跨文化交际资料整理

·Verbal Intercultural Communication非言语行为:People from different cultural backgrounds communicate with other people through language.

·Social cultural elements:①cultural values ②worldview ③social organization

in which national a world economy,：①refers to the establishment

of ·globalization borders are becoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing

everywhere and nowhere ,do business in a global market. ②also refers to what is called time-spacecompression.(the increasing global mobility of people/ the impact of new electronic media on human communication)

·human needs: ①physiological（fundamental need）②safty ③ the belongingness (love,affection)④ the esteem(respect) ⑤self-actualization(reach one's

potential)

·文化冰山理论（Edward T Hall）:Culture like an iceberg can be divided into two parts: culture above the waterline and culture below the waterline. Culture above the waterline is explicit, visible, tangible, easy to change with time, a tip of the iceberg. Culture below the waterline is implicit, invisible, intangible, hard to change with time, the majority.

·culture: can be defined as the coherent, learned, shared view of a group of people about life's concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior.

·language and culture: ①language reflects the environment in which we live. ②reflects cultural values ③language lives, it changes over time. ④language

–and-cultural is embedded in cultural products, practices, perspectives, communities, and persons. language –and-cultural are two sides of the same coin, members of the culture use their language to portray their culture, to put their cultural perspectives into practice. Language unites products, practices, perspectives, communities, and persons.

·文化维度 cultural dimensions(Geert Hofstede):individualism-collectivism，uncertainy avoidance ，power distance， masculinity-femininity ，long-term vs

short-term.

·communication:①元素：context, participants(affecting aspects are

relationship, gender, culture), messages(meaning, symbols, encoding and decoding), channels(sound and sight), noise(external, internal, semantic), feedback. ②过程，本质：dynamic process不断变化; symbolic象征的; systemic影响全局; complex;

involves making inferences; has a consequence. ③作用：communication is a process involving the exchange of messages and the creation of meaning. It is effective to the extent that we are able to minimize misunderstanding. Generally, the greater our cultural and linguistic knowledge, and the more our beliefs overlap with the people with whom we communicate, the less likelihood there will be misunderstandings.

④方式：high involvement高度卷入(Talk more, Interrupt more, Expect to be interrupt. Talk more loudly at times, Talk more quickly than those from cultures favoring “high considerateness”)。。high considerateness高度体谅⑤言语交际方式:1）person-oriented