研究生硕士文献阅读与翻译整理
文献整理与研究 英语
文献整理与研究英语English:Literature review and research are essential components of academic inquiry, serving to contextualize and validate the significance of a study. A thorough literature review involves identifying, evaluating, and synthesizing relevant research studies, theories, and scholarly works pertaining to the topic under investigation. This process enables researchers to identify gaps, inconsistencies, and trends within the existing body of knowledge, providing a foundation upon which to build their own research. Additionally, literature review aids in the formulation of research questions and hypotheses, guiding the direction of the study and informing the methodology employed. Moreover, it helps researchers to critically analyze and interpret findings in the context of existing literature, facilitating the generation of new insights and contributing to the advancement of knowledge within the field. Ultimately, literature review is a dynamic and iterative process that requires careful attention to detail and a commitment to ongoing engagement with relevant scholarship.中文翻译:文献综述与研究是学术探究的重要组成部分，有助于为研究的意义提供背景和验证。
Unit2文献阅读与翻译第二章
Eg.1:Tension is building up.
形势紧张起来。 张力在增大。 电压在增加。 压力在增强。 ……
Eg.2: the English word of story
This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. (事件) It is quite another story now, for the leadership has changed. (情况) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story. (内情) A young man came to a police officer’s office with a story.
(3)Judging from the Context and Collocation
翻译硕士论文参考文献
翻译硕士论文参考文献翻译硕士专业学位（Master of Translation andInterpreting，缩写MTI），为适应我国改革开放和社会主义现代化建设事业发展的需要，促进中外交流，培养高层次、应用型高级翻译专门人才，决定在我国设置翻译硕士专业学位。
翻译硕士学位获得者应具有较强的语言运用能力、熟练的翻译技能和宽广的知识面，能够胜任不同专业领域所需的高级翻译工作。
以下是985给大家精选的翻译硕士论文参考文献，希望对大家有所帮助！翻译硕士论文参考文献精选（一）[1] 郭建中. 翻译中的文化因素:异化与归化[J]. 外国语(上海外国语大学学报), 1998(02):13-20.[2] 谭载喜. 西方翻译简史: 增订版[M]. 商务印书馆, 2004.[3] 孙致礼. 中国的文学翻译:从归化趋向异化[J]. 中国翻译,2002(01):40-44.[4] 钱绍昌. 影视翻译--翻译园地中愈来愈重要的领域[J]. 中国翻译, 2000, 000(001):61-65.[5] 陈小慰. 翻译功能理论的启示——对某些翻译方法的新思考[J]. 中国翻译, 2000(4):9-12.[6] 许钧. “创造性叛逆”和翻译主体性的确立[J]. 中国翻译, 2003.[7] 胡庚申. 从术语看译论——翻译适应选择论概观[J]. 上海翻译, 2008, 000(002):1-5.[8] 李明编. 汉英翻译基础[M]. 上海外语教育出版社, 1998.[9] 张美芳. 翻译研究的功能途径[M]. 上海外语教育出版社, 2005.[10] 董晓波. 英汉比较与翻译[M]. 对外经济贸易出版社, 2013.翻译硕士论文参考文献精选（二）[1] 金惠康. 跨文化交际翻译[M]. 中国对外翻译出版公司, 2003.[2] 郭建中. 翻译中的文化因素:异化与归化[J]. 外国语(上海外国语大学学报), 1998.[3] 马祖毅. 中国翻译简史:"五四"以前部分[M]// 中国翻译简史:“五四”以前部分. 中国对外翻译出版社, 1984.[4] 张美芳. 功能加忠诚--介评克里丝汀·诺德的功能翻译理论[J]. 外国语, 2005.[5] AndréLefevere. Translation, rewriting and the manipulation of literaryfame = 翻译、改写以及对文学名声的制控[M]. Shanghai ForeignLanguage Education Press, 2004.[6] 李运兴. 字幕翻译的策略[J]. 中国翻译, 2001(04):38-40.[7] 孙艺风. 翻译研究与意识形态:拓展跨文化对话的空间[J]. 中国翻译, 2003, 024(005):4-10.[8] 许钧. "创造性叛逆"和翻译主体性的确立[J]. 中国翻译, 2003(1):8-13.[9] 蔡基刚. 重视大学英语翻译教学提高学生英语应用能力[J]. 中国翻译, 2003, 024(001):65-68.[10] 戴宗显, 吕和发. 公示语汉英翻译研究——以2012年奥运会主办城市伦敦为例[J]. 中国翻译, 2005(06):38-42.翻译硕士论文参考文献精选（三）[1] 熊兵. 翻译研究中的概念混淆——以"翻译策略","翻译方法"和"翻译技巧"为例[J]. 中国翻译, 2014, 035(003):82-88.[2] 孙致礼. 文化与翻译[J]. 外语与外语教学, 1999(11):41-42.[3] 霍斯特·弗伦兹, 金国嘉. 翻译的艺术[J]. 文艺理论研究,1982(01):155-164.[4] 顾宝珠, 黄子辉, 廉勇. 跨文化交际翻译[J]. 承德石油高等专科学校学报, 2015, 17(003):72-74.[5] 贾文波. 功能翻译理论对应用翻译的启示[J]. 上海翻译, 2007, 000(002):9-14.[6] 罗选民, 黎土旺. 关于公示语翻译的几点思考[J]. 中国翻译, 2006, 027(004):66-69.[7] 许建平, 张荣曦. 跨文化翻译中的异化与归化问题[J]. 中国翻译, 2002, 023(005):36-39.[8] 张新红, 何自然. 语用翻译:语用学理论在翻译中的应用[J]. 现代外语, 2001(03):285-293.[9] 潘文国. 当代西方的翻译学研究(续)——兼谈"翻译学"的学科性问题[J]. 中国翻译, 2002,023(002):34-37.[10] 基刚. 重视大学英语翻译教学提高学生英语应用能力[J]. 中国翻译, 2003, 024(001):65-68.。
硕士论文英文翻译
硕士论文英文翻译翻译是指在准确、通顺的基础上，把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的行为。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于硕士论文英文翻译的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!硕士论文英文翻译篇1交际翻译理论在英文小说翻译中的应用探讨【摘要】20世纪英国翻译理论家纽马克在《翻译问题探讨》中提出两种翻译基本策略：交际翻译和语义翻译。
随着当前人们物质文化生活水平的提高，人们对知识的渴望也越来越强，英文小说翻译已成为当前文化知识传播和交流的重要途径，而交际翻译在实际英文小说翻译中的运用实际也逐渐凸显出其价值，成为当前英文小说翻译过程中必不可少的理论之一。
本文从交际翻译理论的概念出发，分析英文小说的翻译流程;总结交际翻译理论在英文小说翻译中的实际应用方法。
【关键词】交际翻译理论英文小说翻译应用方法翻译是指在准确、通顺的基础上，把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的行为。
其也是将一种相对而言较为陌生的表达方式转换成相对熟悉表达方式的过程，包括语言翻译、文字翻译、图形翻译、符号翻译等。
随着人类对文化交流的需求越来越高，小说阅读也成为当前人类互相进行习俗、文化、传统、生活方式等相关内容交流的重要方式。
英文小说翻译也成为满足中国当前诸多读者了解英国文学的重要途径。
一、交际翻译理论概述交际翻译理论来源于英国翻译理论家纽马克《翻译问题探讨》一书。
上世纪六十年代开始，文学著作翻译盛行，由此也产生了诸多优秀翻译学家。
彼得・纽马克正是当时重要的翻译家之一。
当时翻译界中对于意译和直译的争论较多，在实际翻译中也存在两派。
彼得・纽马克在此基础上对前人的相关翻译理论进行总结和概括，并结合自身翻译经验，于1981年著成《翻译问题探讨》一书，并在其中提出语义翻译理论和交际翻译理论。
其中语义翻译理论是指在原文作者的写作中心出发，严格根据作者的写作思想及风格，对原文进行翻译，遵循“忠实性”原则。
语义翻译理论也更加注重原文的词语排序及语言表述，需尽可能贴合原著。
研究生毕业论文文献阅读与梳理
研究生毕业论文文献阅读与梳理研究生毕业论文是研究生阶段的重要学术成果，而文献阅读与梳理是撰写高质量论文的基础和关键。
通过系统、深入的文献阅读与梳理，研究生可以更好地把握研究方向，理清研究思路，提升论文的学术水平和研究深度。
本文将从文献阅读的重要性、文献梳理的方法和技巧以及如何有效进行文献综述等方面展开探讨。
一、文献阅读的重要性文献阅读是研究生进行科研工作的基础，也是研究生毕业论文写作的第一步。
通过广泛的文献阅读，研究生可以了解某一领域的研究现状、研究热点和前沿问题，找到自己感兴趣的研究主题，并确定研究的方向和目标。
此外，文献阅读还可以帮助研究生建立起扎实的理论基础，提高学术素养和研究能力，为撰写高水平的毕业论文奠定坚实的基础。
在文献阅读的过程中，研究生应该注重文献的质量而不是数量，选择与自己研究课题相关的文献进行阅读，深入挖掘文献中的观点、方法和结论，理解作者的研究思路和逻辑，积累相关领域的知识和经验。
同时，研究生还应该注重文献的更新性和权威性，及时关注最新的研究成果和学术观点，不断拓展自己的学术视野，保持学术的活力和创新性。
二、文献梳理的方法和技巧文献梳理是指对已阅读文献进行整理、归纳和总结的过程，目的是提炼出文献中的关键信息和观点，为撰写论文提供有力的支撑。
在进行文献梳理时，研究生可以采用以下方法和技巧：1.建立文献数据库：将已阅读的文献按照主题、作者、时间等分类建立数据库，方便查找和管理文献信息。
2.制定梳理计划：根据研究课题的要求和自身的研究方向，制定文献梳理的计划和目标，明确梳理的重点和内容。
3.筛选文献信息：对已阅读的文献进行筛选，挑选出与研究课题相关、内容丰富、观点新颖的文献进行梳理。
4.归纳总结：对选定的文献进行归纳总结，提炼出文献中的关键观点、结论和数据，形成清晰的梳理框架和逻辑。
5.撰写梳理报告：根据梳理框架和逻辑，撰写文献梳理报告，包括文献综述、研究现状、问题分析等内容，为后续的论文撰写提供参考。
文献阅读与翻译 Unit 1李
Unit 1 General Description of Literature Reading and Translation (4hrs)1. Definition of LiteratureWhat is literature? There seems no substantial difference among its definitions in different dictionaries:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English: a set of works on a particular subject; printed material, esp. giving information. (p. 639)The Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary of Current English: the writing or the study of books, etc. (technical books and journalism); books dealing with a special subject. (p. 573)Webster‟s New Collegiate Dictionary: the body of writings on a particular subject (scientific literature). (p. 672)《英汉案头大字典》: literature——文献(P. 1038) 。
《新英汉词典》: literature——(关于某一不科或专题的)文献(p. 744)。
《新华词典》: 文献——有历史价值的、或同某一学科有关的图书资料(p.880)。
From the above interpretations, we can arrive at an identical definition of literature: a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations.As an important means for preserving knowledge, literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race.Professional literatures have been regarded as “intangible assets” of the whole world because they are, on the one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievements obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies; and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literature are records of precious research findings and academic achievements, and the crystallization of human civilization.The word literature used in this textbook does not mean “文学”, but “文献” or “文献资料”, specifically referring to various documentations in the field of international industrial business and academic exchanges. Since literature is the general term for printed materials, it should be further classified according to what a specific documentary work is.2. Classification of LiteratureAs is known to all, we are now in an information era marked with the rapid development of science and technology. According to statistics, within the recent decade alone, the achievements in science and technology have amounted to the totality of inventions and discoveries of mankind since ancient times. Facing such a vast ocean of professional literature, how should we conduct our literature search, reading and translation? Here, we just put various literatures under the following headings:1) TextbooksIn general, a textbook is a kind of professional writing specially designed for the students in a given branch of learning. Textbooks are compiled in a rigidly scientific,systematic and logical way. Comparatively, the content of a textbook is mature and well established, because it has been compiled through the writer‟s careful selection, verification, discrimination, integration and comprehensive study of the subject. If you intend to acquire a general knowledge of a certain subject over a larger area, or if you want to have a preliminary understanding of a certain issue, you‟d better go over the relevant textbooks, which proves the best policy.2) MonographsA monograph is “an arti cle or short book on one particular subject or branch of a subject that the writer has studied deeply” (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, p. 704). It is also a “detailed scientific account, esp. a published report on some item of research” (The Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary of Current English, p. 632). The content of a monograph usually includes the history and present status of a particular subject, observed data, experimental methods and results, existing problems and the developing trend, various viewpoints and discussions of different schools of thought, research achievements and further exploration, and so on. A monograph usually functions as an important guide for the reader to understand the particular study comprehensively and deeply.3) PapersPapers are the most important and reliable sources for textbooks, monographs, and all the other documentary works. A complete paper is usually composed of the following elements: title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references, etc. (detailed description and exemplification of these elements in a professional paper are given in a separate textbook entitled Paper Writing and Publication, by Hu Gengshen, et al., Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2000.) A paper usually deals with a relatively specific topic, and with a comparatively narrow subject.4) EncyclopediasAn encyclopedia is “a book or set of books dealing with every branch of knowledge, or with one particular branch, in alphabetical order.” The difference between a dictionary and an encyclopedia is that “A dictionary explains words and an encyclopedia explains facts.” (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, p.361) As a basic reference book of generalized and summarized knowledge, an encyclopedia is usually compiled by many experts of many branches through many years. The contents of an encyclopedia, therefore, are comparatively mature and correct. It virtually serves as an important information retriever, providing comprehensive and systematic information about everything.The information retriever as such also includes yearbooks, dictionaries, guides, handbooks, and the like.5) PeriodicalsA periodical is a series of publications that appear at regular intervals. Periodicals are of various categories. From the perspective of names, for example, they are journals, acta, magazines, bulletins, rapid communications, letters, proceedings, records, abstracting services, reviews, indexes, etc., which constitute themain body of literature.Periodicals are characterized by being large in number and in variety, extensivein content and in circulation, mixed in language and in form, etc.Along with the rapid development of science and technology, periodicals have been rapidly increasing and have‟ been gradually professionalized, integrated and computerized.6) Special DocumentationThe so-called special documentation refers to all the printed materials that are non-books or non-periodicals. This special documentation mainly includes: standards, patent documents, trademarks, copyrights, contracts/agreements, reports, conference papers, dissertations (or theses), Product specifications, government publications, proposals, technical archives, electronic hypertexts, etc. Though neither books nor periodicals published regularly or publicly, the special documentation proves to be most effective resources for information retrieval. Insofar as literature search and reading are concerned, this kind of special documentation should not be overlooked. On the contrary, it calls for our special attention--that is why we have placed special emphasis on special documentation in the present textbook.Notes:1. journals, Acta, magazines, bulletins, rapid communications, letters, proceedings, records, abstracting services, reviews, indexes, etc. 会刊，学报，杂志，通报，快讯，通信稿，会议录，文献记录，世界文摘服务，评论，索引等2. hypertext 超级文本(指信息高速公路上的文件)3. Linguistic Features of Scientific LiteratureStylistically, literature is a kind of formal writing. Compared with an informal writing which usually utilizes an informal tone and colloquial language, a formal writing is a more serious approach to a subject of great importance and it avoids all colloquial expressions. Since the functions of scientific literature are to reveal creative research achievements, facilitate professional information retrieval, and help improve the development of science and technology, it deals objectively with the study of facts or problems; analyses on literature are based on relevant data, not on personal feelings, and discussions or conclusions are made on the basis of specific experiments or investigations.Syntactically, scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures, and in most cases is rather unitary. Frequently used are indicative sentences, imperative sentences, complex sentences, and “It be + adj. (participle) + that ...” sentence patterns, etc.Morphologically, scientific literature is featured by high specialization, the use of technical terms and jargons, unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word. There are more compound words, Latin and Greek words, contracted words, noun clusters and so on in scientific literature than in other informational writing.Besides, non-verbal language is also very popular in various literatures such as signs, formulas, charts, tables, photos, etc. for the sake of accuracy, brevity, and clarity.Different literatures may have different linguistic features although they do havesimilar characteristics in common. The linguistic features of an individual literature will be discussed together with the specific category of documentation in the corresponding Unit of this textbook. To learn the linguistic features of various literatures will be beneficial not only to documentation reading but also to the translation and writing of such documentary works.4. Search for Relevant LiteratureThe search for relevant literature needed for professional study and research has become a practical skill for professionals. This is important because an effective way of literature search and reading will facilitate our information retrieval within a shorter period of time. In fact, everyone may have his/her own way of literature search and reading. And the following are some usual approaches:1) Global SearchBy “global search” we mean to search for materials around the subject in a larger dimension or within a wider range, i.e., conducting the extensive reading. For example:(1) Search for relevant books through the Classified and Specified Catalogues.(2) Search for periodicals through the Newspapers and Journals Indexing.(3) Search for domestic literature through the Domestic Sci-tech Data Catalogues.(4) Search for current foreign literature through the Sci-Tech Translation Bulletin.(5) Search for literature at home and abroad through INTERNET, WWW (World Wide Web), and other electronic retrieval means.2) Specific SearchBy “specific search” we mean to search for literature about a certain topic withina specific area or in a narrower scope. For example:(1) Select some most-related papers for intensive reading.(2) Expand the scope of the reading only on the basis of the references of the selected papers.(3) Try to find out relevant “reviews” on the topic so as to know the authoritative comments, the experts‟ views, the global developing trend and the general on-goings, etc.3) Processed SearchBy “processed search” we mean to accumulate and absorb essential information in the course of literature search and reading. For example:(1) Store the searched literature by careful note-taking and self-abstracting.(2) Sort out the searched documentation by timely putting them into different categories.(3) Digest/Absorb the searched information by creatively analyzing and synthesizing.It is very important to identify and then make generalization of the essential parts of the research papers, because the author of a paper should and must present his/her achievements or research findings through these parts. For this purpose, as a researcher, one has to be good at doing retrieval reading. By retrieval reading wemean retrospect reading of the manuscript in a very careful way so as to identify, register and generalize the gist or the main parts of work, or contributions we have made in a given paper. Literally, we mean reading the manuscript in a thorough manner and making notes: (1) as to the subjects dealt with, particularly subjects concerning with new information given incidentally; and (2) as to the new result and conclusive ideas reported. Material relating to each subject should then be gathered together in a logical way; and (3) all the sentences generalizing the main ideas of all the original materials should be put together so as to be well-versed, abstract-brief, condensed, complete, yet easily readable.In the final analysis, to digest and absorb useful information is the ultimate purpose of literature search and reading. This is a process of discarding the dross and selecting the essential, eliminating the false and retaining the true, proceeding from the easy to the difficult and from the outer to the inner. It is also a process of reading, selecting, sorting, synthesizing, commenting, rationalizing, systematizing, reprocessing, etc.One thing that needs to be mentioned is that an awareness of information discrimination is highly necessary, for the collection and absorption of erroneous knowledge and information is harmful. Just as a western scientist says: “The fool collects data and the wise man selects them.” This remark, th ough drastic, is indeed philosophical.Notes1. through the Classified and Specified Catalogues 通过《分类目录或专题目录》2. through the Newspapers and Journals Indexing 通过《全国报刊索引》3. through the Domestic Sci-Tech Data Catalogues 通过《国内资料科技目录》4. Sci-Tech Translation Bulletin 《科技译文通报》5. the fool collects data and the wise man selects them 愚者采集资料，智者选择资料5. Review of this chapterDefinition of Literature: a set of works on a particular subject; printed material, esp. giving information; the body of writings on a particular subject (scientific literature)Classification of Literature: textbooks, monographs, papers, encyclopedias, periodicals, special documentation, etc.Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature: stylistically, a kind of formal writing, with rigorous and unitary grammatical structure, highly specialized and unambiguous wording for semantic accuracy, etc.Search for Relevant Literature: global search, specific search, and processed search Supplementary Readings on Informational Retrieval: retrieval system, microfilm, internet. database, reformat, on, e-mail, information infrastructure, information superhighwayTranslation Skills (1): Translation in General and Translation of Special LiteratureTranslation is a rendering of ideas or concepts from one language into another,i.e., the faithful representation in the target language of what is written or said in the original language.As a means of communication, translation plays an important role in human civilization. In the West, literary translation can be traced back to 300 BC; while in China, recorded translation activities are even earlier, dating from Zhou Dynasty (1100 BC). However, not until the recent centuries, especially by the end of the 19th century did systematic study of translation get under way. The recent decades have seen rapid development in translation theories and translation activities both at home and abroad.A modern society sees an extensive use of translation on various occasions. Proper and dexterous translation helps promote mutual understanding between peoples of different cultural and social backgrounds, whereas improper rendering of words or expressions leads to confusion. Take the ordinary word “menu” for example. Its original meaning is “a list of dishes in a meal or to be ordered as separated meals, esp. in a restaurant”, and the Chinese equivalent seems to be clear: 菜单. However, when it is used in computer science, its meaning shifts to “a list shown on the display of a computer from which a user can select the operation the computer is to perform.”Evidently the Chinese counterpart should be something like “选项、项目单” It is a pity that the initial translator neglected this definition, and as a result, this very popular term of computer science fails to convey its true meaning in Chinese--the translated term”菜单” sounds incongruous with its actual content. So is the rendering of “Renaissance”--commonly known as “文艺复兴” in Chinese. Although we know today that the movement extended far beyond the literature and art circle, and the connotation of “Renaissance” is much more profound than that of the Chinese term “文艺复兴”, yet it is generally accepted through common practice. Such improper rendering is not uncommon in Chines-English translation. A sweet and melodious trademark in Chinese, by improper translation, may cause uneasiness or even create a loathsome image in the mind of people of different social and cultural backgrounds. For example, a popular Chinese lipstick with the trademark “芳芳”, when transliterated into English as “Fangfang”, assumes a hideous image--the English word “fang” happens to have two disagreeable definitions: a, a long, sharp tooth of a dog; b.a snake‟s poisonous tooth. Consequently, this awkward transliteration has resulted in a complete failure in marketing. Similar translation blunders are not unusual in social or economic activities in our country. To name a few, translating “五讲四美、三热爱”into “five stresses, four beauties and three loves”, “抓紧施肥” into “grasp manure”, “街道妇女” into “street women”, “白酒”into “white wine”, etc. Had the translators had sufficient translation knowledge, such blunders would have been avoided.1. Nature and Scope of TranslationWhat is translation? Some people believe it is a science, others take it as an art; and yet many consider it a craft, or rather, a skill.Of these varied definitions, which one holds true for our purpose? The answer depends on how w e understand or interpret the word “translation”, for the very word “translation” itself is ambiguous. And the Chinese equivalent fanyi sounds even fuzzier. Fanyi, in Chinese, may either stand for a subject in the curriculum, a jobpeople engage in, a piece of literary work, or the translating or interpreting work itself. Sometimes, fanyi may even refer to the translator or interpreter himself/herself.If the word “translation” refers to a subject, namely, the study of translation theory and skills, it is no doubt a science, just as any subject is, with its own rules, laws and principles for the translators to observe; however, if it refers to some specific pieces of translation, then it is more like an art, with each piece of them manifesting its own charms and style in the creative hands of the translator; whereas, if it refers to a process, in which something is translated, then we may regard it as a craft or skill. For unlike any branch of natural science, the process of translation has its own nature, and none of its rules and principles are universally applicable. Therefore, it entails a lot of practice, and particular craftsmanship and skills are reflected by the touches of different translators.Translation covers a very broad range. In terms of languages, it can be divided into two categories: from native languages into foreign languages and vice versa; in terms of the mode, it can be divided into oral interpretation and written translation; in terms of materials to be translated, there are translation of scientific materials, translation of literary works such as novels, stories, prose, poetry, drama, etc., translation of political essays such as treatises on social problems, repons, speeches, etc., and translation of practical writing (as official documents, contracts and agreements, notices, receipts, etc.); in terms of disposal, it can be either full-text translation, abridged translation or adapted translation.2. Principles or Criteria of TranslationThe so-called principles and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same coin. That is, on the part of the translator, he or she should follow them while translating; whereas on the part of the reader or critic, he or she may use the principles and criteria to evaluate translation works. Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Yan Fu‟s “three-character guide”--xin, da, ya, namely, “faithfulness (信), expressiveness (达), and elegance (雅)”, which was first proposed in 1898, would evoke controversy.In the past decades, Mr. Yan‟s principle has always been regarded as aplumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal for translators to strive after. However, in the application of this principle, people come to find some unsatisfactory aspects of the three-character guide and have put foreword a variety of new standards or criteria of translation.Despite a variety of opinions, two criteria are almost unanimously accepted by all, namely, the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy (忠实/准确) and that of smoothness (流畅). We may also take these two criteria as the principles of scientific literature translation. By faithfulness/accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language, free from stiff formula and mechanical copying from dictionaries.3. Literal Translation and Free TranslationThe process of translation consists of two phases: comprehension and expression.Generally speaking, comprehension is of foremost importance, and expression is the natural consequence of thorough comprehension. However, in the practice we may find that now and then some words or phrases in their usual senses are very difficultto deal with because of the disparity between English and Chinese. In this case, we have to resort to some special means of translation. Literal translation (直译) and free translation (意译) are two dynamic approaches in dealing with such awkward situations.The so-called literal translation, superficially speaking, means “not to alter the original words and sentences”; strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the s entiments and style of the original.” It takes sentences as its basic units and takes the whole text (discourse) into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. Furthermore, it strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the original works and retains as much as possible the figures of speech. There are quite a lot of examples of successful literal translation that have been adopted as idiomatic Chinese expressions. For example, crocodile‟s tears (鳄鱼的眼泪), armed to the teeth (武装到牙齿), chain reaction (连锁反应), gentlemen‟s agreement (君子协定), and so on. Similarly, some Chinese idioms also find their English counterparts through literal translation. For example, 纸老虎(paper tiger),一国两制(one country, two systems ), and so on.Free translation is an alternative approach which is used mainly to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech. This approach is most frequently adopted when it is really impossible for the translator to do literal translation. For example:Adam‟s Apple 喉结at sixes and sevens 乱七八槽It rains cats and dogs. 大雨滂沱Don‟t cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必担心过早。
江苏大学研究生文献阅读与翻译作业
江苏大学研究生文献阅读与翻译作业(1)When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.当我试图去理解是什么阻挡了许多美国人得到他们应有的快乐时，我脑海里出现两个原因，而其中一个原因更甚于另一个。
（2）It had been a fine ,golden autumn , a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned yellow again in a peacetime fall.那是个天气晴朗的金色秋天，美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。
待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的丧失了生命。
（1）It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land , which were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, rising ,each in its own time and matchless rhythm.绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，这日子是如此清新；蜜蜂无言，春花不语，海波声歇，大地音寂，这日子是如此安静。
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1-10).
Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World?If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature.如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。
对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。
特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。
In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle.事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。
复旦研究生综合英语课文阅读翻译
Unit6 媒体与克隆的伦理性如果要给当代关于克隆的争论找出一个守护圣徒的话，安迪·沃荷当之无愧。
沃荷不仅认为每个人都有15分钟的成名时刻，例如律师、哲学家、神学家以及在伊恩·维尔穆特成功克隆多利羊后，发现他们自身特长成为有线电视台夜间道德评论节目热捧对象的生物伦理学家；沃荷同时将“克隆”也就是同一现象的重复复制推向了大众文化的中心。
除了复制玛丽莲·梦露图片和金宝汤图案以外，人类现在克隆了羊。
遗憾的是，主导目前克隆争论的正是沃荷夸大其词的能力，而不是他的智慧和另类观点。
如果我们用评判一篇有说服力的哲学或法律分析的标准去武断地评判评论员文章、受欢迎的脱口秀和夜间广播节目，那会有失公允。
但大众媒体应该更多地将有思想的公共讨论引向关于人类和非人类动物克隆的法律、道德、政治、医学和科学角度。
《自然》杂志公布了伊恩·维尔穆特从一只成年羊乳细胞中成功克隆出多利羊的消息后，我和我在哈斯汀斯研究中心的同事们一样，接受了几家媒体采访。
虽然采访前我向一家洛杉矶电台广播员清楚地表明我不是一个神学家，也不代表任何宗教组织，但录音时我还是被出乎意料地问到上帝如何看待克隆以及克隆是否“违背自然创造”。
可以想像，广播员不希望讨论宗教伦理学家如何就克隆道德性问题进行早期公开演说。
相反，他只是想让我对此有一个剧烈的回应，然后无神论者、不可知论者以及各式各样的宗教信徒就会蜂拥地打电话到广播电台。
除了不停地给公众灌注夸张的惊呼声和文字版本以外，媒体们一致将焦点放在涉及克隆人的问题上，却几乎一点也不关注克隆非人类动物所带来的道德影响。
我们当然要讨论克隆人的伦理性，但克隆非人类动物已经发生并值得引起人们思考其伦理性问题。
虽然我怀疑我们能否为克隆动物找到具有说服力的论证，但不应该忽视实际上进行这样的论证与仅仅假设非人类克隆总是没有问题的这两者之间的区别。
很显然，人类很多时候已经把非人类动物视为商品，比如作为食物来源。
文献阅读与翻译(精华版)
Unit 1 general description of literature reading and translation1.Definition of LiteratureLiterature is a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations.As an important means for preserving knowledge, literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race.2.Classification of Literature1) Textbooks（课本） a kind of professional writing（一种专业的写作）2) Monographs（专著） various viewpoints and discussions3) Papers（论文） the theoretical analysis and experimental descriptiontitle, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references4) Encyclopedias(百科全书) every branch of knowledge5) Periodicals （期刊） a series of publications6)Special Documentation（特殊文档） all the printed materials3.Linguistic Features of Scientific Literaturestylistically (文体上) scientific literature is a kind of form writing;syntactically（结构上）scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures and in most cases is rather unitary;Morphologically（语法上）scientific literaure is featured by high specialization,the use of technical terms and jargons ,unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the wordPrinciples or Criteria of TranslationWhenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Yan Fu’s three- character guide”-----xin, da, ya, namely, faithfulness (信), expressiveness (达), and elegance (雅). These three principle has always been regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal for translators to strive after. However, in the application of this principle, people come to find some unsatisfactory aspects of the three-character guide and have put foreword a variety of new standards or criteria of translation. Despite a variety of opinions, two criteria are almost unanimously accepted by all, namely, the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy (忠实/准确) and that of smoothness (流畅). We may also take these two criteria as the principle scientific literature translation. By faithful/accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language, free form stiff formula and mechanical copying form dictionaries.Unit 2 professional papers2.1.Definition of professional papersA professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic. It is variously known as the “research paper”, “course paper”, “thesis paper” or “library paper”. The task of the author of a paper is essentially the same: to read on a particular topic, gather information about it, and report the findings in it.2.2.Classification of professional papers1)Report PaperThe report paper summarizes and reports the findings of another on a particular subject. The writer neither judges nor evaluates the findings, but merely catalogs them in a sensible sequence2) Research paperA research paper can be intelligent, well informed, interesting, and original in its conclusions.3) Course Papercourse papers are written after a specific course is learned or are designed at the end of a term. This type of paper is, therefore, also called “term paper”.4) Thesis Paperthe thesis paper takes a definite stand on an issue. A thesis is a proposition or point of view that a writer or speaker is willing to argue against or defend. A paper that argued for ratification of a certain event would therefore be a thesis paper. Writing a thesis paper requires a writer to exercise judgment, evaluate evidence, and construct a logical argument, whereas writing a report paper does not2.3. Linguistic Features of Professional PapersFormal Style: A professional paper deals with the study of some objective facts or problems, and the conclusion that is drawn should be based on relevant data, not on personal likes and dislikes. Specialized Terms:The terms in professional papers are typically specialized. Even in the same field, the meanings of the same word may vary slightly due to its different collections.Take the word “normal” as an example. Generally, it means “iEee”; but in mathematics, it represents “法线”; and in the field of chemistry, “当量” Again the word “power.” In electronics, it is rendered as “电力” or “电源”; in mechanics, “动力”; whereas in mathematics, “幂”Rigid Sentence Structure:The arguments in professional papers will be convincing if they are presented concisely and concretely. A rigid sentence structure is therefore reflected to meet this requirement.Formatted Elements:Though there are no set rules, a complete professional paper in its finished form usually has a regular format composed of the following elements: the title, author(s), affiliation(s), abstract, keywords, introduction, body of the paper (theoretical description including calculation, inference, reasoning, conclusion, etc. or experimental description including techniques, methods, materials, results and analysis, etc.), acknowledgments, appendices, references or bibliography, etc.Different meaning of story(1)This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. Event这场战争将成为这一代人经历的最重大的事件。
研究生英语阅读教程课文全文参考译文
研究生英语阅读教程（提高级）第三版课文全文参考译文第一课漏油经济：低估风险回想起来，模式似乎很清楚。
早在深水地平线钻机自爆前的很多年，BP 作为一家石油公司为了省钱甘冒安全的风险就已经声名狼藉。
2005 年得克萨斯州炼油厂爆炸中有15 名工人丧生。
联邦监管机构和前国务卿詹姆斯·贝克领导的专门小组认为，削减成本是事故的部分原因。
第二年，阿拉斯加腐蚀的管道将石油漏入普拉德霍湾。
就连乔·巴顿，对全球变暖持怀疑态度，来自得克萨斯州的共和党众议员，都谴责BP 管理人员“对安全和环境问题表现得漠不关心。
”这种冷漠大部分源于对利润的过度追求，不管出现什么情况。
但似乎也还有另一个因素在起作用，一个更普遍的人性的因素。
BP 的管理人员在估计似乎不太可能发生、但一旦发生却会带来巨大损失的事件真正会发生的机会时，犯了一个可怕的错误。
也许理解这一点最简单的方法就是思考一下BP 高管们如今的想法。
显然，考虑到清理费用和对BP 声誉的影响，高管们真希望可以回到过去，多花些钱让深水地平线更安全。
他们没有增加这笔费用就表明他们认为钻机在当时的状态下不会出问题。
尽管针对BP 高管的所有批评可能都是他们应得的，但是他们绝不是唯一艰难应对这种低概率、高成本事件的人。
几乎每个人都会如此。
“这些正是我们人类处理时很难做出合理反应的一类事件。
”哈佛大学环境经济学家罗伯特·斯塔文说。
我们经常犯两种基本且性质相反的错误。
当一件事情是很难想象的，我们往往会低估它的可能性。
这就是众所周知的黑天鹅（稀有之物）。
大多数在深水地平线工作的人可能从未经历过钻井平台爆炸。
因此他们认为这不会发生，至少不会发生在他们身上。
同样，不久以前，伯南克和格林斯潘也喜欢称全国房地产市场没有泡沫，因为以前从未有过泡沫。
华尔街交易员也持同样观点，他们建立的数学模型根本不存在房价下降的可能性。
许多购房者签订了负担不起的抵押贷款，相信一旦其价格上涨，他们可以再融资或卖掉房子。
研究计划中文献查阅与梳理
研究计划中文献查阅与梳理English Answer:Literature Review and Synthesis in Research Plans.A comprehensive literature review is a crucial component of any research plan as it lays the foundationfor the research question, provides context, and identifies existing gaps in knowledge. It involves systematically searching, retrieving, and evaluating relevant literature to synthesize existing knowledge and identify research opportunities.Steps in Literature Review and Synthesis:1. Define the Research Topic: Clearly define the research question or topic to guide the literature search.2. Search for Relevant Literature: Utilize databases, search engines, and library resources to identify relevantstudies, articles, and other sources.3. Retrieve and Read Materials: Gather and read the retrieved literature to understand the existing knowledge on the topic.4. Evaluate Sources: Critically assess the credibility, relevance, and quality of the sources.5. Synthesize Information: Organize and extract key findings, theories, and methodologies from the literature.Benefits of Literature Review and Synthesis:Provides a comprehensive understanding of the research topic.Identifies gaps in knowledge and potential areas for exploration.Informs the research design and methodology.Establishes the theoretical framework and context for the research.Supports the validity and reliability of the research findings.中文回答：研究计划中的文献查阅与梳理。
硕士研究生培养计划表中专业文献阅读计划
硕士研究生培养计划表中专业文献阅读计划本文旨在介绍硕士研究生培养计划表中的专业文献阅读计划。
专业文献阅读是研究生阶段最核心的任务之一，也是提升学术水平、开拓研究视野的重要途径。
针对不同专业的研究生，应制定不同的文献阅读计划，具体包括以下几个方面：
1.阅读领域内经典文献：研究生应该首先了解本专业领域内的经典文献，这些经典文献是建立该领域基础知识体系的重要依据。
在阅读经典文献的过程中，研究生需要深入理解其中的理论框架和研究方法，为自己的研究工作奠定基础。
2.关注前沿研究成果：研究生在阅读经典文献的同时，也需要关注本领域内的前沿研究成果。
这些成果往往代表了该领域内最新的研究方向和发展趋势，研究生需要及时了解并汲取其中的经验和启示，以便自己的研究能够跟上时代发展的步伐。
3.阅读相关学科的文献：研究生的研究领域通常与其他学科有着千丝万缕的联系，因此，阅读相关学科的文献也是提高自己学术水平的必要手段。
研究生应该广泛阅读相关学科的文献，了解其他学科的理论和方法，以便将这些知识和技能应用到自己的研究工作中。
4.定期总结和反思：研究生在阅读文献的过程中，应该定期总结和反思自己的阅读成果。
这些总结和反思可以包括对文献的理解和思考、对自己研究工作的启示和思考等内容。
通过定期总结和反思，研究生可以更好地掌握本领域的知识和方法，同时也可以更好地规划自己的研究方向和目标。
综上所述，专业文献阅读计划是研究生培养计划中不可或缺的一部分，通过制定科学合理的阅读计划，研究生可以更好地提高自己的学术水平，为自己的研究工作打下坚实的基础。
研究生外文文献翻译 中英完整版
Discussion about the application of the anchor bar on theslope constructionFu Ming Fu , Zhang TianAbstract:There are some advantages in strengthening slope with the anchor bar, such as low project cost, convenient for construction and so on. It not only meets the requirement of the reliability of the construction, but also is economic and reasonable for the construction.Key words: anchor bar; slope; strengthening1.IntroductionAnchor technique uses strata geotechnical’s shear strength around bolt to deliver structures pulling force or keep strata of the excavation own stability. Due to the use of the anchor rod, Anchor strata produce compressive zone and have reinforcement effect to strata, can enhance the strength of strata, improve mechanical properties of strata, make structure and stratum together formed a kind of work together complex. Anchor system can effectively sustain tension and shear, improve shear strength of the potential sliding surface, so it can effectively prevent slope to produce sliding damage.Fig 1 after excavation of the slope2.Project profileThe length of a slope is about 60m, the most slope height is about 23m,the angle up to 50°~ 75°, a five-layer frame structure buildings is far from about 1.5 to 4m at its base edge, its foundation is artificial bored pile and its bearing stratum is in weathered phyllite. Due to the strong weathering of rocks, it was chunky, loosely structured, multi-muddy filling. It has residual slope deposits of silty clay overlying and local folder with a pulpy, low strength. Slope hadcollapsed at various locations, it is vary dangerous to the building, so we need to reinforce the slope, and we use stone concrete retaining wall and bolt to support it.3.Bolt retaining and protecting design3.1Bolt design（1）all formation of anchor use whole length bond-type, the binder materials are ordinary cement mortar, the mortar strength grade is M30, the anchor length L is 10 meters, the slope height h is 9 meters. Anchoring section length is 5m.（2）According to the construction condition and the needs of the process, the layout form of anchor use quincunx, and in order to make the anchoring force in the role of surface rock surface with uniform, the two adjacent line bolts should be staggered arrangement.（3）The anchor’s number according to /3.24 per meter to calculation, the anchor length is L, a tolal of 252. The diameter of drilling holes is φ90,the number of drill according to (L-0.1)m per hole to calculation, M30 grout number according to average 0.052m3per hole to calculation.（4）The two adjacent rows vertical spacing of anchor take 2.55m, horizontal spacing take 2.55m. The dip angle of anchor: with the angle of horizontal line is 20°, and drilling down with this Angle.（5）Anchor use the steel bar, which is HRB400 level, 28mm diameter.3.2Anchor calculation（1）The calculation of lateral geotechnical pressure[1][2]When the supporting structure to leave in rock and earth mass direction migration until to the limit equilibrium state, the geotechnical pressure which is role in supporting structure called active geotechnical pressure. Its calculation method is as follows:For the slope which has no flare structure surface, generally speaking, failure is controled by rock mass strength, the calculation formula is same to the active soil pressure, but cohesive force C take zero, internal friction angle ϕuse eϕ(rock mass equivalent internal friction angle) instead of, according to the standard to selection; rupture angle is 45°+ϕ/2（ϕis rock mass internal friction angle, is estimationed by haircut at the standard of rock mass internal friction angle, reduction factor according to the standard to selection).According to the engineering survey, active rock pressure can calculation as follows:（2）the calculation of anchor tension design value a Q ak N N γ= (1)(2) In the formula: a N is anchor tension design value; ak N is anchor tension standard value; Q γis partial load factor, take 1.3; tk H is the horizontal tension standard value of anchor; αis the dip angle of anchor.Through the calculation, ak N =112.3kN a N =145.99kN（3）the calculation of anchor steel section area(3) In the formula: S A is the steel section area of anchor; ογ is slope engineering importance coefficient(the slope engineering importance coefficient of this project is level 1, take 1.1); 2ξis the tensile working conditions coefficient of anchor bar ( permanent anchor take 0.69, temporary anchor take 0.92); y f is the tensile strength design value of anchor bar(standard value k y f =400a MP , design value y f =360a MP ).According to the calculation, S A ≥0.5883210m -⨯,choose level 3 steel of 1φ28mm,S A =0.6153210m -⨯.（4）The calculation of anchorage body and rock mass anchoring lengthanchoring length should not only meet the requirements which the bond force of formation on mortar and the bond stress of mortar on steel, but also meet the requirements that the Structure design codes the Minimum anchoring length.(4) In the formula: a l is the anchoring length; D is the diameter of anchorage body; rb f is the bond strength eigenvalue of layer and anchorage body, through the experiment or local experience sure, or according to the standard to selection ( this engineering ’s rock mass uniaxial compressive 2222111209tan (45)2090.217175.77/2222e a aE H K kN m ϕγ︒==⨯⨯⨯-=⨯⨯⨯=cos tkak H N α=2a S yNA f ογξ≥1ak a rbN l Df ξπ≥strength is 7.46a MP , belong to soft rock, rock mass structural plane development, rb f take 300a KP );1ξis the bond working conditions coefficient of anchorage body and layer (permanent anchor take 1.00).According to the calculation, a l ≥4.3m, take a l =5.0m.（5）The anchoring length between anchor steel and anchor mortara l ≥ (5) In the formula: a l is the anchoring length between steel and mortar; d is the diameter of anchor bar; n is the number of steel;b f is the bond strength design value between steel and anchor mortar, through the experiment sure, or according to the standard take 2.40; 3ξ is the working conditions coefficient of steel and mortar bond strength(permanent anchor take 0.60）. According to the calculation, a l ≥2.1m ，take a l =5.0m.3.3 The construction technology and key points of anchorThe anchor ’s construction technology is as follows: build-up scaffold ——excavate and clear up the slope surface ——measures to fix position ——drill hole ——washing hole ——bolt put in a certain place ——grout ——colligation the end of the anchor ——flushing the slope surface ——pouring frame space ——Spray seed（1）This slope belong to rocky slope, after excavate the slope 10 cm to the underside of the frame space, set bolt and pouring frame space, then spray grass or seeds after borrowed soil 20 cm in the frame space.（2）the slope should be payed attention to clean up, when construction. The anchor should be placed after wash hole, then put pressure (0.4MPa) and grout. After the mortar fully solidification, colligation steel, cast-in-place reinforced concrete frame space, bend the end of the anchor and bind point by point with the skeleton steel.（3）Before drilling, the hole should be measured to fix position and then do mark. Pitch deviation is less than 150mm, hole depth error is less than 50mm. Try not remold the surrounding rock, when drill. Before Put the anchor, it should be attentioned that blow wash clean the water of the hole and rock powder and so on, and rust removal the body of rod. When grouting, builders 3a bN n df ογξπshould attention the grouting pressure and mortar ratio.Fig 2 anchor field construction drawing4.ConclusionIt is economical to reinforcement slope with bolt, and use the normal equipment, It is not only achieve safe and also economy and rational.(1) Today bolt technology is widely used in the project. It is an effective reinforcement measures to constraints sliding soil with the combining of bolt and concrete slope protection.(2) We must be sure to do geological exploration work of the slope to find out the nature of the rock and hydrogeological situation before reinforcing slope by grouting bolt.(3) Due to the factors of engineering geological conditions, grouting pressure and construction technology, we should be given adequate attention to the quality of construction.Reference[1]Technical code for building slope engineering (JGJ 120-99). The People's Republic nationalstandards. Beijing: China Architecture & Building PRESS.[2] Ying-Ren Zheng, Zu-Yu Chen etc. Engineering Treatment of Slope & Landslide [M]. Beijing：China Communications Press，2007[3] LuoZhenHai. Talk shallowly the application of the anchor at the slope reinforcement[J]. FujianConstruction Science & Technology，2010,06:15-16浅谈锚杆技术在边坡工程中的应用1.引言锚杆技术是利用锚杆周围地层岩土的抗剪强度来传递结构物的拉力或保持地层开挖面的自身稳定。
《文献阅读与翻译》课件
检索结果筛选
根据作者、时间、期刊、关键词 等因素，筛选出与研究问题相关 的文献。
二、文献阅读技巧
1 标题、摘要、关键词
快速了解文章中心思想和研究方法。
2 正文阅读方法
拆分、分类、对比、整合，提高理解和记忆能力。
3 笔记与总结
归纳、概括、思考，深入理解文章主旨和重点。
三、翻译技巧
翻译方法
根据语境和读者需求，选择合适的翻译方式。
《文献阅读与翻译》PPT 课件
文献阅读与翻译是科研工作和专业翻译不可缺少的基本技能。通过本课程， 你将掌握文献检索、阅读技巧，以及学术论文写作技巧和翻译方法，提高阅 读效率和翻译质量。
一、文献检索
数据库选择
根据学科特点和数据可靠性，选 择合适的文献数据库。
关键词检索
针对问题和目标运用适当的词汇 进行搜索，缩小结果范围。
翻译要点
注意文章文体、结构和特点，准确翻译专业术语。
翻译练习
多听多说多读多写，不断提高翻译能力和水平。
四、总结与展望
1
学习成果
掌握文献阅读和翻译技巧，提高综合素质和学术能力。
2
自我评价
发现不足和不足，制定个人学习计划和提高方案。
3
学习建议
多参加实践、交流、讨论，深入了解学科和专业前沿动态。
参考资料
书籍推荐
• 《如何阅读一本书》 • 《英语写作与翻译》 • 《论文写作与发表》
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其他资源
• 在线课程 • 研讨会资料 • 专家指导
江苏大学研究生期末考试硕士文献阅读与翻译整理
1.Definition of Literaturea set of works on a particular subject;printed material,esp.giving information;the body of writings on a particular subject(scientific literature)2.Classification of LiteratureHere,we just put various literatures under the following headings:1）TextbooksIn general,a textbook is a kind of professional writing specially designed for the students in a given branch of learning.2）MonographsA monograph is“an article or short book on one particular subject or branch of a subject that the writer has studied deeply”3）PapersPapers are the most important and reliable sources for textbooks,monographs,and all the other documentary works.4)EncyclopediasThe difference between a dictionary and an encyclopedia is that“A dictionary explains words and an encyclopedia explains facts.”5)PeriodicalsA periodical is a series of publications that appear at regular intervals.6)Special DocumentationThe so-called special documentation refers to all the printed materials that are non-books or non-periodicals.3.Linguistic Features of Scientific LiteratureStylistically,literature is a kind of formal pared with an informal writing which usually utilizes an informal tone and colloquial language,a formal writing is a more serious approach to a subject of great importance and it avoids all colloquial expressions.Syntactically,scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures,and in most cases is rather unitary.Morphologically,scientific literature is featured by high specialization,the use of technical terms and jargons,unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word.non-verbal language is also very popular in various literatures such as signs,formulas, charts,tables,photos,etc.for the sake of accuracy,brevity,and clarity.4.Search for Relevant LiteratureSearch for Relevant Literature:global search,specific search,and processed search Supplementary Readings on Informational Retrieval:retrieval system,microfilm, internet.database,reformat,on,e-mail,information infrastructure,information superhighwayNotes:1.journals,Acta,magazines,bulletins,rapid communications,letters,proceedings, records,abstracting services,reviews,indexes,etc.会刊，学报，杂志，通报，快讯，通信稿，会议录，文献记录，世界文摘服务，评论，索引等2.hypertext超级文本3.through the Classified and Specified Catalogues通过《分类目录或专题目录》4.through the Newspapers and Journals Indexing通过《全国报刊索引》5.through the Domestic Sci-Tech Data Catalogues通过《国内资料科技目录》6.Sci-Tech Translation Bulletin《科技译文通报》7.the fool collects data and the wise man selects them愚者采集资料，智者选择资料Translation Skills(1):Translation in General and Translation of Special LiteratureTranslation is a rendering of ideas or concepts from one language into another,i.e., the faithful representation in the target language of what is written or said in the original language.A modern society sees an extensive use of translation on various occasions. Proper and dexterous translation helps promote mutual understanding between peoples of different cultural and social backgrounds,whereas improper rendering of words or expressions leads to confusion.Take the ordinary word“menu”for example.Its original meaning is“a list of dishes in a meal or to be ordered as separated meals,esp.in a restaurant”,and the Chinese equivalent seems to be clear:菜单.However,when it is used in computer science,its meaning shifts to“a list shown on the display of a computer from which a user can select the operation the computer is to perform.”1.Nature and Scope of TranslationTranslation covers a very broad range.In terms of languages,it can be divided into two categories:from native languages into foreign languages and vice versa;in terms of the mode,it can be divided into oral interpretation and written translation;in terms of materials to be translated,there are translation of scientific materials, translation of literary works such as novels,stories,prose,poetry,drama,etc., translation of political essays such as treatises on social problems,repons,speeches, etc.,and translation of practical writing(as official documents,contracts and agreements,notices,receipts,etc.);in terms of disposal,it can be either full-text translation,abridged translation or adapted translation.2.Principles or Criteria of TranslationThe so-called principles and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same coin.That is,on the part of the translator,he or she should follow them while translating;whereas on the part of the reader or critic,he or she may use the principles and criteria to evaluate translation works.Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China,Yan Fu’s“three-character guide”--xin,da, ya,namely,“faithfulness(信),expressiveness(达),and elegance(雅)”,which was first proposed in1898,would evoke controversy.In the past decades,Mr.Yan’s principle has always been regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal for translators to strive after.However,in the application of this principle,people come to find some unsatisfactory aspects of the three-character guide and have put foreword a variety of new standards or criteria of translation.Despite a variety of opinions,two criteria are almost unanimously accepted byall,namely,the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy(忠实/准确)and that of smoothness (流畅).We may also take these two criteria as the principles of scientific literature translation.By faithfulness/accuracy,we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents,to the original meaning and views,but also to the original form and style.By smoothness,we mean not only easy and readable rendering,but also idiomatic expression in the target language,free from stiff formula and mechanical copying from dictionaries.3.Literal Translation and Free TranslationThe so-called literal translation,superficially speaking,means“not to alter the original words and sentences”;strictly speaking,it strives“to keep the sentiments and style of the original.”For example,crocodile’s tears(鳄鱼的眼泪),armed to the teeth(武装到牙齿),chain reaction(连锁反应),gentlemen’s agreement(君子协定),and so on.Similarly,some Chinese idioms also find their English counterparts through literal translation.For example,纸老虎(paper tiger),一国两制(one country,two systems),and so on.Free translation is an alternative approach which is used mainly to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech.Adam’s Apple喉结at sixes and sevens乱七八槽It rains cats and dogs.大雨滂沱Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it.不必担心过早。
专硕文献阅读情况汇报
专硕文献阅读情况汇报作为一名专硕研究生，文献阅读是我日常学习和研究工作中不可或缺的一部分。
在过去的一段时间里，我系统地阅读了大量相关领域的文献，积累了丰富的知识和经验。
在这篇汇报中，我将就我的文献阅读情况进行简要总结和回顾。
首先，我在文献阅读方面的主要工作集中在以下几个方面，一是对专业领域内的经典文献进行系统性的学习和阅读，包括相关领域的理论、方法、应用等方面的文献；二是针对研究课题和兴趣点，广泛搜集和阅读相关的最新研究成果和学术论文；三是在学术期刊、会议论文集、专业书籍等渠道获取和阅读相关领域的文献资料。
在阅读过程中，我注重文献的全面性和系统性，尽可能地涵盖相关领域内的经典和前沿文献，以便对研究课题有一个全面深入的理解。
我还注重文献的质量和权威性，尽量选择高水平的学术期刊和权威的学术出版物，以确保所获取的信息和知识具有一定的可信度和学术价值。
在文献阅读的过程中，我注重对文献内容的理解和分析，努力挖掘文献中的学术观点、研究方法、实验结果等方面的重要信息，以便为自己的研究工作提供有益的参考和借鉴。
同时，我还注重对文献之间的联系和差异进行比较和综合，以便形成对相关领域知识的系统性和整体性的认识。
在文献阅读的过程中，我还注重对文献内容的归纳和总结，努力将所获取的信息和知识进行梳理和整合，形成自己的学术观点和见解。
同时，我还注重对文献内容的批判性思考和评价，努力发现文献中存在的问题和不足之处，以便对相关领域的研究工作提出自己的建设性意见和建议。
总的来说，我在文献阅读方面取得了一定的成果和进展，积累了丰富的知识和经验。
但与此同时，我也意识到在今后的学习和研究工作中，还需要进一步提高自己的文献阅读能力和水平，不断扩大阅读的广度和深度，不断提高对文献内容的理解和分析能力，不断提高对文献内容的归纳和总结能力，不断提高对文献内容的批判性思考和评价能力，以便更好地为自己的研究工作和学术发展提供有益的支持和帮助。
研究生该如何进行文献阅读和管理
研究生该如何进行文献阅读和管理在科研过程中，和文献打交道的时间至少在一半以上，前期入门找切入点需要看文献；科研进行中找创新点、遇到困境时需要参考文献；实验完毕，准备发表文章前还离不开看文献（跟踪最新进展）。
所以文献阅读非常非常重要。
看文献的步骤：1）先看中文再看英文。
只要是个中国人，一般最擅长的还是中文而非英文，所以看中文文章最节省时间，对某一科研领域的入门也最快。
如果有人牛哄哄的告诉你：“现在谁还看中文文章啊？你OUT 啦！”那他的唯一目的一定是在你面前装B而不是真的为你着想。
不得不承认，中文文献一般都没啥创新，但是在项目的最初阶段你只需要对该方向有个大致的掌握，而中国人别的不行，在跟踪和重复外国人工作方面是很在行的。
所以，请毫不犹豫的先看中文文章。
2）先看学位论文，再看SCI。
学位论文又以博士的最好，与你方向密切相关的能找到个2到3篇博士论文就足够入门的了（最好是牛逼一点的大学的）。
下载后也不需要全部看，只看绪论部分。
对于一个毕业的博士而言，文献综述能力是最基本要求，相信里面引用的参考文献一定是该领域最经典的，剩下的就可以顺藤摸瓜了。
3）先看综述型文献，再看一般文献。
这个原因不解释，同上。
4）看文章时，一定要先看摘要，不可逮到一篇就精读。
就我自己的经验来说，一个博士读下来，总共需要看的文献至少得有几百篇（要看你课题覆盖领域的宽广度来定，若交叉学科可能要看的更多），但是需要精读并仔细揣摩的并不多，一般三四十篇即可。
笔记的重要性对于阅读文献来说，最重要的事情就是做笔记！做笔记！做笔记！。
因为天天对着那么多相同领域的文献，太容易混淆了。
不信你可以实验一下，海量精读，不记笔记，然后隔一个星期再去看那些文章，你会发现似乎又是新的，有些细节好像根本没读过一样。
你知道科研最痛苦的事情是什么吗？就是忽然有灵感，但是隐约感觉自己好不容易想的idea似乎在某个文献中出现过，然后你不得不回头去从上百篇文献中一个一个翻着找！这个过程少则需要半天，多则一个星期都不够！那时候你一定想，为什么当初没有记笔记？哪怕记下作者的名字也好啊！笔记如何做1）文献打印出来，直接记在纸质文献上。
文献阅读方法(研究生必读)
根据课题研究方向，检索到了大量的文献后，如何阅读是一个问题，在大量看文献前，需要不断总结一些好的文献阅读方法。
结合一些论坛总结的经验和自己阅读文献实践，对文献阅读方法进行整理总结。
一、文献阅读的顺序：找到相关文献后，一般先看文献的摘要，看看摘要是否跟自己的研究课题方向相关；接着看参考文献，如果参考文献中80%以上不是最近3-5年的文章，该文献的参考价值就不大了（阅读经典文献除外）；然后再看引言，注意引言中是怎么阐述其研究思路的，是怎么得出要做所做研究的想法的。
如果这三个方面都跟自己的研究方向相关，就可以仔细的阅读全文了。
二、泛读与精读相结合：如果一篇文献看完摘要后感觉对自己的研究思路帮助不大，仅仅能够帮助了解别人研究进展，读完摘要即存档不再继续读下去，这种文献阅读叫“略读”；除了读完摘要，还仔细看完参考文献和引言的文献阅读叫“概读”；将全文看完，并结合自己的研究思路进行分析，这种文献阅读叫做“详读”；详读了一篇论文后发现有很多的启发和思路，并且根据自己在读这篇文献时的问题和想法，展开来查看其他的相关文献和书籍，以便弄懂相关概念和问题，这样对一篇文献进行阅读叫“精读”。
在展开文献阅读时，需要将这些阅读方法结合使用，我的经验是“略读”、“概读”的文献占总阅读量的70%，“详读”的文献占总阅读量的20%，“精读”的文献占总阅读量的10%。
三、坚持记笔记和反复阅读：总结一套适合自己记笔记的方法，重要的结论，经典的句子，精巧的试验方案一定要记下来，供以后参考、引用和学习；看完的文献千万不要丢在一边不管，几个月后一定要重新温习一遍，可以根据需要，对比自己的试验结果来看，在以后看文献过程中遇到相似的文献，可以把以前阅读过的论文和笔记拿出来对照阅读。
四、电子文献与纸质文献结合看：对于“略读”、“概读”的文献可以直接看电子版，但“详读”，特别是“精读”的文献一定要找纸质文档来看，可以找期刊或论文集原本，也可以打印出来读，我大部分打印出经典的或重要的文献进行“精读”。
研究生学习英文文献的技巧
打印看外国文献的方法1.科研牛人一（从phd到现在工作半年,发了12篇paper, 7篇first author.）我现在每天还保持读至少2-3篇的文献的习惯.读文献有不同的读法.但最重要的自己总结概括这篇文献到底说了什么,否则就是白读,读的时候好像什么都明白,一合上就什么都不知道,这是读文献的大忌,既浪费时间,最重要的是,没有养成良好的习惯,导致以后不愿意读文献.1. 每次读完文献(不管是细读还是粗读), 合上文献后,想想看,文章最重要的take home message是什么, 如果不知道,就从abstract, conclusion里找, 并且从discuss里最好确认一下. 这样一来, 一篇文章就过关了. take home message其实都不会很多, 基本上是一些concepts, 如果你发现你需要记得很多,那往往是没有读到重点.2.扩充知识面的读法, 重点读introduction, 看人家提出的问题, 以及目前的进展类似的文章, 每天读一两篇,一个月内就基本上对这个领域的某个方向有个大概的了解.读好的review也行, 但这样人容易懒惰.3. 为了写文章的读法,读文章的时候, 尤其是看discussion的时候, 看到好的英文句型, 最好有意识的记一下,看一下作者是谁,哪篇文章,哪个期刊, 这样以后照猫画虎写的时候,效率高些.比自己在那里半天琢磨出一个句子强的多. 当然,读的多,写的多,你需要记得句型就越少.其实很简单,有意识的去总结和记亿, 就不容易忘记.2.科研牛人二告诉研究生怎么看文献，怎么写论文一、先看综述先读综述,可以更好地认识课题,知道已经做出什么，自己要做什么,,还有什么问题没有解决。
对于国内文献一般批评的声音很多.但它是你迅速了解你的研究领域的入口,在此之后,你再看外文文献会比一开始直接看外文文献理解的快得多。
而国外的综述多为本学科的资深人士撰写，涉及范围广，可以让人事半功倍。
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2.1.Definition of professional papers• A professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic.2.2.Classification of professional papers1)Report PaperThe report paper summarizes and reports the findings of another on a particular subject. The writer neither judges nor evaluates the findings, but merely catalogs them in a sensible sequence2) Research paperA research paper can be intelligent, well informed, interesting, and original in its conclusions.3) Course Papercourse papers are written after a specific course is learned or are designed at the end of a term. This type of paper is, therefore, also called “term paper”.4) Thesis Paperthe thesis paper takes a definite stand on an issue. A thesis is a proposition or point of view that a writer or speaker is willing to argue against or defend. A paper that argued for ratification of a certain event would therefore be a thesis paper. Writing a thesis paper requires a writer to exercise judgment, evaluate evidence, and constructa logical argument, whereas writing a report paper does not2.3. Linguistic Features of Professional Papers1) Formal StyleA professional paper deals with the study of some objective facts or problems, and the conclusion that is drawn should be based on relevant data, not on personal likes and dislikes.It is particularly important in any kind of scientific inquiry; it does not matter who is conducting the experiment or investigation. Being impersonal and free from emotional factors is one of the important features in professional writing.The need to be formal comes from the fact that science reflects the objective facts, and it is free from bias and prejudice. The need for objectivity becomes a matter of special concern whenever a research or investigation touches upon human actions or attitudes.2) Specialized Terms（自行举例）The terms in professional papers are typically specialized.Take the word “normal” as an example. Generally, it means “正常”; but in mathematics, it represents “法线”; and in the field of chemistry, “当量” Again the word “power.” In electronics, it is rendered as “电力” or “电源”; in mechanics, “动力”; whereas in mathematics, “幂”Even in the same field, the meanings of the same word may vary slightly due to its different collocations.•filter 滤波器, 滤色器tramp filter 干扰滤除器•amplitude filter 振辐滤色器filter paper 滤纸•primary filter 基色滤色器What is more, a great number of professional words and terms can only be understood by the specialists in the fields.decoder (译码器), photophor (磷光核), multi-quantum transition (多量子跃迁), Read Only Memory (只读储存器) and conversational implicatures (会话含义),Unit 4Abstracts4.1. Definition of AbstractsAn abstract is a brief and self-contained summary and an accurate representation of the contents of a document such as a research paper, a journal article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, and other academic documents.4.2. Classification of AbstractsIt can be a description of what kind of information it is, which includes the purpose, scope, and methods of the research or it can be the informative content of the document,which includes results and conclusions of the research.如何分类：Depending on which information they contain,abstracts can be classified into major types:indicative abstract informative abstracts,indicative-informative abstract and author abstracts. As they have different aims ,they have different components and styles,4.2.1. Indicative (or descriptive abstracts)An indicative abstract or descriptive abstract is one that describes the type and nature of the work abstracted, indicating the principal subjects covered and providing a brief description of the way the facts are treated and the methods or techniques that are being reported.4.2.2. Informative abstracts4.2.3. Indicative / informative abstracts (综合性)Indicative/ informative abstract is more common than either the pure indicative or the pure information style.4.2.4. Author abstract4.2.5. Slanted abstract4.2.6. Telegraphic abstract4.2.7. Mini-abstract4.2.8 Mission-oriented abstract4.2.9 Finding-oriented abstract4.2.10 Highlight abstract4.3.Linguistic Features of Abstracts4.3.1 Using Topic, Supporting, and Concluding Sentences•An abstract often starts with a “topic” or “lead” sentence. This first sentence attempts to summarize any essential information that is not conveyed by the title. The objective is to enable the reader to eliminate possibly relevant documents, which, in fact, prove to be of little interest without delving into the body of the abstract.4.3.2 Using Brief but Informative SentencesThe abstractor must resist the temptation to use long sentences in striving to avoid repetition.4.3.3 Arranging in One ParagraphAll abstracts, barring possibly those of exceptional length, should consist of one paragraph only. This should be a coherent paragraph, and not a series of disjointed sentences.4.3.4 Being ConciseConciseness is paramount. Redundant phrases such as: “the authors studied”, “in this work”, “the paper concludes by”, etc. should be avoided if possible.4.8. Translation Skills :Technical Terms4.8.1. Affixation•Affixation, which includes prefixation and suffixation, is an important means of coining English technical terms, with prefixes and suffixes as inseparable elements of the words being coined.4.8.2. CompoundingThe combination of two or more words to form a new word is called compounding. English technical terms formed by compounding generally take three forms: with a hyphen or without it, or two or more separate words.4.8.3. Blending•This is a variant of compounding, consisting in omitting the latter part of the first word and clipping off the first part of the second word. Sometimes, however, either the first part or the second part of the overlapped word may happen to be a full word.4.8.4. AcronymsBy acronym, we mean the formation of a word made up of the first letters of the name of something. Since it is very convenient to use this brief form, acronym emerges very frequently in English technical terms.4.8.5. Proper NounsMany of the technical terms in English are borrowed from proper nouns such as names of people, places, firms, trade marks, organizations, and so on. In such cases, consulting relevant dictionaries will be of great help.Unit 5Proposals5.1.Definition of ProposalA proposal is a suggestion or request that some particular action be taken. (A proposal is a written offer to solve a technical problem in a particular way, under a specified plan of management, or for a specified compensation.)三个要素：Tips: written offer to a solve technical problems, specified plan to management , and specified compensation are the main elements of proposal.5.2.Classification of Proposals• 5.2.1. Informal Suggestions• 5.2.2. Semiformal Proposals• 5.2.3 Formal Proposals5.3.Format of ProposalUnit 7Reviews7.1. Definition of Review:A review, as opposed to a survey, should be a critical summary, commentary and literally documented assessment of a work on a specific subject or in a particular field.7.2. Classification of Reviews1) Literature Review•Literature review is written on a particular subject (or a specialty) through analysis, study, synthesis, comment on the basis of extensively referencing professional materials both at home and abroad. It is a kind of comprehensive, summary and commentary article.2) Book Review•Book review is a kind of research writing, an article published in a newspaper or periodical that announces the publication of a new book. It tells what the book is about and evaluates it. The value of a book review depends on the knowledge and ability of the reviewer and on the reviewer's fairness in judging the book. For this reason, the reviewer should have a broad knowledge of the subject of the book under review, the ability to analyze a piece of writing, and the skills to communicate with the reader.7.3. Linguistic Features of Review1) General Contents of Book Reviews• A good book review is always within the scope of three elements: (1) it tells what the book is about, (that is to bring it to the attention of people who may not know of it or may not have considered it properly;) (2) it asserts a judgment of the book's worth,( that is to offer an assessment of its worth and usefulness; and) (3) it defends that judgment. Besides, some reviews undertake to familiarize the reader with the background of the book, (the history of the subject, or the context of issues the book is related to.)2) General Contents of Literature Reviews• A good literature review usually (1) includes the background, the prior work, present disputes, current development and prospect, etc. of the subject the review is about; (2) reveals the author's rigorous and objective comments; (3) provides the reader with a great number of references.只背画横线的部分即可，其他可作为理解。