汉语的基本句型及其翻译

汉英的基本句型及其翻译
Sylvia Wang
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一、主谓单句
1）鲁迅，绍兴人。

（主语+名词谓语）
•Lu Xun was from Shaoxing. [SVP]
2）这个姑娘很漂亮。

（主语+形容词谓语）•That girl is very pretty. [SVP]
3) 这花儿是白的。

（主语+判断谓语）
•The flower is white.[SVP]
4) 水库是1958年修建的。

[主语+判断谓语]
•The reservoir was built in 1958. [SV(passive)] 5) 他打破了杯子。

（主语+谓语+宾语）
•He broke the glass.[SVO]
6) 李先生教我们地理。

（主语+谓语+宾语+宾语）•Mr. Li teaches us geography.[SVOO]
防止主语的机械对应
•宁波多雨。

•Ningbo sees much rain.
•It rains a lot in Ningbo.•People have much rain in Ningbo.•There is much rain in Ningbo.
•中国近几年来发生了巨变.
•China crackles with danamics of changes these years.
•China has seen (withnessed) great changes these yeats.
•These years have seen (witnessed) great changes in China.
•There have been great changes in China these years.
•Great changes have taken place in China these years.
•花园里有许多孩子。

•There are many children in the garden.•门边卧着一只狗。

•There lies a dog at the door.
•明天下大雪。

•There will be a heavy snow tomorrow. Tip:汉语中方位词或时间词放在举手,可译成There be句式。

EXAMPLE4
•学法语比学希腊语容易多了。

•It is much easier to read France than read Greek,•信不信是你自己的事.
•It is your concern whether you believe me or not.•企鹅走路的样子很滑稽。

•It is very funny the way the peguins waddle.
•事情会变成这个样子真是可惜。

•It is a thousand pities that is should have come to this.•Tip:汉语的动词词组,主谓结构或句子作主语时,译成It...
翻译汉语句子的非动词谓语时,务必要补加动词
•这个操作过程并不危险：
•This operation process is not dangerous/quite free from danger.
•于先生很聪明。

•Mr. Yu looks clever.
•六级考试并不困难。

•CET-6 is not difficult.
防止谓语动词的机械对应
•汉语中动词搭配能力很强,译成英语时应避免机械对应。

EXAMPLE •打
•打球•打架•打车•play •fight •grab/take
EXAMPLE •搞
•现在农民都搞副业生产。

•她是搞法律的。

•他们搞出了一项计划。

•这事把人搞糊涂了。

•我们搞一点核武器是为了自卫。

•Now most peasants engage in siideline production.
•She is in the law
•They have drawn up a plan.
•This made people confused.
•It is purely for self-defence that we have produced some nuclear weapons.
要译出汉语谓语动词隐藏的时态,情态及语态
•汉语谓语的时态比较隐蔽
•到20世纪末时中国会繁荣起来。

•By the end of the century China will be prosperous.
•By the end of the century China will have become prosperous.
•汉语句中的将来进行时没有明显的外形标志,知识内含于居中的逻辑关系中•明天晚上八点钟你们干什么?
•What will you doing at eight tomorrow evening?
•汉语句子中的情态动词是内含的,译时应潜心挖掘
•他想去那儿碰碰运气也不错。

•He thought it might be wise to try his luch there.
•在不少汉语句子中,被动式往往都以主动形式出现,所以译成英语时应备加注意变换语序
•街旁都种了树。

•The streets are lined with trees.
二、无主句
•祈使句不出现主语,照译即可
EXAMPLE
•请打开书本。

•Open your books,please.
•您的票!
•Show your ticket please.(Yout ticket please!)
汉语含有号召,要求,规定等意味的无主句,有时可译成祈使句,有的则应补出主语
汉语叙事或叙理的无主句,译时都应补加主语
•认识落后,才能去改变落后;学习先进,才有可能赶超先进。

•翻译叙理的无主句的三种方法:
1.译成被动句
2.译成"It is...(for sb.) to do..."的结构
3.补加主语"We","One","You","A person","People"等
•认识落后,才能去改变落后;学习先进,才有可能赶超先进。

•Backwardness must be perceived before it can be changed.A person must learn from the adveced before he can catch up and surpass them.
•如果走近了，会发现它们那可爱的神情，洁白的牙齿，那丰富而单纯的表情。

•When approaching near, one would find their lily-white teeth and a variety of innocent facial expressions.
•叙事无主句,可补加主语"We","One","You","A person","People"等
•很容易看出来那位作家是一个生手,刚从事写作。

•It neesd no great sagacity to see that the writer is a novice at his task.
•叙事无主句,动词不定式充当主语。

•振兴科技和繁荣经济,必须坚持教育为本。

•The vitality of science and technology and the prosperity of economy must be based on edcation.
•没有用We,而是用"振兴...和繁荣..."充当了主语
在上文已交代的情况下或者在人物的对话当中,汉语句子多省略主语,而英译时在许多情况下则需要补上
•翻译欣赏
•层层的叶子中间，零星地点缀着些白花，
有袅娜地开着，有羞涩的打着朵儿的；正
如一粒粒的明珠，又如碧天里的星星。

•The leaves were dotted in between the layers with white flowers, some bloming gracefully; as if bashfully, still in bud. They were like bright pearls or stars in an azure sky.
•只盼着早些回家，洗去一身的疲劳，泡上
一杯清茶，点上一柱檀香(sandal-wood stick )，打开半卷的书卷，一任轻柔的旋律把我带进一个美丽的境界。

•To be home means to ends a day’s fatigue and enjoy myself in a world of my own. With a nice cup of tea and a burning sandal-wood stick by my side, I can either resume my suspended reading, or listen leisurely to a soft melody and let myself be carried away to a fairyland of beauty.（陈文伯译）
•提高我国的科学技术水平,当然必须依靠我们自己的努力,必须发展我们自己的创造,必须坚持独立自主,自力更生的方正。

•To rasie China's scientific and technological leavel, we must rely on our efforts, develop our own inventions, and adhere to the policy of independence and self-reliance.
汉语的不少无主句是惯用法,很难判断主语。

可采用"There be"结构,主谓单句或被动式
汉语无主句内含隐蔽性很强的“意合”主语，翻译时应潜心挖掘
•汉语做竹状
•英语做树状
•汉语大珠小珠落玉盘
•英语一根绳线把珠串
EXAMPLE
•新世纪大厦由一幢22层楼,两幢9层楼和地下停车场组成。

从高层远眺,海景,帆影,大桥尽收眼底。

大厦带有电梯,楼宇高低错落有致,间距合理,空旷舒展,绿化面积达50%。

适合现代人对居住环境高绿化,低密度的要求。

内设露天儿童活动中心,室内住户俱乐部,游泳池。

•新世纪大厦由一幢22层楼,两幢9层楼和地下停车场组成。

从高层远眺,海景,帆影,大桥尽收眼底。

大厦带有电梯,楼宇高低错落有致,间距合理,空旷舒展,绿化面积达50%。

适合现代人对居住环境高绿化,低密度的要求。

内设露天儿童活动中心,室内住户俱乐部,游泳池。

•The New Century Tower consists of one 22-story buiding, two 9-story buildings and underground parking lots. Residents on the higher floors can enjoy the view of te sea, boats and the bridge. The buiding, arranged with various heights and at considerable distance from each other, are all equipped with elevators and meet the modern trend of pursuing a living environment with high greening and low density.The whole spacious estate is 50% greened, boasting of an outdoor children activity centre, an in-door resident club and a swimming pool.
三,流水句
•这种句子比较松散，英译时，多译成以若干个以“主谓”结构为主干的分立单位或者平行散句，并根据句法需要适当添加关联词。

•在中国要是没有自行车，生活是难以想象的，可是没有多少年以前，人们还把自行车看成奢侈品，很多人都买不起，再说，自行车也供不应求呀。

•It is hard to imagine what life would be like in China without the bicycle. Yet it wasn’t so many years ago that a bicycle was considered a luxury, beyond the reach of many people. Moreover, it was in short supply.
•作为一种社交方式,我觉得茶会不但比宴会节约,也实惠并且文雅多了。

首先是气氛,朋友相聚,主要还是叙叙旧,谈谈心,交换一下意见。

•作为一种社交方式,我觉得茶会不但比宴会节约,也实惠并且文雅多了。

首先是气氛,朋友相聚,主要还是叙叙旧,谈谈心,交换一下意见。

•As a medium for socializing, a tea party, to my mind, is preferable to a formal banquet. For one thing, an economical yet quality customer service is provided at a tea party.For another, it is a form of gathering with mor refined taste as compared woth a banquet. A event like a tea part is primarily intended to foster an atmosphere in which friends can allow themselves the luxury of recalling good old days together sharing innermost feelings or exchanging views on some problems of common interest.
四.主题句
•前一部分叙理或叙事,后一部分进行总结或评论,表达作者的观点和意图.
•译法:
1.译成掉尾句,即结论和评论放在最前面,叙述放在后面,正好与汉语的主题句相反
2.有时顺译
•过去向我们学习的人,现在反而超过了我们。

这对我们确实是一个鞭策。

•It was a real challenge that those who had learned from us now excelled us.
•有人断言说我们的经济制度应完全建立在市场经济之上,这种说法是错我的。

•It is false to assert that our economic system should be entirely organized around a marker-oriented economy.
•灾难慎重的中华民族,一百年来,其优秀人物奋斗牺牲,前赴后继,摸索救国救民的真理,是可歌可泣的。

•For a hundred years, the finest sons and daughters of the disaster-ridden Chineses nation fought and sacrified their lives, one stepping into the breach as another fell, in quest of the truth that would save the country and the people. This moved us to song and tears.
•学生为什么跟不上老师的课?有几个互相关联的原因。

其一,许多课讲得太枯燥,只是照本宣读;其二,学生想着成绩,工作等其他事情,思想容易开小差;其三,学生看着电视长大,接受信息时听的能力比视觉能力差。

•学生为什么跟不上老师的课?有几个互相关联的原因。

其一,许多课讲得太枯燥,只是照本宣读;其二,学生想着成绩,工作等其他事情,思想容易开小差;其三,学生看着电视长大,接受信息时听的能力比视觉能力差。

•The explanations for students failure to follow a lecture involve some interrelated factors. For one thing, many
lectures are simply boring because the teacher only repeats the material from the text book. For another, students, beset by other pressing concerns, both academic and professional, easily get distracted. Still another, raised on a diet of TV programmes, students find it mor difficult to receive auditory messages than visual ones.
五,连动句
•一个主语统辖两个以上的谓语动词
•连动式翻译的两大处理方法
1.动作同时发生,称为并列动词
译成英语时也译为并列谓语
2.动词发生有先后之分,有条件,方式,因果假设,目的,主次等关系
译成英语时,主干(主要谓语)+修饰成分
EXAMPLE
•那是一个初春的下午，游子一般的我又提起行李来到了广州机场。

•That was an early spring afternoon,I,like a tramp,picked up my luggage and came to Guangzhou Airport.
•That was an early spring afternoon,I,like a tramp,picking up my luggage, came to Guangzhou Airport.
译成状语从句
•论文我们写完了就交。

•If we finish the paper, we will hand it in.•他们等天黑再走。

•They won't go until it gets dark.
"着"的翻译方法
• 1.with结构
•我笑着站了起来。

•Then I stood up with a laugh.
• 2.-ing分词结构
•老师站着讲课。

•The teacher, standing, gave us a lesson.
• 3.and
•等着睁开眼和太阳再见,这算又溜走了一日。

我掩着面叹息。

•The moment I open my eyes and meet the sun again, one whole day has gone. I bury my face in my hands and heave a sihn.
表示目的的动词英译,"to do"结构•他到美国去攻读工商管理硕士学位了。

•He went to America to further his study for MBA.
•有时,也可把表示目的的动词译成一个介词短语
•我们把他送到了医院急救。

•We sent him to hospital for emergency treatment.
介词短语可表动作
•离开时把钥匙交给服务台的工作人员。

•Upon your departure, give your key to the desk clerk.
•我们用友好的方式对待同志。

•We treat our comrades in a friendly way.
六、兼语句
•谓语有两个动词，但两个动词不共一个主语
•前一个歌动词的宾语是后一个动词的主语•他不喜欢别人叫他的绰号。

•兼语句的三种译法。