语言学句法分析
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• Eg: I saw Tony in the bus.
Analysis: here are three explanations 1) I saw Tony while we were both in the bus. 2) I saw Tony while I was in the bus. 3) I saw that Tony was in the bus.
(1) Coordinate Construction The usage of the word “and” in a Coordinate Construction can cause ambiguity. Eg: Mr. Smith is a professor and a novelist of great
(2) Deep structure analytical method
• Eg: H e was seated by the chairman.
Analysis: here, “by” has two meanings: 1)在……旁边
• 2）在被动语态中用以引出动作的执行者。
（3） Add context information for ambiguous sentence
（2）misplacement of modifier
eg:Mary likes the vase on the cupboard which she bought yesterday
Analysis: 1) Mary likes the vase which she bought yesterday ,
(3)The uncertainty of clauses category
Eg: The captain granted my request that I might see my wife .
• Analysis: • 1) appositive clause : The captain agreed with • my request to see my wife. • 2) adverbial clause of purpose: To make me see my
and now it is on the cupboard. 2) Mary likes the vase on the cupboard, and she
bought that cupboard yester day .
(3)The uncertainty of clauses category
Ambiguity (Syntactic)
• Contents: （一） Analyses of the syntactic ambiguity. （二）The way to eliminating the syntactic ambiguity.
（一） Analyses of the syntactic ambiguity
If the clauses category is uncertain in a subordinate clause, it will also cause ambiguity. Eg: Tell me if you have time . • Analysis: • 1)adverbial clause of condition : If you have time, please tell me. • 2)object clause : Tell me whether you have time.
• Eg: The wife loves reading. Her husband loves it even more.
The husband loves reading even more than his wife.
Analysis: In the third sentence, it contains the two meanings above, but it can also express that the husband loves reading more than he loves his wife.
(5) Logic ambiguity
• 2. Noun phrase ambiguity
Eg: The dog is a carnivore.
• Analysis: 1) The dog ( that we 're talking about ) is a carnivore.
2) All dogs ( as a class) are carnivores.
1) “of great fame” modifies “a professor and a novelist ”.
2) “of great fame” merely modifies “a novelist ”.
（2）misplacement of modifier
The position of the modifier is ambiguous in a Sentence or the scope of the modification is not easy to confirm ,which can create ambiguity.
（2）misplacement of modifier
Eg: She milked the baby sitting on the chair.
Analysis: 1) Sitting on the chair, she milked the baby. 2)She milked the baby and the baby was sitting on the chair.
fame.
(1) Coordinate Construction
• Analysis: In this sentence, “a professor” and “a novelist” are linked by “and” , and there is a modifier “of great fame” behind them ,which causes ambiguity. Because there are two explanations for the grammatical relation between the structure of “and” and “modifier”
wife, the captain agreed with my request.
(4) Improper omission
• In English sentence, the improper omission can cause ambiguity, especially in adverbial clause of comparison.
(5) Logic ambiguity
• 1.Scope ambiguity Eg: Every one loves someone. • Analysis: 1）Everyone has someone that they love.
2）There is some person who is loved by every one.
In that case, we can add context information ,like • He just graduated from a medical school last year and very
young ,so he is a baby doctor . He is so he is a baby doctor.
（二）The way to eliminating the syntactic ambiguity • （1） IC analysis Eg: old man and woman
1) “old ” modifies “man” and “woman”. 2) “old” merely modifies “man”.
• Eg: He is a baby doctor.
Analysis: here “baby” means “婴儿”， and it can also mean “小型的; 未成年的, 孩子气的”
• 1) H e is a doctor for babies. 2) He is a doctor who is still young
Analysis: here are three explanations 1) I saw Tony while we were both in the bus. 2) I saw Tony while I was in the bus. 3) I saw that Tony was in the bus.
(1) Coordinate Construction The usage of the word “and” in a Coordinate Construction can cause ambiguity. Eg: Mr. Smith is a professor and a novelist of great
(2) Deep structure analytical method
• Eg: H e was seated by the chairman.
Analysis: here, “by” has two meanings: 1)在……旁边
• 2）在被动语态中用以引出动作的执行者。
（3） Add context information for ambiguous sentence
（2）misplacement of modifier
eg:Mary likes the vase on the cupboard which she bought yesterday
Analysis: 1) Mary likes the vase which she bought yesterday ,
(3)The uncertainty of clauses category
Eg: The captain granted my request that I might see my wife .
• Analysis: • 1) appositive clause : The captain agreed with • my request to see my wife. • 2) adverbial clause of purpose: To make me see my
and now it is on the cupboard. 2) Mary likes the vase on the cupboard, and she
bought that cupboard yester day .
(3)The uncertainty of clauses category
Ambiguity (Syntactic)
• Contents: （一） Analyses of the syntactic ambiguity. （二）The way to eliminating the syntactic ambiguity.
（一） Analyses of the syntactic ambiguity
If the clauses category is uncertain in a subordinate clause, it will also cause ambiguity. Eg: Tell me if you have time . • Analysis: • 1)adverbial clause of condition : If you have time, please tell me. • 2)object clause : Tell me whether you have time.
• Eg: The wife loves reading. Her husband loves it even more.
The husband loves reading even more than his wife.
Analysis: In the third sentence, it contains the two meanings above, but it can also express that the husband loves reading more than he loves his wife.
(5) Logic ambiguity
• 2. Noun phrase ambiguity
Eg: The dog is a carnivore.
• Analysis: 1) The dog ( that we 're talking about ) is a carnivore.
2) All dogs ( as a class) are carnivores.
1) “of great fame” modifies “a professor and a novelist ”.
2) “of great fame” merely modifies “a novelist ”.
（2）misplacement of modifier
The position of the modifier is ambiguous in a Sentence or the scope of the modification is not easy to confirm ,which can create ambiguity.
（2）misplacement of modifier
Eg: She milked the baby sitting on the chair.
Analysis: 1) Sitting on the chair, she milked the baby. 2)She milked the baby and the baby was sitting on the chair.
fame.
(1) Coordinate Construction
• Analysis: In this sentence, “a professor” and “a novelist” are linked by “and” , and there is a modifier “of great fame” behind them ,which causes ambiguity. Because there are two explanations for the grammatical relation between the structure of “and” and “modifier”
wife, the captain agreed with my request.
(4) Improper omission
• In English sentence, the improper omission can cause ambiguity, especially in adverbial clause of comparison.
(5) Logic ambiguity
• 1.Scope ambiguity Eg: Every one loves someone. • Analysis: 1）Everyone has someone that they love.
2）There is some person who is loved by every one.
In that case, we can add context information ,like • He just graduated from a medical school last year and very
young ,so he is a baby doctor . He is so he is a baby doctor.
（二）The way to eliminating the syntactic ambiguity • （1） IC analysis Eg: old man and woman
1) “old ” modifies “man” and “woman”. 2) “old” merely modifies “man”.
• Eg: He is a baby doctor.
Analysis: here “baby” means “婴儿”， and it can also mean “小型的; 未成年的, 孩子气的”
• 1) H e is a doctor for babies. 2) He is a doctor who is still young