英美概况 英语论文

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如何学好英美概况英文作文

如何学好英美概况英文作文

如何学好英美概况英文作文英文:To learn English and American overview English writing well, I believe it is important to first have a good understanding of the cultural and historical background of both countries. This will help to provide context and depth to the writing.For example, when writing about the differences between American and British English, it is important to know that American English has been heavily influenced by immigrants from all over the world, resulting in a diverse vocabulary and pronunciation. On the other hand, British English has been shaped by centuries of history and has a more formal tone.In addition to understanding the cultural andhistorical background, it is also important to practice writing in English regularly. This can be done throughjournaling, writing essays, or even participating in online forums and discussions. By actively engaging with the language, one can improve their writing skills and become more comfortable expressing themselves in English.Furthermore, reading extensively in English can also be incredibly beneficial. This not only exposes the learner to different writing styles and vocabulary, but also helps to improve comprehension and critical thinking skills.中文:要学好英美概况英文作文,我认为首先需要对两国的文化和历史背景有一个良好的了解。

英美概况论文完结

英美概况论文完结

天津师范大学考试试卷2013 —2014学年第二学期期末考试答题纸(A 卷)科目:英美概况学院:外院专业: 2013 级英语副辅修班级:姓名:学号:American’s role in the two World WarsAbstract:American experienced two world wars.Through two world wars American’s ecomomic,political have taken place great changes.Established the position in the international stage .The eassy discuss the time,development,result of two world wars and research the American’s role in the two world wars.Keyword: world ward;American;role1.Introduction1.1The significance of topicThe eassy talk about the two world wars’ cause,development and the results.Thinking American’s role in two world wars.Researching the internationalsituation changes and Americ an’s state in the international changes.1.2Research MethodThe main methods for the study are reading the relevant literature and querying the relevant information and combing with introduces the contents of the book.On the basis of this analysis and research,some history understanding are to be summarized.Put some context of myself.2.American and World War I2.1The cause of World War IWorld War I broke out in july 1914.The war was launch between two groups of imperialist powers,Allies and the Central European Power.The basic cause of the war lay in the political,economic and colonial rivalries of the great powers,stretching back into the late 19th century.First were the economic rivalries.Most of the European power competed the foreign market.The most serious economic rivalry taken place between Britian and Germany because of the latter’s rapidly developed of industrialization in the later 19th century and Germany’s industrial scale had beyond britian’s capacity and took the first place in economy in Europe by the 20th century.Economic rivalries brought colonial disputes.They were redividing the world according to their economic strength and the competition was restricted to Britain and Germany.The immediate cause of the War was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria at Sarajevo,Serbia on june 28,1914.It was use as an excuse for declared war on Serbia by Austria.2.2American in World War IWhen the war began,American just to observe strict neutrality until 1917 Wilson was leading the country into the war.In general,there were there reasons for the us to join the war so late.First,America’s traditional distrust of standing armies,the military power was too slight to join the war.Although the navy was strong,the air force was slight can only national defense.Then the national Security League andthe National Defense Act were passed between 1914 and 1916,which doubled the standing army,recorganized the National Guard,and provided for the military training of officers.A series bills was passed,the navy was expand.Second,it was the American financial and industrial commitment to the Allied cause.The American hold Allied powers’ bonds and stocks through sold war material to them.In order to prevented paper become worthless the Amerian have to join the war.Finally, the Germany’s submarine campaign against merchant ships helped the amerian turning the neutral opinion to against Germany.2.3the impact between war and AmericanIn the war,the navy was playing a decisive part .By the close of the war,American naval vessels,mostly destroyers and submarine chasers,wre in service in European water.In the meanwhile,the American’s air force was made huge improve.As American entered the war the Allues began to act on the offensive and finally victoried.3 American and WWII3.1 The cause of World War IIThe Great Depression serve a pavement for World War II.It was a major factor in bring about Nazism and World War II. World War II finally erupted in 1939,as a result of German aggression.3.2 American in World War IIBefore World War II,Congress passed three Neutrality Acts which prohibited the sale of munitions and the lending of money to the nations at war.TheAmerica -n explicated his neutrality state in the coming war by isolationist policy.At the beginning of World War II,the Congress repealed the arms embargo and substituted a “cash-and-carry” policy.This policy still seemed neutral but it was to the advantage of England.In 1940,when Franklin Roosevelt tried for a third term as President while the World War II was comprehensive fired.When the US was taking action to support the Allies,Japan attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7,1941.This made America formally plunge into the war.3.3 The conferences during World War IIDuring World War II,navy was not the only power .Because of the the number of plane was increase,the air force played an important part,the availability of aircraft made frequent meeting possible between the leaders of the Allied countries.Those meeting is important for the war. Roosevelt and Churchill maooed out plans for the flighting against Japan until her unconditional surrender.The conference in Teheran on Nov.28,1943,was the first meeting at which Roosevelt,Stalinand Churchill were all present.And the Yalta Conference in Feb. 1945,developed and adopted the official charter of the United Nations Organization which was conclude 50 nations.The sharp contrast to the case after World War I,the US Senate,after a brif debate,ratified the UN Charter on July 18,1945.3.3 the impact of World War II to AmericaAs far as I am consider,there are four impact the World War II to America.First of all,the World War II improved the international status in the United States, became the world's leading powers of capitalism.Western Europe and Japan had to stick after the war. war Second benefit from the World War II,the U.S. economy is strong, has the world's most abundant gold reserves, dominated by the capitalist world monetary system, the bretton woods system.Third during the war the America established the dominance of dominant the establishment of a new international order, the Yalta system after the war.The United Nations was founded early manipulation by the United States..Last ,the American has the world's most powerful military force.The most powerful, conventional weapons are set up more than 500 military bases around the world.And it has a monopoly on the atomic bomb.4. ConclusionBefore the first world war, the United States is not strong.The army is only a total of 8000 people, but the navy is already the world's third is its main battle effectiveness.Early war on arms trade to make money quickly, and expansion of the army, the army's strength is also improved.Because the U.S hold a lot of the Allies’ stocks and bonds in order to prevent the Allies defeated, maintenance period of self-interest.1The United States took part in the war at the end of the first worldwar.Thus the army began to increase,.six months after the end of world war I, the United States grow into the world's big powers, but the influence is still unable to compare with the western powers.However, in the second world war the United States arms industry was very complete and continue to rely on arms industry to make money, use the plight of the expander arms trade, arms in the world market demand for more stimulus.The development of the industrial powers of military industry, the world currency inflows and scientific and technological personnel to join the United States economic development of the catalyst, nationalist sentiment in the United States are inspired after 1941, the United States using the accumulation of a large number of dollars into war bonds arms production, war double-digit economic growth, the rich human resources and material resources allow us to power delivery in Europe and the Pacific, the war in 1945, the United States economy into the saturation state, the United States at a cost of $2 billion and a group of scientists are likely to fail the atomic plan is a good one, at the end of the war with the United States has control of the world, almost the Marshall plan the implementation of the control of the Europe and the United States, the United States became the first world powersReference:1.Xu Luzhi.,《Understanding the US and the UK》,Qingdao:China oceanpress,2012:70-832.Glenn p.Hastedt:American Foreign policy:past,present,future[monograph]Upper Saddler River,N.J. Prentice Hall,c2000.。

英美概况论文unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom1

英美概况论文unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom1

英美概况论文unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom1A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom Ⅰ As a student majored in science in my high school, I have little knowledge about the society and culture of countries. But I’m still curious about this. So I hope I will learn more about the English-speaking countries. Next I will talk about the preview of the unit 1.The first passage is about the introduction of the United Kingdom. In my memory, I only know the United Kingdom is a developed country, and the building of United Kingdom is very beautiful and magnificent. Now, after reading those passages, I know The UK is includes 4 parts : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . I always thing the UK is point at English, but now I know the four country make up the UK. The United Kingdom is a complicated country with a complicated name and it is a multiracial social. The remarkable class , regional and economic difference of the United Kingdom make it different.Now let’s talk about the four countries.England is a highly urbanized country. And its capital, London, which is dominant in the UK in all fields: government, finance, and culture. So London is a huge weight in Britain’s economic and culture life. It is the conquest of Britain. Before the 1st century AD, British was made up of many tribal Kingdoms of Celtic people. In 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire, and became part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years; Then it came under threat from Germanic peoples; from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings threatened Britain’s shores; King Alfred the great turned in the tide in south against the Vikings; the next invaders were theNormans who speak French, from Northern France, who English throne, and became William the First , King Arthur and his Round Table, giving Knights equal precedence and showing Knights’demand for a more democratic system. Second, Robin Hood hid in the forest, rebelled against Normans and robbed from the rich to give to the poor. The next few hundred years following the Norman invasion and power gradually transferred from the monarch to the parliament. Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. And Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, and the most confident of its own identity. The largest city is Glagow, and its capital is Edinburgh. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century. The capital, Edinburgh, which is a east coast, famous for its beauty, dominated by its great castle on a high rock largest city. Scotland was neither conquered by the Romans nor by the Anglo-Saxons. The division between highland and lowland Scotland remains a cultural divide today, in much the same way as north and south England see themselves as different from each other. Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science.Wales is the smallest on the British mainland. It is very close to the most densely populated parts of central England. It retains a powerful sense of difference from England. And it retains its own language. 19% population speak Gaetic. The capital of Wales is Cardiff.Ireland has been divided by a long and blood conflicts as a result of its colonial history. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland”One of the key issues in late 19th century. British politics was a campaignin parliamen t for what was called “the Home Rule Bill”.The artistic and cultural activity in the UK Artistic and cultural activity in Britain ranges from the highest professional standards to a wide variety of amateur involvement, London, is one of the leading world centers for drama, music, opera and dance. Some 650 professional arts festivals take place each year. The Edinburgh International Festival is the largest of its kind in the world.There is music for every taste in Britain including opera, choral and classical orchestras pieces, rock and pop, folk and jazz, military and brass bands, acoustic and newly emerging musical collaborations such as music theatre, music with live arts. In musical composition, experimentation is in vogue, with composers mixing their sources: medieval modes and minimalism, quotations from Wagner and from Debussy, Indian melodies and African rhythms. Since the early 60s with the emergence of the Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and the Who, through the 70s with Genesis, Led Zeooelin and Pink Floyd and the 80s with Dire Straits bands have generated major followings worldwide representing a multi-million dollar industry. And the legacy continued into the 90 with Pop phenoms The Spice Girds and groups like Oasis, the Verve, Jamiroquai, and the list goes on. British Pop music is alive and well and will continue to be in 2000 and beyond.。

大题英美概况 英文版

大题英美概况 英文版

名词解释1 bill of rights (英国美国)英国the Bill of Rights of 1689It is a Parliamentary act of Britain to invite William and Mary of Netherlands to serve as joint sovereign of British Monarchy. The Bill of Rights lays down limits on the powers of the monarch and sets out the rights of Parliament, including the requirement for regular parliaments, free elections, and freedom of speech in Parliament. It sets out certain rights of individuals including the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment.美国Bill of Rights: 1787The Bill of Right is amendments to the Constitution. It consists of 10 short paragraphs which guarantee freedom and individual rights and forbid interference with lives of the individual by the government, freedom of religion, of speech and of the press; the right to assemble in public places, to protest government actions and to demand change. They have the right to own weapons; No one can stop and search a person without good reason. The accused have the right to defend him in court of a jury trial. Cruel punishment is forbidden.Other Important amendments include, one forbidding slavery, rights of citizenship to people regardless of race, women’s right to vote, and lowering the voting age to 18.2英国国旗Union Jack--National Flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland:The flag consists of three heraldic crosses: the cross of St. George (Patron Saint of England), St. Andrew (Scotland) and St. Patrick (Ireland).3Magistrates’Courts (地方法庭)The overwhelming majority of the public who come into contact with the court system will do so with the Magistrates’court,and there are more than 700 Magistrates’ Courts in England and Wales. However, nearly all of the UK’s criminals will pass through their doors. The Magistrate's court just deals with all kinds of petty cases, including criminal and civil cases.4百年战争The war between England and France started in 1337 when Edward III landed in Normandy. At first the English was on the offensive, but after a century’s fighting the war ended with the English army driven out of France in 1453影响(1)Ruling Normans came to regard Britain as their home and themselves as belonging to the English nation. English came to replace French as the official language.(2)The war stimulated the development of the woolen textile industry, which leads to the Industrial Revolution.(3) It also sped up the decline of English feudalism.5玫瑰战争In 1455 the Duke of York tried to displace Lancaster king, Henry VI. The Lancastrians (with the badge of red rose) were supported by the nobles in the Scot and Welsh, the feudal landowners, while the Yorkists (with the badge of white rose) got support from the progressive South, the commercial-minded gentry. It was a war between the backward landowners in the north and the progressive commercial gentry in the south.The war ended in 1485 with the accession of Henry VII, the founder of the Tudor Monarchy.6美国内战The American Civil War started in 1861, when some slavery southern states declared secession from the US and formed the Confederate States of America because of their intention to keep the black slavery.During the war, President Lincohn announced the Emancipation of Proclamation. The war ended with the surrender of the Confederate armies and the collapse of Confederate government in spring 1865, and it put an end to the black slavery in the USA.7美国土著人25,000 years ago Siberian tribes, in search of hunting grounds or refuge from pursuing enemies, crossed the Bering Strait to Alaska. By late 1500s, about 20 million people, mistakenly called Indians by Christopher Columbus, lived in America. They developed their own aboriginal cultures, ranging from those of the primitive tribes to the brilliant civilizations of the Aztecs (阿兹台克文化), the Incas (印加文化) and the Mayas (玛雅文化).8美国战争的导火索(波士顿倾茶事件)In 1773, a group of American patriots responded to the Tea Act by staging the Boston Tea Party. Disguised as Indians, they boarded British ships and tossed 342 crates of tea into Boston harbor.British responded with four intolerable acts (法令) on Boston. These acts closed the port of Boston, replaced civil government with martial law and sent more troops to Boston.The British government responded harshly and the episode escalated into the American Revolution. The Tea Party became an iconic event of American history.9美国的总统大选The general election in three steps:A. Primary election: two parties hold separate primary election to select delegates to their national party convention. It is a party business but organized by state public authority.B. Party convention:1) writing the party’s platform, a statement of the party’s policy2) selecting the party’s presidential c andidateAfter winning the nomination, the candidate makes an acceptance speech, thanking the delegates and promising to win the general election.C. Nation-wide campaign and ballotingWinning the party’s nomination,the candidate and his team start with nation-wide campaign, a competitive effort of rival candidate to win support of voters with various means10 美国最早宪法为什么行不通P289The Constitutional Convention decided that the Constitution would go into effect once nine states, rather than all the 13 states, had ratified it. The Anti-federalists, mostly small farmers and people with debt, however, criticized the draft Constitution for its negligence of state power and the individual’s rights. The Constitution did not win its final ratification until the Federalists had promised to accept amendments proposed by the opponents. The promise paved the way for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution ,which have known as the Bill of rights.简答题1英国的四次侵略History of Invasions (Before 12th century):1) Invasion from the Roman Empire:The Romans started to invade England in 55 B.C. but they did not succeed to occupy England until 43 D.C., and the English were dominated for 360 years until 410.2)Invasion from Angles and Saxons.In the 5th century, to against Scotland, Britons found help from Angles and Saxons, who refused to leave and occupied the country. The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundation of the English state.3) Raiding from Vikings in 8th centuryIn the 8th, 9th and 10th centuries A.D. There came a new wave ofinvasion by the Vikings and Danes from North Europe.4) Norman Conquest (1066):Headed by William, Duke of Normandy, Edward’s cousin, Normans defeated the English army.and the Normans dominated English for 300 years.2.民主进程1.Henry II 's reform:He divided the country into six circuits and arranged the circuit judges who toured the country at least once a year. Investigations and trials helped to uncover the barons’illegal behavior and bring the lawless barons into submission.2. The Great Charter:The Great Charter is considered as “the corner stone of English history”It was the first step of constitutional experiment. It tried to set up a legal relationship between the king and his barons by defining their rights and obligations.It set the basic rules for the English legal systems and rules of law began to challenge feudal despotism.The starting of parliament英国民主进程3.美国政治体制的优与劣The advantages of the political systemthe delegates set up the government consisting of three parts or branches, the executive, the legislative and the judicial.Each branch has its own particular powers, which could limit the wrongful action that might be taken by any other two branches. And it can guard against the possibility of tyranny and deal with the possibility that the central government weaken the power of the state government. Problems of the Party System:The two factors - appointing people to public office and the majority vote system - led to a concentration of the American party system.Lack of party discipline and unity:Lack of clear policy alternativesIncrease in inefficiency and legitimacy deficits。

英美国家概况英语论文

英美国家概况英语论文

Britain and the United States, in today's world is the two big powers in society, the two countries have extremely similar in a lot of places, so they have the obvious differences?First,the character of Americans and British man was not the same.British tradition, focusing on good manners etiquette. Americans believe in freedom, not like constraints.The British character traits are: apathy, subtle, introverted, conservative and rational rigor, gentleman's humor. Corresponds to American character was summed up as follows: warm, cheerful, adventurous, innovative, and imaginative alive, straightforward humor.Second,British and American philosophy of education is different.British Conservative and strict, reflected in education was rigorous style of study, improve the education system. It has a strict quality control system, quality assessments and scientific research and university teaching evaluation results known to the world, United Kingdom higher education is being checked on a regular basis.Americans are pursuing equality and freedom, reflected in education is the United States education system with diversity, openness Characteristics, internationality, flexibility, the United States education is to ensure fair and equal opportunities for education, and to give full play to different educational objects can meet the personality characteristics to raise the full of vigor and vitality.Third, British and Americans in their everyday life practices also differ.From the fashion point of view, Britons are paying attention to clothing, paying attention to a gentleman, Americans are more casual, wants to wear what, in their own comfort, not to mind other people's assessment, will not be evaluated.See from eating food of both countries, British diet also exudes British upper classes should be noble, from selection to Cook, and then at the dinner table, the British none to maximize detail. Americans -diet does not pay attention to fine, the pursuit of fast and convenient, not luxury, more popular. Three meals a day are just. Such eating habits to some extent also reflected American life, vigorous and resolute, as if it is not to the British procrastination, so attention to detail.British and American in their respective essence on why such a huge difference? Human environment is the main reason, I think. Secondly geographical environment is one of the indispensable factors.。

英美概况

英美概况

外语系2011级英语教育专科2班江瑞华20110301054The Enlightenment of BritainEducation System to Chinese Primary and Secondary Education.Abstract: As we all know, knowledge is power. And education is the main access to get it. As a student, I have been experiencing in Chinese education for nearly fifteen years. Although, Chinese education system has changed so much, it is still necessary to update and improve .Especially when learning Britain Education System deeply, we will realize that something should be done to revive our education and inspire Chinese students‟ creative ability and eth nical identity. The ideal education not only should be propitious to help kids pass their various examinations but also to heighten children‟s creative ability, highly respected morality and a civilized citizen with noble-minded and perfect character. And these people will be helpful to complete our socialistic construction. Nowadays Chinese Education System is similar to Britain‟s in some aspects, but the harvest is obviously different: Some Chinese students become a machine of passing examination but Britain students will be talents. Therefore, education for all-around development should be the core of education, especially the elementary education stage, which is important for kids‟ whole lifetime. As a teacher in the future, we have responsibilities to put forward something new, we get from Britain education, to cultivate more talents to build our country.Key words; Chinese UK education talents一、 A brief introduction to the Britain Education System.Within Great Britain there are simultaneously two education systems at work. England, W ales and Northern Ireland adopted the system of National Curriculum. This framework contains English, mathematics, science, technology, physical education and religious education as the core subjects, scheduled for students at different stages. Scotland on the contrary has an independent education and testing system, which emphasizes the breadth of knowledge as opposed to depth employed in the former. There are also two parallel school systems in primary and secondary education, the state sector and the private sector in England. The former is in the majority and is a reflection of the free education. But still there are people in favor of a private or independent school.Education in England is overseen by the Department for Education and the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. Local authorities (LAs) take responsibility for implementing policy for public education and state schools at a local level.The education system is divided into nursery (ages 3–4), primary education (ages 4–11), secondary education (ages 11–18) and tertiary education (ages 18+).Full-time education is compulsory for all children aged between 5 and 16, either at school or otherwise, with a child beginning primary education during the school year he or she turns 5. Students may then continue their secondary studies for a further two years (sixth form), leading most typically to A-level qualifications, although other qualifications and courses exist, including Business and Technology Education Council (BTEC) qualifications, the International Baccalaureate (IB) and the Cambridge Pre-U. The leaving age for compulsory education was raised to 18 by the Education and Skills Act 2008. The change will take effect in 2013 for 16-year-olds and 2015 for 17-year-olds. State-provided schooling and sixthform education is paid for by taxes. England also has a tradition of independent schooling, but parents may choose to educate their children by any suitable means. Higher education often begins with a three-year bachelor's degree. Postgraduate degrees include master's degrees, either taught or by research, and the doctorate, a research degree that usually takes at least three years. Universities require a Royal Charter in order to issue degrees, and all but one are financed by the state via tuition fees, which cost up to £9,000 a term for English, W elsh and EU students.As to primary education, it is previously stated, by law all children between five and sixteen must receive full-time education in Britain. This compulsory stage covers generally the periods of primary and secondary education. A majority of Pupils in the UK, about 94 percent, are recruited to the public-funded state schools where they do not need to pay fees, whilst the rest chose either to attend some independent fee-paying schools or receive home schooling by suitable means. If a child of school age fails to receive any education and there is not a good reason, his parents will be sued at law. Same as the situation in China, children before school age normally receive pre-school education provided by child care centers, play grounds, nursery schools and nursery classes (reception) within primary schools. Such education aim to cultivate children‟s basic and comprehensive competence in creativity, social abilities, language, and physical development. Children start primary school normally at five years of age by first of September (exclusive of reception stage). Since the Education Reform Act 1988, all state schools are obliged to follow the national curriculum system, which divides primary education into key stages. Pupils are expected to accomplish varied educational knowledge and skills at each stage. According to the updated system, English, Maths, History, Geography, Science, Art and Design, Design and Technology, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Music, Physical Education, are taught at primary schools. The main goals of primary education are for children to achieve basic literacy and numeracy and at the same time students could establish the foundations in science, geography, history and other social sciences.The teaching approaches in a British primary school are typically students-centered and at the same time students could establish the foundations in science, geography and other social sciences.Secondary education is the other constituent part making up British compulsory education, which has been extended to sixteen years of age. Pupils generally move to a secondary school, students study the same subjects as key stage 2, plus two extra subjects: citizenship and modern foreign languages. Key stage 4 starts at the fourth year and covers the rest of two years of secondary school. Pupils are also entitled to some areas such as the religious education, sex education and careers education. But since these subjects do not form part of the national curriculum, parents have the right to withdraw pupil from them if they wish.In the end of secondary education, students in England, W ales and Northern Ireland take serious of examination in specified subjects, known as GCSEs (equivalent to Standard Grade in Scotland). Therefore the last two years of secondary education centre around preparing students for the school leavers‟ examinations. Usually students make a decision on the GCSE subject at the end of key state 3 and most of them choose eight to ten subjects. Virtually all students take GCSEs in the three core subject: English Maths and Science. And individual schools may have specified requirements as well. Exams are taken in the last year of GCSE study, and as a result students are awarded qualifications showing varied ability levels.On leaving school at age 18, 23.1 percent of pupils become students at universities and colleges. There are eighty-seven universities in Britain: seventy-one in England, twelve in Scotland, two in W ales and two in Northern Ireland. They have 844,400 students and 176,900 lectures. The standard length of undergraduate study in Britain is three years for a Bachelor of Arts and Science degree (BA/B. Sc.), and up to seven years for …vocational‟degrees (that is, those linked to a specific job), like medicine, dentistry, veterinary courses or architecture. Students of subjects such as civil engineering spend an intermediate year in industry on a …sandwich‟course. Many univ ersities offer the Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) degree which is a four-year course geared toward classroom experience. The majority of primary school teachers qualify by this route. The standard way to train to be a specialist subject such as biology, history or mathematics followed by a one-year Post Graduate Certificate in education (PGCE) which includes teaching practice.二、The difference about Chinese and Britain education.There are four important differences as following: At first, it‟s about the age when kids are allowed into school and begin their primary school. The kids in UK begin to go to school in 5 years old, but Chinese kids have to wait for passing their 8th birthday. Britain children are 3 years younger than Chinese kids, which means the learn the discipline of school even society earlier and get some practical skills from kinds of classes in school, besides their parents. It will help kids build independent habits and characters, which will be good for kids‟ whole lifetime.The second is the attention paid on education by government. In UK, their primary and secondary school is not only free but also written in the national law. Parents are forced to keep their kid in school till the kids complete their middle school education. This action is helpful to improve the national education level.The third one is the content of the class, Britain pre-school education Same as the situation in China, children before school age normally receive pre-school education provided by child care centers, play grounds, nursery schools and nursery classes (reception) within primary schools. Such education aim to cultivate chil dren‟s basic and comprehensive competence in creativity, social abilities, language, and physical development.;In primary school Pupils are expected to accomplish varied educational knowledge and skills at each stage. According to the updated system, English, Maths, History, Geography, Science, Art and Design, Design and Technology, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Music, Physical Education, are taught at primary schools. The main goals of primary education are for children to achieve basic literacy and numeracy and at the same time students could establish the foundations in science, geography, history and other social sciences.The teaching approaches in a British primary school are typically students-centered and at the same time students could establish the foundations in science, geography and other social sciences ; In the secondary school, they learn some subjects: English, Mathis, science, citizenship and modern foreign language and so on. Pupils are also entitled to some areas such as the religious education, sex education and careers education. But since these subjects do not form part of the national curriculum, parents have the right to withdraw pupil from them if they wish..Thus kids can know more extensive knowledge, which will help them understand nature and life better.The last but not the least is the teaching method. The teaching approaches in British primary schools are typically student-centered and a diversity of methods is used at class to cultivate students‟ interests. Instead of giving instructions throughout the entire class, teachers tend to leave room for students to reflect, discuss, and work out problem by themselves with the assistance of teachers tend to leave room for students to reflect ,discuss, and work out problem by themselves with the assistance of teachers. School day usually begins at nine o‟clock in the morning and ends at 4 o‟clock in the afternoon. Alongside classroom education, schools often organize various events and activities such as swimming, theater visits, and field trips. Through these informal ways of learning, students could well build up physical and practical abilities . Personally speaking, it is the most important reason why Chinese Education is different form Britain Education.三、The enlightenment to Chinese Primary and middle school.First and foremost, tine is short in human-being‟s lifetime, so we should save time tor kids. Therefore, the children‟s age of entering school should be advanced. It will make kids independent from their parents earlier. The kids will have more time to experience the society, find their own real dream and achieve their life goals and values. Also, the children can experience their brain and intelligence more when they learn the more knowledge in their younger age. That will inspire their ability of creating, which is Chinese shortage of, can help China to become more powerful. In addition, if we teach kids traditional culture about our country, it is easy for them to remember and master it. That is, they also can inherit our ethnical culture. About, the teaching content and method, we should pay more attention. The teaching content should not only be limited in maths and Chinese, but should include traditional culture such as traditional festivals, old history and ethnical origin. Some people would say kids are too young to know these complicate classes, which I can not agree with. Teachers can make their effort and make the best use of their brain to simplify this knowledge to be accepted by the kids. That will be helpful for kids to develop kids‟ patriotism and ethnical sense of belonging in childhood. And it also can enhance our ethnic cohesion. It also is important to kids‟ own growth. The most important is that kids should be given the more free time to explore the whole world and life by themselves. Like Britain government, Chinese government should increase their support to people‟s education for all-round development, which can make people more polite, respected character and individual value. Higher citizen quality is also critical to our socialistic construction. Thus, the government should pay more attention and even take law as a method to ensure kids‟ educational level. Of course, the government should pay more money to build and perfect Chinese Education System.四、ConclusionChildren‟s quality and mastering me thods of studying is more important than higher marks. However many Chinese do not really realize the core of education, they are still limited in traditional thought; education just for finding a good job and making a great success, rather than develop their perfect quality. They give up the most important essence in the field ofeducation. Therefore, the attitude to education of teachers, parents even society should be changed.Teachers should p ay more attention to students‟ quality than marks. So, the teaching goal should be changed into helping children build their perfect character through kinds of classes. Parents also should give kids more freedom to think, explore, experience and make conclusions by themselves, and never pay more attention on children‟s‟ marks, but their qualities which will be good for kids‟ whole lifetime. That is the most important skills. About society, it should realize that a perfect citizen may be more important than Doctor, who holds many certifications, because people‟s good quality can ensure the peace and security and the healthy development of the country. Qualified citizen is a strong branch of a country‟s power, so, every aspect in society should encourage children to develop in all-round. As old saying goes: “success can catch up with us when we seek for excellence continuously.”。

英美概况英国人口英语作文

英美概况英国人口英语作文

英美概况:英国人口探析The United Kingdom, often referred to as the UK, is a sovereign state located on the island of Great Britain in Europe. It comprises four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The UK has a rich history and diverse culture, making it a fascinating country to explore. In this essay, we will delve into the demographics of the UK, specifically its population.The population of the UK is estimated to be around 67 million people, with England being the most populous constituent country. The UK's population density is relatively high, with the majority of people residing in urban areas, particularly in and around London, the capital city. London is the largest city in the UK and one of the most populous cities in the world.The UK's population is diverse, with people from various ethnic backgrounds, religions, and cultures. This diversity is reflected in the country's rich tapestry of languages, with English being the official language but many regional dialects and immigrant languages also spoken.The UK's multiculturalism adds to its charm and makes it a vibrant and inclusive society.The UK's population structure is also noteworthy. The median age of the population is relatively high, indicating a maturing society. This is due to several factors,including increasing life expectancy and decreasingfertility rates. The older population segment presents challenges and opportunities for the UK, such as providing adequate healthcare and retirement benefits while fostering economic growth and innovation.The UK's population dynamics are also influenced by migration. The country has a long history of immigration, with people from around the world settling in the UK. Migration has shaped the UK's demographics, economy, and culture, making it a truly global nation. However,migration has also been a contentious issue in recent years, with debates surrounding its economic, social, and cultural impacts.In conclusion, the UK's population is a dynamic and diverse entity that reflects the country's rich history and multiculturalism. The challenges and opportunitiespresented by the UK's population dynamics are numerous, but with careful planning and innovation, the country can continue to thrive as a global leader in culture, economy, and society.**英国人口概况探析**英国,常被称为联合王国,是一个位于欧洲大不列颠岛上的主权国家。

英美概况英文作文

英美概况英文作文

英美概况英文作文The United States is a diverse and multicultural country with a rich history and a strong sense of individualism. From the bustling streets of New York City to the serene beauty of the Grand Canyon, the US offers a wide range of experiences for visitors and residents alike.In terms of politics, the US is a federal republic with a two-party system dominated by the Democratic and Republican parties. The country is known for its strong emphasis on democracy and individual freedoms, and has a long history of political activism and social movements.When it comes to food, the US is a melting pot of different culinary traditions, with each region offeringits own unique dishes and flavors. From Southern barbecue to New England clam chowder, there's something for everyone to enjoy.In terms of culture, the US is a global leader inentertainment, with Hollywood producing a large majority of the world's films and television shows. The country is also known for its music, with genres like jazz, rock, and hip-hop all having roots in American culture.In terms of geography, the US is incredibly diverse, with everything from deserts and mountains to forests and beaches. The country is also home to a wide variety of wildlife, including bears, eagles, and bison.In terms of economy, the US is one of the largest and most influential in the world, with a strong emphasis on innovation and entrepreneurship. The country is known for its technological advancements, particularly in the fields of Silicon Valley and biotechnology.In terms of education, the US is home to some of the world's top universities and research institutions, making it a popular destination for students from all over the world. The country also has a strong emphasis on sports, with American football, basketball, and baseball being particularly popular.In terms of language, English is the most widely spoken language in the US, but the country is also home to a large number of Spanish speakers, particularly in states like California and Texas.In terms of transportation, the US has a well-developed network of highways, railways, and airports, making it easy to travel around the country. The US is also known for its love of cars, with many Americans relying on them for their daily commute.。

英美概况英国的扩张(英文版)

英美概况英国的扩张(英文版)

Small Island,Big worldAs it is a fact that England has been a big country in the world for a long period,not only on the land ,but also on the sea.The British Empire was the largest country at that time,which occupied about 33 million square kilometers,taken up one fifth of the world’s total dry land and about 135 tomes as large as Great Britain.It ruled over a population of 560 million,which was more than ten times as large as that of Britain.It was called an empire “on which the sun never set”.Because on almost all the continents of the world Britain had its colonies that kept the sun can be seen on the sky all the time.Britain’s Overseas ExpansionBritish overseas expansion was clearly part of an older tradition of European empire building.They traced this back to classical Greece and Rome,Spanish and Portuguese expansion following Columbus’ voyage to the new world.Britain’s overseas expansion was begin with several battles against Spanish during Elizabeth ’era.Elizabeth avoided open hostility with Spain,but she secretly encouraged English seadogs to raid Spanish colonies and plunder the Spanish ships that were returning back home to Spain.At first,the Spanish king did not know that Britain was their most dangerous rival or Elizabeth’s intention until Spanish king Philip was at the helm of the state.So ,in 1588,the king dispatched a fleet of 130 vessels which named “the Invincible Fleet ”to England.The fleet sailed up the English Channel and a large naval battle out.The English battleships threw their enemies into panic with fire ships.The badly battered the Spanish’s fleet fled to northward in confusion.Caught in a storm ,many of the Spanish warships died and only half of them survived and went back to Spain,never dare to come to England again.The lost of the war made Spain lose its lead position on the sea,while ,on the other hand,Britian could take over Spanish power became the leader.The victory not only established the position of England as a major sea power but also paved the way for its foreign expansion as a colonizing nation.What’s more,British overseas expansion helped the state gather many property for this empire’s construction.British Foreign ExpansionIn the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,Britain experience the Industrial Revolution.It is a big event for all the British.During the Industrial Revolution,a varity of chater companies were the tentacles and they spearheaded the foreign expansion and colonization.These companies,such as the East India Company,had the right to use the English Navy.Charter companies would first force a foreign country to open its market,then they would control the market and establish the British sphere of influence.If the British had occupied the land,the natives would have to leave their land or controlled by them.At the same,as a result of the Industrial Revolution,the empire was quite eager for raw material and expanding its foreign market.So the Britain began to expand its colonies all over the world.The expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland,soon,many continents had became British colonies.In Asia,the East India company was founded in 1600.At first,it traced with India through a few trading posts it had managed to secure on the coast and the southern tip of the peninsula.They also managed to edge out the French and Portuguese colonists who had also come for conquest.By 1819 the British conquest of India was almost complete.The British aggression caused angeramong the natives.In 1857,a large anti–aggression mutiny broke out when the colonial authority ordered the hired native Indian soldiers to use greased catridges.Many of the Indian troops were from the Hindus,who regarded touching of the fat of a cow as contamination worse than death,and the Mohammedans who were also horrified by the fat of the swine.Many parts of the country were involved in the revolt.After the mutiny was suppressed,the control of India was passed to British Crown in 1858,and Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877.After conquering India,British merchants tried to make a profit in China.But because the Chinese economy was still based on agriculture and self–sufficiency,British used to suffer a deficit in the early trades.To make a profit,British merchants started to import opium into China from India .After China banned the opium trade in1799,still some British merchants continued to smuggle opium into China .In 1839,the Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu ordered the confiscation of about 20 000 chests of opium and burnt them at Canton.The British used this as a excuse and launched a war of aggression against China in 1840.The British troops occupied Hong Kong in 1841,and invaded Zhenjiang before threatening Beijing itself.Due to failure of the Opium War,the Qing dynasty signed the Treaty of Nanjing,which included China ceded Hong Kong to British,opened five ports to British trade and many money to Britain .Among all the colonies of Britain ,Hong Kong was the last one to get its independence until 1997.As for other areas of Asia ,Btitish invaded Burma and occupied the coastal areas.At the same time,Singapore was forced to become British colony.So,Britain had a strategic base to the Indian Ocean and the Far East.After that,British power could expand to the whole Malaysia.It controlled the Strait of Malacca and built the Straits Settlements.In Africa,at the end of the 19 century,this continent is the focus of British colonial expansion.As for its abundant mineral resources, British wanted to control this area and get the resources for their industrial development .Besides,Btitish confined to a number of forts and slave trading posts on the West Coast.The Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip and Egypt in the northern part of the continent were the two chief centers of British advance in Africa.Britain was eager to control the Cape of Good Hope in order to protect its route to India. After England seized Cape Town from Dutch in 1806,English setters began to flock in and they brought in the English language.Then the English colonists pushed northward until the South Africa Union was organized by the English Parliament in 1910.Britian was also interested in controlling Egypt and Sudan.Egypt and France built the Suze Canal which was opened to navigation in 1869.In 1875,the British government bought half of the Suez Canal shares from the bankrupt Egyptian ruler,while the other half was still held by the French .After fierce struggle,the British drove the French from Egypt and gained control of the Suez Canal in 1882.The British suppressed a rebellion and occupied Egypt.By the beginning of the twentieth century,about one third of Africa was controlled by British colonialists.In East Africa,British occupied Somali,Zanzibar,Malawi and Buganda in 1980s and 1990s.In South Africa ,the British South Africa Company invaded to Zambia in 1890.In North America,when the old colonial powers:Portugal,Spain were concentrating their attention on dominating on the sea the deserted east coast of North American became the first British colonial areas of activity.The early immi grants were actually “pushed out of Europe” because they refused to conform to the rules they did not like in their home country .They hated the system which had impoverished and persecuted them. The first colony was Newfoundland,established in 1583.Until 1733, 13 colonies on the east coast of North America were under British control.In the 18th century the population in the British colonies inNorth America quickly increased from 260000 to 2, 3 million within a fewdecades(1700-1770). Also, 3, 4 million slaves were brought to the British colonies from Africa between 1162 and1807. The settlers in the colonies were mostlyself-governed while still under rule of the English Crown.But conflicts started. Additional taxes on tea or legal documents led to discrepancies. The settlers rejected any sort of taxation .The confrontation tightened up through the Townshend Acts or the Boston Massacre.The reaction of the settlers was for instance the Boston Tea Party in 1773. After several tough battles,i n 1776 the Declaration of Independence was signed. In the North American Independence War (1776-1783) Britain had to admit defeated and with the Peace of Paris in 1783 acknowledged the independence of the colonies. At the early 17 century,France and Britain began to compete in establishing colonies in Canada.But after seven years war ,Britain defeat France and monopolized Canada in1763.by the 1840s, British North America had 1.5 million people: 650,000 in Lower Canada, 450,000 in Upper Canada, and more than 300,000 in Atlantic Canada.In Latin American,British began to immigrate to Bahama Islands and controlled it in 1783.After that,British could controlled Caribbean.In Oceania,as a newly found continent ,it was a large continent of low populationdensity.During 1583 and 1587,a British named James Cook investigated the east coast of Australia and claimed the east coast region for Britain,naming it New South Wales.The British began to immigrant to the land.In 1788,the British government began to transport convicts to Australia and established some penalty settlements for these convicts.As more and more free colonists had come to settle,the British government was forced to stop transferring convicts to Australia after1840.The sudden discovery of gold in Australia led to the gold rushes which brought large numbers of free immigrants to Australia,resulting in the founding of six separate colonies.In 1901,the six separate and self-governing colonies were united to form one dominion----the independent Commonwealth of Australia. Until 1900 Australia became profitable exporters of wool and gold.At the southeast to the Australia land, lying another country----New Zealand, originally settled by Maoris,was first discovered by Dutch in1642.James Cook visited New Zealand in the 1770s and claimed it for England.English missionaries began to arrive in the early nineteenth century before the New Zealand Company started systematic colonization in the1840s.New Zealand achieved self-government in 1852 .Then Britain had completed its control in the Oceania,this area also became one of British accesses to raw materials for the industrial constriction and foreign market for their goods.Decline of the British EmpireThe old Btitish colonial system began to decline in the 18th century.during the longperiod of unbroken Whig dominance of domestic political life,the Empire became less important and less well-regarded,until an ill-fated attempt to reverse the resulting“salutary neglect”provoked the American War of Independence,depriving Britain of her most populous colonies.Although Britain was the first country to industrialise,other countries,such as Germany,United States also took rapidly step to start their industrialization,Britain experienced real competition abroad.Especially after the World War 1,British suffered a heavy lose,which led to debt accumulation,loss of capital markets and manpower deficiencies in the staffing of far-flung imperial posts in Asia and the African colonies.The Empire’s end began with the onset of the World War 2,when a deal was reached between the British government,and the Indian independence movement,whereby the Indians would cooperate and remain loyal during the war,after which they would be grantedindependence.Following India’s lead,nearly all of Britain’s other colonies would become independent over the next two decades.This vast colonial empire finally out of sight.Effect of British Foreign ExpansionThe foreign expansion ,as for the Britain,has reached their goals----achieve accesses to more materials and foreign markets.Through the expansion all over the world,British got a large amount of capital fund,which contributed quite a lot to British economic construction.Cities grew and prospered with the development of industry and foreign trade.The Strand in London became the finest street in Europe.Fleet Street flourished as a publishing center.British foreign expansion has changed people’s life.“Respectable”districts for rich people in the near suburbs were expanding.A middle class house in England in the nineteenth century commonly had there or fourservants ,usually women,while a rich house had many more.But the majority of workers excluded from a decent life.The street swarmed with barefooted children who wore very few clothes that were no protection against rain and wind.Many children were forced to go to factories to work more than 12 hours a day at the age of eight or nine.An increasing number of people required the government to solve these problems.Under the pressure of public demand,the government took some measures to ensure workers rights and mitigate the social conflicts.When it comes to the colonies,British expansion was a disaster for the colonial people.After the settler arrive at a new place,they would try every method to make the colonial people give in.When the land was under their control,they plundered the raw materials and bullied the locals.They had to leave their home land for decades of years before independence.The plunder also slow down the economic development of the colonies.However,on the other hand,since the Britain was more developed than any other countries at the time,the colonialists brought many advanced technology,culture and experience,which helped the colonies developed,anyhow.Although the colonial era has passed,we must bear in mind a saying“Backwardness will lead to defeat”.Only our nation is strong enough can we avoid bullied by the stronger countries.。

英语辅修《英美概况》论文

英语辅修《英美概况》论文

Two Queens in English History- Li Jia Mathematics class 6 There are several queens in English history. They are just like royal red roses decorating the monotonous garden of the monarch filled with green. Two roses are so fragrant that it is hard to ignore them. They are Queen Elizabeth I and Queen Victoria who both dominated the country with their female charms and wisdom. They created marvelous periods in English history that had great effects on later generations. The golden ages are named after them. One is called Elizabethan Age, and the other is known as Victorian Age. Although they lived in different times and experienced diverse life, both of them show the elegance, intellectuality and calm as a queen. They have similarities in some way. Let’s make a comparison between these two great females in the following aspects.1.Early ExperiencesElizabeth was born at Greenwich Palace of Placentia in London. She suffered a lot in her early years. Before she was three years old, her mother was put to death for alleged adultery and the marriage was declared invalid. As a result, Elizabeth’s birth became illegitimate and subsequently lost her claim to the English throne. She was so neglected by her father that she had to wear clothes that were too small. Fortunately, her stepmothers didn’t do much harm to her and she got a comprehensive education ranging from history, mathematics, poetry and languages in palace. She had a good command of several languages, like Greek, Latin, French, Italian, and Spanish, which laid a solid foundation for her reign in the future. Because of the influence of her last stepmother Catherine Parr and her tutors, Elizabeth became a Protestant. The peaceful life came to an end after her young brother-King Edward VI’s death. Since then, she was involuntarily involved in endless cruel fight for the crown and various political plots. The experience is so miserable that she once doubted whether she could survive when imprisoned in the Tower of London. After a series of struggle with her half-sister Mary, she finally get the crown after Mary’s death.Victoria was born at Kensington Palace in London. She should have owned a happy family but her father died of Pneumonia in a sudden. What her father left for his wife and daughter was only heavy debts. From then on, Victoria have to lead a frugal life which means she would wear same clothes for years. At the age of 11, she started to learn the lengthy court etiquette and complex behavior taboos. Anyway, her childhood was not so happy. She finally came into power when she was only 18.2.StatesmanshipElizabeth I was able to work with parliament, but there were also problems. Parliament asked for its customary right of free right confirmed in writing and right to discuss important questions at will instead of the king’s invitation. Neither of the requires above did Elizabeth agree. She regarded them as violations of her prerogative. So at that time, the queen had a strong power above the parliament. As a result, the contradiction between autocratic royalty and the bourgeoisie begin to appear.For the sake of politics, Elizabeth broke religious ties with Rome and restored the independence of the Church of England. She imposed the Common Prayer Book, the English selection of the Bible, on all churches in England. She was a protestant, but she implemented religious tolerance policy at the same time. This decision made England more stable.Conversely, when Victoria ruled over the country, the constitutional monarchy had been built and gradually become perfect. Under such history background, Queen Victoria didn’t interfere in the internal affairs much. However, she did promote the establishment of compulsory education and the opening of the first World Expo. She was sympathetic to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, and favored greater religious liberty for those people who did not belong to the official Church of England.What’s more, she showed her own political vision and pointed out the majordirection of the foreign policy. She stood by the Conservative Party and had a intimate relationship with the leader of the party. It directly lead to the realization of colonial policy that made the country become an empire on which the sun never set. During her reign, Britain invaded many nations including China. Because of the vast foreign expansion, Victoria finally became Empress of India. The country extended its effects on the whole world. Nowadays, there are still plenty of places which is entitled her name Victoria.3. Marriagewhen it comes to the marriage, Queen Elizabeth I seemed to go blank. She is known as “the virgin queen”.Through Elizabeth’s lifetime, she never married to anybody. Elizabeth told the parliament: “I have already joined myself in marriage to a husband, namely the kingdom of England.”if she had n’t been so loyal to her country, she should have constructed a family. Her former brother-in-law King Felipe II once proposed to her, then she declined it. And she loved Earl of Leicester so much, but they missed each other since a protestant husband would intensify the sectarian strife from her perspective. To avoid the possible religious and political conflicts, she refused to be involved in a marriage. Maybe she is just a lonely woman when coming down from the holy throne. It is a tragedy for a woman to have no husband and no child. Chances are that she chose the people’s welfare rather than her own well-being confronted with the significant responsibilities a queen must undertake.Victoria was much luckier than Elizabeth, she married her cousin Albert. Although their marriage was decided by their parents, their love turned legend in the end.Albert helped the queen tackle various state affairs. He devoted himself to prompting the perfection of constitutional monarchy and changed the disorganized climate of the House of Hanover. Elizabeth adored her husband so much that she agreed with him most of the time. They enjoyed a harmonious and pleasantrelationship.They have nine children in total. Victoria brought up them in person instead of leaving them solely in the care of nannies and governesses. She set a strict discipline for her children and asked them to take their father as example. Victoria once wrote a letter to her pregnant daughter about giving birth to a child. She complained the misery and tiredness a mother had to endure and the happiness to own a child. It completely revealed the contradictory feeling of an ordinary mother.Some of Victoria’s children and grandchildren eventually married the heirs to thrones of Spain, Russia, Sweden, Norway, and Romania, because of her many descendants, Victoria became known as the “Grandmother of Europe”.Victoria took responsibilities not only as a queen, but a wife and a mother. Her family life set a good example for her people.4.Outcomes of the ReignDuring Queen Elizabeth I’s 45 years rule, England became a brilliant kingdom with prosperous economy and multiple cultures. The principal achievement is that England won the naval battle with Spain and get position as a major sea power. Elizabeth’s politics met the need of the rising bourgeoisie and promoted the development of the Renaissance which was represented by several figures like Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson. Her rule pave way for the shaping of British Empire.The reign of Queen Victoria has been the longest of any monarch in British history. She was the official head of United Kingdom and the worldwide British Empire. Owing to the stability of the whole society and the enormous foreign market, industrial revolution was carried out successfully. The revolution has changed people’s lifestyle completely and promoted the construction of infrastructure.It was a big change that London owned a convenient metro network, a comprehensive sanitary sewer system and a complete street lamp lighting system during these years.5. ConclusionTo conclude, both of them did a good job. The country obtained considerable development in the politics, economy, culture and so on. As members of few queens in English history, what they have done are much more superior to many kings. Their beauty and wisdom will leave deep impression on descendants. People will be long forgetting them forever.。

英美概况英国人口英语作文

英美概况英国人口英语作文

英美概况英国人口英语作文The population of the United Kingdom, often referred to as Britain or England, has a rich and complex history thatis closely intertwined with its social, political, and economic developments. Over the centuries, the populationof this island nation has undergone significant changes, shaped by factors such as immigration, industrialization, and urbanization.In the early medieval period, the population of Britain was relatively small and concentrated in rural areas. However, with the advent of the Industrial Revolution inthe late 18th century, there was a rapid growth in urban centers as people migrated from the countryside to seek employment in factories and mills. This led to asignificant increase in the overall population, as well asa shift in the demographic distribution from rural to urban areas.In the 20th century, the population of Britaincontinued to grow, but at a slower rate. This was partlydue to improvements in healthcare and living conditions, which led to longer life expectancies and lower death rates.However, the rate of population growth also began to be influenced by other factors such as emigration,particularly after the Second World War, when many Britons sought new opportunities overseas.More recently, the population of Britain has been shaped by increasing levels of immigration. This has been particularly evident since the late 20th century, as the country has become a destination for people from all over the world seeking a better life. This influx of immigrants has had a significant impact on the demographic makeup of the country, bringing new cultures, languages, and perspectives to British society.Today, the population of Britain stands at over 68 million people, making it one of the most populous countries in Europe. The population is diverse and includes people of various ethnic backgrounds, religions, and cultures. This diversity is reflected in the rich and vibrant cultural life of the country, which includes a mix of traditional and contemporary elements.In terms of age distribution, the population of Britain is relatively evenly spread across different age groups.However, there is a trend towards an older population, with a significant proportion of the population now falling into the older age brackets. This is partly due to improvementsin healthcare and longer life expectancies, but alsoreflects the demographic changes that have occurred overthe centuries.In conclusion, the population of Britain has a long and complex history that has been shaped by a variety of factors. From the early medieval period to the present day, the country has seen significant changes in its demographic makeup, reflecting the social, political, and economic developments that have taken place over time. The diversity and vitality of British society today are testament to the rich tapestry of its population.**英美概况英国人口英语作文中文翻译**英国的人口,通常被称为不列颠或英格兰,其历史丰富而复杂,与社会、政治和经济发展紧密相连。

英美概况论文:on the Rise of the United States

英美概况论文:on the Rise of the United States

课程论文论文题目:On the Rise of the United States 主修学校:武汉理工大学学生姓名:侯伟龙学号: 0121011360606指导教师:邓绪新成绩:On the Rise of the United States中文摘要:美国位于北美的南方,东濒大西洋,西临太平洋,北靠加拿大,南接墨西哥。

大部分地区属于温带大陆性气候,南部属亚热带气候,西部沿海地区分布有温带海洋性气候和地中海气候。

拥有98,300,000平方公里的土地和3120,000,000的人口数量,是世界第三大国家。

它由50个州所组成,其中有两个海外州阿拉斯加和夏威夷。

美国诞生于1776年7月4日。

美国是个多文化和多民族的国家,全国有100个种族超过了一百万人。

主要的民族有美利坚民族、拉丁裔、非裔和亚裔。

美国的自然资源非常的丰富,煤、石油、天然气等矿物储量均居世界前列。

美国也是世界上最早开始重视环境保护的国家之一,在1872年联邦政府建立了黄石国家公园以保护当地环境,成为了世界上第一个国家公园。

当今美国仍在全世界的经济、政治、军事、科技等众多领域有着庞大影响力,这是他国不能与之相媲美的。

美国是资本主义混合经济,是世界第一大经济体系,国民拥有很高的生活水平,人均国民生产总值超过四万美元,居世界前列,是全球最富裕、经济最发达、生活水平最高的国家之一。

美国在1776年以前是英国的殖民地,在短短的200多年间从一个受压迫的国家发展成为了一个世界举世瞩目的国家,不得不为之赞叹。

关键词:美国;经济;发展Abstract:The United States is situated in the south of North America with the Atlantic Ocean on the east, the Pacific Ocean on the west, Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. Most of the regions belong to temperate continental climate, the south belongs to subtropical climate and the western coastal areas have temperate marine climate and Mediterranean climate. With 9.83 million square kilometers and about 312 million people, the United States is the third largest country in the world. The United States consists of 50 states. Alaska and Hawaii, two of the 50 states are separated from the continental of America. The United States was born on July 4, 1776.The United States, created by immigrants, is a nation of over 100 ethnic groups who have more than one million people. The main nationalities have the united nation, Latinos and African and Asian. America's natural resources are very rich with coal, petroleum and natural gas mineral reserves in the world. The United States is one of the countries which start to attach the importance of environmental protection earliest in the world. In 1872 the federal government established Yellowstone national park to protect the local environment that has become the world's first national park. Nowadays the United States is a leading economic, political, and cultural force in the world. America has a capitalist mixed economy and the largest economic system in the world. The citizens have a very high standard of living. Their per capita GNP can reach over 40 thousand dollars which ranks first in the world. It is the most advanced and well-developed country. The U.S. was British Colony before 1776, but within a short span of two hundred years it has made such significant achievements to become an eye-catching Nation from a Nation that had been oppressed. We have to applaud the Nation for their achievements.Keywords:America;economy;development1.Introduction:It’s well known that America is a very young country with only more than two hundred years history, but during the past two hundred years, it has become the most powerful country in the world. Many sociologists and economists have done a lot of research on it to analyze the contributing factors to the success, but their conclusions often vary greatly because they view the problems from different perspectives. The only indisputable factor is that the United States has a large piece of fertile land and abundant mineral sources between the two large oceans. And the two large oceans also provide a good condition for America to trade with other countries. On the other hand the immigrations have brought a large number of talented people who have made a great contribution to the development of the United States. Then I will share my view on this topic in detail in my essay.2. The Reasons of American risingThe United States has been the biggest industrial country since 1870 in the world. It has ever experienced a rapid development era of the economy. That rapid development results from many factors. First, the geographical location of the US provides a very good condition for its agricultural development and makes it become a strong country gradually. Second, the US is rich in mineral sources and fertile farm soil with moderate climate. Third, as a result of the African immigration, America has enough people to provide the labor for the development of the economy. At last, the US has many skilful workers and excellent scientists, such as Einstein. Now let’s start to analyze the process of its growing in economy step by step.2.1The immigration brought a lot of talented personSome of those immigrations had advanced knowledge in agriculture and political system and belief. These early immigrations were the pioneers for the rising of America. They laid the foundation for church and governmental authority in America. Many of the first immigrants were educated people and their knowledge contributed to their success in the New World. They brought advanced agricultural technology for the America. And they also set up schools to develop education. In summary, the early immigration has laid the foundation for American agriculture and education.2.2 The War had great influence on the country2.2.1 The First War of independenceThe United States started a large-scale independence war which ended European control of both North and South America from 1775 to 1783. The war wonindependence for the 13 states and started a new era in American history. From then on, the United States has become an independent country. American independence inspired American people greatly. Then American economy developed very fast in the 13 colonies. In general the War of Independence made a new beginning of American history.2.2.2 The second war of independenceAfter this war, the U.S. completely got rid of the British control and began a new period of rapid development .This war also made their citizens realize the importance of a strong nation government. It strengthened the feeling of national united and patriotism through this war. And Americans also turned their attentions to the development of the western part of the continent.2.2.3 The Civil WarAmerican slavery or Negro silvery existed in the southern states after the second War of Independence, while the northern states were capitalism. The contradiction between south and north became more and more intense. When Abraham Lincoln was elected president, the southern states broke away and formed a new nation, the confederate States of America. Then the Civil war broke out on April 12, 1861. After this war, the United States became a unified capitalist country. After that American economy developed much more rapidly in every field. Abolishing slave system helped to establish a unified home market and enlarged the supply of the free labor. Through this war the American people cleared away all the obstacles and determined to develop science and production further. The U.S. led the world in industry 30 years later after the war.2.2.4 The First World War brought a big chanceThe First World War marked another turning point in American history. The First World War broke out in June 1914. For the sake of that it didn’t happen in the United States. So the United States announced the neutrality on August 2, 1914. The American neutral policy was aimed at making a profit by trading arms and war materials with the warring countries. Generally the United States got a lot of benefits through this war. And because of the peaceful domestic environments, its economy also got a very rapid development.2.2.5 The Second World WarAs the First World War, the United States also got a lot of benefits in the Second World War. After the Second World War, the United States has benefited a lot from a prolonged period of unprecedented prosperity and became the strongest country in thecapitalist world. At that time, many capitalist countries were deep in debt to America. The U.S. industrial production made up about 60% of the world’s total while its exposition monopolized about 30% of the world market which made it possible for America to enjoy another period of economic prosperity.2.3 The Industrial RevolutionAmerica has taken part in the Industrial Revolution twice. During that period, the American economy developed very rapidly. After the two times Industrial Revolution, the United States has basically realized the realization of urbanization. Science and new inventions played an important role in promoting the economic development. The iron and steel industry was one of America’s basic industries. At the same time, railway construction proceeded rapidly which resulted from the steel industry. By 1920 America had already constructed more than 400000 kilometers of railroads which greatly sped up the development of economy.2.4 President Roosevelt’s “New Deal” saved the America’s economyWhen a country faced with problems, they always need a great leader to save the nation. There were many serious weaknesses in the American economy in the 1920s. In 1932, in the depth of the depression, the American people chose Franklin D. Roosevelt as their next president who promised a “new deal” to get America out of the depression. The new deal increased government interference in the nation’s economic life, strengthening the trend towards big government. It used public fund to finance a lot of government projects in order “to put people to work”. It also provided help to the unemployed, the old, the sick, and the homeless through redistribution of social wealth. The “New Deal”has produced far-reaching influence on America’s social welfare program.2.5 Natural causes2.5.1 PositionAmerica has two neighbor countries, Mexico and Canada. Both Mexico and Canada have no threat to America which provides a steady environment to develop own country. It has two long coastlines which are convenient to go on international trade. Now Canada has been America’s most important trading partners and the trade between Mexico is also climbing.2.5.2 TopographyAmerica has a large area of land, ranking No. 4 in the world .And the topography is various from place to place. America has varied geographical features with large mountains, round-topped hills, big plains, dry deserts and low-lying basins. America’srich land resources and varied geographical conditions are important contributing factors in the development of the United States. Few countries enjoy so many geographic advantages.2.5.3 Climate and weatherThe United States is mainly situated in the northern temperate zone. America has different types of climate in different areas. In New England, the temperature rarely rises above the freezing point in winter. But the several states down the Atlantic Coast from New York to Virginia in the tropical have a little higher temperature. The south eastern parts of the United States enjoy a warm climate with abundant rainfall. In a word, American climate and weather create a better environment for developing.2.5.4 Rich natural resourcesAbout 47% of America’s land areas can be used for farmland. The large area of arable land makes it easy for America to develop its agriculture and grow enough food grain to feed its people. It’s well known that water resources play an important role in a country’s development. And the United States is a comparatively rich in water resources. It totally has 12 rivers and lakes, which can be used to irrigation fields, transport goods, and furnished power. Generally speaking, America enjoys abundant water resources. The United States is also rich in mineral resources, such as coal, iron ore and oil. It also abounds in lead, copper, zinc, gold, aluminum, phosphate rock, and silver. All these natural resources have combined to provide a solid material base for American industry.2.6 The political and economic systemAs we all know, the US. Constitution divides the federal government into three outwardly separate but inwardly inter-dependent branches. They work together but check each other. This can greatly deduce the corruption of the government which indirectly promotes the development of the economy. America has a capitalist mixed economy. And there are many large private enterprises which have made a great contribution to the development of the United States.2.7 American diplomatic relations and militaryAs the globalization has begun, foreign relations also play a vital part in a country’s development and it has become more and more important. The United States of America has established diplomatic relations with most of the countries in the world, especially some developed countries. Almost all countries have embassies in Washington, D.C. and consulates around the country. This greatly strengthened the exchange of America and other countries and promoted the development of the UnitedStates.ConclusionAs we all know America is a very young nation with only 200 years history. But now it has developed from a colony to the strongest country in the world which is worthy of our China to study.There are many reasons for the American’s rising that can be divided into two main parts: internal reasons and external reasons. From my perspective the main reason is the internal reasons. On one hand the American people have tried their best to develop their country in economy, science and technology, education, policy and some other aspects. On the other hand the rich natural resources, fertile farmland and suitable climate also play a great role to the development of the United States. Another important reason is that neither the First nor the Second World War happened in the United States. What’s more, the United States has benefited a lot from the two World War. This provides a stable domestic environment for the development of the United States. And during that period the United States developed very quickly. At last the America attached great importance to the education which has brought a lot of talents. That’s why the science and technology of the United States have developed so rapidly.On the whole, America has set a good example for other countries. We can also learn from the experience of the United States to develop our own country.BibliographyAtkins, Ollie.The White Houses Rears[M]. Chicago: Playboy Press, 1977 (1):102-136. 来安方.英美概况[M].郑州: 大象出版社,1995 (1):143-171.周静琼.当代美国概况[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2003 (1):113-153.张奎武.英美概况学习与指导[Z].吉林:吉林科学技术出版社,2001 (1):21-32/wiki/United_States/view/2398.htm。

英美概况unit2论文

英美概况unit2论文

A Brief Introduction to the United KingdomⅡNorthern IrelandNorthern Ireland is the smallest of the four nations, both in area and population. It’s capital is Belfast. Though Northern Ireland is small but it is significant because of the political troubles there. There are four aspect to know about Northern Ireland. First, it is about it’s physically. It is mostly rural, with many beautiful views. There are many famous sights such as Giant’s Causeway、Ironbridge Gorge and Broughty Castle and so on.Second, it is about the political problems which are best known about it. The people of Ireland are living an ordinary life. The crime and the murder rate are very low. But in the world, the Ireland is a country which wants to be independent. So it’s international affect is very great.Third, it is about it’s active cultural life. There are many famous people, such as Seamus Heaney、Heaney won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1995. Neil Jordan won an Oscar for the “Best Original Screenplay”in 1992. Van Morrison is an internationally famous pop musician. Brian Fried is a playwright whose stageplays are acclaimed in London and Dublin. So Ireland is a cultural.Forth, it is about it’s economy problems. Two parts are the big problem. One is the troubles discouraging investment; another is it’s peripherality in relation to the UK. The cost of people is very low.HistoryThe history of Ireland is the one thing that almost everyone knows about Ireland. Ireland has been divided by a long and bloody conflict. The Queen Elizabeth became the settler from late 1905. The ingrained resentment of the British which is almost endemic in the native Irish culture is evident even today. In the 19th century, British politics became a campaign in parliament called “home--rule”. Irish political control Irish affairs. In 1916, the Easter Rising was the most spectacular event. In 1916, IRA expanded the fright. In 1920, most Catholic didn’t appeal to independent. Because English government, trying to increase it’s control of Ireland, encouraged people from Scotland and Northern England to emigrate to the north of Ireland, so the northeast part of Ireland thought of themselves as British, and wished to remain a part of the British state.The troublesThere are many trouble of Ireland1、The popular revolt by Roman Catholics.2、Counter—demonstrations by Protestants3、In 1969, British soldiers were asked to help restore order4、A campaign of bombing and shooting5、Internment6、Bloody Sunday in 19727、In 1973, an agreement was reached8、In the late 1970s and the 1980s, the conflict continued and the life went onIn 1972, 468 people were killed in Northern Ireland included 13 Catholics who had been taking part in a peaceful civil rights march. They were shot dead by British soldiers. This was a key event in streagthening Catholic opposition to the Btitish presence. This day has now been my thought as “Bloody Sunday”.Towards a SolutionFirst is The Bullet and the Ballot Box.Second, in 1985, the Anglo—Irish agreement was signed, giving the Irish a right to consultation on Northern Irish matters.Third, the Downing—Street Declaration said that British had “no selfish or strategic interest” in Northern Ireland.Forth, the IRA declared a ceasefire.The Good Friday AgreementIn January 1974, the British Prime Minister set to a power—sharing executive which involved representatives from both of the Republic and the North of Ireland as well as governance of the North.The next attempt at an all—government solution was known as the Angle—Irish Agreement of 1985. The agreement like the one before it, guaranteed the loyalist Protestant community their right to decide their future—either to join with the South, or to remain as they were.Multi—party negotiations aided this time by the intervention of the United States Senator George Mitchell, the Good Friday Agreement known also as the Belfast Agreement. This agreement assures the loyalist community that Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom and shall not cease to be so with out the consent of the majority of the people of Northern Ireland.On 28th July 2005, the Provisional IRA declared an end to it’s campaign and has since decommissioned what is thought to be all of it’s arsenal.The North of Ireland is now a quieter and more civilized place than it has been for the last thirty years.ConclusionThere is still a palpable culture up North of “telling”—that is, trying to guess without asking whether a stranger is Catholic or Protestant, a game that has a large political point, for it is not easy, with this history behind them, for a Northerner to be comfortable with someone not of his own traditions and persuasion.。

英美概况论文--On the Rise and Fall of Great Britain

英美概况论文--On the Rise and Fall of Great Britain

On the Rise and Fall of Great Britain中文摘要:英国,又称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国,是由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰组成的联合王国。

英国采用君主立宪制政体,王国政府所在地为英国首都伦敦。

英国本土位于欧洲大陆西北面的大不列颠群岛,被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围,气候温和湿润。

它,一个漂泊在大西洋上的小岛,曾经在世界历史发展的漫长时期中湮没无闻,人口不过数百万,国土资源也很有限,却率先敲开通向现代世界的大门,从地理的边缘变成了世界的中心,一跃成为西方强国的领头人,并独领风骚数百年,给人类文明烙上了不可磨灭的印记。

然而到了十九世纪末期,由于美、德等国的崛起以及其他种种原因,英国逐渐失去优势,后来又在第二次世界大战中受到严重创伤,大英帝国国力日渐衰落,海外殖民地也在二战后纷纷宣告独立,大英帝国逐渐演变成一个组织松散的英联邦。

这个曾经号称“世界工厂”和“日不落帝国”的国家又逐渐衰落,回归到欧洲,回归到欧洲的版图之内,回归到大西洋中的那个小岛。

关键词: 农业革命;工业革命;世界工厂;殖民扩张;帝国;世界大战;衰落Abstract in English:Great Britain, also know as The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland, is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and North Ireland. The British system of government is known as constitutional monarchy and the government is located in its capital city London. Lying in the British Isles to the northwest of Continental Europe, Britain was surrounded by the North Sea, the British Channel, Celtic Sea, Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean with a mild and moist climate.It, a small island which lies in the Atlantic Ocean, was once little-known in the long history of the development of the world and had only several millions of people. What' more, her territorial resources were also limited. However, she is the first country to open the door to the modern world ranging from the geographical edge to the center of the world. She had once been the leading power of the western countries for hundreds of years and also branded an indelible mark on the human civilization. However, in the late 19th century, with the rise of America and German and other factors, Britain began to lose the upper hand in the international competition. Afterwards, she suffered great loss in the two world wars. Britain began declining and the foreign colonies began to win independence one after another. The great Britain Empire became a loose federal country and Britain which was once known as the "workshop of the world" and "an empire in which the sun does not set" began declining gradually and returned to Europe, the European territory,the island in the Atlantic Ocean.Key words:Agricultural Changes;Industrial Revolution;T he workshop of the world;Colonial Expansion ;The World War ;The Empire ;Decline Introduction:Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea to the west and off the European Continent. With the decline of the feudalism and the increase of the influence of the new-born bourgeoisie, she began her capitalist development. Through the closure and foreign plunder, expansion and aggression ,shecompleted the primitive accumulation of capital. She became the first country to undergo the industrial revolution. Soon she became the workshop of the world and had the largest colonies. Of course, she became the most powerful country in the world. However, in the late 19th century with the competition of the new industrialized countries and other factors, she began to lose the upper hand. Afterwards, she suffered great loss in the two world wars. she began to decline. The colonies laid overseas began to revolt against Britain and won independences. Great Britain has gradually evolved into a loose organization of the Commonwealth. In the modern times, she tried to recover form it ,but for different reasons she still developed slowly. Now she is still one of the major developed countries, she has been reduced to be a second-class world power who is always at the America's command in international affairs.1 The rise of Great BritainAs a small country, which had been invaded by several times ,how could Great Britain developed into the workshop of the world and establish the largest empire that history has ever been seen? Let's explore it together.1.1 Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th CenturyIn the mid-18th century the population in England increased rapidly, and most of this increase was in the towns, depending on the countryside, for food. Greater productivity meant handsome profits, so landowners wanted to replace the synall farms cultivated on the open-field system by larger, economically more efficient farms with hedge-divided fields. During the late 18th and early19th centuries the open-field system ended when the Enclosure Acts enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title and to divide it into enclosed fields. A system of crop rotation was introduced. This meant land could be fully used while the cuffivation of fodder crops enabled livestock to be kept through the winter months. Artificial fertilizer and new agricultural machinery, such as the seed drill invented by Jethro Tull (1674-1741), also made arable farming moreefficient and more profitable. The 18th century also saw selective breeding of cattle, sheep and horses by Robert Bakewell (1725-95). Animals by 1800 were 2 to 3 times heavier than ever before. The idea of encouraging tenants to introduce changes was associated with Thomas Coke(1754-1842) of Norfolk in Southern England and even George was so enthusiastic about changes at Windsor that he got the nick-named “Famer George”Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results (1) Farms became-bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; (2) more vegetables, more milk, more diary produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; (3) enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly overcrowded. Riots erupted in many areas but they could not prevent the march of progress. In Ireland and the Scottish Highlands -land enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World; and (4) a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. Concentra tion of land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashed the labourers' hopes of ever owning his own land. Loss of the common land for his animals added insult to injury, and meant many had to leave the land to survive. Others became wage labourers, earning rates which were very low in spite of agriculture's new prosperity.1.2 M-The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)The Industrial Revolution was a necessary result of social development in Britain. It was an outgrowth of social and institutional changes brought by the end of feudalism after the English Civil War in the 17th century. The Enclosure Movement and the Agricultural Revolution were driving more and more peasants off their lands; as a result, they had to seek new employment to survive. Through colonial expansion of the 17th century with the accompanying development of international trade, the greedy English capitalists accomplished their “primitive accumulation of capital”. All these factorscombined to make England the first country to undergo the Industrial Revolution.The Industrial Revolution in Britain first began in the textile industry because of the short supply of yarn. Lots of inventions were made to improve thread-making techniques and the productivity was increased by 200 times. As the 18th century began, coal came to replace wood in the productive process. The crucial development of the Industrial Revolution was the use of steam for power, and the James Watt’s invention of the steam engine led to the fast development of the iron, steel and coal industries. The expansion of production and trade promote the transportation revolution. Afterwards, the first steam locomotive was built in 1814 by Stephenson. The Industrial Revolution turned Britain into the “workshop of the world”. English products flooded the world market. The English bourgeoisie amassed large amounts of wealth through trade, plunder and colonization. No country was strong enough to match England in the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution simplified the class structure in Britain. Revolution pushed the middle class to the dominant position in the country though the noble class was still prominent in Parliament and bureaucracy. However, as the urban workers were more completely dependent on the will of the employer, relations between capital and labor were aggravated and the contradiction between two classes became the major problem in English society. The gravitational center of the English economy also changed. The agricultural South became less important than areas in central and north England, owing to their raw materials and cheap labor for industry. The industry had replaced agriculture as the main source of national income and wealth. The Industrial Revolution had profound significance on England; it enabled Britain to go far ahead of all the other countries. It became the workshop of the world and London became the financial center of the world trade and the English language was used in many parts of the world. The empire came into being during the Industrial Revolution.1.3 Colonial ExpansionEnglish colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. In the early 18th century, settlements were made in North America, while commercial companies were chartered to trade with other lands, notabl the British East India Company in India. Encouraged by Britain's control of the seas, the discoveries of men like Captain Cook, and especially by the rising tide of emigration, the British colonialists stepped up their expansion in the late 18th century and the early 19th century.1.3.1 The growth of dominionsIn the late 18th century Britain acquired vast, under populated territories: Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.After the Seven Years' War (1756-63 ) between Britain and France, Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris. French rights were guaranteed by the. Quebec Act of 1774. Then the Canada Act of 1791 divided Canada into Upper Canada (Pntario) where the British had settled, and Lower Canada (Quebec) populated by the French. Only one serious revolt against British rule took place in 1837-38. The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada ,as a dominion. The four founding provinces were Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. The others entered later.Australia was first discovered by the Dutch in the early 1600s. Captain James Cook discovered Botany Bay and claimed the east coast region for Britain, naming it New South Wales, (1770). The English began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788. Free settlement began in 1816, and no convicts were sent to Australia after 1840. The gold rushes (1851-1892) brought more people to Australia, and in 1901 the six self-governing colonies were united in one dominion-the independent Commonwealth of Australia.New Zealand was settled by Maoris in about the 14th century. New Zealand was sighted by the Dutch seaman Abel Tasman in 1642, and named for the Netherlands province of Zeeland. In the1770s Captain James Cook visited New Zealand and claimed it for England. Missionaries became active inthe early 19th century, and systematic colonization was begun in 1840 by the New Zealand Company. Britain drew up the Treaty of Waitangi (1840) with the Maori chiefs, and made the country a separate colony (1841). It achieved self-government in 1952, became a dominion under the British crown in 1907, and was made completely independent in 1931.1.3.2. The Conquest of IndiaThe establishment of the British East India Company in 1600 was a case of economic penetration. The company took control of areas and as a result the British government became directly involved in Indian affairs. The India Act of 1784 set up a “Board of Control”to supervise the Company. Political instability and French interference prompted further intervention. By 1819 the British conquest of India was almost complete. In 1857 the native- troops of the Bengal army of the East India Company mutinied because of (1) resentment at the reforms of ancient Indian institutions carried out by the British; (2) fear of forcible conversion to Christianity; and (3) the issue of cartridges- greased with cow-fat, which offended Hindus, or pig-fat, which offended Muslims . After the mutiny, the control of India passed to the British Crown in 1858, and Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877.2 The Fall of Great BritainWith the coming of the 19th century,the British Empire began to go downhill. First,the capitalist countries did not develop at even pace. T owards the end of the 19th century the newly-industrialized countries which developed more quickly than Britain spang up and become Britain's formidable rivals in markets and source of raw materials. In 1900,Britain was surpassed by the United States and Germany in industrial production and Britain lost her economic supremacy in the world. Sceond,when the 20th century was ushered in the state of Britain's imperial rule over her colonies started to totter and an up surge of the national independence struggle of the colonial people began to be in the making. In the process of the crumbing of the British Empire, there were several affairs which directly or indirectly led to her declining.2.1 Britain in the Two World Wars and the AftermathBriain joined in World War I and was one of the victorious countries . It seemed like that she won the greatest victory in history,but she sustained great loss:more than a million dead, a gigantic war debt,and loss of many foreign markets forever. She was exhausted and half bankrupt. About 750,000 Englishmen,fell in action and 1.500,000 were disabled for life. The war cost was about 9 billion pounds an nearly 70 percent of it was met by loans. As a result ,Britain became a debtor country. London was replaced by New Y ork as the world's banking center. Britain's international status was lowered to a great extent and she was deprived of her position as unmatched maritime overlord by the Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty.On June 6,1944,the British joined the Allied forces in the Normandy Invasion and fought in the Second Front in Western Europe until the final victory. World War II started the last stage of Britain's disintegration which was initiated by World War I,on the one hand, Britain suffered enormous losses in the war and her national strength was greatly reduced .With the war over, Britain had face the fact that it was no longer a major power.it would no longer keep up pretences;its cities had been damaged ,its navy and army strethed to the limit, its war debt enormous.Britain needed a long time to recover from the cost war-nothing less than a reconstruction of the nation.2.2 The Loss of ColonizationIn Britain's former colonies, the commonwealth was to keep a certain club-like organization by which Britain manage to keep a certain The October Revolution led to a national liberation movements in British colonies. The British government tried its best at first to suppress them and when that failed,she made concessions.World War I undermined Britain's rules over her colonies. When the colonials participating in the war returned home, they were not as deferential to their English masters as before. Revolutionary ideas of the war like "self-determination of peoples" and socialist idealogies wereside-spread in the British colonial rule began to revolt against colonial rulers and some of them won their victories. After World War II,peoples in the British colonies had been awakened and tempered by the war and their struggle for independence began to surge forward immediately. Within two decades ,most of British colonies became independent. Therefore, Britain suffered a decided in production and foreign trade relative to its prewar status.3 Modern BritainHistory has left much burden on Britain and she didn't recover from the bad condition quickly. There are a series of factors which influence her development.3.1The Monarch and the PeopleThough the feudal class is no longer in power,the monarchy and the Upper House have been retained and the monarchy continues to confer noble titles on distinguished persons. In Britain, the Queen reigns,but she does not rule. The royal house has a large amount of private wealth and spends many million of pounds given by Parliament,which undoubtedly give a burden on the national expenditure. In addition, they have many privileges.Despite traditional as well as present diversity, the British people have their common characteristics--conservatism and deference.Adherence to traditions and familiar things easily leads to public suspicion of new plans of the government,causing numerous protests i n the country.3.2 The Economic FactorsBritain is a trading nation.many years of consumption has exhausted some of Britain's resources. Therefore ,she became one one of the world's largestest importers,buying up a large proportion of the raw materials sold in the world market. Its limited domestic market and inadequate home supply of raw materials compel the country to rely on heavily on foreign trade.In addition,Britain is not self-sufficient in food grain.After the second World War,Britain nationalized some one-fourth of production and service industries.Some of the stated-owned companies made thin profits or even ran at a loss. Britain's slow growth of productivity,soaring inflation,and large unemployment gave birth to the mocking term"British Disease". In spite of the efforts to redjust and some short periods of rapid development,Britain's rate econemic growth has been low in comparison with that of most other industrialized countries.3.3 Cultural and Social FactorsBritain is said to be a state with a from-cradle -to -grave social welfare programme.The government should ensure ,as far as it can,that nobody should be without the means of the minimum necessities of life because of unemployment ,old age,sickness,or over-large families. According to one estimate,government's spending on the social programme consists of more than 40% of the government's total expenditure. It 's a heavy burden on the government,resulting in what is known as ''dependency culture'' which hinders development based on competition.Conclusion:Looking back from Britain’s rise to fall, it is not difficult for us to find that Britain can become the European most powerful country and then the strongest country is a result of its new policy, technology and expansion. The rising bourgeoisie gave rise to the end of the feudal system and ushered a new stage to come. The Industrial Revolution turned Britain into the “workshop of the world” and England was the world’s economic center. And after the colonial expansion, wealth flooded in Britain and the great empire on which the sun never set was established. However, as we all are concerned, one’s previous glory doesn’t guarantee her a brilliant future. When the British were resting on their laurels, the world situation changed. When other countries were researching advanced technology and developing their economy, England was unwilling to adopt new technology and new equipment, she thus lost the monopolize position in the world’s industry and sea power. After two World Wars, the Great Britain’s power declined heavily. Though she won both of twowars, she is still a loser. Many problems were emerging, economic plunge, weakened sea power, loss of foreign colonies, large unemployment, and so on. It can no longer claim to be the most powerful country in the world. However, though it had lost its landlord position, the nation as a whole was not crushed by despair, it was still a powerful country in the world but not the strongest.T aking the rise and fall of Great Britain as an example, we may learn that a country want prosperous, it needs to go through a hard road. But after being glorious, resting on one’s laurels is a road to death. T echnology is the development for all, so we must accept new things and ideas and let our mind emancipated from old stereotype!Bibliography:Alderman Geofftey,Modern Britain 1700--1983,Burrell Row,Provident House,1986,P1--15A.C.W.,Winchester,Nineteent Century Britain 1815--1941,Harlow,Essex,UK, Longman House 1982,P175--181安来芳,英美概况[M],郑州:河南人民出版社,2004.9 ,P130--136张奎武,英美概况[M],吉林:吉林科技大学出版社,1984,P115-12911。

英美概况英国人口英语作文

英美概况英国人口英语作文

The Population of the United Kingdom: A Brief OverviewThe United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the UK, is a country located in the northwestern part of Europe. It comprises four constituent countries: England, Wales, Scotland, and the Northern Ireland. The population of the UK is a diverse mix of individuals, each contributing to the rich tapestry of culture and heritage that defines this nation.As of recent estimates, the population of the UK stands at approximately 68.6 million people. This figure represents a significant increase from previous decades, reflecting the country's economic growth, immigration patterns, and changing social demographics. The population distribution is uneven, with 90% residing in urban areas and only 10% in rural regions.The population of the UK is comprised primarily of ethnic groups native to the region. The English form the largest ethnic group, accounting for approximately 81.5% of the total population. The Scots, Welsh, and Irish also make up significant portions of the population, representing 9.6%, 1.9%, and 2.4% respectively. Additionally, there is a small but growing population of individuals from other ethnicbackgrounds, including Asians, Africans, and those of mixed ethnicity.The population growth in the UK can be attributed to a number of factors. One significant contributor is immigration, which has brought individuals from various countries to settle in the UK. This has not only enriched the cultural landscape but has also contributed to the economic growth and development of the country.In conclusion, the population of the UK is a diverse and vibrant mix of individuals, each contributing to the unique identity and character of this nation. The changing demographics and immigration patterns have played a crucial role in shaping the UK into what it is today: a country that is both proud of its heritage and open to new ideas and cultures.。

英美概况——精选推荐

英美概况——精选推荐

英美概况Discussion1: Describe the climate in Britain and point out its three features. Britain has a temperate maritime climate ,which is damp and warm all the year round and generally does not run to extremes. The climate in Britain is much milder than that of many places in the same latitude. The climate in Britain has three features. The first one is that there are more fogs or smog in winter , for which London is famous. The second one is that there are more rainy days but less sunny days. The rainfall is not very heavy and there is not often any very violent storm or wind. The third one is its instability or changeability.2: Give a brief account of the three stages in the evolution of the English language.English is descended from the language of the Germanic people—the Anglo-Saxons who invaded the British Isles in the fifth and the early sixth centuries. Their language is called Old English(450-1150). After the Norman Conquest ,the English vocabulary was gradually enlarged by borrowing and assimilating thousands of French ,Latin and Greek words and words from other languages. Then English had entered the second stage by 1150—Middle English (1150-1450). The introduction of the printing press ,the establishment of the First English postal system both promoted the spread of the London dialect, which is turn helped to establish the London dialect as the literary standard for the country. By1500,English had entered the period called ModernEnglish(1450-present).4.1)What power dose the queen have theoretically? Why is it said she has no real power at all in reality?Theoretically the Queen has all the power : she is the head of theexecutive branch of government and gives effect to all laws; she may pardon criminal offenses and cancel punishments; she is thecommander-in-chief of the armed forces and the temporal head of the Church of England ; she also confers all titles of rank and appoints judges, officers of the armed forces, governors , bishops anddiplomats. It is the monarch who has the power to conclude treaties , to declare war upon and make peace with other nations. In reality, however, almost all these acts are performed only on the advice of the ministers. She does not personally take part in theprocess in which decisions are made. She is bound in practice toappoint the very person Prime Minister. So the appointment is only a legal formality.4. 2)Point out the main functions of Parliament.Parliament?s main functions are :debating, making laws and supervising the government and finance.5.Give a brief account of the history and the basic policies of the two principal parties in Britain.The Conservative Party developed out of the Tory Party .The Conservative Party is in favor of privatization and openly helps the monopolists to make profits.The Labour Party was formed in 1900 by a union between the trade union, the Independent Labour Party and the Fabin Society. It took the place of the Liberal Party after the First World War and came into office immediately after the Second World War and since then it has taken turns in office with the Conservative Party. The Labour Party practices bourgeois democracy or social reformation and nationalization of public enterprises.6.How was feudalism gradually established in England and how was it developed after Norman Conquest?In early Saxon England the main classes of people were noblemen, freemen and slaves.Gradually changes took place in social relation. By the 10th century, the thegn had appeared. In the 11th century, the noble classes were supposed to be protectors of the ordinary people. The old system of clans and kinship had been completely displaced by the system of lords and tenants . But the process of Feudalism was not completed until after the Norman Conquest. Henry II had a reform of the courtsand law. He improved the courts of justice, introduced the jury system and made the law common throughout thestrengthened the feudal system in Britain.7.T ell what you know about the renaissance.It was under the Tudors that the renaissance spread into England . It was a re-birth ,revival of interest in many things that the early Middle Ages had cared little about . It was a cultural movement by progressive thinkers who represented the interests of the rising bourgeoisie and worked for freedom and enlightenment. They were called “humanists."8.1.Give a brief account of the nature and process of the British Industrial Revolution .It a revolution in both the method of production andthe relations of production , was one of the direct results of the primitive accumulation of capital and the rapid development of capitalism in Btitain after the Bourgeois Revolution.Process;In 1765 ,James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny . In 1769 ,Richard Arkwright invented a spinning machine run by water power.In 1785 ,Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom. In1814, further improvements were made on the steam locomotive used on the railway. In 1803 a young American of Irish builta steamboat .2.What were the six points contained in the People's Charter .They were equal electoral districts , abolition of the property qualifications for MPs ,universal manhood suffrage ,annual Parliament , vote by ballot , and the payment of MPs . These demands were accepted with enthusiasm by hundreds of industrial workers who saw in them the means to remove their intolerable economic grievances.9What do you know about the British Empire?The British Empire began with the founding of Newfoundland in 1583,the first British colony overseas.In the hundred years after the Industrial Revolution,the Empire kept expanding.The British colonists perpetrated atrocities inAmerica,India,China,Africa and many spots along the route from Europe to Asia:Gibraltar,Malta,Cyprus,Suez,Aden. By 1900,Britain had been transformed from capitalism into imperialism.The three features of imperialism are foreign territorial expansion,the export of capital and monopoly.10 1.Give a brief description of the British educational system.Education in Britain is carried out in three main stages:primary education,secondary education and higher education.All children must,by law,receive full-time education between the ages of five andsixteen.Primary and secondary education takes place in schools,which may be divided into two categories:the independent schools and the state schools.Examinations are very important in British education.Universities are now open to all intelligent young people,both male and female.In the teaching profession there is no clear distinction between elementary and advanced level teachers.The standard salary scale for teachers in schools is called the the Burnham Scale.The academic year is divided into 3 terms,namely,the Autumn term,the Spring Term and the Summer Term. 2.Describe the college system and tutorial systern of Oxbridge.The college system:In order to enter the universitiy,a student must first apply to a college and become a member of the university through the college.All colleges are parallel and equal institutions.None of them is connected with a particular study and all are governed by twenty or thirty tutors.The tutorial system:Tutors teach their own subject to students and are responsible for the students? academic progress.Most tutors give one or two lectures a week.Each student gets personal tution once a week in his tutor?s own room.No lectures are compulsory.Tutors usually advise their students which lectures they should go to.12: Why has the united states long been known as a melting pot?Because it is a country of many ethnic groups from different parts of the world .Many of its people are descended from settlers who came from all over the world to make their new homes in the new land , which had sparsely been populated by native Indian tribes. Most Americans are of European origin ,but many came from Latin America ,AsiaAfrica ,Australia ,Mexico and Canada .Therefore ,there are many different Americans who have been dissipating theirThe senate has the power to ratify all treaties withforeign .countries ,and approve the president nominees for high level official positions , while representatives may propose bills for raising money . impeachment should be proposed by the house but decided on by the senate .The major power of the House of representative is to pass federal legislation that affects the entire country, although its bills must also be passed by the Senate and further agreed to by the President before becoming law unless both the House and Senate re-pass the legislation with a two-thirds majority in each chamber.17: What are the main ideas of the Declaration of Independence?The main ideas of the Declaration of Independence were that all menare created equal and have certain inalienable rights ,among which are life, liberty and pursuit of happiness; that governments get their powers from the consent of those they govern; and that was created can be abolished by the people. 18: What was the significance of the American Civil War?The Civil War is of great significance in American history. It preserved the Union. It solved the agrarian problem. It destroyed the feudal slavery-plantation system, which had been an obstacle on the pace of the development of capitalism, so that the American capitalism developed at a higher speed after the war. In this sense it is, therefore, also called the Second American Bourgeois Revolution.20: What is the central factor in the operation of American higher education institution?What is central to American higher education is the fact that the actual substance of education and the way it is provided are determined by individual professors or by their own institutions through the collective judgment of the professors. It is the faculty of the college or university that decides who shall be taught and for how long, what shall be taught and how, and who shall have the right to teach.Notes1: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ⼤不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国The Pennines奔宁⼭脉the Channel Islands海峡群岛Cumbrian Mountain Range康布⾥安⼭脉Ben Nevis尼维斯峰Clyde克莱德河Forth福斯河Edinburgh爱丁堡Cardiff加的夫Lough—Lake Neagh 讷湖Belfast贝尔法斯特The Thames River泰晤⼠河The Severn River塞⽂河Temperate maritime climate 海洋性温带⽓候2: population density ⼈⼝密度population distribution ⼈⼝分布conurbation 由⼤城市及其周围的卫星城市组成的都市区Greater London ⼤伦敦都市区Greater Manchester ⼤曼彻斯特都市郡Midland 密德兰(⼯业区)Celt 凯尔特⼈Gaelic 盖尔语Welsh 威尔⼠语Old English 古英语Middle English 中古英语William Caxton 威廉·卡克斯顿Modern English 现代英语Early Modern English 早期现代英语Authoritarian English 权威期现代英语Mature Modern English 成熟期现代英语Late Modern English 晚期现代英语Protestant 新教徒Catholics 罗马天主教徒the Church of England 英格兰圣公会the established church 国教Westminster abbey 西敏寺⼤教堂dissenters 异教徒Free Churches ⾃由教Baptists 浸礼教Quakers 教友会,“贵格”派Methodists 卫理会Commonwealth 英联邦Orthodox 正教Jews 犹太⼈Moslems 回教徒Buddhists 佛教徒Jesus Christ 耶稣基督Santa Claus 圣诞⽼⼈Easter 复活节Sabbath Day 安息⽇metric system 长度度量体制monetary system 货币体制Ulster 阿尔斯特the City of London 伦敦城Inner London 内伦敦Outer London 外伦敦East End 伦敦东区West End 伦敦西区the City of Westminster 威斯敏斯特城Buckingham Palace ⽩⾦汉宫the Palace of Westminster 威斯敏斯特宫White Hall ⽩厅No.10 Downing Street 唐宁街10号Hyde Park 海德公园Westminster Abbey 西敏寺⼤教堂British Museum ⼤不列颠博物馆Birmingham 伯明翰Glasgow 格拉斯哥Newcastle upon Tyne 泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔Sheffield 设菲尔德Hull 赫尔Southampton 南安普顿Plymouth 普利茅斯4. constitutional monarchy 君主⽴宪制Parliament 议会the power of veto in legislation ⽴法否决权House of Lords (议会)上院the Lord Chancellor ⼤法官House of Commons (议会)下院Mr. Speaker 下院议长Question Time 质询时间,反对党対议员向政府⼤⾂进⾏质询的时间。

英美概况论文 A special issue in Quebec

英美概况论文 A special issue in Quebec

AbstractOn 30th October 1995 in Quebec, by a vote of 50.6 percent to 49.4, Federalists prevailed over separatist in a secession referendum.French Canadian constitute approximately 80 percent of Quebec’s total population, which make Quebec a special province of Canada. Quebec secession has existed for a long time. This paper centers on the cause of the secession, and the failure of the Quebec Independence Movement, the resistance of the secession and some reflection.Key WordsQuebec secession French British nationalismIntroductionThe cause of the Quebec problemQuebec Independence Movement could date to the French colonization in North America. France had made Quebec a permanent colonial settlement. Then Britain and France engaged in a fierce battle for North American colonies. After winning the final battle, the seven years’ war, British army conquered the important city, Quebec. Since the end of the Seven Years’ War, the Quebec issue has been the focus of Canadian politics.During the final war between the two, 13 colonies began to fight with Britain against the political and economic oppression. They spread the war into the west. Britain delivered The Quebec Act which gave many privilege to Quebec, aiming to contain the war. The act canceled the military control of Britain to Quebec, allowed the old manor system, some Catholic privileges and even French.Britain planned to conquer Quebec with the sugar act, but the act was to blame for the contradictory between the French Canada and the British Canada. Since all the habits of Frenchhad been kept, Quebec became a small France gradually.The Catholic took a command place in the area of manor, revenue, education and social welfare, keeping the French old system. As for the law, they opted the French one, especially different from the Britain Common Law.Then there were two kinds of different language and two kind of different culture, which resulted in the opposition of the national consciousness.Next, Britain gave up half land of the whole Quebec to the USA, which did harm to Quebec’s interest and aroused the strong antagonism of Quebeckers. What’s worse, Britain adopted the policy of dividing the whole Quebec into two parts, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. This policy widened the gap between British Canadian and French Canadian. Lower Canada consisted of part of former French colony of New France, populated mainly by French Canadians.The provinces of Lower Canada and Upper Canada were combined as the United Province of Canada in 1841, when The Union Act came into force. Their separate legislatures were combined into a single parliament with equal representation for both constituent parts, even if Lower Canada had more population. The parliament was not conducive to the French Canadians for the unequal portion of the representatives, so they valued their minority’s right and culture more.Then in 1847, the British Parliament passed the "British North America Act”, the Nova Kim, New Brunswick and Canada and down into a Federation. The act was referred as the original Canadian Constitution.But the Union Act and British North America Act were aimed to strengthen the Canadian English area and assimilate the French Canadian.To a conclusion, the backlash of Quebec wad resulted from British colonial domination policy. To keep their conquest to Quebec, Britain appeased or oppressed Quebec back and forth, and divided it or combined them. No matter what policy Britain adopted, the French Canadian also wanted to keep their language and culture.The responses of QuebecFrench Canadian also took many measures to protect their own rights.Struggling under the control of Britain, Quebeckers had to make a decision and came to the Quite Revolution. The Quiet Revolution was the 1960s period of intense changein Quebec, characterized by the rapid and effective secularization of society, the creation of a welfare state, and realignment of politics into federalist and separatist factions.The provincial government took over the fields of health care and education, which had been in the hands of the Roman Catholic Church. It created ministries of Education and Health, expanded the public service, and made massive investments in the public education system and provincial infrastructure. The government allowed unionization of the civil service. It took measures to increase Quebeckers control over the province's economyand nationalized electricity production and distribution.What’s more, the revolution contained the French nationalism claims and demands in Quebec area, instead of expanding it to the whole United Province of Canada.In 1970, the first Quebec Independent Movement had influenced all kinds of aspects of Canada. The language, French, was in core. The federal government founded an organization to solve the bilingual and dual culture problems in order to cater the public appeal.Language reflects a nation’s existing, which is the reason why the language problem was the key in the secession of the Quebec. Quebec's parliament tried to use law or act to protect French from disappearing in QuebecWith the development of the revolution, the secession became more serious. At this time, Robert Bourassa put forward a new proposal. He advocated that Quebec should keep a close economic relationship with the federal government but keep an equal place with federal government on politics. That meant that Quebec should have absolute right in legislation, taxation and diplomacy.During Quebec’s struggling, there were two referendums about "independence" in Quebec.The 1980 Quebec referendum was the first referendum in Quebec on the place of Quebec within Canada and whether Quebec should pursue a path toward sovereignty. The referendum was called by Quebec's Parti Québécois (PQ) government, which strongly favored secession from Canada. The province-wide referendum took place on Tuesday, May 20, 1980, and the proposal to pursue secession was defeated by a 59.56 percent to 40.44 percent margin.The 1995 Quebec referendum was the second referendum to ask voters in the Canadian province of Quebec whether Quebec should secede from Canada and become an independent state. The 1995 referendum differed from the first referendum on Quebec's sovereignty in that the 1980 question proposed to negotiate "sovereignty-association" with the Canadian government, while the 1995 question proposed "sovereignty", along with an optional partnership offer to the rest of Canada. The motion to decide whether Quebec should secede from Canada was defeated by a very narrow margin of 50.58% "No" to 49.42% "Yes".ConclusionThe reasons of the long existence of Quebec problem:I.The French Canadian have the strong desire to maintain their national characteristics.Quebeckers have no sense of security since they are surrounded by the British atmosphere. During the two hundred years, the French Canadian coexist with British Canadian. The dominant place of the British Canadian makes French Canadian stick together closely.II.The Quebec problem is a culture contradictory in the disguise of language.The famous home cultural historian YuQiuyu had said that a nation, a country, even a race is culture in the essence, instead of military, region or politics. To the most degree, Quebec problem is the problem of traditional French Canadian culture. Quebeckers are unwilling to be absorbed by British culture and their language, either. Faced with the strong status of English, French Canadian has never give up strengthening French. The 63rd Bill, the 22nd and the 101st Bill have been released to protect French and strengthen the using of it. Especially the 101st Bill. It has required that French is the only official language of Quebec, which had set a exciting wave of counterattack to English. So it also has been referred as the constitution of French. It can be imagined that British Canadian resist it severely, which oppress English at all aspects in daily life. The problem has been deepened.III. Canadian federal system has its own defects.Federation is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions under a central (federal) government. In a federation, the self-governing status of the local states, as well as the division of power between them and the central government, are typically constitutionally protected and may not be changed by a simple unilateral decision of either party, the states or the federal political body.Federations may be multi-ethnic and cover a large area of territory. The initial agreements create a stability that encourages other common interests, reduces differences between the different territories, and gives them all even more common ground.So the most distinct characteristic of federation is to keep the balance between the center and the local government and between the local governments. Canadian federation has not dealt this issue appropriately, which makes the French Canadian feel discontent. After conquering the NewFrance, The British parliament took a series of measures to absorb or command the French, excepting the French Canadian struggling to go on. The rise of British Canadian goes back with the federation, which emphasizes on the coordinated development between the local governments.IV.The rise in economics of Quebec.As a matter of fact, the promotion of Quebec’s demands is fitted to the promotion of its economics. Quebec kept the old manor system before the Quite Revolution, which was comparatively old fashioned. However, in the 60-70's of the 20th century, Quebec transformed from agricultural country to industrial country, which changed the situation that British Canadian played a dominant role of the economic markets. During this course, the gap between French and British Canadian had been narrowed, although some British Canadian still held the command place of industrial and financial fields. In spite of the promotion, French Canadian earned less than most of British Canadian. The rising French Canadian thought they should have the right to deal with their own issues in Quebec, which could really improve the situation that they were struggling to keep their own culture. Only by making decision on the provincial issues by themselves, could they protect their rights.Quebec’s secession is difficult to realize.I. As economic globalization develops in depth, Quebec’s economics rely on the whole Canada and the whole world.The two Quebec referendums for secession had failed because the public took economic into account to some degree. During the period of the 2nd referendum, the GDP had decreased to 7.6 percent.II.Canadian federal government and Canadian constitution will interfere in the issue.The most famous one is The Clarity Act. In 1999, the Parliament of Canada passed the Clarity Act, a law that set out the conditions under which the Crown-in-Council would recognize a vote by any province to leave Canada. It required a majority of legal voters for a vote to set off secession talks, not just a plurality of votes. In addition the act requires a clear question of secession to start secession talks. Controversially, the act gave the House of Commons the power to decide whether a proposed referendum question was considered clear, and allowed it to decide whether a clear majority has expressed itself in any referendum. It is widely considered by separatist as an unequal piece of legislation, who announced that Quebec alone had the right to determine its terms of secession.ReflectionThough the secession of Quebec has aroused many controversies, but Quebeckers’ wiling to maintain and keep their own language and culture should be respected with no doubt.Reference维基百科:魁北克独立运动,魁北克1995年独立公投。

英语国家概况论文(英国民主政治发展史)

英语国家概况论文(英国民主政治发展史)

英语国家概况学习论文姓名:_____班级:_____学号:_____The history of the democratic political development in the United KingdomAbstract: As we know, the United Kingdom is arguably the oldest representative democracy in the world, its representative democracy originated one thousand years ago. Although the United Kingdom founded the modern political system so early, its establishment truly has experienced a very long process, some events have a significant impact on it. This long and unbroken history is still apparent in the United Kingdom's current institutions and culture. Generally speaking, the United Kingdom democratic political development is a compromise, progressive process.Key words: history; democratic political development; the United KingdomThe Monarchy and Divine Right of KingsIn the United Kingdom,the oldest institution of government is the Monarchy,this dates back to the Saxons who ruled from the 5th century AD until the Norman Conquest in 1066.The present Queen,Elizabeth II, is directly descended from King Egbert, who united England under his rule in 829. The power of the monarchy was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of the "divine right of Kings". It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God. The king is thus not subject to the will of his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm, including (in the view of some, especially in Protestant countries) the Church. According to this doctrine, only God can judge an unjust king. The doctrine implies that any attempt to depose the king or to restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God and may constitute a sacrilegious act.The Magna CartaThe Magna Carta, or Great Charter, is a document created for the purpose of limiting the powers of the monarch and preserving the basic legal rights of all free men in England. It was made after a rebellion in 1215 against King John of England, a corrupt, absolute monarch who angered all those under the influence of his power. The Barons, rich land owners and direct vassals of the King, would no longer tolerate the abuses of power conducted under John’s reign, and demanded a change in government. John was forced to meet with them at Runnymede on June 15, 1215. There the Barons proposed the Magna Carta, a document similar to, as well as an ancestor of, the Bill of Rights. After several days of debate, the King gave in to the Barons’ demands and adopted the charter into the British s ystem of government on June 19th.The Magna Carta was eventually sent out to all of the towns and provinces of England so that all free men could see their basic legal rights. Among the rights granted by the document are a trial by jury, a punishment fitting and not excessive to the crime, and no taxation without representation. To whom these rights were granted has been heavily debated. The barons who created the Magna Carta originally intended it toprotect only the rich, upper class of the feudal system. It was reinterpreted by many leaders and politicians for years after it was created, and with each it was applied to more and more groups of people. With the interpretation of Sir Edward Coke, a 17th century British Secretary of State, the rights in the Magna Carta could even be applied to American colonists. The colonists felt that the government was violating a basic right granted them in the charter, they were being taxed without representation in Parliament. This belief led to the creation of the Declaration of Independence.The Magna Carta marked a turning point in world history. Until the 13th century in England, European rulers were absolute monarchs. With absolute rule came absolute power; these rulers had the power to do and order anything they chose. The end of absolute power in the United Kingdom came with the revolutionary Magna Carta, which established a set of laws that not even the king could violate. The same laws that applied to the lowest class of society applied to everyone, even to the royal family. The Magna Carta was a major first step toward the democracies of today, governments in which there are no monarchs but rather self governing citizens.The Bill of Rights of 1689The Bill of Rights is an Act of the Parliament of England passed on 16 December 1689. It was a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William and Mary in March 1689 (or 1688 by Old Style dating), inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England. It lays down limits on the powers of the crown and sets out the rights of Parliament and rules for freedom of speech in Parliament, the requirement to regular elections to Parliament and the right to petition the monarch without fear of retribution. It reestablished the liberty of Protestants to have arms for their defence within the rule of law, and condemned James II of England for "causing several good subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law".The birth of the Prime Minister and CabinetThe origins of the position are found in constitutional changes that occurred during the Revolutionary Settlement (1688–1720) and the resulting shift of political power from the Sovereign to Parliament. Although the Sovereign was not stripped of the ancient prerogative powers and legally remained the head of government, politically it gradually became necessary for him or her to govern through a Prime Minister who could command a majority in Parliament.By the 1830s the Westminster system of government (or cabinet government) had emerged; the Prime Minister had become primus inter pares or the first among equals in the Cabinet and the head of government in the United Kingdom. The political position of Prime Minister was enhanced by the development of modern political parties, the introduction of mass communication (inexpensive newspapers, radio,television and the internet), and photography. By the turn of the 20th century the modern premiership had emerged; the office had become the pre-eminent position in the constitutional hierarchy vis-a-vis the Sovereign, Parliament and Cabinet.Prior to 1902, the Prime Minister sometimes came from the House of Lords, provided that his government could form a majority in the Commons. However as the power of the aristocracy waned during the 19th century the convention developed that the Prime Minister should always sit in the lower house. As leader of the House of Commons, the Prime Minister's authority was further enhanced by the Parliament Act of 1911 which marginalised the influence of the House of Lords in the law-making process. The accretion of so much political power in one position gave rise to concerns that the office had become too "presidential", and that the Prime Minister was an "elected Monarch".The United Kingdom government todayThe Government is led by the Prime Minister, who selects all the remaining Ministers. The Prime Minister and the other most senior Ministers belong to the supreme decision-making committee, known as the Cabinet. The Government Ministers are all members of Parliament, and are accountable to it. The Government is dependent on Parliament to make primary legislation, which means that in practice a government must seek re-election at least every five years. The monarch selects the Prime Minister as the leader of the party most likely to command a majority in Parliament.Under the British constitution, executive authority lies with the monarch, although this authority is exercised only by, or on the advice of, the Prime Minister and the Cabinet. The Cabinet members advise the monarch as members of the Privy Council. They also exercise power directly as leaders of the Government Departments.The role of the monarchy today is primarily to symbolize the tradition and unity of the United Kingdom.The Queen,however,because she is non-political, belongs to everyone. Under the terms of the Constitution her other roles are as follows: she is legally head of executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces and "supreme governor" of the Church of England.The UK Parliament is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom (i.e., there is parliamentary sovereignty), and Government is drawn from and answerable to it. Parliament is bicameral, consisting of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. There is also a devolved Scottish Parliament and devolved Assemblies in Wales and Northern Ireland, with varying degrees of legislative authority.The Constitution of the United Kingdom is uncodified, being made up of constitutional conventions, statutes and other elements. This system of government, known as the Westminster system, has been adopted by other countries, especially those that were formerly parts of the British Empire.The current Prime Minister is David Cameron, leader of the Conservative Party, who was appointed by Queen Elizabeth II on 11 May 2010 following the UK General Election on 6 May 2010. The election failed to provide a decisive result, with the Conservatives as the biggest party within a hung parliament. A coalition government was formed on the 12th of May between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats .。

英美概况英文作文高中

英美概况英文作文高中

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文档下载后可定制随意修改,请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用,谢谢!并且,本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料,如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等,如想了解不同资料格式和写法,敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!In the UK, there are so many beautiful old castles. They have a long history and tell stories of the past.The US is a really big country with all kinds of landscapes. From mountains to deserts to beaches.In England, people love their football. The stadiums are always full of excited fans.In America, Hollywood is famous all over the world. So many great movies are made there.The food in the UK is different from that in the US. Fish and chips is a classic in the UK.The education systems in both countries have their own characteristics. Students have different experiences.。

英美概况-课程论文格式

英美概况-课程论文格式

华南农业大学珠江学院《英语国家概况》课程论文A Simple Analysis of the Relationship Between America ‟s value、Societyand America‟s Proverbs杨菁华论文题目:浅谈美国价值观、社会与美国谚语的关系系:外国语系年级专业:2012级英语(教育)1201班学号: 20122090141 姓名(手写签名):提交日期: 2015年6月18日论文成绩评定:二〇一五年六月二十日Abstract: This paper discuss the relationship between American values,social and proverbs in-depth analysis from American proverb embodied American values.On the basis of the collected sayings,this paper analyzed the American values influence on American people daily behavior,the impact on the value and the meaning of American’s lives.It pointed out that proverb,values and social relations.This research is helpful for us to understand thoroughly the mainstream culture of the United States.In addition, this kind of research is provide beneficial for those want to study in the USA and interested in America culture of Chinese people.Key Words: America,value, proverb, behavior摘要:本文探讨美国价值观、社会与谚语的关系,深入分析从美国谚语中所体现的美国价值观。

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Government influence students' life and studyGovernment is the executive organ of state policies , a bridge connecting the State and its citizens . Although we are not government staff , feeling very distant , the government's activities are closely related to our daily life .Most basic activities,including going to school,shopping,traveling,working will be subjected to government influence . As a college student , I feel the role of government . In recent years ,China's educational cause has rapidly developed, which can be ascribed to the efforts done by the Government .The following from the four aspects specific described the government impact to our Students' life and study.Just for employment, as is known to all, employment situation of current university student is not optimistic in china. Many newly-graduated students couldn't find good job right now. Take my major as example, Law is a professional with lowest employment rate for many years .On one hand, many law firms set high threshold for students,usually demanding master's or higher degree.On the other hand ,China's legal system is not perfect, so legal science specialty undergraduate students have difficult finding jobs after they graduate. This will force the government to intervene in employment market . Only by establishing good labor market can we solve the problems of the college students' employment. This year,the government has made many long-term policies in China ,for example further deepening education system reform, adjusting professional structure and talent training structure according to thelabor market demand , deepening college graduates' employment system and the social personnel system ,as well as providing policy advice , vocational guidance, professional introduction to college students. These measures will stimulate the development of the labor market effectively and provide protection for college students' employment , so that the students can be at ease in the school and study hardly.With the economic increasing, the government also extend assistance to students. Since 1985, China had began to implement a higher school grants system. Every year excellent newly admitted college students from poor families are selected for the financial support . In 1987, the state transform higher school grants system into scholarships, grants, and student loans. Those who can not afford tuition , can apply for national loans . The state has invested much capital in the college students' subsidies .According to the increasing of recently price , the ministry of finance and ministry of education have issued policy of the food subsidies.All university students can get few money of subsidy. Although money is not enough ,we are very touched by the governments' attention, letting us feel the warmth of the government.In education, the government has give great support to students and schools . Such as building the university towns, providing school hardware and software facilities, issuing development money and so on.Now we are sitting in the beautiful classroom, searching the Internet, learning knowledge all over theworld , and studying a subject,having related to the government's efforts. Since 1999, the state use the national debt capital to support colleges and universities to strengthen the teaching experiment and student life infrastructure construction. By the end of 2004, the cumulative arrangement national debt has investment of RMB 8.5 billion yuan, to construct the scientific research laboratory buildings ,new library and the stadium. Ancient China was paying much attention to educating .Nowdays with the development of modern technology, more knowledge talented persons are needed. The attention the government payed to the education not only depend on the requirement of economic development, but also improve the people's cultural level.Each of us are beneficiaries.In addition , in terms of students' social practice and do poineering work, the Government also provides a lot of help . Every year, under the calling of government many companies enter to the school and sign a labor contract with students directly. The students go to the government in social practice, have also been warmly welcomed by the government departments . In recent years, it is popular for students to do poineering work. The Government gives a lot of convenience to the students and sets many relevant preferential policies for example, reducing the bank loan interest rate and reducing taxes .Although sometimes we complain about old school equipments, the shortage of state subsidies and the high price of canteen meal. Moreover many students feel that learning environment in china is not as good as that inforeign countries , most of them want to go to study abroad. But we should also see the endeavors that government has made in the education areas over the past few years . Believe that with the help of the government, in the near future, our country's education will step on to a new level, and education environment, education facilities and other aspects will be improved. Every college students who once benefit from the government will make contribution to the country.。

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