高考英语冲刺：专题二 阅读理解(四选一)+第2讲(二)专题训练

专题训练
对应学生用书P071
[1]
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It's turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon's students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they're close to a solution(解决方案). “We don't give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers，” says Florence Gold, a project manager.
“There are no tests，” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than ‘Are you working towards your goal？’Basically, it's ‘I've got to produce this product and then, at the end of the year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and...it's not a very nice thing at times. It's a hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back.
I don't teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
【语篇解读】本文体裁为记叙文。

主题语境为人与社会，主题语境内容为科技发展。

美国国家航空航天局创办了一个名为HUNCH的项目，一群高中生在项目中研究如何杀死国际空间站的细菌。

本文侧重培养学生的思维品质。

1．What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?
A．They are hard to get rid of.
B．They lead to air pollution.
C．They appear in different forms.
D．They damage the instruments.
解析细节理解题。

本题题干意为“我们对国际空间站的细菌的了解有哪些？”根据题干中的关键词bacteria in the International Space Station可定位至第一段。

根据第一段中“Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.”可知，国际空间站的细菌非常难处理，所以选择A项。

B.它们导致空气污染；
C.它们以不同的形式出现；
D.它们毁坏仪器。

答案 A
2．What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?
A．To strengthen teacher-student relationships.
B．To sharpen students' communication skills.
C．To allow students to experience zero gravity.
D．To link space technology with school education.
解析推理判断题。

本题题干意为“HUNCH项目的目的是什么？”第二段第一句“HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.(HUNCH的设计目的是将高中教室与NASA的工程师联系在一起。

)”中的“high school classrooms”与D选项中的school education(学校教育)对应，“NASA engineers”与D选项中的space technology(空间技术)对应，故选D。

A.为了加强师生关系；B.为了提升学生的交流技能；C.为了让学生体验失重。

答案 D
3．What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?
A．Check their product.
B．Guide project designs.
C．Adjust work schedules.
D．Grade their homework.
解析推理判断题。

本题题干意为“NASA的工程师为参加此项目的学生做了些什么？”根据题干中的NASA engineers do可定位至第三段的“Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and... it's not a very nice thing at times. It's a hard business review of your product.”句中两次出现review(检查，审查)，证明NASA的工程师做的事情就是对学生做出的研究结果进行检查，所以答案是A 项。

B.指导项目设计；C.调整工作时间表；D.给他们的作业打分。

答案 A
4．What is the best title for the text?
A．NASA：The Home of Astronauts
B．Space：The Final Homework Frontier
C．Nature：An Outdoor Classroom
D．HUNCH：A College Admission Reform
解析主旨大意题。

本题题干意为“最适合本文的标题是什么？”本文主要介绍HUNCH项目，这个项目是有关太空研究的，而且研究者都是高中生。

根据以上要点可知，最佳选项是B项(Space：The Final Homework Frontier)，Space对应太空研究，Homework对应高中教育，Frontier(前沿)突出了这个项目的领先性。

A. NASA：The Home of Astronauts，文章并非重点介绍NASA; C．Nature：An Outdoor Classroom, Nature并不聚焦太空领域；D.HUNCH：A College Admission Reform，HUNCH项目不是大学入学改革。

答案 B
[2]
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)
Before the 1830s, most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in
America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.
The trend, then, was toward the “penny paper”—a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.
This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy) to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830, but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer's office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny—usually two or three cents was charged—and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase “penny paper” caught the public's fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
This new trend of newspapers for “the man on the street” did not begin well. Some of the early ventures(企业) were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。

主题语境为人与社会，主题语境内容是社会进步。

文章介绍了报纸走向街头，走向大众的过程。

文章侧重对学生历史和社会文化素养的培养。

1．Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s?
A．Academic. B．Unattractive. C．Inexpensive. D．Confidential.
解析细节理解题。

本题题干意为“下面哪个选项对19世纪30年代之前美国报纸状况的描述是最准确的？”根据文章第一段的描述可知，当时的报纸很昂
贵，只有富人才能买得起。

同时，当时的很多报纸对大众没有吸引力。

因此B 项(没有吸引力的)符合题意。

A.学术的；C.便宜的；D.机密的。

答案 B
2．What did street sales mean to newspapers?
A．They would be priced higher.
B．They would disappear from cities.
C．They could have more readers.
D．They could regain public trust.
解析推理判断题。

本题题干意为“街头销售对报纸来说意味着什么？”根据文章第二段的描述，当报纸开始在街头销售之后，价格很低，容易买到，所以C项(它们会有更多的读者)符合题意。

A.它们的定价将会更高；B.它们将从城市消失；D.它们将重获公众的信任。

答案 C
3．Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at?
A．Local politicians. B．Common people.
C．Young publishers. D．Rich businessmen.
解析细节理解题。

本题题干意为“新趋势下报纸的目标群体是哪些人？”根据文章第二段和第三段对报纸改革的描述，尤其是第二段的“The trend, then，was toward the ‘penny paper’—a term referring to papers made widely available to the public.”可知，新的趋势为报纸大众化。

故B项(普通人)符合题意。

答案 B
4．What can we say about the birth of the penny paper?
A．It was a difficult process.
B．lt was a temporary success.
C．It was a robbery of the poor.
D．It was a disaster for printers.
解析推理判断题。

本题题干意为“我们可以如何评价‘一分钱报’的诞
生？”根据文章对“一分钱报”发展历程的描述，尤其是最后一段的“This new trend of newspapers for ‘the man on the street’ did not begin well.(这种面向街头普通人的报纸的新趋势一开始发展得并不好。

)”可知，A项(这是一个艰难的过程)符合题意。

B.这是暂时的成功；C.这是对贫穷者的掠夺；D.这对印刷工人来说是灾难。

答案 A。