研究生硕士文献阅读与翻译整理

2.1.Definition of professional papers

• A professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic.

2.2.Classification of professional papers

1)Report Paper

The report paper summarizes and reports the findings of another on a particular subject. The writer neither judges nor evaluates the findings, but merely catalogs them in a sensible sequence

2) Research paper

A research paper can be intelligent, well informed, interesting, and original in its conclusions.

3) Course Paper

course papers are written after a specific course is learned or are designed at the end of a term. This type of paper is, therefore, also called “term paper”.

4) Thesis Paper

the thesis paper takes a definite stand on an issue. A thesis is a proposition or point of view that a writer or speaker is willing to argue against or defend. A paper that argued for ratification of a certain event would therefore be a thesis paper. Writing a thesis paper requires a writer to exercise judgment, evaluate evidence, and construct

a logical argument, whereas writing a report paper does not

2.3. Linguistic Features of Professional Papers

1) Formal Style

A professional paper deals with the study of some objective facts or problems, and the conclusion that is drawn should be based on relevant data, not on personal likes and dislikes.

It is particularly important in any kind of scientific inquiry; it does not matter who is conducting the experiment or investigation. Being impersonal and free from emotional factors is one of the important features in professional writing.

The need to be formal comes from the fact that science reflects the objective facts, and it is free from bias and prejudice. The need for objectivity becomes a matter of special concern whenever a research or investigation touches upon human actions or attitudes.

2) Specialized Terms（自行举例）

The terms in professional papers are typically specialized.

Take the word “normal” as an example. Generally, it means “正常”; but in mathematics, it represents “法线”; and in the field of chemistry, “当量” Again the word “power.” In electronics, it is rendered as “电力” or “电源”; in mechanics, “动力”; whereas in mathematics, “幂”

Even in the same field, the meanings of the same word may vary slightly due to its different collocations.

•filter 滤波器, 滤色器tramp filter 干扰滤除器

•amplitude filter 振辐滤色器filter paper 滤纸

•primary filter 基色滤色器

What is more, a great number of professional words and terms can only be understood by the specialists in the fields.

decoder (译码器), photophor (磷光核), multi-quantum transition (多量子跃迁), Read Only Memory (只读储存器) and conversational implicatures (会话含义),

Unit 4

Abstracts

4.1. Definition of Abstracts

An abstract is a brief and self-contained summary and an accurate representation of the contents of a document such as a research paper, a journal article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, and other academic documents.

4.2. Classification of Abstracts

It can be a description of what kind of information it is, which includes the purpose, scope, and methods of the research or it can be the informative content of the document,which includes results and conclusions of the research.

如何分类：Depending on which information they contain,abstracts can be classified into major types:indicative abstract informative abstracts,indicative-informative abstract and author abstracts. As they have different aims ,they have different components and styles,

4.2.1. Indicative (or descriptive abstracts)

An indicative abstract or descriptive abstract is one that describes the type and nature of the work abstracted, indicating the principal subjects covered and providing a brief description of the way the facts are treated and the methods or techniques that are being reported.

4.2.2. Informative abstracts

4.2.3. Indicative / informative abstracts (综合性)

Indicative/ informative abstract is more common than either the pure indicative or the pure information style.

4.2.4. Author abstract

4.2.

5. Slanted abstract

4.2.6. Telegraphic abstract

4.2.7. Mini-abstract

4.2.8 Mission-oriented abstract

4.2.9 Finding-oriented abstract

4.2.10 Highlight abstract

4.3.Linguistic Features of Abstracts

4.3.1 Using Topic, Supporting, and Concluding Sentences

•An abstract often starts with a “topic” or “lead” sentence. This first sentence attempts to summarize any essential information that is not conveyed by the title. The objective is to enable the reader to eliminate possibly relevant documents, which, in fact, prove to be of little interest without delving into the body of the abstract.

4.3.2 Using Brief but Informative Sentences

The abstractor must resist the temptation to use long sentences in striving to avoid repetition.