语言学复习范围

I. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only.

1. Clear［1］and dark [ł] are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/. They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c omplementary distribution. (P24)

2. M orphemes are the smallest meaningful units of meaning, w ords are the smallest free form found in language. (P32)

3. Consonant sounds can be either voiceless or voiced, while all v owel sounds are voiced. (P16)

4. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C ooperative principle proposed by J. Grice. (P86-87)

5. Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a s ynchronic study. The description of a language as it changes through time is a d iachronic study. (P4)

6. An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air stream coming up from the lungs meets with any o bstruction when a sound is produced. (P18)

7. XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP “the boy who likes this puppy” consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the s pecifier, N the head and S the

c omplement. (P46)

9. While the meaning of a s entence is abstract and de-contextualized, that of an u tterance is concrete and context-dependent. (P79)

11. P sycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when people use language… (P3) 12. A d iachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (P4)

13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called d uality or double articulation. (P9)

14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity—the throat, the o ral cavity—the mouth, and the n asal cavity—the nose. (P15)

16. S uprasegmental features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the interpretation of meaning, that is, they can distinguish meaning. (P27)

18. H omonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. (P69)

19. The three branches of phonetics are labeled a rticulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively. (P15)

21. S yntax_ is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. (P42)

22. The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are h omonymys. (P69)

23. S peech act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. It aims to answer the question “What do we do when using language?” (P80)

24. The modern linguistics is mostly d escriptive, not prescriptive, and its