【尚友制造】36套阅读解析exer9
【尚友制造】36套阅读解析exer11
Exercise 11Many critics of Eamily Bronte‘s novel WutheringHeights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, wherea ―roman c‖ reading receives more confirma on. Seeing5 the two parts as a whole is encouraged by the novel‘s sophisticated structure, revealed in its complex use of narrators and time shifts. Granted that the presence ofthese elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry10 James, their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novel‘s heterogeneous parts. However, any interpretation that seeks to unify all of the novel‘sdiverse elements is bound to be somewhat unconvincing. This is not because such an15 interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel isalways a danger), but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in an all-encompassing20 interpretation. In this respect, Wuthering Heights sharesa feature of Hamlet.(164 words)1. According to the passage, which of the following isa true statement about the first and second parts of Wuthering Heights?(A) The second part has received more attentionfrom critics.(B) The second part has little relation to the first part.(C) The second part annuls the force of the first part.(D) The second part provides less substantiationfor a ―roman c‖ reading.(E)The second part is better because it is more realistic.2. Which of the following inferences about HenryJames‘s awareness of novelistic construction isbest supported by the passage?(A) James, more than any other novelist, wasaware of the difficulties of novelisticconstruction.(B) James was very aware of the details of novel-istic construction.(C) James‘s awareness of novelistic constructionderived from his reading of Bronte.(D) James‘s awareness of novelistic constructionhas led most commentators to see unity inhis individual novels.(E) James‘s awareness of novelistic constructionprecluded him from violating the unity ofhis novels.3. The author of the passage would be most likely toagree that an interpretation of a novel should(A) not try to unite heterogeneous elements in thenovel(B) not be inflexible in its treatment of the elementsin the novel(C) not argue that the complex use of narrators orof time shifts indicates a sophisticated structure(D) concentrate on those recalcitrant elements ofthe novel that are outside the novel‘s mainstructure(E) primarily consider those elements of novelisticconstruction of which the author of the novelwas awareFor the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply4. The author of the passage suggests which of thefollowing about Hamlet?□A Hamlet has usually a racted cri cal interpreta onsthat tend to stiffen into theses.□B Hamlet has elements that are not amenableto an all-encompassing critical interpretation.□C Hamlet is less open to an all-encompassingcritical interpretation than is WutheringHeights.Q1：定位到line3：the first part, where a ―roman c‖ reading receives more confirma on，所以正确答案D；Q2：由H J 定位到line 9：Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness ofnovelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their presence does encourage attempts to unifythe novel‘s heterogeneous parts ，所以选B；Q3：看到原文括号中although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger，还有前面的stiffen，同意转换看到inflexible，选B；Q4：由Hamlet定位到文章最后，选B；The deep sea typically has a sparse fauna dominatedby tiny worms and crustaceans, with an even sparserdistribution of larger animals. However, nearhydrothermal vents, areas of the ocean where warm water5 emerges from subterranean sources, live remarkabledensities of huge clams, blind crabs, and fish.Most deep-sea faunas rely for food on particulatematter, ultimately derived from photosynthesis, fallingfrom above. The food supplies necessary to sustain the10 large vent communities, however, must be many timesthe ordinary fallout. The first reports describing ventfaunas proposed two possible sources of nutrition:bacterial chemosynthesis, production of food by bacteriausing energy derived from chemical changes, and15 advection, the drifting of food materials from surroundingregions. Later, evidence in support of the idea of intenselocal chemosynthesis was accumulated: hydrogen sulfidewas found in vent water; many vent-site bacteria werefound to be capable of chemosynthesis; and extremely20 large concentrations of bacteria were found in samples ofvent water thought to be pure. This final observationseemed decisive. If such astonishing concentrations ofbacteria were typical of vent outflow, then food within thevent would dwarf any contribution from advection.25 Hence, the widely quoted conclusion was reached thatbacterial chemosynthesis provides the foundation forhydrothermal-vent food chains—an exciting prospectbecause no other communities on Earth are independentof photosynthesis.30 There are, however, certain difficulties with thisinterpretation. For example, some of the large sedentaryorganisms associated with vents are also found atordinary deep-sea temperatures many meters from thenearest hydrothermal sources. This suggests that bacterial35 chemosynthesis is not a sufficient source of nutrition forthese creatures. Another difficulty is that similarly densepopulations of large deep-sea animals have been found inthe proximity of ―smokers‖ –vents where water emergesat temperatures up to 350°C. No bacteria can survive such40 heat, and no bacteria were found there. Unless smokersare consistently located near more hospitable warm-watervents, chemosynthesis can account for only a fraction ofthe vent faunas. It is conceivable, however, that these large, sedentary organisms do in fact feed on bacteria that 45 grow in warm-water vents, rise in the vent water, and then rain in peripheral areas to nourish animals living some distance from the warm-water vents.Nonetheless, advection is a more likely alternativefood source. Research has demonstrated that advective50 flow, which originates near the surface of the ocean where suspended particulate matter accumulates, transports some of that matter and water to the vents. Estimates suggest that for every cubic meter of vent discharge, 350 milligrams of particulate organic55 material would be advected into the vent area. Thus, for an average-sized vent, advection could provide morethan 30 kilograms of potential food per day. In addition,it is likely that small live animals in the advected water might be killed or stunned by thermal and/or chemical60 shock, thereby contributing to the food supply of vents. (479 words)For the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply5. The passage provides information for answeringwhich of the following questions EXCEPT?□A What causes warm-water vents to form?□B What role does hydrogen sulfide play in chemosynthesis?□C Do bacteria live in the vent water of smokers?6. The information in the passage suggests that the majority of deep-sea faunas that live in nonventhabitats have which of the following characteristics?(A) They do not normally feed on particles of foodin the water.(B) They are smaller than many vent faunas.(C) They are predators.(D) They derive nutrition from a chemosyntheticfood source.(E) They congregate around a single main foodsource.7. Select the sentence in the passage in which the authorimplies that vents are colonized by some of the sameanimal found in other areas of the ocean floor, whichmight be a weakness for the bacterial chemosynthesismodel.8. The author refers to ―smokers‖ in the third paragraphmost probably in order to(A) show how thermal shock can provide food forsome vent faunas by stunning small animals(B) prove that the habitat of most deep-sea animals islimited to warm-water vents(C) explain how bacteria carry out chemosynthesis(D) demonstrate how advection compensates for thelack of food sources on the seafloor(E) present evidence that bacterial chemosynthesismay be an inadequate source of food forsome vent faunasQ5: 定位至原文：Another difficulty is that similarly dense populations of large deep-sea animals have been found in the proximity of “smokers”—vents where water emerges at temperatures up to 350℃. No bacteria can survive such heat, and no bacteria were found there. C选项有回答，所以选AB；Q6：定位至原文：The deep sea typically has a sparse fauna dominated by tiny worms and crustaceans, with an even sparser distribution of larger animals. However, near hydrothermal (hydrothermal: adj.热水的, 热液的) vents, areas of the ocean where warm water emerges from subterranean sources, live remarkable densities of huge clams, blind crabs, and fish.7 Q, p. Y9 A6 X# M大型的主要集中在vent地区，小型的就集中在nonvent地区，所以选择BQ7：line 31：For example, some of the large sedentary organisms associated with vents are also found at ordinary deep-sea temperatures many meters from the nearest hydrothermal sourcesQ8：定位原文；Another difficulty is that similarly dense populations of large deep-sea animals have been found inthe proximity of ―smokers‖ –vents where water emerges at temperatures up to 350°C. 注意到difficulties，所以选E；Ragtime is a musical form that synthesizes folkmelodies and musical techniques into a brief quadrille-like structure, designed to be played—exactly as written-on the piano. A strong analogy exists between5 European composers like Ralph Vaughan Williams,Edward Grieg, and Anton Dvorak who combined folktunes and their own original materials in largercompositions and the pioneer ragtime composers in theUnited States. Composers like Scott Joplin and James 10 Scott were in a sense collectors or musicologists, collecting dance and folk music in Black communities and consciously shaping it into brief suites or anthologies called piano rags.(100 words)9. Which of the following is most nearly analogous in source and artistic character to a ragtime composition as described in the passage?(A) Symphonic music derived from complex jazz motifs(B) An experimental novel based on well-known cartoon characters(C) A dramatic production in which actors invent scenes and improvise lines(D) A ballet whose disciplined choreography isbased on folk-dance steps(E) A painting whose abstract shapes evokefamiliar objects in a natural landscapeGeologists have long known that the Earth‘s mantleis heterogeneous, but its spatial arrangement remains unresolved—is the mantle essentially layered or irregu- larly heterogeneous? The best evidence for the layered- mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.Some geologists, however, on the basis of obser- vations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in ―incompa ble elements‖ (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids‘ pathways. We believe, perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.(157 words)10. According to the passage, it is believed that oceanicislands are formed from(A) the same material as mantle xenoliths(B) the same material as the midocean ridge system(C) volcanic rocks from the upper mantle(D) incompatible elements percolating up from thelower mantle(E) mantle plumes arising from the lower mantleFor the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply11. It can be inferred from the passage that the sup-porters of the ―layered-mantle‖ theory believe whichof the following?□A The volcanic rocks on oceanic islands arecomposed of material derived from thelower part of the mantle.□B The materials of which volcanic rocks onoceanic islands and midocean ridges arecomposed are typical of the layers fromwhich they are thought to originate.□C The differences in composi on betweenvolcanic rocks on oceanic islands and themidocean ridges are a result of differentconcentrations of incompatible elements.12. In the context of the passage, ―unimagina vely‖ isclosest in meaning to(A) pedestrian(B) controversial(C) unrealistic(D) novel(E) paradoxical阅读1：老G原文改编，先上段背景知识吧，就是老G的原文翻译；散拍乐（ragtime，又译雷格泰姆）是一种音乐形式，将民间旋律和音乐技巧综合成为简短的四对方阵舞曲般的（quadrille-like）结构，旨在——毫厘不爽地按照书面乐谱所示——在钢琴上进行演奏。
【尚友制造】36套阅读解析exer20
Exercise 20Diamonds, an occasional component of rare igneousrocks called lamproites and kimberlites, have never beendated satisfactorily. However, some diamonds contain minuteinclusions of silicate minerals, commonly olivine, pyroxene,and garnet. These minerals can be dated by radioactive decaytechniques because of the very small quantities ofradioactive trace elements they, in turn, contain. Usually, it ispossible to conclude that the inclusions are older than theirdiamond hosts, but with little indication of the time intervalinvolved. Sometimes, however, the crystal form of thesilicate inclusions is observed to resemble more closely theinternal structure of diamond than that of other silicateminerals. When present, the resemblance is regarded ascompelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions aretruly cogenetic. (121 words)1. The author implies that silicate inclusions were mostoften formed(A) with small diamonds inside of them(B) with trace elements derived from their hostminerals(C) by the radioactive decay of rare igneous rocks(D) at an earlier period than were their hostminerals(E) from the crystallization of rare igneous material2. Select the sentence in the passage that indicates a wayto determine the age of silicate minerals included indiamonds.阅读1：Q1：定位至原文，Usually, it is possible to conclude that the inclusions are older than their diamond hosts，选D；Q2：由determine the age定位至dated ，即文中These minerals can be dated by radioactive decay techniques because of the very small quantities of radioactive trace elements they, in turn, contain.plays a major role in heart disease because people with familial hypercholesterolemia, a genetic defect, have six to eight times the normal level of cholesterol in their blood and they invariably develop heart disease. These people lackcell-surface receptors for low-density lipoproteins (LDL‘s), which are the fundamental carriers of blood cholesterol to the body cells that use cholesterol. Without an adequate number of cell-surface receptors t o remove LDL‘s from the blood, the cholesterol-carrying LDL‘s remain in the blood, increasing blood cholesterol levels. Scientists also noticed that people with familial hypercholesterolemia appear to produce more LDL‘s than normal individuals. How, sc ientists wondered, could a genetic mutation that causes a slow-down in the removal of LDL‘s from the blood also result in an increase in the synthesis of this cholesterol-carrying protein? Since scientists could not experiment on human body tissue, their knowledge of familial hyper- cholesterolemia was severely limited. However, a breakthrough came in the laboratories of Yoshio Watanabe of Kobe University in Japan in 1980. Watanabe noticed that a male rabbit in his colony had ten times the normal concentration of cholesterol in its blood. By appropriate breeding, Watanabe obtained a strain of rabbits that had very high cholesterol levels. These rabbits spontaneously developed heart disease. To his surprise, Watanabe further found that the rabbits, like humans with familial hypercholesterolemia, lacked LDL receptors. Thus, scientists could study these Watanabe rabbits to gain a better understanding of familial hyper-cholesterolemia in humans.Prior to the breakthrough at Kobe University, it wasknown that LDL‘s are secreted from the liver in the form of a precursor, called very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL‘s), which carry triglycerides as well as relatively small amountsof cholesterol. The triglycerides are removed from theVLDL‘s by fatty and other tissues. What remains is a remnant particle that must be removed from the blood. What scientists learned by studying the Watanabe rabbits is that the removal of the VLDL remnant requires the LDL receptor. Normally,the majority of the VLDL remnants go to the liver where they bind to LDL receptors and are degraded. In the Watanabe rabbit, due to a lack of LDL receptors on liver cells, theVLDL remnants remain in the blood and are eventually converted to LDL‘s. The LDL receptors thus h ave a dualeffect in controlling LDL levels. They are necessary to prevent oversynthesis of LDL‘s from VLDL remnants andblood. With this knowledge, scientists are now well on the way toward developing drugs that dramatically lower cholesterol levels in people afflicted with certain forms of familial hypercholesterolemia.3. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with(A) presenting a hypothesis and describingcompelling evidence in support of it(B) raising a question and describing an important discovery that led to an answer(C) showing that a certain genetically causeddisease can be treated effectively with drugs(D) explaining what causes the genetic mutationthat leads to heart disease(E) discussing the importance of research onanimals for the study of human diseaseFor the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply4. The passage supplies information to answer whichof the following questions EXCEPT?A Which body cells are the primary users of cholesterol?B How did scientists discover that LDL‘s aresecreted from the liver in the form of a precursor?C Where in the body are VLDL remnantsdegraded?5. The passage implies that if the Watanabe rabbitshad had as many LDL receptors on their livers asdo normal rabbits, the Watanabe rabbits wouldhave been(A) less likely than normal rabbits to develop heart disease(B) less likely than normal rabbits to develop high concentrations of cholesterol in their blood(C) less useful than they actually were to scientistsin the study of familial hypercholesterolemiain humans(D) unable to secrete VLDL‘s from their livers(E) immune to drugs that lower cholesterol levels in people with certain forms of familial hypercholesterolemia6. The passage implies that Watanabe rabbits differfrom normal rabbits in which of the following ways?(A) Watanabe rabbits have more LDL receptorsthan do normal rabbits.(B) The blood of Watanabe rabbits contains moreVLDL remnants than does the blood ofnormal rabbits.(C) Watanabe rabbits have fewer fatty tissues thando normal rabbits.(D) Watanabe rabbits secrete lower levels ofVLDL‘s than do normal rabbits.(E) The blood of Watanabe rabbits contains fewerLDL‘s than does the blood of normalrabbits.迄今为止已有相当一段时间，科学家们相信胆固醇（cholesterol）在诱发心脏病这方面起着甚为重要的作用，因为带有家族性高胆固醇血症（familialhypercholesterolemia）——一种基因缺陷——的人，其体内的胆固醇含量是正常含量的六至八倍，而这些人毫无例外地患有心脏病。
【尚友制造】36套阅读解析exer10
Exercise 10Currently, the paramount problem in the field of biomaterials, the science of replacing diseased tissue with human-made implants, is control over the interface, orLine surface, between implanted biomaterials and living5 tissues. The physical properties of most tissues can be matched by careful selection of raw materials: metals, ceramics, or several varieties of polymer materials. Eventhe requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by10 techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and non-living matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of15 cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. Although recent research has allowed us to stabilize the tissue-biomaterial interface by controllingeither the chemical reactions or the microstructure of the biomaterials, our fundamental understanding of how20 implant devices adhere to tissues remains woefully incomplete. (159 words)1. According to the passage, the major problemcurrently facing scientists in the field of bio-materials is(A) assessing and regulating the bondingbetween host tissue and implants(B) controlling the transfer of potentially toxicmaterials across the interface of tissueand implant(C) discovering new materials from which toconstruct implant devices(D) deciding in what situations implants areneeded(E) determining the importance of short-termimplants to long-term stability of tissueimplant interfaces2. The passage suggests which of the followingabout the recent research mentioned in the lastsentence ?(A) It has solved one set of problems but hascreated another.(B) It has concentrated on secondary concernsbut has ignored primary concerns.(C) It has improved practical applications ofbiomaterial technology without providing acomplete theoretical explanation of thatimprovement.(D) It has thoroughly investigated properties ofbiomaterials but has paid little attentionto relevant characteristics of human tissue.(E) It has provided considerable information onshort-term implant technology but littleon long-term implant technology.阅读1：Q1：定位至原文：line 11；But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and non-living matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. 所以选A；Q2：原文说fundamental understanding还是incomplete，尽管要的结果可以实现了。
初三中考语文阅读训练五含答案
为何银行卡的密码只有6位①银行卡的密码是6位数字，第三方支付的密码也是这样，但我们注册很多网站的时候，却被要求用复杂的字母、数字和特殊符号来进行组合。
后面一种情况时常让人头疼，因为我们很客易忘记太复杂的密码。
②为什么和钱相关的密码这么简单，网站注册的密码反而如此复杂？难道钱还不如其他东西重要吗？显然不是。
③这是一个经济性的问题，任何创新，都要考虑消费者使用的经济性——要减少他们的精力耗费，或者帮他们节省金钱。
④银行卡用6位数的密码无疑是经济的。
首先，银行卡的用户范围很广。
比如老年人的记忆力可能不好；还有平时到处注册网站和app的年轻人，设置的各种密码非常多，如果密码过于复杂，那么他们很可能把密码搞混。
而6位数密码就好多了，更容易让人记住，也不容易搞混。
⑤支付密码也是如此。
一位互联网大厂的支付工具工程师曾告诉我，他们在设计支付工具的支付密码时，也考虑过复杂方式，但最后还是决定用最简单的6位数字密码。
他们通过很多次模拟实验，并用很多模型试过之后，发现6位数字密码能最好地达到安全性和经济性的平衡。
⑥其实，还有一点不要忘记。
无论银行，还是第三方支付工具，他们都有很强的技术实力，拥有强大的基于数据、影像等技术手段的安全系统，并以高薪维持着行业内最优秀的工程师团队，完全可以抵御普通黑客的攻击，保证用户的密码安全不出问题。
⑦相反，很多网站的注册之所以要更复杂的密码，就是因为它们实力不够，必须通过让用户耗费更多精力，记住更复杂的密码来保证安全。
一个有意思的现象是，越是实力差的公司所开办的网站或app,你需要记住的密码可能就越复杂。
⑧考虑用户使用的经济性，另外一个例子是超音速飞机的没落。
⑨1967年，法国人和英国人联合，造出了在航空史上注定留下浓墨重彩一笔的协和式飞机。
协和式飞机能以2倍音速飞行，乘坐这种飞机，从伦敦和巴黎到纽约的时间，比乘坐普通民航客机缩短了一半。
⑩可是，协和式飞机现在基本退出了民航市场，英法两国总共生产了大约20架。
九年级初中语文阅读理解专题训练及答案带解析
九年级初中语文阅读理解专题训练及答案带解析一、现代文阅读1．现代文阅读阅读下面的文章，完成各题。
人工智能2018年乌镇世界互联网大会上，百度公司创始人、董事长兼CEO李彦宏说，互联网时代和人工智能时代是两个不同的时代，过去20年人类社会走在互联网时代，但是未来30～50年应该是人们进入人工智能的时代。
什么是“人工智能”？对于人工智能，不同时代有着不同的理解。
20世纪中叶，“机器思维”就已出现在这个世界上。
1936年，英国数学家阿兰·麦席森·图灵从模拟人类思考和证明的过程入手，提出利用机器执行逻辑代码来模拟人类的各种计算和逻辑思维过程的设想。
1950年，他发表了《计算机器与智能》一文，提出了判断机器是否具有智能的标准，即“图灵测试”。
“图灵测试”是指一台机器如果能在5分钟内回答由人类测试者提出的一系列问题，且超过30%的回答让测试者误认为是人类所答，那么就可以认为这机器具有智能。
20世纪80年代，美国哲学家约翰•希尔勒教授用“中文房间”的思维实验，表达了对“智能”的不同思考。
一个不懂中文只会说英语的人被关在一个封闭的房间里，他只有铅笔、纸张和一大本指导手册，不时会有画着陌生符号的纸张被递进来。
被测试者只能通过阅读指导手册找寻对应指令来分析这些符号。
之后，他向屋外的人交出一份同样写满符号的答卷。
被测试者全程都不知道，其实这些纸上用来记录问题和答案的符号是中文。
他完全不懂中文，但他的回答是完全正确的。
上述过程中，被测试者代表计算机，他所经历的也正是计算机的工作内容，即遵循规则，操控符号。
“中文房间”实验说明看起来完全智能的计算机程序其实根本不理解自身处理的各种信息。
希尔勒认为，如果机器有“智能”，就意味着它具有理解能力。
既然机器没有理解能力，那么所谓的“让机器拥有人类智能”的说法就是无稽之谈。
在人工智能研究领域中，不同学派的科学家对“何为智能”的理解不尽相同。
符号主义学派认为“智能”的实质就是具体问题的求解能力，他们会为所设想的智能机器规划好不同的问题求解路径，运用形式推理和数理逻辑的方法，让计算机模仿人类思维进行决策和推理。
【尚友制造】36套阅读解析exer16
Exercise 16Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following reading passage.One advantage of breeding African bees with otherbee types (Africanization) may be resistance to the para-sitic mite Varroa jacobsoni, a major threat to modernLine beekeeping. In parts of Europe, this mite is devastating5 honeybees and killing many colonies despite preventive measures by beekeepers. But in Brazil Varroa jacobsonihas been present in Africanized bees since 1972 withoutthe loss of a single colony, even though beekeepers there undertook no preventive measures. The mites lay eggs10 within the brood cells of immature bees, and developing mites feed on the hemolymph (blood) of bee pupae. But fewer mites reproduce in Africanized bees than inEuropean bees. Some researchers point out that this resistance may be related to the Africanized worker bee's15 shorter development period, which prevents some mites from reaching maturity. Recently the mite has become a serious problem in colonies of European bees in North America. Africanization of these bees may be the best safeguard against this parasite.For the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply1. The author cites all of the following as evidence that Africanized bees' resistance to Varroa jacobsoni issuperior to that of European bees:□A Varroa jacobsoni is killing many bee colonies inEurope.□B Beekeepers in Brazil have not used preven vemeasures to protect their colonies.□C At least some European bee colonies have beensaved by preventive measures.2. Select the sentence that indicates one possible reasonthe Africanized bees in Brazil have successfullyresisted Varroa jacobsoni .3. The author's argument regarding the resistance of Africanized bees to Varroa jacobsoni would bemost weakened if which of the following were true?○A The bees in Brazil were resistant before being Africanized.○B The number of bee colonies in North American increased dramatically whereas the number inBrazil remained unchanged.○C Mites found in European bees reproduce at afaster rate than mites of identical speciesfound in the bees in Brazil.○D Africanized bees retain many of the characteris-tics of European bees.○E Bee colonies in Europe continue to producegreater quantities of honey than do those inBrazil.Questions 4 and 5 are based on the following reading passage.Innovative as it is, Luis Valdez' acto owes much to the theater traditions or other periods and regions. Like early Spanish American religious dramas, secular folk dramas,Line and the Mexican carpas of a somewhat later period, actos 5 are usually performed outdoors by traveling groups of players or by local theater groups. The improvised comic satire of the actos is often attributed to Valdez' study ofthe Italian commedia dell' arte of the sixteenth century, although some critics see it as a direct reflection of the10 comic and improvisational qualities of the more contemporary and local carpas of Mexican theater. The Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez‘ immediate source: the Mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century15 Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian commedia dell'arte troupes on tour in Spain.4. Which of the following best describes the author's evaluation of the views of the critics?(A) Their views, if correct, do not preclude theexistence of an Italian influence on the acto.(B) Their views are unlikely to be correct, giventhe differences existing between Mexican andMexican American theater.(C) Their views concerning the Mexican carpa are essentially correct, but they lack familiaritywith the acto.(D) Their views are probably more correct than theviews of those who have attributed thecomic and improvisational elements of theacto to earlier sources.(E) Their views betray a lack of familiarity withthe commedia dell'arte.5. Which of the following, if true, most strengthensthe author's argument concerning the debt of theacto to the theater traditions of other periods andregions?(A) Many popular forms of theater rely heavilyon improvisation.(B) Plays resembling the acto in structure werewritten in the 1970's by West Africanplaywrights who are interested in dramatizingthe richness of their own cultures.(C) The use of masks has, at one time or another,been characteristic of the theater traditionsof almost all cultures, even those most isolatedfrom outside influences.(D) During a strike, it is common for union membersto present musical skits dramatizing thevalues of solidarity and resistance.(E) Before 1965 Luis Valdez had attended manyperformances of traditional Mexican theatergroups touring the western United States.阅读1：Q1. 细节定位：哪个证据A蜜蜂比E蜜蜂抵抗寄生虫能力更强？A. 定位L4：“In parts of Europe, this mite is devastating honeybees and killingmany colonies despite preventive measures by beekeepers”B. 定位在上句的下一句：“But in Brazil Varroa jacobsoni has been present in Africanized bees since 1972 without the loss of a single colony, even though beekeepers there undertook no preventive measures”C. 表达的意思和题干相反；正确答案AB；Q2. 仔细读题干问的是reason：定位在L13：“Some researchers point out that this resistance may be related tothe Africanized worker bee's shorter development period” 正确答案Q3. 削弱题：一定要仔细看题目中要求削弱的对象是“resistance of Africanized bees to Varroa jacobsoni”，注意不要随意添加新信息并且进行多步推理。
2023文博志鸿九年级语文试卷
2023九年级语文试卷一、综合（16分）1．（6分）阅读下面的文段，完成各题。
寒风（xiāo）_____瑟，冬天悄．然而至。
听，雪花飘零松柏枝头，正迎风摇曳；看，红梅盛开田野乡间，亦笑傲云天。
蜿蜒的小河边，消瘦的树林里，以及安眠在土壤里褶皱中的树叶上，岁月流淌，又封存了属于我们的 365 个青涩印记。
天地肃杀，万物（zhé）_____伏，却不是时间的终结，在漫长的时光中，我们等待恢复元气，我们依然保持着那五（cǎi）_____斑斓的期待：期待草长（yīng）_____飞时的无限妖娆，期待绿树繁阴时的偶尔清凉，期待再次在硕果累累中迷醉于漫山殷．红的秋色，期待新的希望，在新的一年中，让我们的人生之路更加的美好。
（1）以下对上面语段中加点字的注音完全正确的一项（）A.悄然qiǎo 妖娆náo 硕果累累lěi 殷红yīnB.悄然qiāo 妖娆ráo 硕果累累lěi 殷红yīnC.悄然qiāo 妖娆náo 硕果累累léi 殷红yānD.悄然qiǎo 妖娆ráo 硕果累累léi 殷红yān（2）以下是上面语段中依次填入横线上的词语，书写完全正确且恰当的一项是（）A.潇蛰采莺B.萧蜇彩鹰C.萧蛰彩莺D.潇蜇采鹰【考点】注音；根据拼音写字词．【分析】本题考查学生对字音、字形的识记能力。
需要学生在平时读课文时，养成仔细观察的习惯，注意读音、字形，并注意在具体语境中体会读音及书写。
【解答】答案：（1）D（2）C2．（3分）下列加点成语使用恰当的一项是（）A．济南市利用线上云平台向全市人民提供了令人眼花缭乱的经典舞台剧资源。
B．经过几代航天人的前赴后继、顽强拼搏，神舟十五号载人飞船在酒泉卫星发射中心成功发射。
C．一个人如果常常妄自菲薄自己，那就是自卑的表现。
D．我们中学生应多读一些文质兼美、底蕴深厚的文章，从中断章取义，反复咀嚼。
【考点】成语和熟语．【分析】此题考查学生成语的正确使用能力。
【尚友制造】36套阅读解析exer13
Exercise 13Biologists have long maintained that two groups of pinnipeds, sea lions and walruses, are descended froma terrestrial bearlike animal, whereas the remaininggroup, seals, shares an ancestor with weasels. But the5 recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups underminesthe attempt to explain away superficial resemblance asdue to convergent evolution—the independent develop- ment of similarities between unrelated groups in10 response to similar environmental pressures. Flippersmay indeed be a necessary response to aquatic life,turtles, whales, and dugongs also have them. But the common detailed design found among the pinnipeds probably indicates a common ancestor. Moreover,15 walruses and seals drive themselves through the water with thrusts of their hind flippers, but sea lions usetheir front flippers. If anatomical similarity in theflippers resulted from similar environmental pressures,as posited by the convergent-evolution theory, one20 would expect walruses and seals, but not seals and sea lions, to have similar flippers. (162 words)1. The author implies that which of the following was partof the long-standing view concerning pinnipeds?□A Pinnipeds are all descended from a terrestrialbearlike animal.□B Pinnipeds share a common ancestor with turtles, whales, and dugongs□C Similari es among pinnipeds are due to their allhaving had to adapt to aquatic life.2. The author implies which of the following about thefact that turtles, whales, and dugongs all have flippers?○A It can be explained by the hypothesis that turtles, whales, and dugongs are very closely related.○B It can be explained by the idea of convergentevolution.○C It suggests that turtles, whales, and dugongsevolved in separate parts of the world○D It undermines the view that turtles, whales, anddugongs are all descended from terrestrial ancestors.○E It is the primary difference between turtles, whales,and dugongs, on the one hand, and pinnipeds, onthe other.3. Select the sentence in the passage in which the authorshows that the implication of the common view iscontradicted by a new finding.阅读2：上文第三句以趋同进化(convergent evolution)解释一种现象：鳍足确实有可能是为了适应水中生活而作出的一个必要的反应;龟、鲸鱼以及儒艮(dugongs)同样都长有鳍足。
【尚友制造】36套阅读解析exer14
Exercise 14For each of Questions 1-3, select one answer choiceunless otherwise instructed.Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following reading passage.Paule Marshall's Brown Girl, Brownstones (1959) wasa landmark in the depiction of female characters in Black American literature. Marshall avoided the oppressed andLine tragic heroine in conflict with White society that had been 5 typical of the protest novels of early twentieth century.Like her immediate predecessors, Zora Neale Hurstonand Gwendolyn Brooks, she focused her novel on an ordinary Black woman's search for identity within the context of a Black community. But Marshall extended the10 analysis of Black female characters begun by Hurston and Brooks by depicting her heroine's development in termsof the relationship between her Barbadian American parents, and by exploring how male and female roleswere defined by their immigrant culture, which in turn15 was influenced by the materialism of White America. By placing characters within a wider cultural context,Marshall attacked racial and sexual stereotypes and pavedthe way for explorations of race, class, and gender in the novels of the 1970's.For the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply1. It can be inferred that the author of the passagewould describe Brown Girl, Brownstones as being□A highly influenced by novels wri en in the earlytwentieth century□B important in the late 1950's but dated today□C an important influence on novels wri en inthe1970's2. According to the passage, Hurston, Brooks, andMarshall are alike in that they○A did not examine the effects of White culture ontheir characters' lives○B were heavily influenced by the protest novels ofthe early twentieth century○C used Black communi es as the se ngs for theirnovels.○D wrote primarily about the difficul es their char-acters encountered in White culture○E wrote exclusively about female characters andthe experiences of women3. The author‘s description of the way in whichMarshall depicts her heroine's development is mostprobably intended to○A con nue the discussion of similari es in theworks of Brooks, Hurston, and Marshall○B describe the specific racial and sexual stereo-types that Marshall attacked○C contrast the characters in Marshall's novelswith those in later works○D show how Marshall extends the portrayal ofcharacter initiated by her predecessors○E compare themes in Marshall's early work withthemes in her later novels阅读2：找到一段分析，与大家共享；该文共5句。
【尚友制造】36套阅读解析exer18(1)
Exercise 18Theorists are divided concerning the origin of the Moon. Some hypothesize that the Moon was formed in the sameway as were the planets in the inner solar system (Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Earth)—from planet-forming materials inthe presolar nebula. But, unlike the cores of the inner planets, the Moon‘s core contains little or no iron, while the typical planet-forming materials were quite rich in iron. Other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth‘s rocky mantle by the Earth‘s collision with another large celestial body after much of the Earth‘s iron fell to its core. One problem with the collision hypothesis is the question of how a satellite formed in this way could have settled into the nearly circular orbit that the Moon has today. Fortunately, the collision hypothesis is testable. If it is true, the mantle rocksof the Moon and the Earth should be the same geochemically. (155 words)For the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply1. According to the passage, Mars and the Earth aresimilar in which of the following ways?A Their satellites were formed by collisions withother celestial bodies.B Their cores contain iron.C They were formed from the presolar nebula.2. The author implies that a nearly circular orbit isunlikely for a satellite that(A) circles one of the inner planets(B) is deficient in iron(C) is different from its planet geochemically(D) was formed by a collision between two celestialbodies(E) was formed out of the planet-forming materialsin the presolar nebula3. Which of the following, if true, would be most likelyto make it difficult to verify the collision hypothesisin the manner suggested by the author?(A) The Moon‘s core and mantle rock are almostinactive geologically.(B) The mantle rock of the Earth has changed incomposition since the formation of theMoon, while the mantle rock of the Moon hasremained chemically inert.(C) Much of the Earth‘s iron fell to the Earth‘s corelong before the formation of the Moon, afterwhich the Earth‘s mantle rock remainedunchanged.(D) Certain of the Earth‘s elements, such as platinum,gold, and iridium, followed iron to theEarth‘s core.(E) The mantle rock of the Moon contains elementssuch as platinum, gold, and iridium.关于月亮起源的两种观点；Q1：Mars 和earth有什么区别？解析：定位至line 3：in the inner solar system (Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Earth)—from planet-forming materials inthe presolar nebula. 正确答案BC；Q2：a nearly circular orbit 不可能是怎样卫星的轨道？解析：定位至One problem with the collision hypothesis is the question of how a satellite formed in this way could have settled into the nearly circular orbit that the Moon has today，正确答案D；Q3：哪个选项使爆炸论难以证实？解析：文章说moon几乎不含铁，可能是地球的铁都集中到core去了之后，被别的星球炸飞的地球表面的一块。
【尚友制造】36套阅读解析exer17
Exercise 17Volcanic rock that forms as fluid lava chills rapidly iscalled pillow lava. This rapid chilling occurs when lava erupts directly into water (or beneath ice) or when it flows across a shoreline and into a body of water. While the term ―pillow lava‖ suggests a definite shape, in fact geologists disagree. Some geologists argue that pillow lava is characterized by discrete, ellipsoidal masses. Others describe pillow lava as a tangled mass of cylindrical, interconnected flow lobes. Much of this controversy probably results from unwarranted extrapolations of the original configuration of pillow flows from two- dimensional cross sections of eroded pillows in land outcroppings. Virtually any cross section cut through a tangled mass of interconnected flow lobes would give the appearance of a pile of discrete ellipsoidal masses. Adequate three- dimensional images of intact pillows are essential for defining the true geometry of pillowed flows and thus ascertaining their mode of origin. Indeed, the term ―pillow,‖ itself sugges ve of discrete masses, is probably a misnomer.(165 words)1. In the passage, the author is primarily interested in(A) analyzing the source of a scientific controversy(B) criticizing some geologists‘ methodology(C) pointing out the flaws in a geological study(D) proposing a new theory to explain existingscientific evidence(E) describing a physical phenomenonFor the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply2. The author of the passage would most probablyagree that the geologists mentioned in the fourthsentence have made which of the following errorsin reasoning?□A Generalized unjus fiably from available evidence.□B Deliberately ignored exis ng counterevidence.□C Repeatedly failed to take new evidence into account.3. The author implies that the ―controversy‖ might be resolved if(A) geologists did not persist in using the term―pillow‖(B) geologists did not rely on potentially misleadinginformation(C) geologists were more willing to confer directlywith one another(D) two-dimensional cross sections of erodedpillows were available(E) existing pillows in land outcroppings were notso badly erodedDraft passages in Proust‘s 1909 notebooks indicate thatthe transition from essay to novel Remembrance of Things Past began in Contre Saint-Beuve, when Proust introduced several examples to show the powerful influence that involuntary memory exerts over the creative imagination. In effect, in trying to demonstrate that the imagination is more profound and less submissive to the intellect thanSaint-Beuve assumed, Proust elicited vital memories of his own and, finding subtle connections between them, began to amass the material for Remembrance. By August, Proust was writing to Vallette, informing him of his intention to develop the material as a novel. Maurice Bardeche, in Marcel Proust, romancier, has shown the importance in the drafts of Remembrance of spontaneous and apparently random associations of Proust‘s subconscious.(124 words)For the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply4. According to the passage, in drafts of Contre Saint- Beuve Proust set out to show that Saint-Beuve madewhich of the following mistakes as a critic?□A Saint-Beuve made no effort to study the developmentof a novel through its drafts and revisions.□B Saint-Beuve assigned too great a role in thecreative process to a writer‘s consciousintellect.□C Saint-Beuve concentrated too much on plots and not enough on imagery and other elements of style.5. In the context in which it appears, "spontaneous" in the last sentence most nearly means.○A contrived○B powerful○C abstruse○D involuntary○E premeditated阅读1：翻译：随着流动的溶岩（lava）急骤冷却而形成的火山溶岩被称为枕状溶岩（pilllowlava）。
【尚友制造】36套阅读解析exer6
GRE阅读小笔记Exercise 6 Some modern anthropologists hold that biologicalevolution has shaped not only human morphology butalso human behavior. The role those anthropologistsascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of5 human behavior but one of imposing constraints—ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that ―come natu-rallyǁ in archetypal situations in any culture. Our―frailtiesǁ –emotions and motives such as rage, fear,greed, gluttony, joy, lust, love—may be a very mixed10 assortment, but they share at least one immediatequality: we are, as we say, ―in the gripǁ of them. Andthus they give us our sense of constraints.Unhappily, some of those frailties—our need forever-increasing security among them—are presently15 maladaptive. Yet beneath the overlay of culturaldetail, they, too, are said to be biological in direction,and therefore as natural to us as are our appendixes.We would need to comprehend thoroughly theiradaptive origins in order to understand how badly they20 guide us now. And we might then begin to resist theirpressure.=====================================1. Which of the following most probably providesan appropriate analogy from human morphol-ogy for the ―detailsǁ versus ―constraintsǁdistinction made in the passage in relation tohuman behavior?(A) The ability of most people to see all thecolors of the visible spectrum as againstmost people‘s inability to name any butthe primary colors(B) The ability of even the least fortunatepeople to show compassion as againstpeople‘s inability to mask their feelingscompletely(C) The ability of some people to dive to greatdepths as against most people‘s inabilityto swim long distances(D) The psychological profile of those peoplewho are able to delay gratification asagainst people‘s inability to control theirlives completely(E) The greater lung capacity of mountainpeoples that helps them live in oxygen-poorair as against people‘s inability to flywithout special apparatus2. It can be inferred that in his discussion ofmaladaptive frailties the author assumes that(A) evolution does not favor the emergence ofadaptive characteristics over the emergenceof maladaptive ones(B) any structure or behavior not positivelyadaptive is regarded as transitory inevolutionary theory(C) maladaptive characteristics, once fixed,make the emergence of other maladaptivecharacteristics more likely(D) the designation of a characteristic as beingmaladaptive must always remain highlytentative(E) changes in the total human environment canoutpace evolutionary change阅读2：该文是GRE阅读中最难的（没有之一。
【九科精测 题号破解】4-6题 实用类文本阅读(原卷+解析)-高三语文名校考前一题一解(全国卷)
实用类文本阅读试题（2022全国乙卷）实用类文本阅读（本题共3小题，12分）阅读下面的文字，完成各题。
材料一：雪花是六瓣的这一事实是什么人最先在文献上发表的呢？是中国人。
西汉人韩婴在《韩诗外传》中就指出“凡草木花多五出，雪花独六出”。
这比西方早了1000多年。
可是在其后的古文献中，却没有人去研究雪花为何是六瓣的。
开普勒出于对几何、对称的兴趣，写了一本小书专门来研究雪花为何是六瓣的，尽管他当时所掌握的知识是不足以解释其成因的，但是，他这个方向是很有意思的。
（摘编自杨振宁《对称与物理》）材料二：17世纪初，雪花吸引了德国天文学家开普勒的眼光。
当穿过布拉格的一座大桥时，他注意到落在衣服上的一片雪花，并因此思考它六角形的几何形状。
开普勒认为雪花呈六角形的原因不能通过“材质”寻找，因为水汽是无形且流动的，原因只能存在于某种机制中。
进而，他猜想这个机制可能是冰“球”的有序堆积过程。
显微镜发明之后，雪花成了大受欢迎的观察对象。
英国物理学家罗伯特•胡克在1665年出版的《显微术》一书中，展现了他借助显微镜画出的雪花图片，并对雪花晶体结构进行了阐述，这被看作是人类首次具体记录雪花的形态。
（摘编自尹传红《由雪引发的科学实验》）材料三：雪晶会根据其形成的云层中的温度和过饱和度的不同而生成不同的形状，在一些温度范围内雪晶呈柱状，在另一些温度范围内则呈板状。
随着过饱和度的升高，雪晶变得越来越大，形状也越来越复杂。
雪晶的基本形状主要取决于温度：在-2℃左右时呈板状，在-5℃左右时呈柱状，在-15℃左右时又呈板状，在低于-25℃时呈柱状或板状。
雪晶的结构更多地取决于过饱和度，即取决于生成速度：当湿度高时，快速生成的柱状晶体会变成轻软的针状晶体，而六角形板状晶体会变成星状的枝蔓晶体。
随着温度的下降，雪晶的形状会在板状和柱状之间来回变化好几次，而且变化很大：在几度温差范围内，雪晶会从又细又长的针状晶体（-5℃）变为薄而平的板状晶体（-15℃）。
中考九年级语文下册3第三单元册语文单元全能练考卷(部编版答案及解析)
九年级语文下册全能练考卷第三单元答案·全解全析1．D【解析】A.怫fú；B.“冠”是多音字，此处应读guān；C.绮qǐ；故选D。
2．B【详解】B.“已”在此处应解释为“停止”。
故选B。
3．C【详解】A.“辟”同“避”，躲避；B.“错”同“措”，安放，放置；D.“辩”同“辨”，辨别；故选C。
4．C【详解】A.介词，比/介词，从；B.介词，用/介词，因为；C.都是助词，的；D.连词，表并列/连词，表承接；故选C。
5．A【详解】A.“缟素”名词话用作动词，指穿白色丧服。
例句中的“腰”名词活用作动词，在腰间佩戴；B.“生”是动词活用作名词，指可以获得生存的手段；C.“笔”是名词做状语，用笔；D.“轻”是形容词做动词，轻视；故选A。
6．B【详解】B.句中的“谢”应翻译为“道歉”。
译句中的“道谢”有误。
“秦王色挠，长跪而谢之”的意思是：秦王变了脸色，直身而跪，向唐雎道歉。
故选B。
7．弓如霹雳弦惊会挽雕弓如满月浊酒一杯家万里燕然未勒归无计了却君王天下事赢得生前身后名【详解】默写名句名篇。
（1）（2）属于直接型默写题，注意“霹雳”“挽”“雕”等字的正确写法。
（3）（4）属于理解型默写题，要抓住“远离家乡和功业未立”和“人生追求”，确定相应句子。
注意“浊”“勒”字的写法。
注意“赢得生前身后名”中的“赢”是难写字，不要写成“羸”。
8．【活动一】“心”的笔画顺序：点、斜钩、点、点【活动二】示例：“女排精神”的缔造者（创造者、继承者）【活动三】示例：改革开放以来，我国国内生产总值大幅提高，贫困人口规模急剧下降。
【活动四】示例：走进展馆，仿佛进人时光隧道，40年的峥嵘岁月扑面而来，这真正体现了城乡建设沧桑巨变，改革开放成果丰硕啊！【详解】[活动一]汉字笔画的书写顺序。
先撇后捺：“人”“八”“入”。
先横后竖：“十”“王”“干”。
从上到下：“三”“竟”“音”。
从左到右：“理”“利”“礼”“明”“湖”。
先外后里：“问”“同”“司”。
部编版九年级上 非连续性文本阅读+现代文+名著+诗词曲+文言文(二)(解析版)
第四单元非连续性文本+现代文+名著+诗词曲+文言文（二）材料一①“智能经济”入局，大洗牌的时代来了。
在长沙的部分道路，市民可用手机预约体验无人驾驶出租车；在上海的一些医院，医生开始利用AI医学影像分析等技术辅助诊断；在山东，养猪场正利用智能系统精细管理……②当下，智能经济的代表之一人工智能早已跨越了流行概念阶段，成为“中流砥柱”——AI技术正加速在众多产业落地并进入寻常百姓家；“智能经济”在各地呈加速蔓延之势。
③科技日报记者了解到，今年第一季度，包括病区管理、流行性病学调查、药物研发、辅助医疗、社区防控等方面，智能技术作用独特。
同时，AI赋能各行业，包括医疗健康、智能制造、物流配送、在线办公等领域，催生了一幕幕新场景。
（选自中国科技网《科技助力增强新动能》）材料二①“智造力”正成为中国制造企业标配。
几年前，当同行还在观望智能制造这个新生事物时，TCL创始人李东生二话不说，直接闯入了这个新领域。
2016年，TCL开启智能工厂建设，成立了TCL 华星。
如今，在TCL华星12万平方米的“无人车间”里，数千台机器人“长臂善舞”，生产流程已实现100%自动化。
插上智能制造翅膀，效果立竿见影。
TCL华星生产成本降低25%，产品研发周期缩短30%，全面提升了生产效率，成为首家“国家智能制造示范试点项目”面板企业。
②不仅TCL华星一家，如今“智造力”正成为中国制造业企业的标配。
③在广州高新区，广州明珞汽车装备有限公司（以下简称明珞）的研发测试车间内，智能化生产线解决方案让生产犹如搭积木般简单快捷，生产线量产周期缩短1/3；随着“5G工业制造联合创新中心”落户明珞，未来工程师带着AR眼镜，便能得到远程技术支持，运营维护成本降低20%。
（摘自科技网《智能制造让机器“活”了，制造“火”了》）材料三①“智能制造是我国制造业转型的主攻方向。
”工信部部长苗圩表示，一方面，经过多年发展，我国制造业取得了长足进步，相关技术也得到突破，我国已具备了发展智能制造的基础。
【尚友制造】36套阅读解析exer21
Exercise 21Nevelson says, ―I have always wanted to show theworld that art is everywhere, except that it has to passthrough a creative mind.‖ Using mostly discarded wooden objects like packing crates, broken pieces of furniture, and abandoned architectural ornaments, all of which she has hoarded for years, she assembles architectural constructionsof great beauty and power. Creating very freely with no sketches, she glues and nails objects together, paints them black, or more rarely white or gold, and places them in boxes. These assemblages, walls, even entire environments create a mysterious, almost awe-inspiring atmosphere. Although she has denied any symbolic or religious intent inher works, their three-dimensional grandeur and even their titles, such as Sky Cathedral and Night Cathedral, suggestsuch connotations. (124 words)1. Which of the following is one way in which Nevel-son‘s art illustrates her theory as it is expressed inthe first sentence?(A) She sculpts in wood rather than in metal orstone.(B) She paints her sculptures and frames them inboxes.(C) She makes no preliminary sketches but ratherallows the sculpture to develop as she works.(D) She puts together pieces of ordinary objectsonce used for different purposes to make hersculptures.(E) She does not deliberately attempt to conveysymbolic or religious meanings through hersculpture.―Popular art‖ has a number of meanings, impossible todefine with any precision, which range from folklore tojunk. The poles are clear enough, but the middle tends to blur. The Hollywood Western of the 1930‘s, for example,has elements of folklore, but is closer to junk than to highart or folk art. There can be great trash, just as there is badhigh art. The musicals of George Gershwin are greatpopular art, never aspiring to high art. Schubert and Brahms, however, used elements of popular music—folk themes—indifferent one: he took a popular genre—bourgeoismelodrama set to music (an accurate definition ofnineteenth-century opera)—and, without altering itsfundamental nature, transmuted it into high art. (133 words)6. The author refers to Schubert and Brahms in orderto suggest(A) that their achievements are no less substantialthan those of Verdi(B) that their works are examples of great trash(C) the extent to which Schubert and Brahmsinfluenced the later compositions of Verdi(D) a contrast between the conventions ofnineteenth-century opera and those ofother musical forms(E) that popular music could be employed incompositions intended as high art阅读1：文章来自老G的阅读题目，仍然先看老G的翻译，当做背景知识吧~路易丝"奈纳尔森（Louise Nevelson）被许多评论家相信为是二十世纪最伟大的雕塑家，这一点愈发令人瞩目，因为直到最近，对女艺术家最强烈的抵制一直存在于雕塑这一领域。
【尚友制造】36套阅读解析exer4
GRE阅读小笔记Exercise 4 It is a popular misconception that nuclear fusionpower is free of radioactivity; in fact, the deuterium-tritium reaction that nuclear scientists are currentlyexploring with such zeal produces both alpha particles5 and neutrons. (The neutrons are used to produce tritiumfrom a lithium blanket surrounding the reactor.)Another common misconception is that nuclear fusionpower is a virtually unlimited source of energy becauseof the enormous quantity of deuterium in the sea.10 Actually, its limits are set by the amount of availablelithium, which is about as plentiful as uranium in theEarth‘s crust. Research should certainly continue oncontrolled nuclear fusion, but no energy programshould be premised on its existence until it has proven15 practical.========================================1. It can be inferred from the passage that theauthor believes which of the following about thecurrent state of public awareness concerningnuclear fusion power?(A) The public has been deliberately misinformedabout the advantages and disadvantages ofnuclear fusion power.(B) The public is unaware of the principaladvantage of nuclear fusion over nuclearfission as an energy source.(C) The public‘s awareness of the scientificfacts concerning nuclear fusion power issomewhat distorted and incomplete.(D) The public is not interested in increasing itsawareness of the advantages anddisadvantages of nuclear fusion power.(E) The public is aware of the disadvantages ofnuclear fusion power but not of itsadvantages.For the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply2. The passage provides information that wouldanswer which of the following questions EXCEPT?□A How much incidental radiation is producedin the deuterium tritium fusion reaction?□B What is likely to be the principal source ofdeuterium for nuclear fusion power?□C Why are scientists exploring the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction with such zeal?阅读2：文章说到了public对核聚变反应的两种普遍误解。
陈虎平-36套阅读解析exer2
GRE阅读小笔记BY 夜莺落知前身 NO 5-1-1By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging. Herring suggested that different modes of sensation, such as pain, taste, and color, might be 5 correlated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervous energy. However, subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentials failed to reveal any such qualitative diversity. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly 10 disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the 15 sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of 20 the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on. However, cortical locus, in itself, turned out to 25 have little explanatory value.现象解释型结构：1 TS2 kw13 aw-4 aw~5 kw26 x7 aw-生词：processes 过程; 程序discouraging 使气馁, 阻碍discharge放出; 卸货; 流注sensation感觉 , 知觉qualitative性质上的 ,定性的variance不一致 , 变异essentially实质上; 本来stimulus刺激cerebral脑的; 大脑的cortex皮层; 树皮appropriate适当的,恰当的modality形式;特征cortical外皮的;皮层的explanatory解释的; 辩明的recurrent 一再发生的;周期性的presence存在, 出席, 出现account描述;说明spatiotemporal时空的unaffected自然的;不矫揉造作的activated使活动起来;使产生放射性;使活化perceptions知觉, 领悟力, 感觉1. The author mentions “common currency” in line 13 primarilyin order to emphasize the(A) lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beings(B) similarity of the sensations that all human beings experience(C) similarities in the views of scientists who have studied the human nervous system(D) continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system(E) recurrent questioning by scientists of an accepted explanation about the nervous systemAlthough qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency”throughout the nervous system. common currency做句子成分（宾语），说明逻辑上一层（句子）。
2025届山东省青岛市集团校初三阶段性测试(六)A卷语文试题试卷含解析
2025届山东省青岛市集团校初三阶段性测试（六）A卷语文试题试卷考生请注意：1．答题前请将考场、试室号、座位号、考生号、姓名写在试卷密封线内，不得在试卷上作任何标记。
2．第一部分选择题每小题选出答案后，需将答案写在试卷指定的括号内，第二部分非选择题答案写在试卷题目指定的位置上。
3．考生必须保证答题卡的整洁。
考试结束后，请将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
一、积累1．下列词语中没有错别字的一项是（）A．矫健一代天娇炫耀头晕目眩B．苍茫沧海桑田覆盖重蹈复辙C．泛滥粗制烂造斑纹班师回朝D．克扣刻不容缓惶恐张皇失措2．在下面语段中依次填入关联词语，最恰当的一项是（）用黑色的墨水在白色的纸、绢上作画，这是中国画家所钟情的“黑白世界”。
黑白世界，对中国人来说，它没有绚烂富丽的颜色，它的水墨颜色最能表现自然的朴素本性，能够体现出画家追求自然妙趣的思想。
水墨山水在中国绘画中占有很高的地位。
A．由于所以而且B．虽然但是所以C．不仅而且因此D．因为所以而且3．下列语段中加点字的拼音正确的一项是（）2017年初春的西湖，乍暖还寒。
立春节气已过，冬天却还想把春天紧攥在手里。
但四季轮回是亘．古不变的法则，就算冬天使出浑身解．数，终究遏．制不了一朵朵报春花绽放殷．红的笑脸。
A．gèn jiě yì yān B．gèn xiè è yānC．héng jiě è yīn D．héng xiè yì yīn4．下面情境下，语言表达最准确、得体的一项是（）学校特邀黑龙江省天文馆的老师给同学们举办了天文知识讲座，激发了同学们对天文知识的兴趣，讲座结束后，一些同学围着老师交流想法：A．“希望你下次还能到贵校，再次为我们举办精彩的讲座。
”B．“老师，我非常欣赏您的讲座，您如果能讲得再生动点就更好了。
”C．“不听不知道，一听吓一跳，您的报告让我们体验到了科学的魅力，增长了才智。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Exercise 9Jean Wagner‘s most enduring contribution to thestudy of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as secular, frame ofLine reference. The appropriateness of such an approach may 5 seem self-evident for a tradition commencing with spirituals and owing its early forms, rhythms, vocabulary, and evangelical fervor to Wesleyan hymnals. But before Wagner a secular outlook that analyzed Black poetrysolely within the context of political and social protest10 was dominant in the field.It is Wagner who first demonstrated the essentialfusion of racial and religious feeling in Afro-American poetry. The two, he argued, form a symbiotic union in which religious feelings are often applied to racial issues15 and racial problems are often projected onto a metaphysical plane. Wagner found this most eloquently illustrated in the Black spiritual, where the desire for freedom in this world and the hope for salvation in thenext are inextricably intertwined.(159 words)1. The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) contrast the theories of Jean Wagner withthose of other contemporary critics(B) document the influence of Jean Wagner on the development of Afro-American poetry(C) explain the relevance of Jean Wagner‘s work tothe study of Afro-American religion(D) indicate the importance of Jean Wagner‘sanalysis of Afro-American poetry(E) present the contributions of Jean Wagner tothe study of Black spirituals2. All of the following aspects of Afro-Americanpoetry are referred to in the passage as having been influenced by Wesleyan hymnals EXCEPT(A) subject matter(B) word choice(C) rhythm(D) structure(E) tone3. It can be inferred from the passage that, beforeWagner, most students of Afro-American poetry didwhich of the following?(A) Contributed appreciably to the transfer ofpolitical protest from Afro-American poetry todirect political action.(B) Ignored at least some of the historical roots ofAfro-American poetry.(C) Analyzed fully the aspects of social protestto be found in such traditional forms of Afro-American poetry as the Black spiritual.(D) Regarded as unimportant the developmentof fervent emotionalism in a portion of Afro-American poetry.(E) Concentrated on the complex relationsbetween the technical elements in Afro-American poetry and its political content.阅读1：詹"瓦格纳（Jean Wagner）对美国黑人诗歌研究作出的最经久不衰的贡献是他的如下主张，即美国黑人诗歌应该被置于一个宗教的而不仅仅是世俗的参照框架中予以分析。
对于美国黑人诗歌这一起源于圣歌（spiritual）并从卫斯理赞美诗集（Wesleyan hymnal）中借鉴了其早期形式、节奏、语汇、以及狂热激情的文学传统来说，这一方法的恰当性可谓是不证自明的。
但在瓦格纳之前，一种将黑人诗歌仅仅置于政治以及社会抗议这一背景当中来进行分析的世俗观点在这一领域中占据了主导地位。
正是瓦格纳最早证明了种族和宗教情感在美国黑人诗歌中的有机融合。
他指出，两者形成了一种共生结合，在这里，宗教的情感常常被应用于种族问题，而种族问题也常常被投射于形而上的层面。
瓦格纳发现，这一点在黑人圣歌中得到了最有力的例证，而在黑人圣歌中，对现世自由的渴望以及对后世灵魂超度的希翼被不可分割地交织于一体。
Q1：由首句退出contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry，说的是JW这人重要性，所以选D；Q2：哪个没有被Wesleyan hymnals 影响？解析：定位到line 6：spirituals and owing its early forms, rhythms, vocabulary, and evangelical fervor，所以选E；Q3：定位到line 11：It is Wagner who first demonstrated the essential fusion of racial and religious feeling in Afro-American poetry. 选B；In the early 1950‘s, historians who studiedpreindustrial Europe (which we may define here asEurope in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began,for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more5 of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3percent who comprised the political and social elite: thekings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and localmagnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. One difficulty, however, was that few of the remaining10 97 percent recorded their thoughts or had them chronicled by contemporaries. Faced with this situation, many historians based their investigations on the only records that seemed to exist: birth, marriage, and death records. As a result, much of the early work on the15 nonelite was aridly statistical in nature; reducing the vast majority of the population to a set of numbers was hardly more enlightening than ignoring them altogether. Historians still did not know what these people thoughtor felt.20 One way out of this dilemma was to turn to the records of legal courts, for here the voices of the nonelite can most often be heard, as witnesses, plaintiffs, and defendants. These documents have acted as ―a point of entry into the mental world of the poor.‖ Historians25 such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities30 administered justice. It has been societies that have hada developed police system and practiced Roman law,with its written depositions, whose court records have yielded the most data to historians. In Anglo-Saxon countries hardly any of these benefits obtain, but it has35 still been possible to glean information from the study of legal documents.The extraction of case histories is not, however, theonly use to which court records may be put. Historians who study preindustrial Europe have used the records to 40 establish a series of categories of crime and to quantify indictments that were issued over a given number of years. This use of the records does yield some information about the nonelite, but this information gives us little insight into the mental lives of the45 nonelite. We also know that the number of indictments in preindustrial Europe bears little relation to the number of actual criminal acts, and we strongly suspect that the relationship has varied widely over time. In addition, aggregate population estimates are very50 shaky, which makes it difficult for historians to compare rates of crime per thousand in one decade ofthe preindustrial period with rates in another decade. Given these inadequacies, it is clear why the casehistory use of court records is to be preferred.(473 words)4. The author suggests that, before the early 1950‘s, most historians who studied preindustrial Europedid which of the following?(A) Failed to make distinctions among members of the preindustrial European political and social elite. (B) Used investigatory methods that were almost exclusively statistical in nature.(C) Inaccurately estimated the influence of the preindustrial European political and social elite. (D) Confined their work to a narrow range of the preindustrial European population.(E) Tended to rely heavily on birth, marriage, and death records.5. According to the passage, the case histories extracted by historians have(A) scarcely illuminated the attitudes of the political and social elite(B) indicated the manner in which those in power apportioned justice(C) focused almost entirely on the thoughts and feel- ings of different social groups toward crime andthe law(D) been considered the first kind of historical writing that utilized the records of legal courts(E) been based for the most part on the trial testimony of police and other legal authorities6. It can be inferred from the passage that much of the early work by historians on the European noneliteof the preindustrial period might have been more illuminating if these historians had(A) used different methods of statistical analysis to investigate the nonelite(B) been more successful in identifying the attitudes of civil authorities, especially those who administered justice, toward the nonelite(C) been able to draw on more accounts, written bycontemporaries of the nonelite, that describedwhat this nonelite thought(D) relied more heavily on the personal records leftby members of the European political andsocial elite who lived during the period inquestion(E) been more willing to base their research on thebirth, marriage, and death records of thenonelite7. It can be inferred from the passage that a historianwho wished to compare crime rates per thousandin a European city in one decade of the fifteenthcentury with crime rates in another decade of thatcentury would probably be most aided by betterinformation about which of the following?(A) The causes of unrest in the city during the twodecades(B) The aggregate number of indictments in thecity nearest to the city under investigationduring the two decades(C) The number of people who lived in the cityduring each of the decades under investigation(D) The mental attitudes of criminals in the city,including their feelings about authority, duringeach of the decades under investigation(E) The possibilities for a member of the city‘snonelite to become a member of the politicaland social elite during the two decades先上难句翻译：In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe（which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800）began，for the first time in large numbers，to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite:the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. （4）难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语译文:二十世纪五十年代早期，研究前工业化时代欧洲（此处我们可将其界定为约自1300年至1800年这一时期的欧洲）的史学家，首次以众多的人数（杨鹏的书中:第一次以大量的数据），开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大多数，而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口，即国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵，而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。