PIR 设计菲涅尔透镜

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菲涅尔透镜的制作方法

菲涅尔透镜的制作方法嘿，朋友们！今天咱来聊聊菲涅尔透镜的制作方法，这可有意思啦！你知道吗，菲涅尔透镜就像是一个神奇的魔法道具。

它可以把光线聚焦得特别厉害，就好比我们小时候用放大镜烧蚂蚁，那威力可不小呢！要制作菲涅尔透镜，首先得准备一些材料。

就像做饭得有食材一样，咱得有合适的东西才行。

比如说，找一块透明的塑料板或者有机玻璃板，这就是咱的基础材料啦。

然后呢，还得有一些工具，像刻刀啦、尺子啦之类的。

接下来，就开始动手啦！把透明板放在桌子上，想象一下自己是个雕刻大师。

用尺子量好尺寸，规划出透镜的形状。

这可不能马虎，不然做出来的透镜效果可就不好咯！然后，拿起刻刀，小心翼翼地沿着规划好的线条刻下去。

哎呀，这可得有点耐心，可别一着急就把板子给弄破了。

刻的时候，你就想象自己在给这个板子塑形，就像雕塑家在雕琢一件艺术品一样。

一点一点地，慢慢地，把那些纹路给刻出来。

这可不是一下子就能完成的事儿，得慢慢来，别着急。

等刻得差不多了，再仔细检查检查。

看看有没有哪里刻得不好的，有的话就赶紧修正修正。

这就好比我们出门前要照照镜子，整理整理衣冠一样，得把透镜做得漂漂亮亮的。

做好了之后，拿起来对着光看看，哇塞，是不是感觉特别有成就感？你看，通过自己的双手，就做出了这么个神奇的东西。

菲涅尔透镜的用处可多啦！可以用在太阳能设备上，让阳光更好地聚集，发挥更大的作用。

还可以用在一些光学仪器上，让我们看得更清楚。

你说神奇不神奇？所以啊，朋友们，别小看了自己的动手能力。

只要有心，就能做出很多有意思的东西。

就像这个菲涅尔透镜，虽然制作过程有点麻烦，但当你看到成品的时候，那种喜悦感是无法用言语来形容的。

怎么样，是不是心动了？赶紧动手试试吧！反正我觉得，自己动手做出来的东西，那才是最棒的！原创不易，请尊重原创，谢谢!。

菲涅尔透镜的原理及应用

菲涅尔透镜的原理及应用（国防科大理学院光学小组第六组）[摘要] 菲涅尔透镜多是由聚烯烃材料注压而成的薄片，镜片表面一面为光面，另一面刻录了由小到大的同心圆。

菲涅尔透镜的在很多时候相当于红外线及可见光的凸透镜，效果较好，但成本比普通的凸透镜低很多。

菲涅尔透镜可按照光学设计或结构进行分类。

菲涅尔透镜作用有两个：一是聚焦作用；二是将探测区域内分为若干个明区和暗区，使进入探测区域的移动物体能以温度变化的形式在PIR上产生变化热释红外信号。

[关键词] 菲涅尔透镜；原理；分类；应用；研究与发展状况本文主要从菲涅尔透镜的历史，基本原理，分类，作用，应用以及国内外的研究与发展状况等方面完整介绍了菲涅尔透镜的相关知识。

1.简介菲涅尔透镜(Fresnel lens)，又称螺纹透镜，是由法国物理学家奥古斯汀·菲涅尔（Augustin·Fresnel)发明的，他在1822年最初使用这种透镜设计用于建立一个玻璃菲涅尔透镜系统——灯塔透镜。

菲涅尔透镜多是由聚烯烃材料注压而成的薄片，也有玻璃制作的，镜片表面一面为光面，另一面刻录了由小到大的同心圆，它的纹理是利用光的干涉及扰射和根据相对灵敏度和接收角度要求来设计的，透镜的要求很高，一片优质的透镜必须是表面光洁，纹理清晰，其厚度随用途而变，多在1mm左右，特性为面积较大，厚度薄及侦测距离远。

菲涅尔透镜菲涅尔透镜作用有两个：一是聚焦作用；二是将探测区域内分为若干个明区和暗区，使进入探测区域的移动物体能以温度变化的形式在PIR上产生变化热释红外信号。

菲涅尔透镜的在很多时候相当于红外线及可见光的凸透镜，效果较好，但成本比普通的凸透镜低很多。

多用于对精度要求不是很高的场合，如幻灯机、薄膜放大镜、红外探测器等。

2.菲涅尔透镜的历史通过将数个独立的截面安装在一个框架上从而制作出更轻更薄的透镜，这一想法常被认为是由布封伯爵提出的。

孔多塞(1743-1794)提议用单片薄玻璃来研磨出这样的透镜。

pir 菲涅尔透镜参数

pir 菲涅尔透镜参数
关于PIR菲涅尔透镜的参数，以下是一些关键的考虑因素：
焦距（Focal Length）：焦距是指光线通过透镜后汇聚或发散所需的距离。

对于PIR 传感器来说，焦距的选择会影响到探测的范围和灵敏度。

一般来说，焦距越长，探测的范围就越远，但灵敏度可能会降低。

角度（Angle）：角度通常指的是透镜的视场角（Field of View, FOV），即透镜能够探测到的红外辐射的角度范围。

角度越大，探测的范围就越广，但可能会影响到探测的精度。

材料（Material）：菲涅尔透镜通常由光学玻璃或塑料制成。

玻璃透镜具有较高的光学性能，但成本较高，易碎；而塑料透镜成本较低，较轻便，但光学性能可能稍逊于玻璃透镜。

尺寸（Size）：透镜的尺寸通常会影响到其探测的范围和灵敏度。

尺寸越大，探测的范围可能就越广，但也需要考虑实际应用场景中的安装空间。

表面质量（Surface Quality）：透镜的表面质量对其光学性能有着重要影响。

表面平整、无瑕疵的透镜能够提供更好的光学效果。

在选择适合的PIR菲涅尔透镜时，需要根据实际的应用场景和需求来综合考虑以上参数。

例如，在需要较大探测范围的情况下，可以选择焦距较长、角度较大的透镜；而在对探测精度要求较高的情况下，可能需要选择角度较小、表面质量较高的透镜。

同时，还需要考虑透镜的成本、耐用性以及与其他设备的兼容性等因素。

人体热释电红外传感器PIR原理

1.人体热释电红外传感器PIR原理详解在电子防盗、人体探测器领域中，被动式热释电红外探测器的应用非常广泛，因其价格低廉、技术性能稳定而受到广大用户和专业人士的欢迎。

被动式热释电红外探头的工作原理及特性：人体都有恒定的体温，一般在37度，所以会发出特定波长10μm左右的红外线，被动式红外探头就是靠探测人体发射的10μm左右的红外线而进行工作的。

人体发射的10μm 左右的红外线通过菲涅尔滤光片增强后聚集到红外感应源上。

红外感应源通常采用热释电元件，这种元件在接收到人体红外辐射温度发生变化时就会失去电荷平衡，向外释放电荷，后续电路经检测处理后就能产生报警信号。

(1)这种探头是以探测人体辐射为目标的。

所以热释电元件对波长为10μm 左右的红外辐射必须非常敏感。

(2)为了仅仅对红外辐射敏感，在它的辐射照面通常覆盖有特殊的菲涅尔滤光片，使环境的干扰受到明显的控制作用。

(3)被动红外探头，其传感器包含两个互相串联或并联的热释电元。

而且制成的两个电极化方向正好相反，环境背景辐射对两个热释元件几乎具有相同的作用，使其产生释电效应相互抵消，于是探测器无信号输出。

(4)一旦人侵入探测区域，人体红外辐射通过部分镜面聚焦，并被热释电元接收，但是两片热释电元接收到的热量不同，热释电也不同，不能抵消，经信号处理而报警。

(5)菲涅尔滤光片根据性能要求不同，具有不同的焦距(感应距离)，从而产生不同的监控视场，视场越多，控制越严密。

被动式热释电红外探头的优缺点：优点：本身不发任何类型的辐射，器件功耗很小，隐蔽性好。

价格低廉。

缺点：◆容易受各种热源、光源干扰◆被动红外穿透力差，人体的红外辐射容易被遮挡，不易被探头接收。

◆易受射频辐射的干扰。

◆环境温度和人体温度接近时，探测和灵敏度明显下降，有时造成短时失灵。

抗干扰性能：1.防小动物干扰探测器安装在推荐地使用高度，对探测围地面上地小动物，一般不产生报警。

2.抗电磁干扰探测器的抗电磁波干扰性能符合GB10408中4.6.1要求，一般手机电磁干扰不会引起误报。

菲涅尔透镜又称阶梯镜

菲涅尔透镜又称阶梯镜，即有"阶梯"形不连续表面组成的透镜。

"阶梯"由一系列同心圆环状带区构成，又称环带透镜。

通过菲涅尔透镜观察远处的物体，则物体的像是倒立的，而观察近处的物体时会产生放大效果。

菲涅尔透镜作用有两个：一是聚焦作用，即将热释红外信号折射（反射）在PIR上，第二个作用是将探测区域内分为若干个明区和暗区，使进入探测区域的移动物体能以温度变化的形式在PIR上产生变化热释红外信号。

菲涅尔透镜,简单的说就是在透镜的一侧有等距的齿纹.通过这些齿纹,可以达到对指定光谱范围的光带通(反射或者折射)的作用.传统的打磨光学器材的带通光学滤镜造价昂贵。

菲涅尔透镜可以极大的降低成本。

典型的例子就是PIR （被动红外线探测器）。

PIR广泛的用在警报器上。

如果你拿一个看看，你会发现在每个PIR上都有个塑料的小帽子。

这就是菲涅尔透镜。

小帽子的内部都刻上了齿纹。

这种菲涅尔透镜可以将入射光的频率峰值限制到10微米左右（人体红外线辐射的峰值）。

成本相当的低。

菲涅尔透镜的种类很多，其几何形状、探测角、焦距及用途也不尽相同。

常用的菲涅尔透镜可大致归纳为以下几类。

1．长方形透镜。

是常用普通型透镜。

如0—6型尺寸为68X 38mm，焦距为29mm，水平角12Oo，垂直角8O。

，探测距离大于1Om；0—1A型尺寸为58．8X 45mm，水平角85。

，垂直角450。

探测距离大于1Om。

2．半球状透镜。

适合吊顶安装，若设计成小型探测器，4—56可作吊顶武自动灯、自动门等。

如：Q-8型半球形透镜，直径为24mm，水平探测角1 00。

，垂直探测角60。

，探测距离3— 5m；另外，还有RS-8型半球状透镜等。

3．水平薄片形。

这类透镜设计独特，如：SC一62型透镜，探测区域是两个水平1o0o、垂直1．91。

的窄平面，对应两个高精度传感器，特别适合对某一水平高度进行监测；SC一82型透镜，水平角140o，垂直角12。

人体热释电红外传感器PIR原理解析

1. 人体热释电红外传感器PIR原理详解在电子防盗、人体探测器领域中，被动式热释电红外探测器的应用非常广泛，因其价格低廉、技术性能稳定而受到广大用户和专业人士的欢迎。

人体发射的10μm左右的红外线通过菲涅尔滤光片增强后聚集到红外感应源上。

(1)这种探头是以探测人体辐射为目标的。

所以热释电元件对波长为10μm左右的红外辐射必须非常敏感。

(2)为了仅仅对红外辐射敏感，在它的辐射照面通常覆盖有特殊的菲涅尔滤光片，使环境的干扰受到明显的控制作用。

(3)被动红外探头，其传感器包含两个互相串联或并联的热释电元。

而且制成的两个电极化方向正好相反，环境背景辐射对两个热释元件几乎具有相同的作用，使其产生释电效应相互抵消，于是探测器无信号输出。

(4)一旦人侵入探测区域内，人体红外辐射通过部分镜面聚焦，并被热释电元接收，但是两片热释电元接收到的热量不同，热释电也不同，不能抵消，经信号处理而报警。

(5)菲涅尔滤光片根据性能要求不同，具有不同的焦距(感应距离)，从而产生不同的监控视场，视场越多，控制越严密。

被动式热释电红外探头的优缺点：优点：本身不发任何类型的辐射，器件功耗很小，隐蔽性好。

价格低廉。

缺点：◆容易受各种热源、光源干扰◆被动红外穿透力差，人体的红外辐射容易被遮挡，不易被探头接收。

◆易受射频辐射的干扰。

◆环境温度和人体温度接近时，探测和灵敏度明显下降，有时造成短时失灵。

抗干扰性能：1.防小动物干扰探测器安装在推荐地使用高度，对探测范围内地面上地小动物，一般不产生报警。

2.抗电磁干扰探测器的抗电磁波干扰性能符合GB10408中4.6.1要求，一般手机电磁干扰不会引起误报。

菲涅尔镜片

菲涅尔镜片的原理和应用菲涅尔镜片是红外线探头的“眼镜”，它就象人的眼镜一样，配用得当与否直接影响到使用的功效，配用不当产生误动作和漏动作，致使用户或者开发者对其失去信心。

配用得当充分发挥人体感应的作用，使其应用领域不断扩大。

菲涅尔镜片是根据法国光物理学家FRESNEL发明的原理采用电镀模具工艺和PE（聚乙烯）材料压制而成。

镜片（0.5mm厚）表面刻录了一圈圈由小到大，向外由浅至深的同心圆，从剖面看似锯齿。

圆环线多而密感应角度大，焦距远；圆环线刻录的深感应距离远，焦距近。

红外光线越是靠进同心环光线越集中而且越强。

同一行的数个同心环组成一个垂直感应区，同心环之间组成一个水平感应段。

垂直感应区越多垂直感应角度越大；镜片越长感应段越多水平感应角度就越大。

区段数量多被感应人体移动幅度就小，区段数量少被感应人体移动幅度就要大。

不同区的同心圆之间相互交错，减少区段之间的盲区。

区与区之间，段与段之间，区段之间形成盲区。

由于镜片受到红外探头视场角度的制约，垂直和水平感应角度有限，镜片面积也有限。

镜片从外观分类为：长形、方形、圆形，从功能分类为：单区多段、双区多段、多区多段。

下图是常用镜片外观示意图：下图是常用三区多段镜片区段划分、垂直和平面感应图。

当人进入感应范围，人体释放的红外光透过镜片被聚集在远距离A区或中距离B区或近距离C区的某个段的同心环上，同心环与红外线探头有一个适当的焦距，红外光正好被探头接收，探头将光信号变成电信号送入电子电路驱动负载工作。

整个接收人体红外光的方式也被称为被动式红外活动目标探测器。

镜片主要有三种颜色，一、聚乙烯材料原色，略透明，透光率好，不易变形。

二、白色主要用于适配外壳颜色。

三、黑色用于防强光干扰。

镜片还可以结合产品外观注色，使产品整体更美观。

每一种镜片有一型号（以年号+系列号命名），镜片主要参数：一、外观描述——外观形状（长、方、圆）、尺寸（直径）。

以毫米为单位。

二、探测范围——指镜片能探测的有效距离（米）和角度。

菲涅尔透镜设计方法介绍

The Fresnel LensCenturies ago, it was recognized that the contour of the refracting surface of a conventional lens deﬁnes its focusing properties. The bulk of material between the refracting sur-faces has no effect (other than increasing absorption losses) on the optical properties of the lens. In a F resnel (point focus) lens the bulk of material has been reduced by the extraction of a set of coaxial annular cylinders of material, as shown in Figure 1. (Positive focal length Fresnel lenses are almost universally plano-convex.) The contour of the curved surface is thus approximated by right circular cylindrical portions, which do not contribute to the lens’ optical proper-ties, intersected by conical portions called “grooves.” Near the center of the lens, these inclined surfaces or “grooves”are nearly parallel to the plane face; toward the outer edge, the inclined surfaces become extremely steep, especially for lenses of low f–number. The inclined surface of each groove is the corresponding portion of the original aspheric surface, translated toward the plano surface of the lens; the angle of each groove is modiﬁed slightly from that of the original aspheric proﬁle to compensate for this translation.The earliest stepped-surface lens was suggested in 1748by Count Buffon, who proposed to grind out material from the plano side of the lens until he was left with thin sections of material following the original spherical surface of the lens, as shown schematically in F igure 2a). Buffon’s work was followed by that of Condorcet and Sir D. Brewster, both of whom designed built-up lenses made of stepped annuli. The aspheric Fresnel lens was invented in 1822 by Augustin Jean F resnel (1788–1827), a F rench mathematician and physicist also credited with resolving the dispute between the classical corpuscular and wave theories of light through his careful experiments on diffraction. Fresnel’s original lens was used in a lighthouse on the river Gironde; the main innovation embodied in Fresnel’s design was that the center of curvature of each ring receded along the axis according to its distance from the center, so as practically to eliminate spherical aberration. Fresnel’s original design, including the spherical-surfaced central section, is shown schematically in Figure 2b). The early Fresnel lenses were cut and polished in glass – an expensive process, and one limited to a few large grooves. Figure 3 shows a Fresnel lens, constructed in this way, which is used in the lighthouse at St Augustine, Florida, USA. The large aperture and low absorption of F resnel lenses were especially important for use with the weak lamps found in lighthouses before the invention of high-brightness light sources in the 1900s. The illustrated system is catadioptric: the glass rings above and below the Fresnel lens band in the center of the light are totally-internally-reflecting prisms, which serve to collect an additional frac-tion of the light from the source. The use of catadioptric sys-tems in lighthouses was also due to Fresnel.Until the 1950’s, quality Fresnel lenses were made from glass by the same grinding and polishing techniques used in 1822. Cheap Fresnel lenses were made by pressing hot glass into metal molds; because of the high surface tension of glass, Fresnel lenses made in this way lacked the necessary detail, and were poor indeed.In the last forty years or so, the advent of optical-quality plastics, compression and injection molding techniques,Figure 1 Construction of a Fresnel lens from its correspond-ing asphere. Each groove of the Fresnel lens is asmall piece of the aspheric surface, translated to-ward the plano side of the lens. The tilt of each sur-face must be modified slightly from that of theoriginal portion of aspheric surface, in order tocompensate for the translation.Figure 2 Early stepped–surface lenses. In both illustrations the black area is material, and the dashed curvesrepresent the original contours of the lenses. a)shows the lens suggested by Count Buffon (1748),where material was removed from the plano sideof the lens in order to reduce the thickness. b)shows the original lens of Fresnel (1822), the cen-tral ring of which had a spherical surface. InFresnel’s lens, the center of curvature of each ringwas displaced according to the distance of thatring from the center, so as to eliminate sphericalaberration.a)b)© Copyright Fresnel Technologies, Inc. 20032© Copyright Fresnel Technologies, Inc. 20033and computer-controlled machining have made possible the manufacture and wide application of F resnel lenses of higher optical quality than the ﬁnest glass F resnel lenses.Modern computer-controlled machining methods can be used to cut the surface of each cone precisely so as to bring all paraxial rays into focus at exactly the same point, avoid-ing spherical aberration. Better still, newer methods can be used to cut each refracting surface in the correct aspheric contour (rather than as a conical approximation to this con-tour), thus avoiding even the width of the groove (typically 0.1 to 1 mm) as a limit to the sharpness of the focus. Even though each groove or facet brings light precisely to a focus,the breaking up of the wavefront by the discontinuous sur-face of a F resnel lens degrades the visible image quality.Except in certain situations discussed later, Fresnel lenses are usually not recommended for imaging applications in the visible light region of the spectrum.The characteristics of the aspheric “correction”The grinding and polishing techniques used in the manufac-ture of conventional optics lead to spherical surfaces. Spher-ical surfaces produce optics with longitudinal spherical aberration, which occurs when different annular sections of the optic bring light rays to a focus at different points along the optical axis. This phenomenon is illustrated for a positive focal length, plano-convex conventional lens in Figure 4 (in all optical illustrations in this brochure, light is taken to propagate from left to right). The lens illustrated is a section of a sphere with 1" (25 mm) radius of curvature, 1.6"(36 mm) in diameter; the index of refraction of the material is 1.5, typical both for optical glasses and for our plastics materials. The focal length of the illustrated lens is thus 2"(50 mm), and the aperture is /1.3. As is evident from the ﬁgure, the longitudinal spherical aberration is very strong.Single-element spherical lenses are typically restricted to much smaller apertures (higher –numbers) than this,because longitudinal spherical aberration of the magnitude shown in Figure 4 is generally unacceptable. Figure 5 shows an aspheric lens of the same focal length and –number;note that the surface contour is modiﬁed from the spherical proﬁle in such a way as to bring rays passing through all points on the lens to a focus at the same position on the opti-cal axis. A lens made with the aspheric proﬁle illustrated in Figure 5, therefore, exhibits no longitudinal spherical aber-ration for rays parallel to the optical axis.Since Fresnel lenses are made from the beginning to the correct aspheric proﬁle, the notion of “correcting for spheri-cal aberration” is not meaningful for F resnel lenses. The lenses are more accurately characterized as “free from spherical aberration.” The combination of the aspheric sur-face (which eliminates longitudinal spherical aberration)and the thinness of the lens (which substantially reduces both absorption losses in the material and the change of those losses across the lens proﬁle) allows F resnel lenses with acceptable performance to be made with very large apertures. In fact, F resnel lenses typically have far larger apertures (smaller –numbers) than the /1.3 illustrated in Figure 4.Figure 6 compares an aspheric plano-convex lens with an aspheric F resnel lens (the F resnel lens’ groove structure isf f f f f Figure 3 The light from the St Augustine, Florida (USA) light-house, showing the glass Fresnel optical system used in the lighthouse. The optical system is about 12 feet (3.5 m) tall and 7 feet (2 m) in diameter.Figure 4Illustration of longitudinal spherical aberration.The rays shown were traced through an /1.3 spherical-surface lens; the focus is evidentlyspread out over a considerable distance along theoptical axis.f© Copyright Fresnel Technologies, Inc. 20034tive focal length (EFL), quential, so that the Fresnel lens.focus. (This type of F application and reversed.for a given focal length tion (where object distances, i.e. the conjugates), and are found to be and for the conjugate ratio 3:1. Even though a lens may be designed for conjugates in some particular ratio, it can be used at other ﬁnite conjugate ratios as well. The error introduced is usually reasonably small.Fresnel lenses are normally fabricated so that they are correct for the case of grooves toward the collimated beam,plano side toward the focus (grooves “out”). They can, how-ever, be fabricated so that they are correct for the case of grooves toward the focus, plano side toward the collimated beam (grooves “in”). In this case, there is no refraction at all on the plano side for a collimated beam traveling parallel to the optical axis. In the grooves “out” case, both surfaces refract the light more or less equally. The case of grooves toward the collimated beam (“out”) is the optically preferred case. The main difference is that in the grooves “in” case, the grooves at the outer periphery of the lens are canted at muchf f f 1f ⁄1i ⁄1o ⁄+=i 4f 4f 3⁄ Figure 6 Comparison between an aspheric conventionallens and an aspheric Fresnel lens, illustrating the optical quantities discussed in the text.smaller angles to the plano surface than they would be in spherical or grooves “out” lenses. Because the angles made with the plano surface are relatively small toward the periphery of the lens, any small warpage or tilt of the lens surface, or any small deviation of a light ray from parallelism with the optical axis, leads to a very large deviation from the ideal in the angle between the light ray and the lens surface.These errors lead directly to a decrease in the collection efﬁ-ciency of a grooves “in” lens relative to a grooves “out” lens of the same focal length and –number.A third case which is sometimes encountered is that of a Fresnel lens which is correct for grooves “out,” used with its grooves toward the focus (grooves “out” turned groovesf© Copyright Fresnel Technologies, Inc. 20035for angles of intersection between a light ray and the normalto a surface larger than the critical angle = ,where the ray is traveling from a medium of index of refrac-tion into a medium of index of refraction . It is evident that total internal reﬂection only occurs for , since in the case is greater than π /2 and therefore not physically meaningful.) This phenomenon makes the portion of a grooves “out” lens turned grooves “in” lens past about /1 useless. The phenomenon is easily observed as an appar-ent “silvering” of the outer portion of a grooves “out” lens when its grooves are turned to face the shorter conjugate.Total internal reﬂection does not occur for grooves “out”lenses used in their correct orientation because the only large-angle intersection between the light and the lens sur-face occurs at a transition from low to high refractive index.MaterialsOur standard materials for visible light applications are acrylic, polycarbonate and rigid vinyl. These materials are suitable for some near infrared applications as well, as dis-cussed later in this brochure. Figure 9 shows useful transmis-sion ranges for a variety of plastics materials. Materials suitable for infrared applications are described in detail in our POLY IR® brochure.The ﬁrst step in choosing a material is to match the mate-rial to the spectral domain of the application. Other consid-erations include thickness, rigidity, service temperature,weatherability, and other physical properties listed in the table of properties on the next page.AcrylicOptical quality acrylic is the most widely applicable mate-rial, and is a good general-purpose material in the visible. Its transmittance is nearly ﬂat and almost 92% from the ultravi-olet to the near infrared; acrylic may additionally be speci-ﬁed to be UV transmitting (UVT acrylic) or UV ﬁltering (UVF acrylic). The transmittance of our standard acrylic materials between 0.2 µm and 2.2 µm is shown in F igure 10 for a thickness of 1/8" (3.2 mm). Standard acrylic thicknesses are 0.060" (1.5 mm), 0.090" (2.3 mm), and 0.125" (3.2 mm). Rigid vinylRigid vinyl has a number of characteristics which make it both affordable and very suitable for certain applications. It has a high index of refraction; it is reasonably inexpensive;and it can be die-cut. However, polycarbonate has very sim-ilar properties, without the problems associated with rigid vinyl, and its use is encouraged over that of rigid vinyl in new applications. Rigid vinyl has about the same tempera-ture range as acrylic and is naturally ﬁre-retardant. The trans-mittance of rigid vinyl between 0.2 µm and 2.5 µm is shown in F igure 11 for a nominal thickness of 0.030" (0.76 mm).Standard thicknesses for rigid vinyl are 0.010" (0.25 mm),0.015" (0.38 mm), 0.020" (0.51 mm), and 0.030" (0.76 mm). PolycarbonatePolycarbonate is spectrally similar to acrylic, but is useful at higher temperatures and has a very high impact resistance.The transmittance of polycarbonate between 0.2 µm and 2.2 µm is shown in Figure 12 for a nominal thickness of 1/8"θc sin –1n n '⁄()n n 'n 'n >n 'n <θc f Figure 7 Illustration of the strong asymmetry of the asphericFresnel lens. The illustrated lens is correct for the grooves facing the longer conjugate (grooves “out”). When it is turned around so that thegrooves face the shorter conjugate (grooves “out” turned grooves “in”), on-axis performance suffers. As discussed in the text, however, in the case where the grooves must face the shorter conjugate, a grooves “out” lens turned grooves “in” has some advantages over a lens correct for grooves “in.”Figure 8 Aspheric Fresnel lens correct for the grooves facingthe shorter conjugate (grooves “in”).© Copyright Fresnel Technologies, Inc. 20037Figure 12 Transmittance of polycarbonate as a function ofwavelength. Sample thickness = 1/8" (3.2 mm) nominal.Figure 13 The three typical configurations for producing acollimated beam of light: lens only, mirror only, and a combination of lens and mirror.(3.2 mm). Standard thicknesses available in polycarbonate are 0.010” (0.25 mm), 0.015” (0.38 mm), 0.020” (0.5 mm),0.030" (0.76 mm), 0.040” (1 mm), 0.050" (1.3 mm), 0.060"(1.5 mm), and 0.125" (3.2 mm).Focal length in a given materialThe focal lengths listed in the table at the end of this bro-chure are the effective focal lengths in optical grade acrylic.The effective focal length is different when a lens is manu-factured from a different material, but is easily calculated.The effective focal length in any other material iswhere is the refractive index of the material in question.T ypical Fresnel Lens ApplicationsCollimatorProducing a collimated beam from a point source could be said to be a perfect application for F resnel lenses. In this case the spatial distribution of light from the point source tends to favor the central portion of the lens, so that the total lens transmittance can be as much as 90%. The best optical results are obtained when the grooved side faces the longer conjugate.In practice, the point source is never actually a point source, but is extended, so that the imperfection of the coni-cal approximation to the aspheric groove shapes is never noticed.Figure 13 shows the three cases usually encountered in collimation: lens only, mirror only, and lens/mirror combina-tion. Note that adding a lens to the mirror-only case would produce extremely poor results. The mirror must be specially designed to image the light source very near itself.CollectorFocusing a collimated beam of light at a point is another popular use of F resnel lenses, and one for which F resnel lenses are at least adequate. Again, the grooved side toward the inﬁnite conjugate is the optically preferred conﬁgura-tion. Because the collimated beam is assumed to be uni-form, there is a substantial loss through the lens in this case for marginal rays. The loss is caused by the increasing angles of incidence and emergence as the margin of the lens is approached. It can be predicted using Fresnel’s equations,which describe the reﬂection and transmission of light at an interface between media of differing refractive index. The loss due to reﬂection is graphed as a function of the angle between the incident ray and the (plane) interface in Figure 14.There are two additional losses which must be considered in demanding applications. One is due to the unavoidable width of the vertical step between grooves. This loss is gen-erally reasonably small in well-made F resnel lenses, but light scattered from the step brightens the focal plane and thereby reduces the contrast of an image.The other loss is due to shadowing and blocking effects caused by the vertical step. This loss does not exist for rays parallel to the optical axis striking grooves “in” lenses, but is present in all other cases. For rays making a large angle (20°EFL 1.491–n 1–--------------------EFL acrylic ,=n© Copyright Fresnel Technologies, Inc. 20038cant loss. F and invites your inquiries.Condenserdenser lens will even be frosted.plano–plano sheet.Field lenses (Fresnel screen “brighteners”)A Fresnel lens can be used to redirect the light at the edges of a frosted rear-projection display screen toward the viewer’s eyes, thus eliminating the “hot spot” often observed in such screens by brightening the edges of the display.Screens of this type include camera focusing screens. The grooves must face the light source in this application; the grooves often must therefore face the shorter conjugate, an exception to the usual rule.Conjugates for the ﬁeld lens should be the distance from the projector lens on the grooved side, and the distance to the viewer on the frosted side. Fresnel Technologies, Inc. can supply suitable lenses with the plano side either optically polished or frosted.MagniﬁersAn aspheric lens is an ideal magniﬁer from several points of view. When used at its conjugates, there is no distortion of the image (a rectangular grid remains a rectangular grid afterwhere is the lens’ focal length. This is usually taken astrue for a virtual image at inﬁnity. A magniﬁer with a focallength of 50 mm will then have a power of 5X.Because they can be made large, Fresnel lenses are gen-erally used to magnify objects slightly, perhaps as little as 1.2 or 1.5X. One usually expects to see the entire object at once within the Fresnel lens, so that the lens must then be 1.2 or 1.5 times the size of the object in both length and width.Please observe caution when using a F resnel lens as a magniﬁer around strong light sources, lasers, and in sun-light.ImagingFresnel Technologies, Inc. does not generally recommend its Fresnel lenses for image formation in the visible region of the spectrum, but there are some important exceptions.θff M θ'θ---250mm f-------------------== ,Imaging generally demands some substantial ﬁeld of view, or the image is uninteresting. With simple plano-convex lenses, coma degrades the image only a degree or so off axis. Chromatic aberration blurs the image as well. As in camera or copy lenses, the faster the lens (the smaller the f–number), the worse the problem becomes – and the small f–numbers of Fresnel lenses are very tempting.The important exceptions include two cases: rays pre-cisely parallel to the axis of the lens (laser rangeﬁnder, for example) and imaging onto a large detector (for instance, a pyroelectric detector or a thermopile).Imaging can be treated as a generalization of collection. Near-infrared applicationsAll of the above applications remain relevant into the near infrared, and the preferred materials (acrylic, polycarbonate, and rigid vinyl) from the visible region can be used to about 1.3 µm without difﬁculty. The refractive index of each of these materials is slightly lower there, but our plastics are not strongly dispersive.Process monitoring at 3.4 µmAll hydrocarbons – solids, liquids, and gases – exhibit a strong absorption of 3.4 µm radiation. (3.4 µm is the wave-length of the C–H stretch.) POLY IR® 5 is specially formu-lated to contain no hydrogen, and is thus free of the C–H stretch absorption. It can be used to monitor hydrocarbons in a wide variety of applications: uses have ranged from methane monitoring above landﬁlls to process control on production lines.Passive infrared applicationsThe collection of infrared radiation emitted by humans and other warm-blooded animals has become a major applica-tion area for Fresnel lenses. This application requires that the lenses be transparent between approximately the wave-lengths of 8 µm and 14 µm, the region of maximum contrast betwen warm bodies and typical backgrounds.Passive infrared applications are discussed in our bro-chure on POLY IR® infrared-transmitting materials, and in the notes accompanying our passive infrared lens array data sheets.ThermometryOptical pyrometry can be extended toward infrared wave-lengths (and therefore lower temperatures) with appropriate sensors and optics. Fresnel lenses made from our POLY IR®infrared-transmitting materials are used with a variety of bolometers and thermopiles. Our POLY IR® 1 and 2 materi-als are most appropriate for higher temperatures (shorter wavelengths); they can be used for lower-temperature appli-cations as well. Our POLY IR® 4 material is also useful there, particularly in white. Please refer to our POLY IR®infrared-transmitting materials brochure for more informa-tion.Solar Energy CollectionFresnel lenses have often been used as concentrators for photovoltaic cells or arrays of cells in solar energy devices. We can certainly recommend them for this application,though reﬂectors and nonimaging concentrators are often superior. However, Fresnel Technologies, Inc. does not man-ufacture any Fresnel lenses with uniform energy distribution over typical photovoltaic cell areas; our products all have a damaging “hot spot” in the focal plane. We therefore do not recommend our own products for this application; neither do we manufacture mirrors or nonimaging collectors useful for solar devices.Please use caution with our Fresnel lenses in sunlight. The sun's image can easily ignite ﬂammable materials quickly, and can damage materials which are not ﬂammable. These cautions particularly apply to clothing, skin, and eyes, in both sunlight and laser light.Special OpticsFresnel Technologies, Inc. offers several types of optical ele-ments related to Fresnel lenses. These include:Cylindrical Fresnel lensesA cylindrical Fresnel lens is a collapsed version of a conven-tional cylindrical lens. These lenses can be used in any application which requires focusing in only one dimension of the focal plane. In some cases, two separate cylindrical lenses may be combined to obtain different focal properties in the x and y dimensions of the focal plane; these conﬁgu-rations are representative of one type of anamorphic optic. A variety of cylindrical Fresnel lenses is available, with typical –numbers between /1 and /2. Both positive and negative focal lengths are available.Fresnel prism (array of prisms)A Fresnel array of prisms is made up of many small prisms, each with the same vertex angles as the large prism mim-icked by the array. This type of array allows the redirection of light with the advantage of constant transmission over the entire array, instead of the varying losses of a comparably capable conventional prism. The lack of bulk may also be used to advantage when redirection of light is required and space is limited. Not all the incident light emerges on the other side of the array, because some undergoes multiple reﬂections or refractions at various surfaces, or is totally internally reﬂected. For our item #400, a collimated beam of light incident on the smooth side is tilted by 20°. The angle of minimum deviation, as deﬁned in optics texts, is 15°. Hexagonal lens arraysWe manufacture two types of lens arrays with closely-packed hexagonal lenslets: those with conventional lenslets and those with Fresnel lenslets. Fresnel lenslets are appropri-ate for larger apertures and shorter focal lengths, where the thickness and weight of conventional lenslets would be pro-hibitive.Rectangular lens arraysAll of our catalogued rectangular lens arrays are arrays of Fresnel lenses, and they are all actually square arrays. We offer some types correct for the inﬁnite conjugate on the smooth side, as well as the more usual circumstance of the inﬁnite conjugate on the grooved side. All are made using Fresnel lenses with aspherically contoured groove surfaces f f f© Copyright Fresnel Technologies, Inc. 20039© Copyright Fresnel Technologies, Inc. 200310and constant groove depths. Rectangular lens arrays can be used to illuminate an area evenly with a matching array of light emitting diodes, or to track motion via an array of pho-todiodes. They can be cut into strips to form linear arrays.Lenticular arraysA lenticular array is a closely-packed array of conventional cylindrical lenslets. These arrays are quite suitable as one-dimensional diffusers, and some are acceptable for 3D pho-tography (the focus must be located at the back (plano) side of the array). Light striking the lenticular array is diffused only in the direction across the cylindrical lenslets; there is no diffusion along the lenslets. As the –number of the lens-lets decreases, the angle of diffusion increases depending on the relative size of the light source as compared with the lenslet spacing. A variety of diffusion angles are possible as our arrays have lenslet –numbers ranging from /1.2 to /5.4. Often it is desired to diffuse light in more than one dimension. For this case, we offer crossed lenticular arrays,such that the same or a different lenticular array can be molded on the back side of the sheet.Special ProductsFresnel Technologies, Inc. through its predecessors has man-ufactured F resnel lenses since the 1960s and has gained extensive experience in custom lens fabrication. A large variety of standard lens products is offered, and these stan-dard products may be modiﬁed to suit individual needs at a small additional cost. Fresnel Technologies, Inc. also offers custom lens array systems which may be developed to achieve certain performance requirements. Some of the cus-tom services provided are:Lens FrostingSpeciﬁc Modiﬁcation of Standard Lenses Diffusing SurfacesCustom Lens Array Tooling and ProductionCutting of Lenses and Lens Arrays to Custom Shapes Custom Material DevelopmentWe invite your inquiries about these services.BibliographyA good entry level reference on optics, both geometrical and physical, is E. Hecht, Optics , 3nd edition, Addison-Wesley (Reading, MA), 1997.A more advanced treatment of optics can be found in Princi-ples of Optics , Max Born and Emil Wolf, 7th edition, Cam-bridge University Press (Cambridge, UK), 1999.For a thorough discussion both of the limitations of imaging optical systems in the collection of radiant energy and of the nonimaging collectors which can be used to collect energy efﬁciently, see W.T. Welford and R. Winston, High Collec-tion Nonimaging Optics , Academic Press (San Diego), 1989.A very interesting article describing an 1822 monograph on lighthouse lenses by F resnel is B.A. Anicin, V .M. Babovic,and D.M. Davidovic, Am. J. Phys. 57, 312 (1989).f f f f Lighthouse lens illustration (F igure 3) created with Canvas 3.5, courtesy Deneba Software, Miami, F lorida, USA and the St Augustine Lighthouse and Museum, St Augustine,Florida, USA.The Fresnel Technologies Product ListAt the end of this brochure are listed the standard stock opti-cal elements that Fresnel Technologies Inc. offers in optical quality acrylic. In the list values for optical quality acrylic material only are shown; some of the speciﬁcations apply also to other materials. Fresnel size refers to the size of the optical active area. Overall size refers to the dimensions of the optical element, possibly including a border for mount-ing purposes. All 11” x 11” overall size items have a 1.2”(31mm) x 45° chamfer at each corner. Thickness is speciﬁed for the border area (not the grooved area) and carries a toler-ance of ±40%. Much improved tolerances are possible:please contact our factory for assistance. The single piece prices listed are current at the catalog copyright date, and may be changed at any time. Contact us for the latest pricing and for quantity discounts, which can be substantial.Many of our positive focal length F resnel lenses are offered either as blanks with overall size tolerances of ±0.050" or as well centered disks with tolerances on the diameter of ±0.005" in the sizes less than 7" (180 mm) and ±0.008" in the larger sizes, centered to 0.010" to the optical axis. Improved tolerances can be held, and other cuts can be accommodated as special orders. The negative focal length Fresnel lenses listed are the only ones that are offered as stock items; a negative focal length version of most of our positive focal length Fresnel lenses is available as a special order.The grooves and the optical axis plane of items #72–85.1lie in the direction of the second dimension listed for the Fresnel size. There is no border along that dimension, but there is a 1/8" border perpendicular to the grooves, except for item #85.The sampler sheet (item #160) contains nine 2.5" diame-ter lenses in an array on a single sheet. The focal lengths of these lenses are: 2.4" (two), 2.6", 2.8", 3.0", 3.3", 3.15", 3.3",3.6", and 3.9".The lenticular arrays, items #200–260, are normally sup-plied with positive focal length lenslets. Negative focal length arrays are also available on special order, and work well as diffusers in some instances. If an array is to be used for 3D photography, please specify this in your order, so that we can send an array with thickness in the proper range.Item #300 is made of conventional lenslets (the "F ly’s-Eye" lens array) and it is suitable for one type of 3D photog-raphy, for moiré pattern work, or as a high efﬁciency diffuser.Item #310, suitable as a diffuser, is made of Fresnel lenses.When used as diffusers, both items diffuse light in all direc-tions. These arrays are normally supplied with positive focal length lenslets, but can be supplied with negative focal length lenslets upon request.The triangle formed by each prism in items #4xx has angles as shown in the columns marked “Facet angle with base.” This refers to the angle that each refracting surface makes with the plano side of the prism array. The thickness is measured from the center of the groove to the smooth side.。

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这种叫热释电红外感应探头，菲涅尔透镜+PIR+CDS+BISS0001组成人体检测电路，HX2262是编码IC，产品上用了315声表滤波器说明这个产品是通过315MHz频率发射无线信号给主机接收的报警信号的。

工作原理大概是这样：人体发出的红外线经菲涅尔透镜聚焦成一个个小光点。

人体移动时发出的红外线经菲涅尔透镜聚焦光点不断地打在PIR红外线热释电感应器（图片中圆金属外壳中间有方方黑色窗口的元件）窗口内的2个热释电晶元上，当那2个热释电晶元上接受到的信号有差异时PIR才会送出被触发的信号（这样做是为了抗干扰），BISS0001是一颗带2级放大电路的热释电红外线信号处理专用IC。

BISS0001可外接光敏电阻CDS调整这个产品在外部环境有多光亮时开始工作，PIR检测到的人体感应信号（微弱）输出到BISS0001放大、处理后得到一个时间可调的高电平信号输出送到HX2262编码IC进行编码（因为有的报警器有多路探头，编码后主机容易识别哪路在报警，编码后也防止别人破解），然后再送到RF电路（315声表滤波器、高频管、电感、电容组成的315MHz基频或叫载频振荡器）进行调制，315MHz的基频相当于水，HX2262送过来的信号相当于船。

把船放到水中送出去，这种应叫超再
生电路。

好多年没的搞了都忘了。

番外篇：PIR热释电红外传感器做得比较好的就我知道的是德国的海曼，日本尼赛拉的也不错，国产的不稳定。

另好的产品菲涅尔透镜都是定做的，菲涅尔透镜与PIR距离位置都是有软件模拟出来的。

一般来说菲涅尔透镜都会有一定的弧度而PIR要放在菲涅尔透镜弧度组成的圆心中。

热释电红外是被动型的，所以天气热效果不好，人体如果移动很慢很慢也有可能不检测，另你可以在身体上裹床被子让他检测不到，另这个检测都是有角度的，单个PIR
如果不是圆球的菲涅尔透镜一般做得好的也就是110-120度左右，扇形。

有死角。