美国社会与文化3
当代美国的社会和文化
当代美国的社会和文化——谭钰两万年前，有一批来自亚洲的流浪者，经由北美到中南美洲，这些就是印第安人的祖先。
这就是早期的美国人。
当哥伦布踏上这片略带神秘的大洲时，就注定会诞生一个奇迹——美国。
美国的历史是一段屈辱史。
在被英国的殖民统治期间，美国人民可谓生活在水生火热之中，当在波士顿附近的列克星敦和康科德，殖民地的爱国者打响了反抗的枪声，揭开了独立战争的序幕。
随着独立宣言的通过，宣布美国的正式独立。
这跟我国的历史多少有些相似。
同时美国的强大又是血腥的。
贩卖黑人，南北战争，林肯废除黑奴制，第一、二次世界大战，甚至中国的淘金热……有多少的无辜的人在这其中丧命。
这就注定了美国的社会是一个多元化的大熔炉。
美国的社会体制跟我国的截然不同。
毕竟作为一个资本主义国家，在社会管理方面与我国差异很大。
美国的社会管理主要的特点可分为以下几点：（一）社会发展支出占公共支出的比重巨大，广开社会经济发展来源。
有数据显示，2003年，四口之家，日收入在18.810或低于这个数字的被认为是美国的贫困家庭。
为了应对贫困，联邦政府所有的福利项目——包括社会保障、卫生、各种福利项目——几乎占据其政府财政开支的一半。
自从奥巴马上台，也大量推行社会保障策略。
所以说美国社会比较注重社会的发展支出。
这点是我们值得学习的。
（二）以社会需求和解决问题为向导，实现社会服务社会化简而说就是，在许多其他由政府提供的服务，在美国却由非营利组织和私人提供。
并且美国非营利组织的特点是，正式组织的、独立于政府之外、非营利、自律、志愿性。
再者覆盖面广，包括有：文化、艺术、娱乐、教育、研究、卫生、医院、托老院、托儿所以及其他卫生机构；社会服务，残疾人救济、难民救济、环境保护和动物保护；经济、社会和社区发展；住宅、就业和就业培训；公民倡导组织；法律服务、慈善、宗教组织、专业或行业组织，等等。
（三）完善法律，对非营利组织者进行分类管理。
具体可说为，尽非营利组织在美国的规模很大，经济价值很高，但是美国有关非营利组织的法律和政府机构并不多。
美国社会与文化笔记
Why America?1. 美国在当今世界有极大的影响力，美国文化影响全球、影响中国。
2. 美国社会制度与文化价值很有特点，有的地方是值得我们学习的，有的地方必须批判。
第一讲美国地理与历史概况美国的地理特征:得天独厚，但又充满挑战（一）优势1、位置分离主义者（Separatists）的隐居之地，犹如世外桃源。
世界主义者（Cosmopolitans）的世界通衢。
2、气候适宜；3、幅员广阔；4、资源丰富(二) 劣势1、新格兰（New England）：（1）Storm；（2）Stony soil2、南方（Virginia and the Carolinas）：“dismal swamps”3、内地（The Interior）4、大平原与太平洋沿岸（The Great Plains and the Pacific Basins）（1）干旱（drought）(2)Earthquake.The Northridge earthquake occurred on January 17, 1994 at 4:31 AM Pacific Standard Time in Reseda, a neighborhood in the city of Los Angeles, California. The earthquake had a "strong" moment magnitude of 6.7, but the ground acceleration was the highest ever instrumentally recorded in an urban area in North America. Seventy-two people died as a result of the earthquake with more than 12,000 injured. In addition, the earthquake caused an estimated $12.5 billion in damage, making it one of the costliest natural disasters in U.S. history.(3) 洪水（Flooding）(4) 森林大火（Wildfires）The Yellowstone fires of 1988 together formed the largest wildfire in the recorded history of Yellowstone National Park, United States. Starting as many smaller individual fires, the flames spread quickly out of control with increasing winds and drought and combined into one large conflagration, which burned for several months. The fires almost destroyed two major visitor destinations and, on September 8, 1988, the entire park was closed to all non emergency personnel for the first time in its history. Only the arrival of cool and moist weather in the late fall brought the fires to an end. A total of 793,880 acres (3,213 km2), or roughly 36 percent of the park was affected by the wildfires.（二）五大地区1. The Industrialized Northeast and North-Central Region(1) ScopeAs defined by the U.S. Census Bureau, it covers nine states: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.The Northeast is the richest region of the United States, including four states with the highest median household income: Maryland (1st), New Jersey (2nd), Connecticut (3rd), and Massachusetts (5th)The nation's permanent manufacturing belt; a large consumer market.Dense urban population; admixture of races; good skills2. The South(1) A geographic and cultural concept: the Atlantic and Gulf PlainAs defined by the United States Census Bureau, the Southern region of the United States includes 16 states and the District of Columbia (with a total 2006 estimated population of 109,083,752.) Thirty-six percent of all U.S. residents lived in the South, the nation's most populous region.The South Atlantic States: Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Washington, D.C., and DelawareThe East South Central States: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi and Tennessee The West South Central States: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and TexasDeep SouthThe Southern Coastland(3) Some other central featuresI. Deep South: large numbers of African AmericansII. Concentration of Hispanics in Florida, New Mexico and TexasIII. Homogeneity of Anglo-Americans3. The Agricultural Midwest(1) ScopeIllinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. A 2006 Census Bureau estimate put the population at 66,217,736.II. RiversBrought together by three great rivers: the Ohio, Missouri, and MIssissipiIII. Agriculture and trade the chief occupationsCorn belt: Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Minnesota, Wisconsin4. The Moutain West(1) The Scope:Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, and NevadaThe Great Plains and the Intermountain plateaus and basinsThe Rocky Mountain, the Cascade Mountains, and the Sierra Nevada Mountains.(2) Common traitsI. AridityII. Dry farming, irrigation, and ranchingLake MeadThe lake was named after Elwood Mead, who was commissioner of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation from 1924 to 1936 during the planning and construction of the Boulder Canyon Project that created the dam and lake.Lake Mead is the largest man-made lake and reservoir in the United States. It is located on the Colorado River about 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Las Vegas, Nevada, in the states of Nevada and Arizona. Formed by water impounded by Hoover Dam, it extends 110 mi (180 km) behind the dam, holding approximately 28.5 million acre feet (35 km³) of water. The water held in Lake Mead is released to communities in Southern California and Nevada, via aqueducts.III. Low population, largely rural, homogeneous, mainly from the South and Midwest5. The Far West(1) ScopeWashington, Oregon, CaliforniaII. Upland and plain in close juxtaposition, bringing mining, forestry, ranching and farming togetherIII. Mild climate of Oregon and sunny climate of California affording more comfort than anywhere in the United States (excluding Florida)Crater Lake, OregonIV. Economic diversity: mining, farming, forestry, ranching, computer industry, airplaneV. Renowned educational institutionsUC Berkeley；Stanford University美国历史概况前殖民地时期殖民地时期1、西班牙殖民地The Spanish sent some settlers, creating the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States at St. Augustine, Florida in 1565. Later Spanish settlements included Santa Fe, San Antonio, Tucson, San Diego, Los Angeles and San Francisco. Most Spanish settlements were along the California coast or the Santa Fe River in New Mexico.2、法国殖民地The territory of New France extended from Newfoundland to the Rocky Mountains and from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico. The territory was divided in five colonies, each with its own administration: Canada, Acadia, Hudson Bay, Newfoundland and Louisiana.英国殖民地：十三个殖民地建国（1776－1789）The thirteen colonies began a rebellion against British rule in 1775 and proclaimed their independence in 1776.西进（1789－1849）内战（1849－1865）重建与工业化（1865－1890）进步主义、帝国主义、一战（1890－1918）战后与大萧条（1918－1940）二战（1940－1945）冷战开始与民权运动（1945－1964）冷战（1964－1980）冷战结束（1980－1991）1991－至今At the beginning of the new millennium, the United States found itself attacked by Islamic terrorism, with the September 11, 2001 attacks in which 19 extremists hijacked four transcontinental airliners and intentionally crashed two of them into the twin towers of the World Trade Center and one into the Pentagon.As of 2008, debates continue over abortion, gun control, same-sex marriage, immigration reform, and the ongoing war in Iraq. A new Congressional majority promised to withdraw US forces from Iraq, however Congress continues to fund efforts in both Iraq and Afghanistan. In the area of foreign policy, the U.S. maintains ongoing talks with North Korea over its nuclear weapons program, as well as with Israel and the Palestinian Authority over a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict; the Palestinian-Israeli talks began in 2007, an effort spearheaded by United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice.第二章美国人之一：欧裔美国人一、美国移民状况简介（一）历史上的移民数量In the last four centuries, 55 million people have immigrated to this country. As of now, the United States admits more immigrants than all the other industrialized countries combined. In the late 1990s, it was estimated that about one million legal immigrants, plus additional 500,000 illegal immigrants, arrived in the United States every year. (ACS 22)（二）不同时代的移民当今美国种族构成（American Racial Makeup）Based on a population clock maintained by the U.S. Census Bureau, the current U.S. population, as of 5:20 GMT (EST+5) August 14, 2008 is 304,865,1082000 Census 2006Race Number Percentage Percentage In total 281,421,906 100?Hispanic/Latino 35.3 million 13 14.8White 211.4 million 75.1 76Black 34.6 million 12.3 12.4Asian 10.2 million 3.6 13.1, 4.4% American Indian and2.4 million 0.9 2.4, 0.8% Alaska Natives0.4 million 0.1 0.4, 0.14% Native Hawaiians andother Pacific IslandersOther races 15.3 million 5.5 6.4%Two or more races 6.8 million 2.4 6.1，2.0% 二、最初二百年的欧洲来客 The Early Immigrants, 1600-1800（一）哥伦布“发现”美洲Christopher Columbus 的四次航行The First Voyage (1492-1493);The Second Voyage (1493-1496); The Third Voyage (1498-1500); The Fourth Voyage (1502-1504)（二）地理大发现的历史背景1、十字军东征和征服世界的思想与中国的比较Between 1405 and 1433, the Ming government sponsored a series of seven naval expeditions. Emperor Yongle designed them to establish a Chinese presence, impose imperial control over trade, and impress foreign peoples in the Indian Ocean basin. He also might have wanted to extend the tributary system, by which Chinese dynasties traditionally recognized foreign peoples.中国人的德化思想2、文艺复兴和科学技术进步The Renaissance3、封建主义的衰落和商业的兴起 The Decline of Feudalism and Growth of Trade艰难的航行Journey of Hardships1、Financial Cost；2、Dismal Living Conditions：Overcrowding，Diseases，HungerA 1752 voyage3、缘何背井离乡？Why Did They Go?(1) Economic Difficulty；(2) Religious Persecution；(3) Political Suppression （四）各国的殖民地（五）The English 来自英伦三岛的移民1、新英格兰：清教徒的社会清教思想 Puritan Ideology对彼岸世界的向往；强调真实的“重生”的宗教体验；强调与上帝的直接交流；严谨的生活方式；强调现实的成就；尊重法律和契约；重视教育（2）发展教育；（3）民主的制度2、大西洋中部沿海殖民地:（1）实践宗教自由；（2）多元的异质的社会和文化3、南部的殖民地 Colonies in the South（1）向往希腊贵族的生活；（2）为追求财富而远渡重洋；（3）严格的社会等级制度三、The Old Immigrants, 1800-1880 十九世纪的“老移民”（一）迁移的原因 Reasons for Emigration工业化带来的贫困 Industrialization and Poverty2、人口增长和外迁限制的解除Population Growth and the Relaxation of Emigration Restrictions3、宗教迫害Intensified Religious Persecution交通工具的改进Transportation Revolution（二）四个主要民族群体 Four main groups1、The Irish 饥寒交迫的爱尔兰人: The Great Famine 大饥荒2、人数最多的德国人The Germans: The largest group3、英国人The English;4、北欧人 The Scandinavians（1）Religious Persecution;（2）Conscription Laws;（3）No Universal Suffrage （4）Rigid Class System四、The New Immigrants, 1880-1920 世纪之交的新移民（一）移民主体 Major GroupsFrom southern and eastern Europe: Italy, Russia, Austro-Hungarian Empire,Baltic CountriesFrom 1881 to 1910, 3 million Italians sailed for the United States.（二）Slowing Down of ImmigrationThe Immigration Act of 1924, or Johnson-Reed Act, including the National Origins Act, Asian Exclusion Act, was a United States federal law that limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890, according to the Census of 1890. It excluded immigration of Asians. It superseded the 1921 Emergency Quota Act. The law was aimed at furtherrestricting the Southern and Eastern Europeans who were immigrating in large numbers starting in the 1890s, as well as prohibiting the immigration of East Asians and Asian Indians.（三）迁移原因：家乡经济的衰落Depression in the home country.They lived in houses of straw or even in rock caves. "We would have eaten each other had we stayed", some immigrants said (ACS 37).四、移民精神：勇敢无畏；开拓进取；追求光明与幸福建造“山颠之城”（City Upon the Hill）我们为了美好的未来，要舍弃过去，开拓未来！第三章美国人之二：非洲移民African Americans一、奴隶贸易（一）欧洲种植园的兴起1、蔗糖之发现；2、蔗糖种植业与奴隶劳动之使用；3、种植园的扩张（二）跨大西洋奴隶贸易；（三）美国的种植园与奴隶；（四）奴隶贸易的禁止Britain outlawed the slave trade in 1807. The United States did son in 1808. Cuba was the last to outlaw slavery, in 1888.二、美国国内的废奴运动（二）废奴运动中的著名人物Personalities in the Abolitionist Movement1. “地下铁路”的向导－塔布曼；2. “我也要自由”－斯格特；3. 布朗During the Kansas campaign he killed five pro-slavery southerners in what became known as the Pottawatomie Massacre in May 1856, in response to the raid of the "free soil" city of Lawrence. Brown's most famous deed was the 1859 raid he led on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (in modern-day West Virginia).（三）奴隶制度的废除Lincoln issued his final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863.That on the first day of January in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any state, or designated part of a state, the people whereof thenceforward, and forever free; and the executive government of the United States [including the military and naval authority thereof] will, during the continuance in office of the presentincumbents, recognize [and maintain the freedom of] such persons, as being free, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.向往自由，获得自由......三、内战后南方种族状况（一）经济上的佃农制（crop-sharing）Sharecrop farmers were loaned a plot of land to work, and in exchange owed the owner a share of the crop at the end of the season.（二）政治上限制黑人的选举权；（三）社会交往中的隔离制；（四）私刑制 (lynching) 四、黑人的回应（一）Booker T. Washington: From slave to university presidentHe was freed from slavery as a child, gained an education, and as a young man was appointed to lead Tuskegee Institute, then a teachers' college for blacks. From 1895-1915 he was said to be the most powerful African-American man in the nation.（二）民权运动 Civil Rights Movement1. 民权运动的组织：NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) 主张积极地争取权利2. 美国最高法院的判决The Supreme Court in 1954 declared that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional.3. 民间自发运动1955 Montgomery bus boycott4. 全国学生运动：反对隔离5. Martin Luther King: A True American Hero（1）Martin Luther King 在美国和世界的影响（2）Main ActivitiesMontgomery Bus Boycott, 1955Southern Christian Leadership ConferencePoor People's Campaign, 1968Assassination(3) The Ideas of Dr. Martin Luther KingB. The concept of “somebodiness”"Everybody can be great... because anybody can serve. You don't have to have a college degree to serve. You don't have to make your subject and verb agree to serve. you only need a heart full of grace. asoul generated by love."C. Nonviolence and LoveI believe that unarmed truth and unconditional love will have the final word in reality. That is why right, temporarily defeated, is stronger than evil triumphantD. FearlessnessIf a man hasn't discovered something that he will die for, he isn't fit to live.(4) 我有一个梦想（三）民权运动的成就1964 Civil Rights ActThe act outlawed discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, not only in public accommodation, but also in employment. An Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was established to investigate and judge complaints of job discrimination. The act also authorized the government to withhold funds from public agencies that discriminated on the basis of race, and it empowered the attorney general to guarantee voting rights and end school segregation. (ACS 86)1965 Voting Rights ActIt empowered the attorney general to supervise voter registration in areas where fewer than half the minority residents of voting age were registered. (ACS 86)五、黑人状况的改善（一）Desegregation 去除种族隔离我们终于一起上学了！（二）黑人地位的提高Democratic presidential candidate Obama.Condoleezza RiceGeneral Colin L. Powell六、黑人崛起任重道远（一）较低的社会经济地位1、经济In 1999, the median income of African-American families was $33,255 compared to $53,356 of European Americans. Nationwide, the September 2004 unemployment rate for blacks was 10.3%, while their white counterparts were unemployed at the rate of 4.7%.Half the whites live in the suburbs, only a fourth of the blacks do so.Over 40% of all black children live in poverty.2、政治；3、生活（二）一些错误观念1、依赖思想；2、受害者情结；3、家庭伦理松弛第四章华裔一、简史（一）－1850The first Chinese immigrants arrived in 1820 according to U.S. government records. Fewer than 1,000 are known to have arrived before the 1848 California Gold Rush.（二）1850－1880There were 25,000 immigrants by 1852, and 105,465 by 1880, most of whom lived on the West Coast. Most of the early immigrants were young males with low educational levels from the Guangdong province.（三）1880－1965As a result of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, the inflow of Chinese immigrants was drastically curtailed, down to less than 1,000. (ACS 69).The Chinese Exclusion Act was repealed by the 1943 Magnuson Act, which permitted Chinese nationals already residing in the country to become naturalized citizens. It also allowed a national quota of 105 Chinese immigrants per year, although large scale Chinese immigration did not occur until the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965.（四）1965－Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 abolished the national-origin quotas that had been in place in the United States since the Immigration Act of 1924. An annual limitation of 170,000 visas was established for immigrants from Eastern Hemisphere countries with no more than 20,000 per country. By 1968, the annual limitation from the Western Hemisphere was set at 120,000 immigrants, with visas available on a first-come, first-served basis.During the 1970's, the vast majority of ethnic Chinese immigration into the United States was from Hong Kong and followed by the Republic of China on Taiwan. During the 1980's, in part due to the liberalization of emigration restrictions in the mid-1970s, immigration from the mainland China became a larger fraction of ethnic Chinese immigration into the United States.二、The 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act1、国会通过排华法案The Chinese Exclusion Act excluded Chinese "skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining" from entering the country for ten years under penalty of imprisonment and deportation. The few Chinese non-laborers who wished to immigrate had to obtain certification from the Chinese government. Any Chinese who left the United States had to obtain certifications for reentry The Act made Chinese immigrants permanent aliens by excluding them from U.S. citizenship. Amendments made in 1884 tightened the provisions that allowed previous immigrants to leave and return, and clarified that the law applied to ethnic Chinese regardless of their country of origin. The Act was renewed for ten years by the 1892 Geary Act, and again with no terminal date in 1902. The Act's 1902 extension also required "each Chinese resident to register and obtain a certificate of residence. Without a certificate, he or she faced deportation."2、原因（1）经济竞争Report of the Joint Special Committee to Investigate Chinese Immigration says, "This evidence shows that the Chinese have reduced wages to what would be starvation prices for white men and women, and engrossed so much of the labor in the various callings that there is lack of employment for whites."（2）文化差异Non-Christian, "strangers from a different shore"（3）自身的弱点Political Indifference and bad social customs鸦片、妓院、赌博、裹足等（4）十九世纪下半叶美国种族歧视加重三、如何面对歧视（一）不必害怕、不必抱怨（二）为其他种族的成就而高兴（三）积极贡献于当地社会（四）运用法律武器保护自己的权益四、华人对美国社会的贡献（一）Laundry（二）Building Western half of the Transcontinental railroad（三）Building levees in the Sacramento River Delta（四）Developing and cultivating much of the Western US farmland（五）Recent technological developments and other areas五、Tien Chang-lin and Elaine ChaoChapter 5 American Politics美国政治一、美国宪法（一）美国的自由宪章Charter of Freedom （自由宪章）：独立宣言、宪法、权利法案（二）美国宪法的原则1、Rule by Law 法治(No person) shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, withoutjust compensation. (The Fifth Amendment)2、Popular Sovereignty 主权在民《独立宣言》中称：We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.3、Separation of Powers 三权分立4、Judicial Review 司法审查Judicial review in the United States refers to the power of a court to review the actions of public sector bodies in terms of their lawfulness, or to review the constitutionality of a statute or treaty, or to review an administrative regulation for consistency with either a statute, a treaty, or the Constitution itself.5、Civilian Supremacy in Military Matters 文官治军军人干政：智利、巴基斯坦6、Protection of Individual Rights 保护个人权利拥有武器的权利、免于残酷处罚的权利7、Federalism 联邦制(ACS 101)Three kinds of government(1) Unitary System 中央集权制(2) Confederate System 邦联制Confederation: The common central agency in a confederation may discuss and advise separate matters, but it has no meaningful power. Instead, each member retains ultimate governmental authority. (ACS)(3) Federal System 联邦制A compromise between unitary and confederate political organization. There is a division of political authority. There are certain powers that both levels have. The two can cooperate, for example through grants-in-aid. (ACS)（三）权利法案的十项权利First Amendment – Establishment Clause, Free Exercise Clause; freedom of speech, of the press, and of assembly; right to petitionCongress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, orof the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.Second Amendment – Right to keep and bear arms.A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.Third Amendment – Protection from quartering of troops.No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.Fourth Amendment – Protection from unreasonable search and seizure.The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.Fifth Amendment – due process, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, eminent domain.No person shall be held to answer for any capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arisingin the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offenceto be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be takenfor public use, without just compensation.Sixth Amendment – Trial by jury and rights of the accused; Confrontation Clause, speedy trial, public trial, right to counselIn all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district where in the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previouslyascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense.Seventh Amendment – Civil trial by jury.In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.Eighth Amendment – Prohibition of excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment.Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.Ninth Amendment – Protection of rights not specifically enumerated in the Bill of Rights.The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.Tenth Amendment – Powers of states and people.The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.二、总统（一）总统的职权1、国家元首Head of the state2、行政长官Chief executiveHe is responsible for taking care that the laws are faithfully executed, preparing the annual budget, setting rules for the civil service, encouraging efficient administrative practices, seeing that honesty, efficiency, loyalty, and frugality prevail throughout the administration.3、首席外交官Chief diplomatSecrecy, dispatch (快速传达), unity, continuity, and access to information4、武装部队总司令Commander in chief of the armed forces5、首席立法者Chief legislatorPresenting the annual budget, introducing and seeking passage of a legislative program, veto power, pocket veto.6、其他角色：党的领袖等Other roles: head of his political party; maintaining domestic order; responsible for the economic health, protection of the environment and energy, safeguarding the family, and strengthening education.（二）对总统权威的限制Authority restrained1. From the Congress；2. From the Supreme Court；3. From the civil society媒体、反对党、人民团体等；4. Four-year term；5. Ban on a third term；6.Qualifications of the power of the veto（三）美国的政府部门1. Agriculture；2. Commerce；3. Defense；4. Education；5. Energy；6. Health and Human Services；7. Homeland Security；8. Housing and Urban Development9. Interior；10. Justice；11. Labor；12. State；13. Transportation14. Treasury；15. Veteran Affairs（四）美国总统的选举1. Qualifications for Voting(1) ResidenceIn order to qualify as a voter, a person must reside in his state for aspecific period of time. From six months to one year.(2) RegistrationCitizens aged 18 or above may register in their home towns.A quarter do not register.2. Primary or Caucus: Choosing a party candidate3. National convention nomination 全国大会提名4. General election 全国大选The first Tuesday of November: Voter electing electors5. 选举团制度The Electoral College consists of the popularly elected representatives who formally select the President and Vice President of the United States. Since 1964 the electoral college has had 538 electors, equal to the number of its Senators and Representatives in the United States Congress. The District of Columbia is given three electors. Electors pledge to vote for specific candidates and voters cast ballots for favored presidential and vice presidential candidates by voting for correspondingly pledged electors. Most states allow voters to choose between statewide slates of electors pledged to vote for the presidential and vice presidential tickets of various parties; the ticket that receives the most votes statewide 'wins' all of the votes cast by electors from that state6. Inauguration（五）对选举制度的评价1、优点（1）形式上的民主权利；（2）定期更换政府；（3）程序文明2、劣势（1）附和群众意见；（2）选举需要大量的金钱三、国会Congress：the House and the Senate（一）A bicameral institution 两院制House of Representatives （众议院）and Senate （参议院）1、成员的人数：435和100；2、任期: 2年和6年；3、人际关系: Less formality inthe Senate；4、声望（Reputation）: Senate 更高（二）职能1、立法；2、修正宪法；3、弹劾、审判、罢免总统；4、调查；5、制定自身的规范；6、批准总统的任命The President may only nominate for appointment Cabinet officials, judges, and other high officers with the "by and with the advice and consent" of the Senate. The Senate confirms most presidential nominees, but rejections are not uncommon. Furthermore, treaties negotiated by the President must be ratified by a two-thirds majority vote in the Senate to take effect.（三）立法的程序1. Introduction of a billOfficial introduction of a bill can come only from a representative or senator.2. The bill is referred to the committee by leadership.3. The committee takes action. If a bill is approved, it is reported to thefull house.4. The bill goes to a calendar. 5. The bill goes to the floor.6. Passed bill goes to the other house.7. Conference committees may meet if there are similar bills from both houses.8. The bill goes to the president.9. The president signs the bill.（四）国会的委员会工作四种委员会1、standing committees常设委员会2、special or select committees特别委员会3、joint committees 联合委员会4、conference committees临时联合委员会Chapter 6 Law and Judicial System一、美国司法制度（一）美国司法的一些基本事实1. 律师多2. High crime rateAccording to FBI statistics, an estimated 1,417,745 violent crimes occurred nationwide in 2006. There were an estimated 473.5 violent crimes per 100,000 inhabitants.（二）美国司法制度：联邦法院1、职能Federal courts deal with cases which arise under the U.S. Constitution,treaties or federal law and any disputes involving the federal government. They also hear disputes involving governments or citizens of different states. If a case in the highest state court appeal involves a federal question, it can be。
美国文化和社会发展的历史
美国文化和社会发展的历史美国这个年轻而强大的国家已经有着近300年的发展历史，其文化和社会成就也在这个过程中不断地演化和改变。
因此，为了更好地理解美国这个国家，在本文中，我们将一起探讨美国文化和社会发展的历史以及它们所呈现出来的特点。
1. 先驱者和移民欧洲人第一次来到北美是在16世纪初期。
最早的欧洲移民是英国人，他们陆续建立了几个殖民地。
这些先驱者很快发现了美国的资源丰富，因此开始引导大规模的移民。
后来，荷兰和瑞典的移民也来到美国，共同建造了这个新国家的基础。
随着时间的推移，移民的来源地逐渐变得多样化。
在18世纪末期之前，非洲奴隶从非洲的西海岸被迫运往美国的南部地区，成为了种植园的劳工。
到19世纪之后，欧洲的大规模移民也开始涌入美国。
这些移民来自于英国，爱尔兰，德国，法国，俄罗斯和南斯拉夫等国家。
他们带来了自己的文化和语言，同时融入了美国独特的文化中。
2. 宗教信仰和家庭价值美国的历史不仅被移民和先驱者们的努力和奋斗所塑造，也与宗教信仰和家庭价值密不可分。
在美国的早期阶段，新教信仰占据着主导地位。
随着时间的推移，新教教派也逐渐分裂和多元化。
如今，美国拥有着各种信仰派别，从新教，天主教，佛教，伊斯兰教，犹太教和印度教等等。
这也为美国的文化多样性提供了一个强大的基础。
在美国文化中，家庭价值也是一个十分重要的方面。
家庭是建立道德和价值观的地方。
美国传统上对父母，卫生和公共秩序具有明确的道德和社会期望。
在美国社会，尊敬和珍视家庭价值是一种长久以来的传统而不断强化的观念。
3. 文化艺术和娱乐文化艺术和娱乐一直是美国的核心价值之一。
美国拥有着众多全球最顶尖的艺术和文化机构，例如纽约大都会博物馆，卡内基音乐厅和爵士乐博物馆等等。
美国电影业也是全世界最成功的一个，好莱坞产出的电影无论是国际票房收入还是对于全球文化的影响力都是独具一格的。
从音乐，电影到文学，美国拥有着丰富多样的文化娱乐产业。
这些产业不仅仅是美国文化的一部分，也为文化交流提供了平台。
美国文化与社会的变迁与展望
美国文化与社会的变迁与展望美国是一个多元化、充满活力的国家，每一位居民都在经历着日新月异的社会变革。
从独立战争到现代科技的飞速发展，美国的历史一直在不断演变，带来了很多影响和改变。
本文将就美国文化与社会的演变及其展望进行探讨。
一、文化的演变1、娱乐文化美国是一个娱乐文化的国家，从音乐、电影、电视到运动，美国无所不包。
19世纪中叶，美国音乐已经取得了一个世界级的声誉。
从爵士乐，到摇滚乐和嘻哈音乐，美国音乐以其多样性和影响力成为了当今世界音乐发展的一个重要方面。
电台和电视台在美国的发展历程中扮演着非常重要的角色，从20世纪初期的默片到现在的3D技术，电影不仅仅是娱乐，还是美国文化在全世界普及的一份贡献。
美国的运动文化也盛行于全球各地，以NBA、NFL、MLB、NHL这四大联盟为代表，美国体育在全世界得到了广泛的普及。
2、文化多元化文化多元是美国的一个突出特点。
随着时间的推移，美国的文化不断向前发展，逐渐形成了多元的文化，包括黑人文化、西班牙裔文化和华人文化等。
在美国社会中，多元文化的存在，使得人们的思想更加开放，不断接受来自不同文化的冲击，从而推进文化的多元和发展。
二、社会的变迁1、社会结构美国的社会结构一直在变迁，从最初的种植园奴隶制度到现如今的社会主义，社会结构的演变导致了社会的进步和发展。
随着工业革命时代的到来，产业的变迁和经济的变化，使得美国的社会和经济一直不停地变换。
1950年代是美国的“黄金时代”，当时的美国经济和社会蓬勃发展，国内生产总值显著增长，物质财富积累迅猛，人们的生活水平也越来越高。
而在20世纪后期，实行自由市场和全球化，政府和市场扮演的角色发生了变化。
2、文化差异随着美国社会的变迁，不同地区和不同文化造成了社会结构的变异，从而形成了美国社会中的不同社区。
不同社区之间的文化差异已成为美国社会中难以解决的问题。
例如，在日益增长的拉丁美洲人种中，越来越多的人倾向于使用西班牙语而不是英语，这种语言的差异会使得美国社会更加多元化。
美国社会与文化范文
美国社会与文化范文首先，美国社会是多元化的。
它由不同种族、宗教、文化和经济背景的人们构成。
美国是一个多种族的国家，有来自欧洲、亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲的人口。
这种多元性在各种社会机构和机构中得到反映，例如政府、教育机构、工作场所和社交圈子。
人们在这样一个多元社会中生活和工作，他们要学会尊重和接纳不同的价值观和文化。
其次，美国社会是开放的。
美国一直以来都是自由和机会的象征。
宗教信仰、言论自由和个人权利是美国宪法的基石，也体现了美国社会的核心价值。
这种开放性还体现在美国对外国投资和跨国公司的欢迎程度上。
许多跨国公司选择在美国设立总部或分支机构，以获得更广阔的市场和更好的发展机会。
因此，美国社会的开放性使其成为一个充满活力和创新的社会。
此外，美国文化也是多元化的。
美国是一个由移民构成的国家，如英国、爱尔兰、德国、意大利、中国、墨西哥等都有大量人口在美国生活。
这种多元性使美国文化充满了不同的影响和风格。
例如，美国音乐融合了非洲、欧洲和拉丁美洲的元素，形成了独特的流行音乐和爵士乐等音乐风格。
此外，美国电影业也是世界上最大的电影工业之一，吸引了全球观众。
美国的宗教是多样的。
基督教是主要宗教，包括天主教、新教和东正教等不同教派。
此外，犹太教、伊斯兰教、佛教、印度教和其他宗教在美国也有一定的信徒。
宗教的多样性反映了美国社会的宗教自由和包容性。
美国的语言是英语，但也有其他语言的使用。
例如，西班牙语是美国次流行语言，许多美国人以西班牙语为母语或第二语言。
此外，由于移民的涌入，美国各地出现了多种语言的使用，例如汉语、阿拉伯语、德语、意大利语等。
最后，美国的美食同样多样。
随着移民的到来，各种不同的美食文化融入了美国。
例如，意大利、中国、墨西哥、泰国等国的菜肴在美国很受欢迎。
美国的快餐文化也是全球独特的，像汉堡、薯条、热狗等食物已经成为美国文化的一部分。
总之，美国社会与文化是多元化、开放且富有创造力的。
它由不同种族、宗教和文化背景的人们组成，对多样性持开放的态度。
《美国社会与文化》教学大纲
《美国社会与文化》教学大纲张立新编写英语专业课程教学大纲812 目录前言 (813)一、概述 (813)二、课程教学目的和基本要求 (813)三、教学基本内容及学时分配： (813)Chapter One Geography (816)Chapter Two History (818)Chapter Three The Government (821)四、教材及主要参考书 (822)美国社会与文化前言一、概述《美国社会与文化》课是英语专业（本科）的一门专业选修课。
通过本课程的学习，使学生了解美国的历史、地理、社会、经济、政治、教育、宗教、体育等方面的情况及其文化传统，使学生对这些国家有进一步的了解，培养学生分析问题的能力、独立思考的习惯和获取知识的途径和方法。
提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性和处理文化差异的灵活性，培养学生跨文化交际能力，扩大学生的文化知识面，促进英语语言的学习和应用。
二、课程教学目的和基本要求介绍美国的地理概貌、历史背景、政治制度、经济概况、科学技术、文化传统、体育娱乐、宗教信仰、风俗习惯及社会生活的基本生活等方面的基本知识，有助于学生了解美利坚民族的思维方式、价值观念及生活方式，掌握美国的地理特征、重大历史事件和政治经济制度；更好地掌握和运用英语语言，加深对语言和文化的理解，增强对文化差异的敏感性，提高分析和评价能力，达到扩大知识面、巩固和提高英语水平之目的。
能够运用图书馆、互联网和工具书查找教材上没有、不够详尽或当前发生的各种相关资料；熟练地运用英语表达所掌握的知识。
正确认识课程的性质、任务及其研究对象。
全面了解课程的体系、结构，对美国社会与文化有一个总体的把握。
对美国的历史和现状有一般性的了解；对美国的政治制度和教育制度有较好的认识；不断提高阅读能力，尤其提高社会科学英语书籍的阅读能力。
三、教学基本内容及学时分配：Chapter One Geography 7课时1.THE LAND2.THE CLIMATE3.THE VEGETATION4.THE SOILS5.THE REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS1)NEW ENGLAND2)MIDDLE ATLANTIC3)THE SOUTH4)THE MIDWEST5)THE SOUTHWEST6)THE WEST6.THE FRONTIER SPIRITChapter Two History7课时1.NATIVE AMERICANS2.THE NEW SETTLEMENTS3.THE FOUNDING OF THE NATION4.THE WAR BETWEEN THE BROTHERS813英语专业课程教学大纲814 5.THE GILDED TIMES6.THE REFORM7.WORLD WAR ONE8.THE HARDEST TIMES9.WORLD WAR II10.THE COLD WAR11.THE ONLY POWERChapter Three The Government 7课时1.THE CONSTITUTION2.BILL OF RIGHTS3.LEGISLATIVE BRANCH4.EXECUTIVE BRANCH5.JUDICIAL BRANCH6.THE PRESIDENCY7.POLITICAL PARTIES AND ELECTIONSChapter Four Culture 10课时1.SPORTS1).BASEBALL2).BASKETBALL2. MOVIES3. MUSIC1).POP MUSIC2).JAZZ3).ROCK AND ROLL AND COUNTRY4.THE MEDIA1).NEWSPAPERS2).MAGAZINES3). RADIO4).TELEVISION5.Cities with the Largest Population 19946.National Flag and National Anthem7. ATTS1).The Globalization of Art2).What Is An American Artist?3).The Impact of Electronic Media4).The Changing Nature of Public Art5).The Expanded Role of the MuseumChapter Five Education5课时1.MANY CHOICESCATION, A LOCAL MATTER3.CHANGING STANDARDS4.LOCIAL ISSUES IN AMERICAN SCHOOLS美国社会与文化5.A SNAPSHOT OF AMERICAN HIGHER EDUCATION6.LIBERAL OR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION?共计 36课时具体内容；815英语专业课程教学大纲816Chapter One Geography1.THE LANDThe main land features of the United States tend to extend north-south across the country . Theinterior of the country is a vast lowland that stretches from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian border and then on to Alaska. It can be divided into three different regions--the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains, the interior lowland and the Canadian Shield（地盾）.The Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains reach north along the east coast of the United States as far as the southern New England. These low plains extend well out under the ocean surface to form a continental shelf, which in places extends as much as 400 kilometers beyond the shore.Northward is the interior lowland. This region is covered with a deep series of rocks, which are generally quite flat; mostly resulted from the local erosion or, in the North, of glacial debris of the Ice Age.2.THE CLIMATEClimatic patterns are a result of the interaction of three geographic controls. The first is latitude（纬度）. The second control is based on the relationship between land and water. Land tends to heat and cool more rapidly than water，places far from large bodies of water experience greater seasonal extremes of temperature than do coastal communities. Parts of the northern Great Plains experience annual temperature ranges close to 65°C; annual differences of as much as 100°C (from 50°C to -50°C) have been recorded in some locations.The western coast of continents is in the mid-latitudes. These locations have smaller temperature ranges as a result of what is called a maritime(海上) influence. Summer and winter extremes are moderated （温和）by the movement onshore of westerly wind systems from the ocean. Horizontal and vertical（垂直）ocean currents minimize seasonal variations in the surface temperature of the water. The moderated water temperature serves to reduce temperature extremes in the air above the surface.3.THE VEGETATIONFor most of the inhabited portions of America today, The "natural" vegetation is seldom found now. In the Southeast, for example, the original mixed broadleaf and needleleaf forests were cut and replaced by the economically more important needleleaf forests. The grasses of the plains and prairies are mostly European imports. Their native American forests are gone either because they offered an inferior grass for farm animals or because they could not withstand the invading of modern humanity and its imported weeds. Most of what climax vegetation remains is in the West and North.4.THE SOILSMost soils of the major agricultural zones of the eastern United States are moderately to strongly acidic(酸性). Lime（石灰）must be added periodically to neutralize that acidity before these soils can be used to produce most row crops.The U.S. Department of Agriculture has developed a soil classification system that indicates the most important soil types for an area of the country. Aridisols,（旱成土）found mostly in the Southwest, gain their name from arid. These soils of dry climates are low in organic content and have little agricultural value. Spodosols（灰土）generally develop in cool, moist climates, although they are found in northern美国社会与文化Florida. They are quite acidic and low in nutrients（有营养的）, and are of agricultural value only for acid-loving crops. Tundra soils, which also have little agricultural value, are associated with a cold, moist climate such as Alaska. The soil is shallow, and with a subsurface of frozen ground. Highland soils, found in West Virginia, Utah, and Alaska, are little developed and agriculturally worthless.5.THE REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICSNew England, made up of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.The Middle Atlantic, comprising New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland.The South, which runs from Virginia south to Florida and west as far as central Texas. This region also includes West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and parts of Missouri and Oklahoma.The Midwest, a broad collection of states sweeping westward from Ohio to Nebraska and including Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, parts of Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas, and eastern Colorado.The Southwest, made up of western Texas, portions of Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and the southern interior part of California.The West, comprising Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Utah, California, Nevada, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii.817英语专业课程教学大纲818Chapter Two History1.NATIVE AMERICANSThe first American immigrants, beginning more than 20,000 years ago, were hunters and theirfamilies following animal herds from Asia to North America, across a land bridge where the Bering Strait is today. When Spain's Christopher Columbus "discovered" the New World in 1492, about 1.5 million Native Americans lived in what is now the continental United States, although estimates of the number vary greatly. Mistaking the place where he landed -- San Salvador（圣萨尔瓦多）in the Bahamas -- for the Indies, Columbus called the Native Americans "Indians."2.THE NEW SETTLEMENTSThe first successful English colony was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. A few years later, English Puritans came to America to escape religious persecution（迫害） for their opposition to the Church of England. In 1620, the Puritans founded Plymouth Colony in what later became Massachusetts. Plymouth was the second permanent British settlement in North America and the first in New England.3.THE FOUNDING OF THE NATIONIn essence, the Constitution showed Americans' fear of excessive central power by dividing government into three branches -- legislative (Congress), executive (the president and the federal agencies), and judicial (the federal courts) -- and by including 10 amendments(补充) known as the Bill of Rights to safeguard individual liberties. Continued uneasiness about the accumulation of power manifested itself in the differing political philosophies of two towering figures from the Revolutionary period. George Washington, the war's military hero and the first U.S. president, headed a party favoring a strong president and central government; Thomas Jefferson, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, headed a party preferring to give more power to the states, on the theory that they would be more accountable to the people.4.THE WAR BETWEEN THE BROTHERSIn the first quarter of the 19th century, the frontier of settlement moved west to the Mississippi River and beyond. In 1828 Andrew Jackson became the first "outsider" elected president: a man from the frontier state of Tennessee, born into a poor family and outside the cultural traditions of the Atlantic seaboard.Although on the surface the Jacksonian Era was one of optimism and energy, the young nation was entangled（卷入）in a contradiction. The ringing words of the Declaration of Independence, "all men are created equal," were meaningless for 1.5 million slaves. In 1820 southern and northern politicians debated the question of whether slavery would be legal in the western territories. Congress reached a compromise: Slavery was permitted in the new state of Missouri and the Arkansas Territory but barred everywhere west and north of Missouri. The outcome of the Mexican War of 1846-48 brought more territory into American hands -- and with it the issue of whether to extend slavery. Another compromise, in 1850, admitted California as a free state, with the citizens of Utah and New Mexico being allowed to decide whether they wanted slavery within their borders or not (they did not).5.THE GILDED TIMESAbraham Lincoln was assassinated in 1865, depriving America of a leader uniquely qualified by background and temperament to heal the wounds left by the Civil War. His successor, Andrew Johnson,美国社会与文化was a southerner who had remained loyal to the Union during the war. Northern members of Johnson's own party (Republican) set in motion a process to remove him from office for his weakness toward former Confederates. Johnson's removeal was an important victory for the principle of separation of powers: A president should not be removed from office because Congress disagrees with his policies, but only if he has committed, in the words of the Constitution, "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors(行为不规)."6.THE REFORMWhile Americans were venturing(冒险) abroad, they were also taking a fresh look at social problems at home. Despite the signs of prosperity, up to half of all industrial workers still lived in poverty. New York, Boston, Chicago, and San Francisco could be proud of their museums, universities, and public libraries -- and ashamed of their slums. The prevailing economic dogma(教义) had been laissez faire（自由竞争）: let the government interfere with commerce as little as possible. About 1900 the Progressive Movement arose to reform society and individuals through government action. The movement's supporters were primarily economists, sociologists, technicians, and civil servants who sought scientific, cost-effective solutions to political problems.7.WORLD WAR ONEWhen World War I erupted in Europe in 1914, President Woodrow Wilson urged a policy of strict American neutrality(中立). Germany's declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare against all ships bound for Allied ports undermined(削弱) that position. When Congress declared war on Germany in 1917, the American army was a force of only 200,000 soldiers. Millions of men had to be drafted, trained, and shipped across the submarine-infested(充满) Atlantic. A full year passed before the U.S. Army was ready to make a significant contribution to the war effort.By the fall of 1918, Germany's position had become hopeless. Its armies were retreating in the face of a relentless American buildup. In October Germany asked for peace, and an armistice(停火) was declared on November 11. In 1919 Wilson himself went to Versailles(凡尔塞) to help draft the peace treaty. Although he was cheered by crowds in the Allied capitals, at home his international outlook was less popular. His idea of a League of Nations was included in the Treaty of Versailles, but the U.S. Senate did not ratify(支持) the treaty, and the United States did not participate in the league.8.THE HARDEST TIMESBy 1932 thousands of American banks and over 100,000 businesses had failed. Industrial production was cut in half, wages had decreased 60 percent, and one out of every four workers was unemployed. That year Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president on the platform of "a New Deal for the American people."9.WORLD WAR IIAgain neutrality was the initial American response to the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939. But the bombing of Pearl Harbor naval base in Hawaii by the Japanese in December 1941 brought the United States into the war, first against Japan and then against its allies, Germany and Italy.American, British, and Soviet war planners agreed to concentrate on defeating Germany first. British and American forces landed in North Africa in November 1942, proceeded to Sicily and the Italian mainland in 1943, and liberated Rome on June 4, 1944. Two days later -- D-Day -- Allied forces landed in Normandy. Paris was liberated on August 24, and by September American units had crossed the German border. The Germans finally surrendered on May 5, 1945.819英语专业课程教学大纲820 10.THE COLD WARA new international congress, the United Nations, came into being after the war, and this time theUnited States joined. Soon tensions developed between the United States and its wartime ally the Soviet Union. Although Soviet leader Joseph Stalin had promised to support free elections in all the liberated nations of Europe, Soviet forces imposed Communist governments in eastern Europe. Germany became a divided country, with a western zone under joint British, French, and American occupation and an eastern zone under Soviet occupation. In the spring of 1948 the Soviets sealed off （围困）West Berlin in an attempt to starve the isolated city into submission. The western powers responded with a massive airlift of food and fuel until the Soviets lifted the blockade in May 1949. A month earlier the United States had allied with Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United Kingdom to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)（北约）.11.THE ONLY POWERAfter World War II the presidency had alternated between Democrats and Republicans, but, for the most part, Democrats had held majorities in the Congress -- in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. A string of 26 consecutive years of Democratic control was broken in 1980, when the Republicans gained a majority in the Senate; at the same time, Republican Ronald Reagan was elected president. This change marked the onset of a volatility(挥发性) that has characterized American voting patterns ever since.美国社会与文化 Chapter Three The Government1.THE CONSTITUTIONThe Articles of Confederation failed as a governing document for the United States because the states did not cooperate as expected. When it came time to pay wages to the national army or the war debt to France, some states refused to contribute. To cure this weakness, the congress asked each state to send a delegate to a convention. The so-called Constitutional Convention met in Philadelphia in May of 1787, with George Washington presiding.2.BILL OF RIGHTSThe Constitution written in Philadelphia in 1787 could not go into effect until it was ratified by a majority of citizens in at least 9 of the then 13 U.S. states. During this ratification process, misgivings arose. Many citizens felt uneasy because the document failed to explicitly guarantee the rights of individuals. The desired language was added in 10 amendments to the Constitution, collectively known as the Bill of Rights.3.LEGISLATIVE BRANCHThe legislative branch -- the Congress -- is made up of elected representatives from each of the 50 states. It is the only branch of U.S. government that can make federal laws, levy federal taxes, declare war, and put foreign treaties into effect.Members of the House of Representatives are elected to two-year terms. Each member represents a district in his or her home state. The number of districts is determined by a census, which is conducted every 10 years. The most populous states are allowed more representatives than the smaller ones, some of which have only one. In all, there are 435 representatives in the House.Senators are elected to six-year terms. Each state has two senators, regardless of population. Senators' terms are staggered, so that one-third of the Senate stands for election every two years. There are 100 senators.4.EXECUTIVE BRANCHThe chief executive of the United States is the president, who together with the vice president is elected to a four-year term. As a result of a constitutional amendment that went into effect in 1951, a president may be elected to only two terms. Other than succeeding a president who dies or is disabled, the vice president's only official duty is presiding over the Senate. The vice president may vote in the Senate only to break a tie.5.JUDICIAL BRANCHThe judicial branch is headed by the U.S. Supreme Court, which is the only court specifically created by the Constitution. In addition, Congress has established 13 federal courts of appeals and, below them, about 95 federal district courts. The Supreme Court meets in Washington, D.C., and the other federal courts are located in cities throughout the United States. Federal judges are appointed for life or until they retire voluntarily; they can be removed from office only via a laborious process of impeachment and trial in the Congress.6.THE PRESIDENCY7.POLITICAL PARTIES AND ELECTIONSAmericans regularly exercise their democratic rights by voting in elections and by participating in821英语专业课程教学大纲political parties and election campaigns. Today, there are two major political parties in the United States, the Democratic and the Republican. The Democratic Party evolved from the party of Thomas Jefferson, formed before 1800. The Republican Party was established in the 1850s by Abraham Lincoln and others who opposed the expansion of slavery into new states then being admitted to the Union.Chapter Four Culture1.SPORTS2. MOVIES3. MUSIC4.THE MEDIA5.Cities with the Largest Population 19946.National Flag and National Anthem7. ATTSChapter Five Education1.MANY CHOICESCATION, A LOCAL MATTER3.CHANGING STANDARDS4.LOCIAL ISSUES IN AMERICAN SCHOOLS5.A SNAPSHOT OF AMERICAN HIGHER EDUCATION6.LIBERAL OR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION?四、教材及主要参考书[1] 张奎武. 英美概况. 吉林：吉林科学技术出版社.2000年3月[2] 王恩铭. 美国社会与文化. 上海：上海外语教育出版.2003年6月[3] 周宝娣. 主要英语国家概况. 重庆：重庆大学出版社.2004年8月[4] Ethel Tiersky ad Martin, Tiersky,The U.S.A.Customs and InstitutionsNew Jersey, Prentice Hall Regent, 1990822。
美国社会与文化,观察以及思考
美国社会与文化，观察以及思考——独立思考，独立人格与individualismIndividualism 翻译为中文是个人主义。
但是这个翻译相当不确切，并且有很大的误导性，因为在传统的中国文化中，个人主义基本是贬义词;而Individualism在西方文化中，基本是褒义词。
下面我就根据我所感受了解的美国社会与文化，试着来呈清这个不确切，以及更正其误导。
我们知道，西方文化西方的价值观强调的是个人，而中国文化和中国的价值观强调的是集体家庭和国家。
个性与集体性，个人与社会，这是两个互相矛盾互相依赖，缺一不可的统一体的两个方面。
为什么中西文化会有如此互相对立性的差别呢?这是一个非常有意思的思考题、很是诱人的迷，弄得我思考又琢磨了很多年头(倒是没有寝食不安)，现将思考的初步结果公布如下。
中华文化孕育发展于黄河流域，我们的祖先很早就在黄河流域开始了定居的农业耕作。
黄河在不少年代是一条害河——洪水泛滥，吞噬生命和财产、毁坏住房和耕地。
面对着滔滔洪水，个人的力量是太渺小太微不足道了。
为了生存，我们的祖先们只能是团结起来，统一行动，抗击洪水、恢复家园、修整河道。
于是中华民族借助黄河母亲的严厉和威望，形成了这种先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐的集体主义的文化价值观。
欧洲的整个面积和中国差不多大，但一直是一群多为从事渔业畜牧业的小国在那儿互相争夺打来杀去(注意畜牧业与农业的不同,以及由此不同而产生的不同的社会文化和价值观念)。
欧洲的民族国家的概念是在工业革命后才大致形成的。
欧洲人没有中华民族这种被迫放弃个人爱好愿望等等，而必须集体行动以求生存的地理环境和历史背景，他们有更多的空间和时间关注研究发展个人与个性。
以上是说这种差别形成的历史原因。
这种差别继续存在并且似乎更鲜明的重要近代现代客观原因是人口密度的不同。
谁都明白，人口密度大了，个人的自由度就要相应地减小。
如果地球上没有北美洲南美洲和澳洲，就不可能有哥伦布新大陆的发现，当然就没有今天的美国加拿大了。
美国社会文化unit 3翻译
Text什么是美国的？这已经成为一个经典的问题不仅是美国访问的外国人，更是美国人常常问自己。
当美国人感到困惑，或者当他们在危机时，他们问他们是谁，并试图找出什么是美国人的手段。
事实上，这个著名的问题时，首先问一个法国人称为J.海克特圣约翰日克雷弗克谁定居在宾夕法尼亚州的18世纪。
在1782年，这个法国农民在伦敦出版了一本书，从美国的农民，他所提出的问题，并回答了自己提出的信：“那么，什么是美国，这个新好男人？他要么是欧洲，或子孙欧洲，因此，随着血液中奇妙的混合在一起，你会发现在没有其他国家。
我可以向你指出，一个家庭，其祖父是英国人，他的妻子是一位荷兰人，他的儿子娶了一位法国妇女，其目前有4个儿子现在4个不同国家的妻子。
他是美国人，谁在他身后留下他的所有古老的偏见和方式，收到他的生活已经接受，他的新政府遵循的新模式新，而新职，他认为。
···在这里个人的所有国家都成为一个男人，他们的劳动力和子孙后代新一轮融化总有一天会导致世界。
···美国是一个新好男人，谁原则的行为后，新的巨大变化，他因此必须招待新的想法，和形式。
· ·新意见·这是一个美国人。
“据克雷弗克，在那些日子里，美国有没有考虑到欧洲人的或其后代混血儿，如美洲印第安人和黑人其他民族。
今天，美国情况较为复杂。
在美国家庭中，有可能是儿子，儿媳或女儿女婿与欧洲后裔或非裔美国人和亚裔移民尽管这些白人混血与其他黑人或亚洲人的家庭占少数。
为了理解这一点，美国，让我们回到美国的过去。
A New Land美国大陆的人居住，作为两个结果长期持续的移民运动，第一个来自亚洲，欧洲和非洲的第二位。
第一乐章开始大概25 000年前，当西伯利亚部落，在新的狩猎区或从追求寻求避难的敌人，在越过白令海峡到达阿拉斯加。
到1492年，超过10-20万人，误称为居住克里斯托弗哥伦布在美洲，印第安人。
认识美国的社会与文化
认识美国的社会与文化余嫔一、文化差异一般人谈文化差异，其实谈的是「同中有异」的「异」的部分，是以一个整体的观点来谈文化的普遍倾向，并不去提在大文化之下的个别差异。
许多对某一文化粗略的假设或前题，如：法国人浪漫、犹太人吝啬、美国人个人主义等等，或者深入的研究探讨资料，都有助于我们对一个文化的认识，当与不同文化的个别接触时，个别差异仍是不可忽视的。
过度的以偏概全或刻板印象，有时也会使我们不能真正的了解别人。
其实人类文化的发展，受环境和人本身条件的限制，是有许多相似之处，但由于价值观、生活方式和历史背景的不同，不同社会的人对事情或生活的喜好、选择、符号的解释和行为表现便有差异。
由于传播媒体的发达和交通工具的便利，现今完全不受其他文化影响的例子已很少，而在二十一世纪以「我们都是一个地球的居民」的意识高涨之际，各人种之间的接触和彼此的影响愈来愈深广。
接触其他文化将成为「现代公民」的一种必要的经验，而适应文化差异也将成为现代公民的必要能力之一。
来美国求学，尤其是到洛杉矶这样的国际大都会，有许多机会面对各类人种，是接触许多文化不可多得的机会，同时也是一个极大的挑战。
二、文化震撼与调适「文化震撼」(Culture Shock)主要是来自于两个不同文化差异而引起。
可以发生在任何时候，任何新环境。
当你到达一个地方觉得很陌生、很困惑，不知道自己的角色是什么、应定位在哪里？应怎么表现才恰当等等，觉得很不舒服、很不自在时，就是"shock"。
好像过去所有的经验在刹那间突然「短路」。
很多时候，「文化震撼」会引起身体上的一些症状：如头痛、胃囗不好、睡眠失调或者心理上的焦虑、沮丧。
几乎每一个留学生都经验过文化震撼，只是有时当事人并不清楚知道自己正在经历或曾经有过。
其实文化震撼并不是指突发一次即结束的"shock"的感觉，而是在一段时间内，密集式的有强有弱的震惊，仓惶和被冲击到的感觉。
过去的文化背景和新文化差异愈大时，震撼的感觉会愈强且愈密集。
美国社会与文化教学大纲[推荐5篇]
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美国社会与文化教学大纲[推荐5篇]第一篇：美国社会与文化教学大纲Bruce *********************************History and Culture “The 1960s”China-Canada Program Cheng Gong Campus 311 Zhongshan BuildingForeign T eacher’s Office, Room 3211Individual conferences by appointmentCourse DescriptionIn this course, we will focus on the United States during the decade of the 1960s.This decade, following the “Greatest Generation” which survived the Depression and the Second World War, was a particularly tumultuous time in American history, when questions of purpose and meaning arose in response to America’s new military and economic power.If the decade of the 1950s was one of conservatism and conformity, the 1960s was a time when the old values and traditions went through a re-evaluation.Beginning with the hope of promise embodied in the youthful president, John F.Kennedy, the country witnessed a cultural divide arise between those who advocated substantive change, and those content with the status quo.Various reform groups became politicized through activities which protested the American presence in Vietnam, the lack of civil rights for minorities, and the lack of tolerance and freedom of expression which characterized American culture.The Cold War hostilities which pitted the United States against the Soviet Union became internalized, as the country advanced toward a period of extended rioting, terrorism, and assassination that threatened the fabric of national cohesion.As we proceed through the narratives of our class, you should use your written responses to develop a sense of purpose in the cultural, political, and socialeffects which changed during this time, taking into account such aspects as gender, race, ethnicity, class, and the many other variables which begin to account for America’s pluralism.Course RequirementsReading the material with a critical sense of literary and historical traditions is not enough.I will expect you to also share your insights into the readings in regular response papers, to participate actively in the class discussion, and to take both a midterm and a final exam.Response papers are not the summary of the text in question.Rather, they consist of your emotional, intellectual, and aesthetic connections to the text, and reflect your own individuality as a reader and a thinker.Responses should engage with all of the texts assigned for that week, and be at least a page in length.They should show some serious thought on the subject, curiosity, insight, or engagement with the issues and ideas.Responses which are thoughtful, inquisitive, insightful, and/or show a genuine engagement with the text receive full credit.Your responses must be your own thoughts, ideas, and feelings.If you choose to use outside sources for your responses, YOU MUST CITE EVERY SOURCE EVERY TIME YOU USE IT.If you do not cite every source every time you use it, you are stealing and lying.Such papers receive no credit.Response papers must be emailed to me on the evening before our class.Email ****************************.Lateresponsessentafter class begins will receive no credit.AttendanceRegular attendance is mandatory.If you miss more than 2 class sessions, your grade will inevitably suffer.Should you miss more than 3 sessions, I will drop you from my class.Also, if you attend a different session of this class, you will be marked absent.Show up for the class you signed up for.If you know thatyou are going to be away from class for a valid reason, kindly inform me BEFORE you will be absent so that we can coordinate your making up the missed class.Paper TextsISBN 0-8090-1567-6Electronic Texts.“The Rise of Feminism in USA in 1960’s.”<>Biography of Lyndon Baines Johnson.<>Biography of Richard Milhouse Nixon.Jimmy Hendrix:Live at Woodstock ’69.<>King, Martin Luther, Jr.“Letter from a Birmingham Jail, 16 April 1963.” < >Manifesto Club:Essay, “My Sputnik” by Zinovy Zinik<>Warrn & Silbey, “Role of the Sputnik Launch in the Cold War.” 第二篇：美国社会与文化美国社会与文化同性婚姻美国人的婚姻观与中国人的婚姻观有着极大的不同。
《美国社会与文化》课程教学大纲
思考题一道
3000字
论文
美国宗教与中美关系的影响
4
授课
思考题一道
3000字
论文
美国的媒体与公共关系
4
授课
思考题一道
3000字
论文
美国危机公关的理念和案例分析
4
授课
思考题一道
3000字
论文
美国的软实力及其应用
4
授课
思考题一道
3000字
论文
答疑、考试
4
答疑、考试
*考核方式(Grading)
成绩100%=出勤10% +课堂讨论10% +课程论文80%
2．课程简介字数为300-500字；课程大纲以表述清楚教学安排为宜，字数不限。
每次课程之后，专家留一道思考题，从所有八道思考题中选取若干，开卷考试。
*教材或参考资料(Textbooks & Other Materials)
楚树龙：《美国政府与政治》，世界知识出版社，2011年版，等。（以课堂指定为准）。
其它（Moห้องสมุดไป่ตู้e）
备注（Notes）
备注说明：
1．带*内容为必填项，英语授课课程需另提交一份英文填写版本。
八、总结和考试（4课时）
*教学内容
进度安排及要求
(Class Schedule&Requirements)
教学内容
学时
教学方式
作业及要求
基本要求
考查方式
二战以来美国对外决策的战略文化因素分析
4
授课
思考题一道
3000字
论文
美对华战略决策的历史分析
4
授课
思考题一道
3000字
美国社会与文化
美国社会与文化美国社会与文化美国是个多元化的国家，拥有许多不同的社会和文化群体。
美国社会和文化的形成与发展与历史和地理环境、宗教、种族、移民、语言、性别、美国宪法、法律、政治和教育等方面密切相关。
在这篇文章中，我们将探讨美国社会和文化的各个方面，并给出一些典型的例子。
美国宪法和政治制度美国宪法和政治制度是美国社会和文化的基础。
美国宪法于1787年颁布，是目前世界上最古老和最长存的宪法之一。
宪法为美国建立了一个联邦共和国和三权分立的政治制度。
总统作为执行权，国会作为立法权，最高法院作为司法权。
这种制度保证了美国政府的平衡和稳定。
除了政治制度，美国还是世界上最著名的民主国家之一，其选举制度被认为是最先进和最公正的之一。
通过选举，美国人民能够直接参与决策和表达意见。
在美国，每个人都有平等的机会和言论自由。
这种意识形态被称为“美国梦”，它体现了一个自由、民主和平等的国家的理想形象。
美国历史和文化美国的许多文化和身份相互重叠和确立，其历史文化源远流长，从原住民、欧洲移民、非裔美国人、亚裔以及拉丁美洲和加勒比海地区移民等许多方面遗留了深刻的文化影响。
这些文化因素与美国的地理环境、宗教和语言等因素结合在一起，形成了美国的多元文化。
美国的历史文化在全球范围内具有非常重大的影响力。
以流行文化为例，美国的电影、音乐、时尚等领域在全球范围内被广泛接受和追随。
美国政治和文化在20世纪世界历史上扮演了非常重要的角色。
例如，美国在第二次世界大战中的贡献和其反对苏联的角色，使美国成为了一个超级大国status quo。
同时，美国的文化影响也遍布全球，留下了极其巨大和深刻的影响。
美国宗教和价值观美国是一个多元化的宗教国家，基督教占主导地位，然而，其它宗教也有其存在。
在美国，宗教信仰与公民自由息息相关。
自由宗教是美国宪法的重要原则之一。
美国人的价值观与宗教信仰有关，而且常常强调义务、责任感和家庭。
独立、自主和进取心是美国文化的核心价值观。
当代美国社会与文化ppt课件
当代美国社会与文化
一旦我单位在贵局承办的“海峡两岸 渔业资 源增殖 放流活 动”放 流苗种 招标中 中标， 我单位 将严格 按照招 标方案 的要求 和合同 的约定 执行
导论：世界历史中的美利坚合众国
一、 美国的人文与自然地理 1、 人文地理：
• 国名 • 首都 • 国旗
一旦我单位在贵局承办的“海峡两岸 渔业资 源增殖 放流活 动”放 流苗种 招标中 中标， 我单位 将严格 按照招 标方案 的要求 和合同 的约定 执行
一旦我单位在贵局承办的“海峡两岸 渔业资 源增殖 放流活 动”放 流苗种 招标中 中标， 我单位 将严格 按照招 标方案 的要求 和合同 的约定 执行
导论：世界历史中的美利坚合众国
一、 美国的人文与自然地理 1、 人文地理：
• 国名 • 首都 • 国旗 • 国歌
一旦我单位在贵局承办的“海峡两岸 渔业资 源增殖 放流活 动”放 流苗种 招标中 中标， 我单位 将严格 按照招 标方案 的要求 和合同 的约定 执行
国歌
美国国歌为《星条旗永不落》，它诞 生于1812-1814年的美英战争期间，由一个 名叫弗朗西斯·斯科特·克伊的美国青年 填词并借《致天上的酒神》之曲而成。 1931年，经国会立法并由胡佛总统正式签 署为美国国歌。
一旦我单位在贵局承办的“海峡两岸 渔业资 源增殖 放流活 动”放 流苗种 招标中 中标， 我单位 将严格 按照招 标方案 的要求 和合同 的约定 执行
三.美国的超级大国地位
• 1、超级大国的形成 • 2、形成的原因
一旦我单位在贵局承办的“海峡两岸 渔业资 源增殖 放流活 动”放 流苗种 招标中 中标， 我单位 将严格 按照招 标方案 的要求 和合同 的约定 执行
美国社会与文化课程PPT upper south
Abraham Lincoln
Jefferson Hamilton Davis
Jennifer Lawrence
Music
Bristol(布里斯托), is on the Tennessee and Virginia border, as the "Birthplace of Country Music.
大雾山国家公园(Great Smoky Mountains National Park)
帕提农神庙（Parthenon）
阿帕拉契小径(Appalachian Trail)
TKentucky
Kentucky
Founded in 1865 and as the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Kentucky.
University of Louisville
Kentucky
It is a state supported research university.
2
People
The South among American regions, has been noted for its hospitality and friendliness; and also for its relatively relaxed and unhurried way of life .
❖Basketball ❖Baseball ❖Car racing
Sports
3
阿灵顿国家公墓（Arlington National Cemetery）
蓝色山脊公园道(Blue Ridge Parkway)
巴尔特剧院(Barter Theatre)
《美国社会与文化》教学大纲
《美国社会与文化》教学大纲课程名称：美国社会与文化课程编号：10750034英文课程名称：The Social and Cultural Knowledge of America适用专业：非英语专业二年级已通过英语四级考试的学生总学时数：34学分数：4执笔者：李东杰编写日期：2011.7一、课程性质和目的课程性质：美国社会与文化是面向二年级已经通过四级或六级的学生开设，旨在满足学生更高的学习需求。
本课程的主要内容涵盖美国地理、历史、政治、经济、文化、教育等多层面内容，既有表面现象的了解，又有内在原因的分析。
本课程以美国权威教材为主，补充电影报刊及网络资源等多媒体材料，全面阐释美国传统价值观，多角度介绍美国社会文化知识，旨在通过讲座、阅读英语文字材料、观看英文影像资料、讨论、社会观察实验、撰写读书观影及观察报告和游戏等多种形式培养学生的文化感知和辨析能力，开拓视野，提高英语和跨文化学习水平。
主要目的：（１）拓展学生的英语知识。
本课程基于整个大学英语教学大纲和课程要求，配合全新版大学英语三、四册使用。
通过本课程的学习，学生可以：了解美国社会与文化的基本特点；掌握美国概况的基础知识；理解中美文化差异和不同的文化价值观念；掌握相关社会历史背景知识；提高英语语言技能。
（２）拓展学生思维，培养学生跨文化交际意识，帮助学生更好适应全球一体化这一大形势。
文化是语言的来源和基础，没有文化背景的语言是没有生命的。
美国是全球最有影响力的国家之一，同时也是英语语言的主要载体国家。
所以了解一定的美国社会与文化知识，不但可以激发学生学习英语的兴趣，提供更多的英语学习背景资料，更重要的是可以培养学生的跨文化交际能力，帮助学生更好地适应新形势下社会对复合型英语人才的需求。
二、课程教学内容、要求及学时分配第一章导言：理解美国的文化(讲课2学时)美国领土面积；人口构成；美国文化的多元化第二章美国传统价值观及信仰(讲课2学时)美国传统价值观的内容；个人自由和自立；机会均等与竞争并存；物质富有和勤奋工作；美国梦的意义第三章美国宗教遗产(讲课4学时)美国宗教信仰概况；新教的历史与发展；新教徒遗产：自我完善；物质成就、勤奋工作和自我约束的意义；志愿精神和人道主义的表现形式；重生的基督徒；宗教政治保守派；911和国家宗教；美国宗教的多样性；感恩节的真实来历。
《美国社会与文化》教学大纲
美国社会与文化、基本信息二、课程描述《美国社会与文化》是一门为英语语言文学学生开设的专业选修课，旨在提高学生对美国社会与文化的了解，整个课程涵盖面较广，涉及美国文明的方方面面。
就美国文化而言, 它包括宗教、文化区域、价值观、大众媒体和民族特性等。
就美国社会而言，它包括政治制度、种族关系、妇女运动、劳工组织和社会福利等。
三、教学目标通过本课程的学习，使学生具备如下能力：1. 了解美国历史、政治、文化的相关知识2.掌握美国历史、政治学、社会学和国际关系学的基本理论知识3.增强学生人文素养,帮助他们理解英语语言背后的文化,为中美文化交流奠定基础。
4.有助于培养社会主义市场经济对外语所需的综合人才5.有助于学生客观地了解美国，而且有助于提高他们的观察和思辨能力。
6.为学生今后高年级阶段的学习打下文化背景、自主学习、科学研究的跨学科思维与学习基础。
四、课程目标对毕业要求的支撑五、教学内容Introduction （支撑课程目标1、2、3、4、5、6）重点内容：课程介绍难点内容：课程教学理念及方法教学内容：课程介绍，教学理念及方法介绍，学期要求等Unit 1 American Politics（支撑课程目标1、2、3、4、5、6）重点内容：Textl难点内容：美国政治制度教学内容：完成第1单元课文的学习, 学习及课后习题，课堂批判思考与发言。
Unit 2 Ethnic Groups （支撑课程目标1、2、3、4、5、6）重点内容：Textl难点内容：美国种族现状教学内容：完成第2单元课文的学习, 学习及课后习题，课堂批判思考与发言。
Unit 3 Woman's movements （支撑课程目标1、2、3、4、5、6）重点内容：Textl难点内容：美国妇女运动教学内容：完成第3单元课文的学习，学习及课后习题，课堂批判思考与发言。
Unit 4 Social Welfare（支撑课程目标1、2、3、4、5、6） 学习及课后习题，课堂批判思考与发言。
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The Development of Protestantism
Pilgrim Fathers
Who were the Pilgrim Fathers?
The Pilgrim Fathers also called Pilgrims were people who suffered religious persecution in England and went to Holland and later arrived in America in 1620 in a ship called Mayflower and built the Plymouth colony.
Equality of Opportunity and Competition
1. Immigrants have always come for equality of opportunity --- the belief that everyone should have an equal chance to __________. succeed
TRADITIONAL AMERICAN VALUES AND BELIEFS
What is the most popular religion in the United States? Christianity.
God Bless America
God bless America, land that I love Stand beside her and guide her Through the night with the light from above From the mountains to the prairies To the oceans white with foam God bless America, my home sweet home From the mountains to the prairies To the oceans white with foam God bless America, my home sweet home God bless America, my home sweet home
The price for equality of 2. __________________________ opportunity is competition __________________________.
Material Wealth and Hard Work
1. Immigrants have traditionally come for material wealth --- the chance for living a higher standard of _________. 2. _____________________________ The price for material _______________________. wealth is hard work
Amercian Puritan
They were all idealists like their European brothers. They came to the new continent with the dream that they would build the new land into an Eden on earth. -----American Dream They were more practical maybe because of the severe conditions they faced.
三百年前到达此地的五月花清教徒， 改变了这一块土地的命运，也因而改 变了这一个世界的命运。 -----罗斯福
在所有的发达国家，美国大概是一个对酒管 制最严的国家。也许，这和美国的历史也有 关系。美国最初的一批移民，是受到英国迫 害逃出来的清教徒，他们比天主教徒更重视 对于“十诫”和其他宗教诫律的实行，更重 视“修身养性”。 -----林达 《近距离看美国之一，历史深处的忧虑》
The American Belief in equality of opportunity means that______ a. all Americans are rich. b. Americans believe that everyone should be equal. c. everyone should have an equal chance to succeed.
There are no titles of nobility in the United States today because___. a. no one likes aristocrats. b. the church does not allow it. c. they are forbidden by the Constitution.
Material Success, Hard Work, and Self-Discipline
The Protestant Work Ethic or the Puritan Work Ethic
Material Success, Hard Work, and Self-Discipline
Volunteerism and Humanitarianism
In the United States, learning to compete successfully is_____. a. part of growing up. b. not seen as healthy by most people. c. not necessary, because Americans believe in equality.
Individual Freedom and Self-Reliance
1. The early settlers came to the North American continent for individual freedom---the most basic of all the American Values. 2. The price for individual freedom is _________________. Self-reliance
The American belief in selfreliance means that ______ a. receiving money from charity, family, or the government is never allowed. b. if a person is very dependent on others, he or she will be respected by others. c. people must take care of themselves and be independent, or risk losing their personal freedom.
Traditionally, immigrants have been able to raise their standard of living by coming to the United states because ______. a. Americans value money more than anything else. b. there were such abundant natural resources. c. the rich have shared their wealth with the poor.
Early settlers came to the North American continent and established colonies mainly because they wanted to be free from______. a. the power of kings, priests, and noblemen. b. the influence of their families. c. the problems of poverty and hunger.
Who were the Puritans?
Puritanism
Puritans wanted to “purify the church” to its original state because they thought the church was corrupted. Predestination Original sin Total depravity Limited atonement
/ Saving lives Building futures Empowering youth
Born-Again Christians and the Religious Right
Around 1986, Bush quit drinking. He then began studying the Bible and Christian philosophy, and participating in church and community study groups. Following a personal meeting and exchange with Reverend Billy Graham, he became a born-again Chrisre wealthy, welleducated gentlemen in England who wanted to purify the Church of England. Dissatisfied with the political corruption and threatened by religious persecution in England, the Puritan leaders saw the New World as a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save. So in 1630, the great Puritan migration began.