虚拟机系统安装以及oracle数据库系统备份、恢复

虚拟机及数据库系统安装步骤
第一步：选择虚拟机安装文件包安装虚拟机
通过从网上下载安装包VMware-workstation-6.0.3-80004，经过解压缩，鼠标双击VMware-workstation-6.0.3-80004.exe安装文件进行安装（按照系统提示）即可。

如果是在linux上安装，需要下载虚拟机与linux系统对应的安装版本，通过ftp或者scp 到linux操作系统，解压缩后执行安装包的安装文件即可。

第二步：安装操作系统
虚拟机安装好后，启动虚拟机，单击新虚拟机安装，如下图：选择第一项
随后弹出选择安装方式窗口，选择Typcal方式
单击下一步，选择安装操作系统的类型，我安装的是linux系统，选择linux系统后继续选择具体的linux系统类型，如下图：
单击下一步，对系统进行命名，如下图：
打击下一步，选择虚拟机的网络连接类型，选择桥连接，如下图：
单击下一步，指定虚拟机的虚磁盘容量，如下图：
然后单击完成，此时虚拟机的设置完成，随后将对应的操作系统安装盘插入光驱，鼠标单击菜单的启动按钮，启动虚拟机，虚拟机首先检查是否存在操作系统，没有操作系统则自动读取光驱进行系统安装。

如下图：
启动后，如下图：
选择图形安装，直接回车即可。

然后弹出选择安装语言的窗口，如下图
根据需要选择简体中文或者英文都可。

然后单击下一步选择键盘类型，
直接默认，继续下一步，随后确定磁盘分区方式，可根据需要自行添加分区和挂载点
单击继续，下一步配置引导程序，默认即可。

如下图：
下一步进行网络配置时，可以先暂时默认继续，等系统安装后再通过界面修改网络设置，如下图
随后，系统会让用户设定root的口令，输入两遍。

然后，系统开始收集安装信息，进行安装。

安装完毕后，系统重启，退出光盘即可。

第三步：安装数据库
在linux系统下安装Oracle9i数据库的时候，准备工作很重要，需要分以下几步进行。

1.创建用户和组
# su –
# groupadd oinstall
# groupadd dba
# useradd -g oinstall -G dba oracle
# passwd oracle
2.创建目录
我们将把所有东西都安装到在 /oracle 目录下：
# mkdir /oracle
# chown -R oracle.oinstall / oracle
3.系统配置
a)设置内核参数
编辑/etc/sysctl.conf
kernel.shmmax = 536870912 这里设置为物理内存的一半 1G内存的话为：512×1024×1024 kernel.shmmni = 4096 2G 内存的话为：1024×1024×1024
kernel.shmall = 2097152
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128 其他的值都不用动
fs.file-max = 65536
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000
执行sysctl以反映修改使内核参数立刻生效，重启也可以
# sysctl –p
b)设置oracle对文件的要求
修改文件：/etc/security/limits.conf
#echo oracle soft nofile 65536 >> /etc/security/limits.conf
#echo oracle hard nofile 65536 >> /etc/security/limits.conf
#echo oracle soft nproc 16384 >> /etc/security/limits.conf
#echo oracle hard nproc 16384 >> /etc/security/limits.conf
c)设置环境变量
在/home/oracle/.bash_profile 中添加如下行:
export ORACLE_SID=orcl
export ORACLE_BASE= /oracle
export ORACLE_HOME= /oracle/product/9.2.0
d）安装补丁包
打p3006854_9204_LINUX.zip
# unzip p3006854_9204_LINUX.zip
# chmod +x 3006854/rhel3_pre_install.sh
# 3006854/rhel3_pre_install.sh
安装 compat-libcwait-2.1-1.i386.rpm
# rpm -ivh compat-libcwait-2.1-1.i386.rpm
安装compat-libstdc++-296-2.96-138.i386、compat-libstdc++-33-3.2.3-61.i386
# rpm –ivh compat-libstdc++-296-2.96-138.i386
# rpm –ivh compat-libstdc++-33-3.2.3-61.i386
一些需要的包，这些包可以从系统盘中找到
# rpm -ivh compat-db-4.2.52-5.1.i386.rpm
# rpm -ivh libXp-1.0.0-8.i386.rpm
# rpm -ivh libXp-devel-1.0.0-8.i386.rpm
# rpm -ivh openmotif-2.3.0-0.3.el5.i386.rpm
# rpm -ivh openmotif-devel-2.3.0-0.3.el5.i386.rpm
gnome-libs-1.4.2-7.rhel5.i386.rpm 和一些依赖包
这些包网上都可以找到，也可以从 /download.zip 下载
# rpm -ivh giflib-4.1.3-8.i386.rpm
# rpm -ivh glib-1.2.10-26.fc7.i386.rpm
# rpm -ivh libpng10-1.0.18-2.i386.rpm
# rpm -ivh ORBit-0.5.17-22.rhel5.i386.rpm
# rpm -ivh gtk+-1.2.10-57.fc7.i386.rpm
# rpm -ivh imlib-1.9.15-2.fc7.i386.rpm
# rpm -ivh gnome-libs-1.4.2-7.rhel5.i386.rpm
创建链接
# ln -s /usr/lib/libstdc++-libc6.2-2.so.3 /usr/lib/libstdc++-libc6.1-1.so.2
e）在root下启动xhost + ，随后直接在虚拟机上安装数据库。

# Disk1/runInstaller
没有特别说明的均按默认设置，根据界面提示，然后点 Next 或 OK即可.
这个过程中还会出现两次提示，让你运行指定目录下的脚本，根据提示做就可以了。

安装过程中可以暂时只安装数据库产品，安装完毕后再通过dbca 创建数据库；也可以随着
安装过程安装数据库。

在oracle9i上执行热备份和恢复
准备工作：
创建表空间
SQL> create tablespace oratbs datafile '/oracle/oradata/oradbs/oratbs01.dat' size 60M; Tablespace created.
SQL> create user oradb identified by oradb;
User created.
SQL> grant dba to oradb;
Grant succeeded.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL>CREATE TABLE oradb.APPRUNPARAM
(
PARAMNAME V ARCHAR2(40 BYTE),
PARAMCODE V ARCHAR2(4 BYTE),
PARAMV ALUE V ARCHAR2(32 BYTE)
)
TABLESPACE oratbs
NOLOGGING
NOCACHE
NOPARALLEL;
COMMENT ON COLUMN oradb.APPRUNPARAM.PARAMNAME IS '参数名称'; COMMENT ON COLUMN oradb.APPRUNPARAM.PARAMCODE IS '参数代码'; COMMENT ON COLUMN oradb.APPRUNPARAM.PARAMV ALUE IS '参数值'; DROP TABLE oradb.APPRUNPARAM CASCADE CONSTRAINTS
*
SQL> 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Table created.
SQL> SQL>
Comment created.
SQL>
Comment created.
SQL>
Comment created.
SQL> insert into apprunparam values('123456789','abcd','open');
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> insert into apprunparam values('987654321','xyzt','curr');
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> insert into apprunparam values('987654321','xyzt','curr');
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
一、数据文件受损情况
1:
SQL> archive log list;
Database log mode No Archive Mode Automatic archival Disabled
Archive destination /oracle/9.2.0/dbs/arch Oldest online log sequence 1
Current log sequence 3
2:
SQL> alter system set log_archive_start=true scope=spfile; System altered.
3:
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
4:
SQL> startup mount;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 236000356 bytes
Fixed Size 451684 bytes
Variable Size 201326592 bytes
Database Buffers 33554432 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
Database mounted.
5:
SQL> alter database archivelog;
Database altered.
6:
SQL> archive log list;
Database log mode Archive Mode Automatic archival Enabled
Archive destination /oracle/9.2.0/dbs/arch Oldest online log sequence 1
Next log sequence to archive 3
Current log sequence 3
7:
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
8：开始备份表空间
SQL> alter tablespace oratbs begin backup; Tablespace altered.
9：然后对数据文件进行备份
结束表空间备份
SQL> alter tablespace oratbs end backup;
Tablespace altered.
SQL> alter system archive log current;
System altered.
SQL> alter system archive log current;
System altered.
10：多次切换日志，进行归档备份
SQL> alter system switch logfile ;
System altered.
SQL> alter system switch logfile ;
System altered.
SQL> alter system switch logfile ;
System altered.
11：切换完成后停掉数据库，删除数据文件*。

DBF
SQL> startup mount
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 236000356 bytes
Fixed Size 451684 bytes Variable Size 201326592 bytes Database Buffers 33554432 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes Database mounted.
12：开始恢复过程的步骤
SQL> select * from v$recover_file;
结果集省略了
SQL> alter database datafile 1 offline drop; Database altered.
SQL> alter database datafile 2 offline drop; Database altered.
SQL> alter database datafile 3 offline drop; Database altered.
SQL> alter database datafile 4 offline drop; Database altered.
SQL> alter database datafile 5 offline drop; Database altered.
SQL> alter database datafile 6 offline drop; Database altered.
SQL> alter database datafile 7 offline drop;
Database altered.
SQL> alter database datafile 8 offline drop;
Database altered.
SQL> alter database datafile 9 offline drop;
Database altered.
13：开始恢复数据文件；
recover datafile 1;
ORA-00279: change 209860 generated at 07/21/2008 01:57:37 needed for thread 1 ORA-00289: suggestion : /oracle/9.2.0/dbs/arch1_9.dbf
ORA-00280: change 209860 for thread 1 is in sequence #9
Specify log: {<RET>=suggested | filename | AUTO | CANCEL}
Auto 采用自动
ORA-00279: change 213277 generated at 07/21/2008 02:20:28 needed for thread 1 ORA-00289: suggestion : /oracle/9.2.0/dbs/arch1_10.dbf
ORA-00280: change 213277 for thread 1 is in sequence #10
ORA-00278: log file '/oracle/9.2.0/dbs/arch1_9.dbf' no longer needed for this recovery
ORA-00279: change 213666 generated at 07/21/2008 02:22:39 needed for thread 1 ORA-00289: suggestion : /oracle/9.2.0/dbs/arch1_11.dbf
ORA-00280: change 213666 for thread 1 is in sequence #11
ORA-00278: log file '/oracle/9.2.0/dbs/arch1_10.dbf' no longer needed for this recovery
ORA-00279: change 213674 generated at 07/21/2008 02:22:54 needed for thread 1 ORA-00289: suggestion : /oracle/9.2.0/dbs/arch1_12.dbf
ORA-00280: change 213674 for thread 1 is in sequence #12
ORA-00278: log file '/oracle/9.2.0/dbs/arch1_11.dbf' no longer needed for this recovery
Log applied.
Media recovery complete.
其他几个数据文件的恢复同上
14：设定数据文件联机，并最终打开数据库
SQL> alter database datafile 1 online;
Database altered.
其他数据文件同上
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
SQL> select * from oradb.apprunparam;
PARAMNAME PARA PARAMV ALUE ---------------------------------------- ---- --------------------------------
123456789 abcd open
987654321 xyzt close
987654321 xyzt curr
二，控制文件受损
首先对控制文件做备份
然后执行
SQL> alter database backup controlfile to trace;
Database altered.
SQL> shutdown immediate
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
[oracle@localhost ora9i]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on Mon Jul 21 03:04:03 2008 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> @/tmp/control.sql
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 236000356 bytes
Fixed Size 451684 bytes
Variable Size 201326592 bytes
Database Buffers 33554432 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
Control file created.
SP2-0734: unknown command beginning "Recovery i..." - rest of line ignored. SP2-0734: unknown command beginning "or if the ..." - rest of line ignored. ORA-00283: recovery session canceled due to errors
ORA-00264: no recovery required
由此控制文件全部被重建
SQL> select * from oradb.apprunparam;
PARAMNAME PARA PARAMV ALUE ---------------------------------------- ---- --------------------------------
123456789 abcd open
987654321 xyzt close
987654321 xyzt curr
三、日志文件丢失的情况
关闭数据库
将日志文件备份，并删除日志文件
打开数据库
SQL> startup mount;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 236000356 bytes
Fixed Size 451684 bytes
Variable Size 201326592 bytes
Database Buffers 33554432 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
Database mounted.
SQL> select * from v$recover_file;
no rows selected
SQL> alter database open;
alter database open
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00313: open failed for members of log group 1 of thread 1 ORA-00312: online log 1 thread 1: '/oracle/oradata/ora9i/redo01.log'
SQL> recover database until cancel;
Media recovery complete.
SQL> alter database open resetlogs;
Database altered.
之后日志重新生成；
不完全恢复：
基于恢复到某一个时点：
SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YY
-------------------
2008-07-23 05:24:17
然后，通过
SQL> alter system switch logfile;
SQL> alter system switch logfile;
重新启动到mount模式下
SQL> recover database until time '2008-07-23 05:24:17';
Media recovery complete.
5）数据库rman备份
创建rmanbak用户；
使得数据库处于自动归档模式；
SQL>startup;
SQL>alter system archive log start;
1：连接
Rman target=rmanbak/rmnabak
2：设定配置
RMAN> configure default device type to disk;
RMAN> configure device type disk parallelism 2;
RMAN> configure channel 1 device type disk format '/oracle/rmanbak/rmanbak1/rmanbak_%U'; RMAN>configure channel 2 device type disk format '/oracle/rmanbak/rmanbak2/rmanbak_%U';
RMAN> configure controlfile autobackup on;
RMAN>configure controlfile autobackup format for device type disk to '/oracle/rmanbak/ctl_%F';
利用RMAN备份全库的脚本：
run{
allocate channel c1 type disk;
backup full tag 'dbfull' format '/oracle/rmanbak/full%u_%s_%p' database include current controlfile;
sql 'alter system archive log current';
release channel c1;
}
恢复全库的脚本：
run{
allocate channel c1 type disk;
restore database;
recover database;
sql 'alter database open';
release channel c1;
}
不完全恢复
SQL> select max(ktuxescnw * power(2, 32) + ktuxescnb) scn from x$ktuxe;
SCN
----------
420841
开始恢复到改变点SCN XXXXX
RMAN> run{
allocate channel c1 type disk;
restore database;
recover database until scn 423765;
sql 'ALTER DATABASE OPEN RESETLOGS';
release channel c1;
}
安装vsftpd独立服务的ftp服务器
安装vsftpd最新版本，并自行编译代码。

启动vsftpd的独立服务。

可通过设定的系统用户下载、上传文件。

编写列树形目录的SHELL 脚本。