英语快速阅读方法示例

So the process of handwriting analysis when comparing two documents -- one by a known author, one by an unknown author -- starts not with checking for similarities, which any of us could do with a fair degree of accuracy, hut instead with checking for differences. It's the differences that initially determine if it's possible that the same person wrote both pieces of text. If there are key differences in enough individual characteristics, and those differences do not appear to be the result of simulation, then the two documents were not written by the same person. Simulation has its own telltale characteristics, which we'll discuss later. However, if the differences don't rule out a match, and there are significant similarities in the individual traits in the two documents, singular authorship becomes a possibility.
The primary basis of handwriting analysis as a science is that every person in the world has a unique way of writing. When we were all kids in primary school, we learned to write based on a particular copybook -- a style of writing. Which copybook our handwriting is based on depends on when and where we grew up. So at first, we all probably wrote in a similar way to kids of our own age and location. But with the passing of time, those writing characteristics we learned in school -- our style characteristics -- became only the underlying method of our handwriting. We developed individual characteristics that are unique to us and distinguish our handwriting from someone else's. Most of us don't write the way we did in first or second grade. And while two or more people may share a couple of individual characteristics, the chance of those people sharing 20 or 30 individual characteristics is so unlikely that many handwriting analysts would say it's impossible.
First and foremost, handwriting analysts must be able to accurately distinguish between style characteristics and individual characteristics, which takes a lot of training. They can pretty much ignore the style characteristics, which are only useful for determining with a fair degree of certainty which copybook the writer learned from. The individual characteristics are what matter the most in determining authorship.
Passage 1
Handwriting Analysis and Its Limitations
When there's a suspect in a crime and the evidence includes a handwritten note, investigators may call in handwriting experts to see if there's a match. In some cases, it might be the one piece of evidence that gets a suspect charged and eventually convicted. But what if it's a false match? How exactly do experts go about analyzing someone's handwriting'?
Moving from possibility to probability is where the heavy lifting comes in.
While an expert analyst can detect many instances of forgery, a good simulation can be undetectable. One example of a forgery the experts missed is the case of the "lost" Hitler diaries. (Although there's a good reason why they missed it.)
In the world of forensic (法庭的) analysis, which includes crime scene investigation, DNA testing, fiber analysis, fingerprint analysis, voice identification and narcotics (催眠的) analysis, to name just a few of the disciplines, handwriting analysis fits into the area of questioned documents. Questioned document examiners (QDEs) analyze documents for signs of alteration, forgery and, when sample documents are available, handwriting or typing comparisons to determine or rule out authorship (and/or tie a document to a specific machine in the case of typing). Handwriting analysis is a tedious and methodical process that relies on extensive knowledge of the way people form letters, which characteristics of letter formation are unique and the physiological processes behind writing -- the ways in which a person's fine-motor skills can affect his or her handwriting and leave clues about the author's identity.
ThrБайду номын сангаасe international experts in forensic handwriting analysis compared the diaries to exemplars (标本) that were apparently known to be written by Hitler. All agreed that the diaries were written by the same person who wrote the exemplars. The diaries were for real.
In the 1980s, a man named Konrad Kujau, a supposed collector of Nazi ,memorabilia (大事 记), approached a German publishing company with 60 handwritten journals claimed to be written by Adolf Hitler that had, according to Kujau, just been discovered in the wreckage of an airplane that had left Germany after World War Ⅱ. The texts seemed to be genuine, and Kujau had an apparently good reputation, so the publishing company paid $2.3 million for the lot. The diaries were immediately published in installment form in a German newspaper owned by the same publishing company, and syndication rights were sold to several international publications, including The London Times. It was The Times that requested a professional handwriting analysis to ensure authenticity.