andsolving restricted problems.(D) Given the recent acquisition of knowledge about the nuclear processes ofstars, further progress is likely to be limited to the refinement of what isalready known.(E) Conclusions in astrophysics have, in the past, been seriously flawed, thuslimiting progress, although there have recently been signs of change.7. The passage suggests that, compared to the study of ordinary stars, the study ofaccretion disks is(A) derivative(B) more sophisticated(C) less clearly focused(D) at an earlier stage of development(E) more dependent on technological advances8. According to the passage, some accretion disks originated in(A) an increase in heat and radiation around an ordinary star(B) a powerful flood of x-rays emitted by a neutron star(C) a collision between two stars(D) the turbulent friction on the surface of a compact star(E) the accumulation of matter removed from an ordinary star9. It can be inferred from the passage that the significance of Abramowicz’ work isthat it(A) provides a means of measuring the gravitational potential of neutron stars(B) opens a new area for exploration in the field of x-ray astronomy(C) proves that scaling laws cannot be applied to accretion disks(D) proposes a new system of classification of stars(E) suggests a resolution of a discrepancy between a theoretical prediction andactual observation1. B2. A3. B4. C5. C6. C7. D8. E9. E 10.1. 英译中主要讲未来太阳和地球距离会缩短，太阳光辐射地球，会使得海洋水分都蒸发，水蒸气作为温室气体会使得地球温度达到100度或更高，只有微生物才能适应极端环境。
考博英语(完形填空)练习试卷30(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（完形填空）练习试卷30(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. ClozeClozeIn the United States and in many other countries around the world, there are four main ways for people to be【1】about developments in the news: newspapers, magazines, and radio or television news broadcasts. A person may use one, or all, of these【2】for information. Each source is useful in its【3】way. Newspapers and magazines can give much information about a particular event. They may【4】some history of the event, some of its【5】, some of its effects, or perhaps give an【6】or point of view on a particular development. Radio and television can help a person to be well informed about what is happening each day. It is also【7】to listen to radio or watch TV 【8】do something else at the same time. Many people can listen to the news on their car radio while driving【9】For the student of English as a foreign language, an English language newspaper may be the most helpful news source that will also【10】you practice in reading English. Most daily English language newspapers are not very hard to find. They are interesting and helpful in many【11】. In some of them, you may be able to find news about your【12】country. You will find news and information about important national and international political【13】【14】what you are interested in, you can probably find something in the newspaper about it. A(n)【15】in the newspaper may help you solve a problem. Other stories may be about good movies, concerts, or TV shows. Usually, an English language newspaper has several【16】or parts. Each part of the newspaper 【17】stories about different kinds of news. Some sections have a lot of advertisements which may be helpful if you want to save money. By reading the advertisements, you may find something you want【18】sale. Or you may find that two stories are advertising the【19】thing, but at one store the price is lower. Other sections may have【20】advertisements or have only a specific type of advertisement to interest the people.1．A．advisedB．instructedC．informedD．taught正确答案：C解析：advise意为“忠告”；instruct意为“指导”；inform意为“使……知道”；teach意为“教”，所以只有inform最符合句意。
考博英语(完形填空)练习试卷51(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（完形填空）练习试卷51(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. ClozeClozeNowadays the scattering of galaxies and the astounding abundance of stars are forcing those who ponder such matters to a further adjustment of their concept of the place and function of man in the material universe. In the history of the【1】human mind, with its increasing knowledge of the surrounding【2】, there must have been a time when the philosophers of the【3】tribes began to realize that the world was not simply centered on man himself. The geocentric concept, which accepted a universe centered on the earth, then became common【4】. The second adjustment in the understanding of man’s【5】to the physical universe was not generally acceptable【6】the sixteenth century. Copernican revolution soundly【7】the heliocentric concept—the theory of a universe【8】on the sun. Man is a stubborn adherent to official dogma; 【9】, however, he accepted the sun as the center. Then, forty years ago, came the need for a third adjustment. This【10】has deeply exploded man’s pride and【11】, for it has carried with it the knowledge of the【12】number of galaxies. The galactocentric universe【13】puts the earth and its life near the【14】of one great galaxy in a universe of millions of galaxies. Man becomes peripheral among the billions of stars of his own Milky Way; and, according to the revelations of paleontology and geochemistry, he is【15】and apparently transient in the【16】of cosmic time. The downgrading of the earth and sun and the elevation of the galaxies is not the end of this 【17】scientific pilgrims through philosophic fields. The need for another【18】adjustment now【19】—not wholly unexpected by scientists,【20】wholly the result of one or two scientific revelations. Our new problem concerns the spread of life throughout the universe. As unsolicited spokesmen for all the earthly organisms of land, sea, and air, we ask the thrilling question: Are we alone?1．A．ingeniousB．evolvingC．creativeD．eligible正确答案：B解析：“evolving进化”符合题意。
考博英语(完形填空)历年真题试卷汇编21(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（完形填空）历年真题试卷汇编21(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 4. ClozeCloze（中国科学院2008年试题）There are so many new books about dying that there are now special shelves set aside for them in bookshops, along with the health-diet and home-repair paperbacks. Some of them are so【C1】______with detailed information and step-by-step instructions for performing the function, that you’d think this was a new sort of【C2】______which all of us are now required to learn. The strongest impression the casual reader gets is that proper dying has become an extraordinary,【C3】______an exotic experience, something only the specially trained can do. 【C4】______, you could be led to believe that we are the only 【C5】______capable of being aware of death, and that when the rest of nature is experiencing the life cycle and dying, one generation after【C6】______, it is a different kind of process, done automatically and trivially, or more “natural”, as we say. An elm in our backyard【C7】______the blight(枯萎病)this summer and dropped stone dead, leafless, almost overnight. One weekend【C8】______was a normal-looking elm, maybe a little bare in spots but【C9】______alarming, and the next weekend it was gone, passed over, departed, taken. Taken is right, for the tree surgeon came by yesterday with his【C10】______of young helpers and their cherry picker, and took it down branch by branch and carted it off in the back of a red truck, everyone【C11】______. The dying【C12】______a field mouse, at the jaws of an amiable household cat, is a spectacle I have beheld many times. It【C13】______to make me wince. However, early in life I gave up throwing sticks【C14】______the cat to make him drop the mouse,【C15】______the dropped mouse regularly went ahead and died anyway.1．【C1】A．containedB．embracedC．packedD．littered正确答案：C解析：此句表示其中一些关于死亡的书中写满了相关的翔实信息，A、B两项均为包括之意。
华中科技大学医学免疫学2016年考博真题试卷
8.AIDS
9.免疫标记技术
10.HVGR
二、简答题（4*15分=60分）
1.乙肝病毒为例，叙述B细胞再次免疫应答过程。
2.HLA分子的生物学功能。
3.自身免疫病所致免疫损伤的机制。
4.叙述免疫学理论或实践在所考专业中的应用。
华中科技大学
Hale Waihona Puke 医学考博真题试卷攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
华中科技大学
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：医学免疫学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（10*4分=40分）
1.PRR
2.ADCC
3.粘附因子
4.超抗原
5.固有样淋巴细胞
6.细胞因子
考博英语(完形填空)练习试卷54(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（完形填空）练习试卷54(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. ClozeClozePsychologist Alfred Adler suggested that the primary goal of the psyche (精神) was superiority. Although【1】he believed that individuals struggled to【2】superiority over others, Adler eventually developed a more【3】definition of the drive for superiority. Adler’s【4】of striving for superiority does not refer to the everyday meaning of he word superiority. He did not mean that we【5】seek to surpass one another in【6】or position, nor did he mean that we seek to【7】an exaggerated importance over our【8】. Rather, Adler’s drive for superiority involves the desire, to be competent and effective, complete and【9】, in whatever one strives to do. Striving for superiority occasionally takes the【10】of an exaggerated lust for power. An individual may seek to play god and exercise【11】over objects and people. The goal may introduce a【12】tendency into our lives, in which we play games of “dog eat dog”. But such【13】of the desire for superiority do not reflect its more【14】, constructive nature. According to Adler, striving for superiority is innate and is part of the struggle for survival that human beings share with other species in the【15】of evolution. From this【16】, life is not【17】by the need to reduce【18】or restore equilibrium, as Sigmund Freud tended to think; instead, life is encouraged by the desire to move from below to above, from minus to plus, from【19】to superior. The particular ways in which individuals undertakes their【20】for superiority are determined by their culture, their unique history, and their style of life.1．A．invariablyB．initiallyC．virtuallyD．barely正确答案：B解析：选项B表示“最初地”。
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TWENTY years ago a debate erupted about whether there were specific “Asian values”. Most attention focused on dubious claims by autocrats that democracy was not among them. But a more intriguing, if less noticed, argument was that traditional family values were stronger in Asia than in America and Europe, and that this partly accounted for Asia's economic success. In the words of Lee Kuan Yew, former prime minister of Singapore and a keen advocate of Asian values, the Chinese family encouraged “scholarship and hard work and thrift and deferment of present enjoyment for future gain”.
On the face of it his claim appears persuasive still. In most of Asia, marriage is widespread and illegitimacy almost unknown. In contrast, half of marriages in some Western countries end in divorce, and half of all children are born outside wedlock. The recent riots across Britain, whose origins many believe lie in an absence of either parental guidance or filial respect, seem to underline a profound difference between East and West.
Yet marriage is changing fast in East, South-East and South Asia, even though each region has different traditions. The changes are different from those that took place in the West in the second half of the 20th century. Divorce, though rising in some countries, remains comparatively rare. What's happening in Asia is a flight from marriage (see article).
Marriage rates are falling partly because people are postponing getting hitched. Marriage ages have risen all over the world, but the increase is particularly marked in Asia. People there now marry even later than they do in the West. The mean age of marriage in the richest places—Japan, Taiwan, South Korea and Hong Kong—has risen sharply in the past few decades, to reach 29-30 for women and 31-33 for men.
A lot of Asians are not marrying later. They are not marrying at all. Almost a third of Japanese women in their early 30s are unmarried; probably half of those will always be. Over one-fifth of Taiwanese women in their late 30s are single; most will never marry. In some places, rates of non-marriage are especially striking: in Bangkok, 20% of 40-44-year old women are not married; in Tokyo, 21%; among university graduates of that age in Singapore, 27%. So far, the trend has not affected Asia's two giants, China and India. But it is likely to, as the economic factors that have driven it elsewhere in Asia sweep through those two countries as well; and its consequences will be exacerbated by the sex-selective abortion practised for a generation there. By
2050, there will be 60m more men of marriageable age than women in China and India.。