英国议会(英国中国制度对比)

► Parliament
finance. ► The government cannot legally spend any money without the permission of the House of Commons. ► On Supply Day(政府开支款项辩论日) (traditionally set aside for authorizing proposed public expenditure), custom has given the Opposition the right to decided which of the Estimates it wishes to discuss, and thus to criticize government policy and administration on grounds of its own choice.
Congress come from the different backgrounds.But Members of Parliament just come from certain groups or parties,and they are the professional politicians.
► 2)
Functions - pass laws - provide means of carrying on work of govt. - scrutinize government policy, administration & expenditure - debate the major issues
长
have the power to dismiss the inept prime minister.立法机构可随时罢免不称职的政府首 of the government policy from the legislative.政府首长（首相／总理）由立法机构最大政党的党魁出
任，以确保政府的政策在立法机构得到支持
► suppor
National People's Congress
National People‘s Congress is the highest state body and the only legislative house in the People’s Republic of China. The National People‘s Congress is held in the Great Hall of the People(人民大会堂), Beijing, capital of the People’s Republic of China. The NPC gathers each year along with the People‘s Political Consultative Conference (中国人民政治协商会议) whose members represent various defined groups of society. NPC and CPPCC together are often called the Lianghui (两会Two Meetings), making important national level political decisions
Parliament of England
1. The origin of British parliament 2. Constituent elements and Functions
1.The origin of British parliament
The Great Council(大会议 ) is known to be the prototype(原型 ) of the current British Parliament. In 1265, Simon de Montfort (西门 德孟福尔 )summoned the Great Council, together with two knights from each county and two citizens from each town. It thus got the new name Parliament. It later developed into the House of Lords(贵族院，上议院 ) and the House of Commons(下议院，众议院 ). Its main role was to offer advice. There were no elections or parties.
Queen is the third component of Parliament In theory, the Queen-inParliament has the supreme legislative power(最高立法权). In practice in modern times, real power is vested in the House of Commons; the Sovereign generally acts on the advice of the Prime Minister. The powers of the House of Lords are limited.
The National People‘s Congress
Standing Committee of The National People‘s Congress
The President of the PRC
The State Council国务院 The Central Military Commission中央军事委员会/ The Supreme People's Courts最高人民法院/ The Supreme People's Procuratorates最高人民检察院
has the power to supervise
Adavantages of Parliamentary System
► To
Hale Waihona Puke Baidu
enhance government efficiency and avoid the coup.行政和立法机构有联系，可提高政府效率和避
免政变发生
► legislative
The Parliament of 1265 in history is generally considered the “beginning of parliament”. Thirty years later Parliament became a regular agency of the government under Edward I(爱德华一世 ).
2.Constituent elements and Functions of British parliament
1)
constituent elements --the House of Lords --the House of Commons -- the monarch
The House of Lords: the upper house the Lords Spiritual (the senior bishops of the Church of England 神职议员 ) the Lords Temporal (members of the Peerage 非神 职议员 ) the members are not elected by the population at large but are appointed by past or current governments. The House of Commons: the lower house a democratically elected chamber with elections held at least every 5 years MPs(议员 ) comes from 646 constituencies of roughly equal population
►
The House of Lords religious representation Hereditary Peers（世 袭贵族） Life Peers 终身贵族 （子孙不能承袭的）
►
The House of Commons
constituency seat) (MP’s
► The
► The
Communist party is the exclusive ruling party.But generally the government of the parliamentary system includes several political parties ,which easily leads to the opportunism.
British Parliamentary System
What is the parliamentary system ?
►A
parliamentary system is a system of government in which the ministers of the executive branch are drawn from the legislature and are accountable to that body, such that the executive and legislative branches are intertwined. In such a system, the head of government is both de facto chief executive and chief legislator.
Constract
► the
people's congress system is the state's fundamental political system.It mainly protects the fundamental interests of the majority of the Chinese people.But the parliamentary system is just for some parties. ► representatives of the National People‘s
•Parliament has the power to supervise the government. The main opportunities offered in the House of Commons for detailed examination of government policy are provided through Parliamentary questions and answers during debates. During Question Time质询时间（英国议会中大臣答复 议员所提问题的时候） (which lasts for just under one hour on four days in the week) questions involving issues of national importance or concerned with purely local or individual matters may be put to the responsible minister by any member of Parliament, provided due notice has been given.