英语语言学概论大纲(DOC)
《语言学概论》课程教学大纲
《语言学概论》课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息1．课程编码：U16M121742．课程名称（中文）：语言学概论课程名称（英文）：Introduction to Linguistics 3．学时/学分：32学时/2学分4．先修课程：无5．开课单位：外国语学院6．开课学期（春/秋/春、秋）：秋季7、课程模块：8、课程类别：专业核心课程9、教材及教学参考书：《新编简明英语语言学教程》戴炜栋、何兆熊，2010二、教学目的和任务本课程属于语言学课程的基础部分，共分为两大部分：理论语言学（语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学及语义学）和语言学应用（应用语言学、社会语言学、心理语言学、计算语言学等）。
本课程的目的是在学生经过三年的学习，已经掌握了必要的外语语言知识后，在理论上提供初步的语言学知识，并且为有志于继续攻读语言学或与之有关的硕士学位的学生打下必要的基础。
通过该门课程的学习，期望学生能掌握语言学理论的基本知识，提高学生的语言学素质，提高科研能力和分析能力，掌握语言学理论在交叉学科上的应用。
三、教学内容、基本要求及学时分配《语言学概论》语言学概论的教学内容分为八部分，对不同的内容提出不同的教学要求。
(数字表示供参考的相应的学时数)第一章概论（4学时）1．什么是语言学？（2学时）2．什么是语言？（2学时）要求：掌握语言学和语言的基本定义，尤其是对语言的识别特征的深入理解和融会贯通。
第二章音位学（4学时）1．语音学（2学时）2．音位学（2学时）语音学与音位学都涉及到语音的同一个方面——语音。
但是，虽然两者都与语音的研究相关，但他们在观念和着重点上存在着差异。
语音学是有其一般性质的；它对所有人类语言中的所有语音都感兴趣；它们是如何产生的，它们是如何彼此相区别的，它们具有什么语音特征，如何对它们进行分类，等等。
音位学的目的是去发现一门语言中的语音是如何形成模式的，这些语音是如何在语言交际中用来传达意义的。
要求：掌握语音学和音位学的基本概念和理论知识。
《语言学概论(英语)》课程教学大纲
课程名称：语言学概论（英语）课程代码：ENGL2016英文名称：An Introduction to Linguistics课程性质：专业必修课适用专业：英语师范、英语、翻译开课学期：第3学期学时：34学时学分：2学分开课单位：外国语学院先修课程：无后续课程：Applied Linguistics, Comparative Linguistics大纲审核人：一、课程性质和教学目标课程性质：语言学概论（英语）是普通高校英语师范专业学生的必修课程，是进一步学习其它语言学分支课程的先决条件。
本课程旨在介绍英语语言系统、语言使用及语言学习的基本理论和概念；培养学生对于人类语言主要特性和基本元素的感性和理性认识；使学生逐步形成对语言现象进行观察、思考以及抽象概括的能力；为英语师范专业学生将来的教学工作提供理论指导，同时也为部分同学将来进一步从事语言学研究打好基础。
教学目标：本课程旨在传授系统的英语语言学基本理论知识，帮助学生掌握普通语言学的基础知识和基本概念，掌握普通语言学的理论和方法，培养学生勤于思考、善于钻研并渴望解决问题的能力，培养学生的团队合作能力，使学生逐步形成对语言现象进行观察、思考以及抽象概括的能力。
本课程教材由三个模块组成：英语语言的系统、英语语言的使用和英语语言的学习，其中语言系统模块包括语言的本质、语音学、音位学、形态学（词法）、句法学、语义学；语言使用模块包括语用规则、跨文化交际、语言变体；语言学习模块包括第二语言习得研究领域的主要观点、影响第二语言习得的主要因素、培养跨文化语言交际能力。
在教学过程中，教师针对教材内容，指导学生理解语言学的基本概念和基础知识，掌握观察、研究和分析语言使用的方法，通过使用多种教学方法，如小组讨论、集体报告等，培养学生的团队合作能力，使学生掌握必要的语言学的基本理论和基本知识，掌握研究、运用语言的基本方法，为今后的英语教学工作打下坚实的基础。
本课程的具体教学目标如下：1.了解语言的本质特征、语言的功能、语言学中的重要概念区别及普通语言学的主要分支；2.系统了解语言学各分支的知识，即语音学、音位学、形态学（词法）、句法学、语义学、语用学等的基本内容和研究方法；3.了解语言使用的正确规则，语言的变体，跨文化交际的基本方法；4.了解第二语言习得的主要研究问题，影响第二语言习得的主要因素，培养和发展跨文化交际能力；5.培养学生勤于思考、善于钻研并渴望解决问题的能力；6.培养学生的团队合作能力，帮助其形成对教学的基本认识，为今后的英语教学工作打下坚实的基础教学目标与毕业要求的对应关系：二．课程教学内容和学时分配第一章What is language? （支撑教学目标1、5、6）课时：1周，共2课时教学内容1.The nature of language2.Distinctions between important concept pairs in linguistic study. 思考题：Language is something that we tend to take for granted; something with which we are familiar from childhood in a practical, unreflecting manner. This practical familiarity with language tends to stand in the way of its objective examination. There are all sorts of social, cultural, and nationalistic pr ejudices associated with the layman’s view of language and of particular languages. Look at the people around you and see whether they have some innate prejudices with regard to language(s). If yes, what are they?第二章Phonetics （支撑教学目标2、5、6）课时：1周，共2课时1.教学内容Speech organs2.Consonants and vowels思考题：With the exception of some remarkable individuals, adult learners do not often achieve native-like competence in the second language, especially with respect to pronunciation. Randomly select some of your classmates coming from different provinces and see whether there is any association between their English pronunciations and that of their dialects.第三章Phonology（支撑教学目标2、5、6）课时：1周，共2课时教学内容1.Important concepts in phonology2.Identifying phonemes3.Sequence of phonemes4.Co-articulation effects5.Supra-segmental features思考题：In a study comparing the tone choice (the rising tone, the falling tone, and the rising-falling tone, etc.) in second language parallel teaching presentations (naturally occurring) given by 6 Chinese and 6 North American male teaching assistants (TAs), Pickering (2004) found that the native-English-speaking TAs systematically exploited their tone choices to increase the accessibility of the lecture materials and establish rapport with their students. Conversely, the typical tonal composition of the Chinese TAs’ presentations made the information structure unclear and frequently characterized these speakers as unsympathetic and uninvolved. Randomly select two video lectures, one by a native speaker of English and the other by a Chinese EFL speaker of English, and see how the two speakers differ with regard to the tone choices.第四章Morphology （支撑教学目标2、5、6）课时：2周，共4课时教学内容1.What is morphology2.Morpheme3.Classifications of morphemes4.Morpheme, morph, allomorph5.Empty morph and zero morph6.Morphemic analysis7.The role of morphology in English思考题：The Watergate Scandal began with the arrest of five men for secretly entering the DemocraticNational Committee headquarters at the Watergate Office complex in Washington, D.C. on June 17, 1972. Investigations conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) revealed that this burglary was one of many illegal activities authorized and carried out by Nixon's staff. Since the revelation of this scandal, the suffix -gate has often been associated with political scandals involving abuse of power, bribery, and obstruction of justice. It is sometimes even used when talking about pornographic scandals. Search on the Internet and see how many gate-related words you can come up with and then probe into the stories behind each of them.第五章Syntax（支撑教学目标2、5、6）课时：1周，共2课时教学内容1.Structural description of sentences2.Generation of sentences思考题：Generally speaking, the English language develops in the right-branching direction, i.e., the modifying clause typically appears to the right of the head noun; while the Chinese language develops in the left-branching direction, i.e. the modifying clause typically appears to the left of the head noun. Randomly select two pieces of writing from a Chinese newspaper (e.g. The Xinhua News Daily) and an English newspaper (e.g. The New York Times), and see how the development of the typical sentence structure differs in the two languages.第六章Semantics（支撑教学目标2、5、6）课时：1周，共2课时教学内容1.What is semantics?2.Lexical semantics3.Sentence semantics思考题：Collocations are ‘ready-made chunks,’ which can be stored and retrieved directly and immediately from our mental lexicon. In fact, about 70% of what we say, hear, read, and write is in some form of fixed expression. Randomly select a Chinese newspaper (e.g. The Xinhua News Daily) and an English newspaper (e.g. The New York Times), and pick up one particular column, such as sports, or stock market. Spot and calculate the collocations used and see whether there are similarities and differences between English and Chinese in terms of features (e.g. free collocation, restricted collocation, and figurative idioms) as well as structures (e.g. Adjective + Noun, Verb + Noun, and Verb + Preposition) of the collocations used. If yes, what are they?第七章General principles of communication（支撑教学目标3、5、6）课时：2周，共4课时教学内容1.The cooperative principle2.The politeness principle3.The principle of relevance思考题：Record a piece of ordinary conversation in a setting of your choice. Make a simple transcription and describe the compliance with and disregarding of the maxims of Cooperative Principle that the conversation involves.第八章Intercultural communication（支撑教学目标3、5、6）课时：1周，共2课时教学内容1.Important conceptsnguage and culture3.Diverse intercultural communication patterns4.Potential problems in intercultural communication思考题：As students, you have probably learned English for many years, during which you may have had a number of different foreigner teachers, or you may have had some travels in some English-speaking countries. Recall your past experiences with different foreigners or foreigner teachers and see what kind of cultural differences there are between your culture and that of your foreigner teachers.第九章Language variety（支撑教学目标3、5、6）课时：1周，共2课时教学内容nguage-dialect-regional dialect-social dialect2.Lingua franca-pidgin-creole3.Style-genre-taboo-euphemism4.Gender and language use思考题：Where did you spend the greatest part of your childhood? State some of the ways in which the speech of that region differs from what you would consider Mandarin Chinese.第十章Major issues in SLA（支撑教学目标4、5、6）课时：1周，共2课时教学内容1.Contrastive analysis hypothesis2.Error analysis3.The inter-language hypothesis4.The monitor model5.The output hypothesis6.The open-choice principle and the idiom principle思考题：Record and transcribe a piece of ordinary English conversation in a high school setting; identify the errors and mistakes and then interview the students who made them; and finally see what kind of inter-language rules you can infer regarding the Chinese s tudents’ learning of English as a foreign language.第十一章Factors affecting second language learning （支撑教学目标4、5、6）课时：2周，共4课时教学内容1.Factors not easily modified by learners2.Factors easily modified by learners思考题：Randomly select a good student and a poor student, or rather, a high-achiever and an underachiever, in your class, and see how they differ in terms of the strategies employed in theirlearning of English.第十二章Developing an intercultural communicative competence （支撑教学目标4、5、6）课时：1周，共2课时教学内容1. A brief review of current models of second language competence2.Why are current models inadequate?3. A model of intercultural competence4.Intercultural competence in communicative language use思考题：Record, with permission, a short conference involving a decision-making among executives in a joint venture where the participants are from different language backgrounds but English is used the only working language, and see whose cultural rules dominate and why.三、教学方法本课程遵循传授语言学基本理论知识与培养语言运用和研究能力相结合的教学原则。
《英语语言学概论》word版
英语语言学概论》重、难点提示第一章语言的性质语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）；语言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。
第二章语言学语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为）；普通语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学）等。
第三章语音学发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。
第四章音位学音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等。
第五章词法学词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。
第六章词汇学词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。
第七章句法句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性，数，格）；一致；短语，从句，句子扩展等。
第八章语义学语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）；里奇的语义分类；词汇意义关系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系。
第九章语言变化语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）；第十章语言、思维与文化语言与文化的定义；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语言与文化的关系；中西文化的异同。
第十一章语用学语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行为和言后行为）；合作原则。
语言学概论课程教学大纲
双语
外国语学院
先修课程（Prerequisite）
语言学概论
后续课程
post
课程负责人（Instructor）
课程网址
(CourseWebpage)
*课程简介（中文）（Description）
（中文300-500字，含课程性质、主要教学内容、课程教学目标等）
该课程分三个部分介绍语言智能，即语音技术、人工智能在自动评分及在外语教学中的应用，涵盖了的语音、外语测试、和外语教学的应用。
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第十六章
计算机辅助语言学习的现状与趋势
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讲授
(江妍)
阅读相关专业文献、并总结思考
学习计算机辅助语言学习的发展现状与未来趋势
3，4，5
注1：建议按照教学周学时编排。
注2：相应章节的课程思政融入点根据实际情况填写。
自考英语语言学概论大纲考核章节精华中文版教材
第一章语言（Language）●本章主要考点●课文理解与重点内容分析：本章介绍语言的基本知识，包括语言的定义、语言的识别性特征和语言的功能。
1. 语言的定义语言是用于人类交际的任意性的发音的符号系统。
该定义有五个要点，即系统、任意性的、发音/声的、系统、用于人类交际。
2. 语言的识别性特征语言的识别性特征指人类语言区别于任何其他动物交流系统的特点。
主要包括：1）能产性：能产性也称创造性，人们能用语言创造新的意义，并立即被从未接触过它的人所理解。
创造性归因于语言的二重性和递归性。
2）离散性：3）不受时空限制的属性/位移性：人类语言可以让使用者表达说话时(时间和处所)并不存在的物体、事件和观点。
这一特性赋予人们概括和抽象的能力。
4）任意性：任意性是语言的核心特征，指符号的形式或声音与意义间没有理据或逻辑关系。
任意性有不同的程度。
5）文化传递性：语言不是靠遗传，而是通过教与学，由人们接触的文化代代传递的。
6）结构二重性：二重性指底层有限的语音结构是上层词、句和语篇结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则，使语言拥有强大的能产性。
7）互换性：互换性指人可以是信息的发出者，也可以是信息的接收者。
3. 语言的功能按照韩礼德的表述，幼儿语言有如下七个功能：1）工具功能：说话人可以使用语言做事情。
2）调节功能：语言可用来控制事件。
3）表现功能：语言可用来传达知识、汇报事件、进行陈述、说明、解释关系、传递信息等。
4）互动功能：语言可用来与周围的人进行交际。
5）自指性功能：语言可以用来表达个人的情感并展示个性。
6）启发功能：使用语言可以获得知识、了解世界。
语言可以用于学习，语言可以用于问答、用于争辩，用于验证假设、推导结论和新奇发现。
7）想象功能：语言用于创造想象系统，可以是文学作品、哲学领域里，也可以是空想、白日做梦和发呆遐想。
成人语言有三大元功能：人际功能、概念功能和语篇功能。
国内著名学者胡壮麟等人在其《语言学教程》中，用如下词语来表达语言的七大功能：1）信息功能：被认为是语言最主要的功能。
英语语言学教学大纲
《英语语言学概论》教学大纲课程编号：学时数：72 (讲课：72 实验：0 实习：0)学分数：4适用专业：英语开课学期：6一、课程的性质和目的1. 课程性质：普通语言学是英语专业的一门专业必修课。
2. 目的和任务：学生通过学习本大纲规定的内容，了解和掌握普通语言学有关语音、音系、词汇、句法、语义、语用、文体、语言与社会文化、语言与心理、语言与认知、语言与计算机、语言学与外语教学、语言学流派等基本理论和语言研究的基本方法。
二、课程教学内容及学时分配第一章导论（6学时）关于语言：语言的定义、起源、特征、功能。
关于语言学：语言学的主要分支学科，宏观语言学。
语言学中一些重要的基本概念：描写与规定、共时与历时、语言和言语、能力与表现。
第二章语音（6学时）语音学：语音的发生与感知，发音器官，国际音标，辅音，元音，语音的描写，协同发音。
音系学：音位理论和音位变体、音系规则，区别特征，音节，重音，语调，声调。
第三章词汇（4学时，学生自学为主，教师讲授为辅）词汇概说：词的含义，词的识别，词的分类。
形态学：词的构成，语素，屈折，派生，义素、音素和语素的关系。
词的变化。
第四章句法（6学时）句法关系：位置关系，替换关系，同现关系。
语法结构：语法结构，直接成分，内向结构、外向结构，并列关系，从属关系。
句法功能：主语，谓语，宾语，词类和功能的关系。
语法范畴：数、性、格，一致关系。
语句构成：短语，小句，语句。
递归性：连接，嵌入。
句法之外：句子的连接，衔接手段。
第五章语义学（6学时）词汇语义学：“意义”的意义，指称论，涵义关系，成分分析。
句子语义学：组合理论，逻辑语义学。
第六章语言与认知（6学时）什么是认知？心理语言学：语言习得，语言理解，语言的产生。
认知语言学：识解，范畴化，图式理论，隐喻，转喻，整合理论。
第七章语言、文化、社会（6学时）社会语言学：语言变异，双语现象和多语现象，语言民俗学，标准语和方言，礼貌原则，语码选择，语言中的性别歧视。
《语言学概论》教学大纲
《语言学概论》教学大纲课程英文名称：General course of linguistics课程编号：总学时：32先修课程：英语精读、英语泛读、现代汉语、英美概况等适用专业：英语专业本科学生一、课程性质与任务1．课程性质：本课程是英语专业的专业必修课。
2．课程任务：学习完本大纲规定的内容后，应达到下列基本要求：掌握英语语言学的基础知识、英语语言的性质、结构、特征和功能，以及它们与外语教学的关系，从而加强英语语言的学习和英语教学法的研究，提高英语语言水平和英语语言教学能力。
了解语言在时空中的变异及其与社会、文化、语境、思维等外部因素的关系，同时了解部分主要语言学流派。
学生通过对该课程的学习，既能借助语言学理论整理和吸收语言知识，又能运用正确的观点评价语言。
二、课程教学内容、形式和结业标准1. 教学内容：本课程由7章构成（1）导论：语言学的概念和意义，语言的区别性特征和语言学里一些重要区别性概念。
（2）语音学：语音学的概念和范畴，辅音的发音方式和发音部位。
了解发音器官和国际音标。
（3）音系学：音位学的定义，音素的区别性特征以及跟音素相关的几个重要概念。
超语段特征：音节、重音、音高等。
（4）形态学：形态学相关的基本概念和词素的类型，构词法种类。
（5）句法学：短语结构规则和转换生成规则；直接成分分析法，句法功能和范畴。
（6）语义学：语义学的研究范畴吗，各种意义关系以及意义分析的方法，历史上不同的意义观和研究语义学的方法。
（7）语用学：语用学的概念，意义和语境的关系、言语行为理论，会话合作原则，了解会话含义，礼貌原则。
（8）语言和文化：语言、文化和社会的关系，语言的变体，Sapir-Whorf假说。
2. 教学形式：本课程采用课堂讲授与课后作业相结合的方式进行。
3. 结业标准：本课程采用闭卷考试方式进行考核，按平时成绩30%，期末考试70%比例计算，总评成绩60分（含）以上为合格。
三、课程教学学时分配四、教材和参考书目教材：《新编语言学教程》，刘润清，文旭，外语教学与研究出版社参考书：《新编简明英语语言学教程》，戴炜、何兆熊，上海外语教育出版社2002年版。
英语语言学概论课程教学大纲
《英语语言学概论（1）》课程教学大纲课程教学大纲（course syllabus）*学习目标(Learning Outcomes)本课程的具体学习目标如下：1．提升学生语言学的基础知识和知识水平（A1）2．接触和探索语言学学科的研究方法及入门知识（A2）3．掌握语言学的基础知识和基本概念（A5.2）。
4．掌握普通语言学的理论和方法（A5.2.1）5．培养学生批判性思考和创造性工作的能力（B3）6．培养学生勤于思考、善于钻研、富有探索精神并渴望解决问题的能力（C4）*教学内容、进度安排及要求(Class Schedule& Requirements)教学内容学时教学方式作业及要求基本要求考查方式介绍本课程目标/内容等2讲授、讨论课程材料准备、阅读相应材料材料下载准备、理解绪论内容检查准备情况绪论语言的本质和语言学的内容2讲授、讨论回答和完成课后习题掌握语言的本质属性、语言学研究的范围、分支等批阅、讨论语音学2讲授、讨论完成课后习题和材料阅读掌握语音学研究的本质、范畴和方法讨论与报告音位学2讲授、讨论完成课后习题和阅读材料掌握音位学的重要概念和基础知识展示与讨论语音学和音位学对比2讲授、思考、讨论思考和回答课后习题掌握语音学和音位学的相同和不同小组讨论和回答问题形态学2讲授、讨论完成课后习题和阅读任务掌握形态学的基本理论知识讨论与回答问题形态学2阅读、讲授、讨论完成课后习题和论文阅读任务掌握英语形态构词的基本方法和手段陈述与讨论期中考试2考试期中考试掌握前四章节内容阅卷与讲评语义学2阅读、分析、讲授完成课后习题掌握“意义”、语义与指代课堂讨论和回答备注说明：1．带*内容为必填项。
2．课程简介字数为300-500字；课程大纲以表述清楚教学安排为宜，字数不限。
《语言学概论》(双语)教学大纲.docx
《语言学概论》（双语）教学大纲一、本大纲适用专业本大纲适用于汉语言文学本科专业。
二、编写本教学大纲的说明（一）本课程的性质和任务语言学概论课程是汉语言文学专业学生的必修课，是学生增加语言理论修养和基础知识的重要途径。
讲授语言学的本质、结构、应用，介绍西方语言学理论，培养学生对语言学的兴趣，使学生增强语言理论修养，加强语言学习自觉性，从而提高语言学习效率和语言使用的水平。
（二）本课程的基本要求通过学习该课程，学生要了解语言学的基本概念、基本理论、语言学各个流派及其代表人物；能够运用语言学理论解释语言中的实际问题，特别是学会从英语、汉语等语言中找出例证，检验各个理论，并学会将西方的语言学理论应用于检验汉语的实践中。
（三）本课程的重点和难点1、语言的本质。
2、音位分析。
3、词的构成。
（四）本课程与其它相关课程的联系和后续课程本课程与现代汉语、英语有一定的联系，后续课程有中外语言学史等。
（五）学时、学时分配安排本课程为32学时，学时分配安排见教学大纲各章。
（六）本课程的教学方式和其它教学环节的安排本课程采用通常的课堂教学方式，并注重理论与实践相结合的方法，即以教师的课堂讲授为主，同时在有条件的时候指导学生进行田野调查。
引导学生多讨论，提高独立思考的能力。
培养与提高学生对本学科的兴趣和研究能力。
三、教学大纲第一章语言学导论（4学时）1.什么是语言？2.语言的本质特征3•语言的起源4.语言的功能5•语言学的主要分支6•语言学中的一些重要区分第二章语音（10学时）1•言语器官2.音段、分化和标音法3.辅音4.元音5•协同发音和语音描写6.音位和音位变体7.区别性特征8•音节第三章词汇（6学时）1•什么是词2•词的形成3.词汇变化第四章、句法学（6学时）1•传统学派2•结构主义学派3.生成学派4.功能学派第五章、语义学（4学时）1.意义的定义2.成分分析法3.句子意义第六章、语言的使用（2学时）四、参考书目1.Widdowson, H.G.1996. Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.2.Hartley， Anthony F.1982. Linguistics for Language Learners・ Kent: Multiplex Techniques Ltd.3.Roach, Peter. 1991 ・English Phonetics and phonology.2nd. Cambridge University Press・4.Bauer, L.1983. English Word-Formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press・5.Chomsky, N.1957. Syntactic Structures・ The Hague: Mouton.6.Saeed, J. 1.1997. Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell. 7•刘润清《西方语言学流派》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1995 o。
语言学导论课程教学大纲
《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲课程代码：ENGL2016课程类别：专业必修课授课对象：英语、英语教育开课学期：秋（第5学期）学分：2主讲教师：徐健等指定教材：戴炜栋、何兆熊等，《新编简明英语语言学教程》，上海外语教育出版社，2002年第一版教学目的：教学目的：《英语语言学概论》是普通高校英语专业学生的必修课程，是进一步学习其它语言学分支课程的先决条件。
本课程旨在介绍语言学的基本理论和概念；培养学生对于人类语言主要特性和基本元素的感性和理性认识；使学员逐步形成对语言现象进行观察、思考以及抽象概括的能力；为部分同学将来进一步从事语言文学研究打好基础。
第一章Introduction课时：1周，共2课时教学内容第一节What Is Linguistics?第二节What is Language?思考题：1.What does “language” mean?2.“Language” is human-specific.” How would you interpret this statement?3.Would you say that language is arbitrary? What would language be like if it were notarbitrary?4.What is linguistics?5.What is the difference between descriptive linguistics and prescriptive linguistics?6.What is the difference between diachronic linguistics and synchronic linguistics?第二章Phonology课时：1周，共2课时教学内容第一节The Phonic Medium of Language第二节Phonetics第三节Phonology思考题：1.What is phonetics?2.In what ways do vowels differ from each other?3.What is difference between narrow transcription and broad transcription?4.What is a phoneme? How is it from a speech sound?5.What is an allophone? How is it related to a phoneme?6.How do we determine sentence stress?第三章Morphology课时：1周，共2课时教学内容第一节Morphology第二节Morphemes第三节Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes第四节Morphological Rules第五节Compounds思考题1.What is morphology?2.What is a morpheme?3.What are the major processes of word formation in English?4.What is a function word? And what is a lexical word?第四章Syntax课时：3周，共6课时教学内容第一节What Is Syntax?第二节Categories第三节Phrases Structure Rule第四节Phrases Elements第五节Sentences第六节Transformations思考题1.What is Immediate Components (IC) Analysis?2.How do you understand a construction in IC analysis?3.What is Transformational-Generative grammar?4.How do you understand the distinction between deep structure and surface structure?5.What is structural ambiguity? Is it possible for us to avoid this? And how?第五章Semantics课时：2周，共4课时第一节What Is Semantics?第二节Some Views Concerning the Study of Meaning第三节Lexical Meaning第四节Sense Relations between Sentences第五节Analysis of Meaning思考题1.What is your definition of meaning as a linguistic term?2.What is semantic triangle?3.What is the difference between reference and sense?4.How do you differentiate between hyponymy and part-whole relationship?5.Give examples to illustrate the difference between polysemy and homonymy.第六章Pragmatics课时：2周，共4课时第一节Some basic Notions第二节Speech Act Theory第三节Principle of Conversation思考题1.What is the difference between the sentence meaning and the speaker meaning?2.How do you understand the context of situation?3.Explain the difference between locution, illocution and perlocution.4.Give as many illocutions as possible for the utterance “It’s cold in here.”5.What is the Cooperative Principle?6.What is the Politeness Principle?第七章Language Change课时：1周，共2课时第一节Introduction第二节Sound Change第三节Morphological and Syntactic Change第四节Vocabulary Change第三节Some Recent Trends第三节Causes of Language Change思考题ment with examples on the following statement: “Words and expressions will beforced into use in spite of all the exertions of all the writers in the world.”2.Give at least two expels to show the influence of American English on British English.3.Find in any books, newspapers, or journals newly coined words in association withsocial and political needs, the Internet or computer language.4.With examples, give some plausible explanations for linguistic change.第八章Language and Society课时：1周，共2课时第一节The Scope of Sociolinguistics第二节Varieties of Language第三节Standard Dialect第四节Pidgin and Creole第五节Bilingualism and Diglossia思考题1.How is language related to society?2.What are the main social dialects?3.In what sense is the standard dialect a special variety of language?4.What is register as used by Halliday? Illustrate it with an example of your own.5.What linguistic features of Black English do you know?6.What peculiar features does pidgin have?7.How do bilingualism and diglossia differ?第九章Language and Culture课时：2周，共4课时第一节Introduction第二节What Is Culture?第三节The Relationship between Language and Culture第四节Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis第五节Linguistic Evidence of Cultural Differences第六节The Significance of Cultural Teaching and Learning第七节Cultural Overlap and Diffusion第八节Intercultural Communication思考题1.Try to sum up the relation between language and culture.2.What do you think of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?3.Can you find some loan words in Chinese from other languages? Explain how they wereused in the original language and how they are used now?4.Please illustrate to what extent it is necessary to learn its culture when learning a foreignlanguage.5.What do you think of linguistic imperialism and cultural imperialism?第十章Language Acquisition课时：1周，共2课时第一节Introduction第二节Theories of Child Language Acquisition第三节Cognitive Factors in Child Language Development第四节Language Environment and the Critical Period Hypothesis第五节Stages in Child Language Development第六节Atypical Development思考题1.What is language acquisition device?2.Explain the term Critical Period Hypothesis.3.Which language acquisition theory do you think is more reasonable and convincing?Why?第十一章Second Language Acquisition课时：2周，共4课时第一节Introduction第二节Connection between First Language Acquisition and Second Language Acquisition第三节Contrastive Analysis第四节Error Analysis第五节Interlanguage第六节The Role of Native Language in Second Language Learning第七节Second Language Learning Models and Input Hypothesis第八节Individual Differences第九节Second Language Acquisition and Its Pedagogical Implications思考题1.To what extent is second language learning similar to first language learning?2.Do you use Chinese in English learning and how?3.List the learning strategies you use frequently.4.Identify personality factors that may contribute to the success of learning a secondlanguage.第十二章Language and Brain课时：1周，共2课时第一节Introduction第二节Neurolinguistics第三节Psycholinguistics思考题1.What distinguishes the human brain from a non-human brain?2.Describe the major symptoms of Broca’s aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia, and acquireddyslexia.3.What are the relative advantages and disadvantages of the techniques used to investigatethe brain in terms of ethics, cost, intrusiveness and type of information yielded?4.Describe Levelt’s speech production model in your own words/参考书目1.Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An introduction to English morphology: Words and theirstructure. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.2.Ellis, R. (1994). The study of second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.3.Fromkin, V. & Rodman, R. (1998). An introduction to language. New York: Holt, Rinehart &Winston.4.Halliday, M. A. K. & Matthiessen. C.M.I.M. (2004). An introduction to functional grammar.Second Edition. London: Edward Amo1d.koff, G. & Johnson, M. (2003).Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of ChicagoPress.6.Leech, G. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.7.Lyons, J. (1995). An introduction to semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.8.Van Valin, R. Jr. (2001). An introduction to syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.。
(完整版)英语语言学概论--整理
Chapter 1 Language语言1. Design feature (识别特征) refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.2. Productivity(能产性) refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in theirnative language.3. arbitrariness (任意性) Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and itsmeaning.4. symbol (符号) Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or convention.5. discreteness (离散性) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct.6. displacement (不受时空限制的特性) Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in theimmediate situations of its users.7. duality of structure (结构二重性) The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality ofstructure.8. culture transmission (文化传播) Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next throughteaching and learning, rather than by inheritance.9. interchangeability (互换性) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.1. ★What is language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has captured the main features of language.First, language is a system.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense.The third feature of language is symbolic nature.2. ★What are the design features of language?Language has seven design features as following:1) Productivity.2) Discreteness.3) Displacement4) Arbitrariness.5) Cultural transmission6) Duality of structure.7) Interchangeability.3. Why do we say language is a system?Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules. By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a language operates. And the sounds, the words and the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other.4. ★ (Function of language.) According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children’s language? And what are the threefunctional components of adult language?I. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:1) Instrumental function. 工具功能2) Regulatory function. 调节功能3) Representational function. 表现功能4) Interactional function. 互动功能5) Personal function. 自指性功能6) Heuristic function. 启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h]7) Imaginative function. 想象功能II. Adult language has three functional components as following:1) Interpersonal components. 人际2) Ideational components.概念3) Textual components.语篇1. general linguistics and descriptive linguistics (普通语言学与描写语言学) The former deals with language in general whereas the latter isconcerned with one particular language.2. synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics (共时语言学与历时语言学) Diachronic linguistics traces the historical development of thelanguage and records the changes that have taken place in it between successive points in time. And synchronic linguistics presents an account of language as it is at some particular point in time.3. theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics (理论语言学与应用语言学) The former copes with languages with a view to establishing atheory of their structures and functions whereas the latter is concerned with the application of the concepts and findings of linguistics to all sorts of practical tasks.4. microlinguistics and macrolinguistics(微观语言学与宏观语言学) The former studies only the structure of language system whereas thelatter deals with everything that is related to languages.5. langue and parole (语言与言语) The former refers to the abstract linguistics system shared by all the members of a speech communitywhereas the latter refers to the concrete act of speaking in actual situation by an individual speaker.6. competence and performance (语言能力与语言运用) The former is one’s knowledge of all the linguistic regulation systems whereas the latteris the use of language in concrete situation.7. speech and writing (口头语与书面语) Speech is the spoken form of language whereas writing is written codes, gives language new scope.8. linguistics behavior potential and actual linguistic behavior (语言行为潜势与实际语言行为) People actually says on a certain occasion to acertain person is actual linguistics behavior. And each of possible linguistic items that he could have said is linguistic behavior potential.9. syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation(横组合关系与纵聚合关系) The former describes the horizontal dimension of a languagewhile the latter describes the vertical dimension of a language.10. verbal communication and non-verbal communication(言语交际与非言语交际) Usual use of language as a means of transmittinginformation is called verbal communication. The ways we convey meaning without using language is called non-verbal communication.1. ★How does John Lyons classify linguistics?According to John Lyons, the field of linguistics as a whole can be divided into several subfields as following:1) General linguistics and descriptive linguistics.2) Synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics.3) Theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics.4) Microlinguistics and macrolinguistics.2. Explain the three principles by which the linguist is guided: consistency, adequacy and simplicity.1) Consistency means that there should be no contradictions between different parts of the theory and the description.2) Adequacy means that the theory must be broad enough in scope to offer significant generalizations.3) Simplicity requires us to be as brief and economic as possible.3. ★What are the sub-branches of linguistics within the language system?Within the language system there are six sub-branches as following:1) Phonetics. 语音学is a study of speech sounds of all human languages.2) Phonology. 音位学studies about the sounds and sound patterns of a speaker’s native language.3) Morphology. 形态学studies about how a word is formed.4) Syntax. 句法学studies about whether a sentence is grammatical or not.5) Semantics. 语义学studies about the meaning of language, including meaning of words and meaning of sentences.6) Pragmatics. 语用学★The scope of language: Linguistics is referred to as a scientific study of language.★The scientific process of linguistic study: It involves four stages: collecting data, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis and drawing conclusions.1. articulatory phonetics(发音语音学) The study of how speech organs produce the sounds is called articulatory phonetics.2. acoustic phonetics (声学语音学) The study of the physical properties and of the transmission of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics.3. auditory phonetics (听觉语音学) The study of the way hearers perceive speech sounds is called auditory phonetics.4. consonant (辅音) Consonant is a speech sound where the air form the language is either completely blocked, or partially blocked, or where theopening between the speech organs is so narrow that the air escapes with audible friction.5. vowel (元音) is defined as a speech sound in which the air from the lungs is not blocked in any way and is pronounced with vocal-cord vibration.6. bilabials (双唇音) Bilabials means that consonants for which the flow of air is stopped or restricted by the two lips. [p][b] [m] [w]7. affricates (塞擦音) The sound produced by stopping the airstream and then immediately releasing it slowly is called affricates. [t X] [d Y] [tr] [dr]8. glottis (声门) Glottis is the space between the vocal cords.9. rounded vowel (圆唇元音) Rounded vowel is defined as the vowel sound pronounced by the lips forming a circular opening. [u:] [u] [OB] [O]10. diphthongs (双元音) Diphthongs are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.[ei][ai][O i] [Q u][au]11. triphthongs(三合元音) Triphthongs are those which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another and then rapidly andcontinuously to a third one. [ei Q][ai Q][O i Q] [Q u Q][au Q]12. lax vowels (松元音) According to distinction of long and short vowels, vowels are classified tense vowels and lax vowels. All the long vowelsare tense vowels but of the short vowels,[e] is a tense vowel as well, and the rest short vowels are lax vowels.1. ★How are consonants classified in terms of different criteria?The consonants in English can be described in terms of four dimensions.1) The position of the soft palate.2) The presence or the absence of vocal-cord vibration.3) The place of articulation.4) The manner of articulation.2. ★How are vowels classified in terms of different criteria?Vowel sounds are differentiated by a number of factors.1) The state of the velum2) The position of the tongue.3) The openness of the mouth.4) The shape of the lips.5) The length of the vowels.6) The tension of the muscles at pharynx.3. ★What are the three sub-branches of phonetics? How do they differ from each other?Phonetics has three sub-branches as following:1) Articulatory phonetics is the study of how speech organs produce the sounds is called articulatory phonetics.2) Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties and of the transmission of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics.3) Auditory phonetics is the study of the way hearers perceive speech sounds is called auditory phonetics.4. ★What are the commonly used phonetic features for consonants and vowels respectively?I. The frequently used phonetic features for consonants include the following:1) Voiced.2) Nasal.3) Consonantal.4) Vocalic.5) Continuant.6) Anterior.7) Coronal.8) Aspirated.II. The most common phonetic features for vowels include the following:1) High.2) Low.3) Front.4) Back.5) Rounded.6) Tense.1. phonemes (音位) Phonemes are minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language.2. allophones (音位变体) Allophones are the phonetic variants and realizations of a particular phoneme.3. phones (单音) The smallest identifiable phonetic unit found in a stream of speech is called a phone.4. minimal pair (最小对立体) Minimal pair means words which differ from each other only by one sound.5. contrastive distribution (对比分布) If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for anotherbrings about a change of meaning, they are said to be in contrastive distribution.6. complementary distribution(互补分布) If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment ,then they are said to be incomplementary distribution.7. free variation (自由变异) When two sounds can appear in the same environment and the substitution of one for the other does not cause anychange in meaning, then they are said to be in free variation.8. distinctive features (区别性特征) A distinctive feature is a feature which distinguishes one phoneme from another.9. suprasegmental features (超切分特征) The distinctive (phonological) features which apply to groups larger than the single segment are knownas suprasegmental features.10. tone languages (声调语言) Tone languages are those which use pitch to contrast meaning at word level.11. intonation languages (语调语言) Intonation languages are those which use pitch to distinguish meaning at phrase level or sentence level.12. juncture (连音) Juncture refers to the phonetic boundary features which may demarcate grammatical units.1. ★What are the differences between English phonetics and English phonology?1) Phonetics is the study of the production, perception, and physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology attempts to account forhow they are combined, organized, and convey meaning in particular languages.2) Phonetics is the study of the actual sounds while phonology is concerned with a more abstract description of speech sounds and tries todescribe the regularities of sound patterns.2. Give examples to illustrate the relationship between phonemes, phones and allophones.When we hear [pit],[tip],[spit],etc, the similar phones we have heard are /p/. And /p/ and /b/ are separate phonemes in English, while [ph] and [p] are allophones.3. How can we decide a minimal pair or a minimal set?A minimal pair should meet three conditions:1) The two forms are different in meaning.2) The two forms are different in one sound segment.3) The different sounds occur in the same position of the two strings.4. ★Use examples to explain the three types of distribution.1) Contrastive distribution. Sounds [m] in met and [n] in net are in contrastive distribution because substituting [m] for [n] will result in achange of meaning.2) Complementary distribution. The aspirated plosive [ph] and the unaspirated plosive [p] are in complementary distribution because theformer occurs either initially in a word or initially in a stressed syllable while the latter never occurs in such environments.3) Free variation. In English, the word “direct” may be pronounce in two ways: /di’rekt/ and /dia’rekt/, and the two different sounds /i/ and /ai/can be said to be in free variation.5. What’s the difference between segmental features and suprasegmental features? What are the suprasegmental features in English?I. 1) Distinctive features, which are used to distinguish one phoneme from another and thus have effect on one sound segment, are referred toas segmental features.2) The distinctive (phonological) features which apply to groups larger than the single segment are known as suprasegmental features.3) Suprasegmental features may have effect on more than one sound segment. They may apply to a string of several sounds.II.The main suprasegmental features include stress, tone, intonation and juncture.6. What’s the difference between tone languages and intonation language?Tone languages are those which use pitch to contrast meaning at word level while intonation languages are those which use pitch to distinguish meaning at phrase level or sentence level7. ★What’s the difference between phonetic transcriptions and phonemic transcriptions?The former was meant to symbolize all possible speech sounds, including even the most minute shades of pronunciation, while the latter was intended to indicate only those sounds capable of distinguishing one word from another in a given language.1. morphemes (语素) Morphemes are the minimal meaningful units in the grammatical system of a language.allomorphs (语素变体) Allomorphs are the realizations of a particular morpheme.morphs (形素) Morphs are the realizations of morphemes in general and are the actual forms used to realize morphemes.2. roots (词根) Roots is defined as the most important part of a word that carries the principal meaning.affixes (词缀) Affixes are morphemes that lexically depend on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words.free morphemes (自由语素) Free morphemes are those which can exist as individual words.bound morphemes (粘着语素) Bound morphemes are those which cannot occur on their own as separate words.3. inflectional affixes (屈折词缀) refer to affixes that serve to indicate grammatical relations, but do not change its part of speech.derivational affixes (派生词缀) refer to affixes that are added to words in order to change its grammatical category or its meaning.4. empty morph (空语子) Empty morph means a morph which has form but no meaning.zero morph (零语子) Zero morph refers to a morph which has meaning but no form.5. IC Analysis (直接成分分析) IC analysis is the analysis to analyze a linguistic expression (both a word and a sentence) into a hierarchicallydefined series of constituents.6. immediate constituents(直接成分) A immediate constituent is any one of the largest grammatical units that constitute a construction.Immediate constituents are often further reducible.ultimate constituents (最后成分) Ultimate constituents are those grammatically irreducible units that constitute constructions.7. morphological rules (形态学规则) The principles that determine how morphemes are combined into new words are said to be morphologicalrules.8. word-formation process (构词法) Word-formation process mean the rule-governed processes of forming new words on the basis of alreadyexisting linguistic resources.1. ★What is IC Analysis?IC analysis is the analysis to analyze a linguistic expression (both a word and a sentence) into a hierarchically defined series of constituents.2. How are morphemes classified?1) Semantically speaking, morphemes are grouped into two categories: root morphemes and affixational morphemes.2) Structurally speaking, they are divided into two types: free morphemes and bound morphemes.3. ★Explain the interrelations between semantic and structural classifications of morphemes.a) All free morphemes are roots but not all roots are free morphemes.b) All affixes are bound morphemes, but not all bound morphemes are affixes.4. What’s the difference between an empty morph and a zero mor ph?a) Empty morph means a morph that has form but no meaning.b) Zero morph refers to a morph that has meaning but no form.5. Explain the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes in term of both function and position.a) Functionally:i.Inflectional affixes sever to mark grammatical relations and never create new words while derivational affixes can create new words.ii.Inflectional affixes do not cause a change in grammatical class while derivational affixes very often but not always cause a change in grammatical class.b) In term of position:i.Inflectional affixes are suffixes while derivational affixes can be suffixes or prefixes.ii.Inflectional affixes are always after derivational affixes if both are present. And derivational affixes are always before inflectional suffixes if both are present.6. What are morphological rules? Give at least four rules with examples.The principles that determine how morphemes are combined into new words are said to be morphological rules.For example:a) un- + adj. ->adj.b) Adj./n. + -ify ->v.c) V. + -able -> adj.d) Adj. + -ly -> adv.1. syntagmatic relations (横组关系) refer to the relationships between constituents in a construction.paradigmatic relations (纵聚合关系) refer to the relations between the linguistic elements within a sentence and those outside the sentence.hierarchical relations (等级关系) refer to relationships between any classification of linguistic units which recognizes a series of successively subordinate levels.2. IC Analysis (直接成分分析) is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction.labeled IC Analysis(标记法直接成分分析) is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction and label each constituent.phrase markers (短语标记法) is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction, and label each constituent while remove all the linguistic forms.labeled bracketing (方括号标记法) is a kind of grammatical analysis, which is applied in representing the hierarchical structure of sentences by using brackets.3. constituency (成分关系)dependency (依存关系)4. surface structures (表层结构)refers to the mental representation of a linguistic expression, derived from deep structure by transformationalrules.deep structures (深层结构) deep structure of a linguistic expression is a theoretical construct that seeks to unify several related structures. 5. phrase structure rules (短语结构规则)are a way to describe a given language's syntax. They are used to break a natural language sentencedown into its constituent parts.6. transformational rules (转换规则)7. structural ambiguity (结构歧义)1. What are the differences between surface structure and deep structure?They are different from each other in four aspects:1) Surface structures correspond directly to the linear arrangements of sentences while deep structures correspond to the meaningful groupingof sentences.2) Surface structures are more concrete while deep structures are more abstract.3) Surface structures give the forms of sentences whereas deep structures give the meanings of sentences.4) Surface structures are pronounceable but deep structures are not.2. Illustrate the differences between PS rules and T-rules.1) PS rules frequently applied in generating deep structures.2) T-rules are used to transform deep structure into surface structures.3. What’s the order of generating sentences? Do we st art with surface structures or with deep structures? How differently are theygenerated?To generate a sentence, we always start with its deep structure, and then transform it into its corresponding surface structure.Deep structures are generated by phrase structure rules (PS rules) while surface structures are derived from their deep structures by transformational rules (T-rules).4. What’s the difference between a compulsory constituent and an optional one?Optional constituents may be present or absent while compulsory constituents must be present.5. What are the three syntactic relations? Illustrate them with examples.1) Syntagmatic relations2) Paradigmatic relations.3) Hierarchical relations.1. Lexical semantics (词汇语义学) is defined as the study of word meaning in language.2. Sense (意义) refers to the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.3. Reference (所指) means what a linguistic form refers to in the real world.4. Concept (概念) is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.5. Denotation (外延) is defined as the constant ,abstract, and basic meaning of a linguistic expression independent of context and situation.6. Connotation (内涵) refers to the emotional associations which are suggested by, or are part of the meaning of, a linguistic unit.7. Componential analysis (成分分析法) is the way to decompose the meaning of a word into its components.8. Semantic field (语义场) The vocabulary of a language is not simply a listing of independent items, but is organized into areas, within whichwords interrelate and define each other in various ways. The areas are semantic fields.9. Hyponymy (上下义关系) refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.10. Synonymy (同义关系) refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.11. Antonymy (反义关系) refers to the oppositeness of meaning.12. Lexical ambiguity (词汇歧义)13. Polysemy (多义性) refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.14. Homonymy (同音(同形)异义关系) refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.15. Sentence semantics (句子语义学) refers to the study of sentence meaning in language.1. What’s the criterion of John Lyons in classifying semantics into its sub-branches? And how does he classify semantics?In terms of whether it falls within the scope of linguistics, John Lyons distinguishes between linguistic semantics and non-linguistic semantics.According John Lyons, semantics is one of the sub-branches of linguistics; it is generally defined as the study of meaning.2. What are the essential factors for determining sentence meaning?1) Object, 2) concept, 3) symbol, 4) user, 5) context.3. What is the difference between the theory of componential analysis and the theory of semantic theory in defining meaning of words?4. What are the sense relations between sentences?1) S1 is synonymous with S2.2) S1 entails S2.3) S1 contradicts S2.4) S1 presupposes S2.5) S1 is a tautology, and therefore invariably true.6) S1 is a contradiction, and therefore invariably false.7) S1 is semantically anomalous.1. Speech act theory (言语行为理论)2. Cooperative principle and its maxims (合作原则及其准则)3. Politeness principle and its maxims (礼貌原则及其准则)4. Conversational implicature (会话含义)5. Indirect speech act (间接言语行为)6. Pragmatic presupposition (语用学预设)7. Relevance theory (关联理论)8. Illocutionary act (言外行为)9. (Horn’s) Q-Principle and R-Principle10. Perfrmative verbs (施为句动词)1. Make comments on the different definitions of pragmatics.2. What are the main types of deixis?3. Explain the statement: context is so indispen sable in fully understanding interpreting the speaker’s meaning.4. How are Austin’s and Searle’s speech act theories related to each other?5. What’s the relationship between CP and PP?6. What do you know about presupposition triggers in English? Explain them briefly with examples.7. What is ostensive-referential communication?8. Explain the obvious presupposition of speaker who say each of the following:1) When did you stop beating your wife?2) Where did Tom buy the watch?3) Your car is broken.9. What do you think of the fol lowing statement? “Tom participated in spreading rumors” entails “Tom engaged in spreading rumors”.Chapter 9 话语分析1. text(语篇) = discourse 语篇是指实际使用的语言单位，是一次交际过程中的一系列连续的话段或句子所构成的语言整体。
英语语言学概论教学大纲
英语语⾔学概论教学⼤纲《英语语⾔学概论》课程教学⼤纲课程代码：070141029课程英⽂名称：Introducing Linguistics课程总学时：44 讲课：44 实验：0 上机：0适⽤专业：英语⼤纲编写（修订）时间：2017. 10⼀、⼤纲使⽤说明（⼀）课程的地位及教学⽬标语⾔学是语⾔⽂学专业的⼀门重要学科。
作为外语专业的学⽣，除了要掌握所学语⾔的听、说、读、写、译的基本语⾔能⼒外，还应该具备⼀些对⼈类语⾔的理性认识，掌握⼀定的语⾔学基础知识和基本理论。
这不仅有利于提⾼学⽣的语⾔修养，同时也有助于学⽣更好地掌握语⾔。
通过本课程地学习，使学⽣初步掌握语⾔学的基本范畴及研究⽅法，了解语⾔学研究的最新动态和科研成果，为进⼀步从事语⾔研究奠定基础。
（⼆）知识、能⼒及技能⽅⾯的基本要求掌握普通语⾔学的基本内容和基础理论，具备较强的运⽤语⾔理论分析和解决实际问题以及初步的科研能⼒。
（三）实施说明第六学期开设《英语语⾔学概论》，教学时间为11周，每周4学时，总计44学时。
（四）对先修课的要求⽆（五）对习题课、实验环节的要求1. 要求能够⽤英语描述语⾔学的基本概念、阐述语⾔学的基本理论。
2. 运⽤所学的语⾔学知识，说明、分析具体的语⾔现象和解决相关的语⾔问题，并能够提出⼀些⾃⼰的见解和观点。
（六）课程考核⽅式1.考核⽅式：考试。
2.考核⽬标：考核学⽣对语⾔学理论的掌握和运⽤，重点考核学⽣运⽤语⾔学理论解决实际语⾔问题的能⼒。
3.成绩构成：本课程的总成绩由三部分组成：平时成绩(包括出勤情况等)占10%，期中成绩占20%（期中作业），期末考试成绩占70%。
（七）参考书⽬:《新编简明英语语⾔学教程》，戴炜栋、何兆熊编，上海外语教育出版社, 2002《语⾔学教程》，胡壮麟编，北京⼤学出版社，2001⼆、中⽂摘要英语语⾔学概论是为英语专业本科学⽣设置的⼀门课程。
它包含了基本的语⾔学知识和理论以及与之相关联的主要的分⽀，除此之外，它也向学⽣介绍了⼀些语⾔学领域的最近的发展和所取得的成就，使学⽣对语⾔的本质和内涵有更好的理解，在语⾔应⽤中对语⾔的把握更为准确。
《英语语言学概论》-课程教学大纲
《语言学概论（英）》课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息课程代码：16083302课程名称：语言学概论（英）英文名称：Introduction to Linguistics For Students of English课程类别：专业课学时：32学时学分：2学分适用对象: 英语专业考核方式：考查先修课程：专业技能课二、课程简介《语言学概论（英）》课程是英语专业必修课程，为英语语言文学各专业本科生提供语言学的基础理论知识。
本课程介绍现代语言学一个世纪以来语言研究各个领域所取得的重要成果，包括语言学的重要区分、语言的定义、特征和功能，重点介绍结构主义语言学、生成语法理论对语言的三个层面即音系、语法和语义的描述，即语言学的核心分支音系学、形态学、句法、语义学和语用学的基本概念和理论以及分析方法。
同时，会用马克思主义的语言观来评价语言学家的研究路径。
通过本课程的学习，学生应掌握语言学基本概念、理论知识和分析方法，并能运用所学理论和方法分析和解释语言现象。
Introduction to Linguistics for Students of English is a compulsory course, providing the students of English majors with some basic theories and specialized knowledge in linguistics. The course, starting from Saussure’s language views, introduces the important research achievements in the scope of linguistics, important distinctions in linguistics, definition of language, design features of language and functions of language. The important points of this course lie in the description of sound system, structure system and meaning system, namely, the core branches of linguistics: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics from perspectives of structuralism, generative grammar. Meanwhile, Marxist language view will be used to evaluate some linguistic theories and approaches. After the study of the course, the students will learn the basic concepts and theories in linguistics and methods for linguistic researches. They are expected to be able to apply the linguistic concepts and theories to analyze and explain language phenomena.三、课程性质与教学目的《语言学概论（英）》课程是为英语专业本科生开设的英语专业必修课之一。
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一、课程性质及其设置目的与要求（一）课程性质和特点《英语语言学概论》课程是我省高等教育自学考试英语专业（本科段）的一门重要的专业理论课程，其任务是培养应考者系统地学习英语语言学的基本知识，掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论，了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用，熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物；通过该课程的学习，考生可以从不同的角度了解语言（的性质），了解语言学习和语言教学，为日后进一步学习语言学、从事语言教学实践和语言学研究打下扎实基础。
本课程的特点是：专业术语多，概念多，内容抽象，所以，考生最好在学习本课程之前先学习提高语言读写能力的课程，如高级英语、泛读（三）、写作等，这样可以减少语言障碍，有利于学好语言学的理论知识。
（二）本课程的基本要求本课程共分为本书共分四编，计十三章。
第一编（一至二章）介绍了语言和语言学；第二编（三至八章）介绍了语言学的主要分支—语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学；第三编（九至十二章）为跨学科领域与应用—话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学，以及语言学理论与外语教学；第四编（十三章）介绍了现代语言学流派。
通过对本书的学习，要求应考者对英语语言学有一个全面和正确的了解。
具体应达到以下要求：1、掌握语言的性质、功能，以及语言学的研究范围、语言学的分支和重要的语言学概念；2、掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论；3、了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用；4、熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物。
（三）本课程与相关课程的联系英语语言学概论是一门基础理论课程，其含盖范围很广，既涉及语言系统内部的语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学，又涉及许多交叉学科，如话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学、应用语用学（包括语言学理论与外语教学），以及本教程未涉及的神经认知语言学、计算机语言学、人工智能与机器翻译等。
语言学的进一步研究甚至会涉及到哲学、逻辑学等领域。
在自考课程中，词汇学与语言学关系最为密切，词汇学的许多概念、理论和研究方法都来源于语言学。
高级英语、泛读（三）、写作、翻译等课程则是学好语言学的基础。
文学与语言学并非对立的关系，这两个领域的研究方法可以互相补充、互相借鉴，日后无论从事语言学还是文学研究，这两个领域都必须同时涉猎。
二、课程内容与考核目标第一章语言（一）课程内容本章简要介绍了语言的定义、性质和功能。
（二）学习要求了解语言的定义、性质和功能。
（三）考核知识点和考核要求1、领会：语言的功能；2、掌握：语言的定义和性质。
第二章语言学（一）课程内容本章介绍了语言学的研究范围、语言学研究的科学程序、语言学的分支和几组重要的区别性概念。
（二）学习要求通过本章的学习，要求了解语言学的研究范围和语言学研究的科学程序，深刻理解并掌握语言学的分支（语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学）的研究对象，掌握语言与言语、语言能力与语言运用、共时与历时、言语与书面语、语言行为潜势与实际语言行为、横组合与纵聚合、言语交际与非言语交际、传统语法与现代语言学等区别性概念。
（三）考核知识点和考核要求1、掌握：语言学的研究范围，语言学研究的科学程序，语言学的分支（语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学）的研究对象。
2、熟练掌握：语言与言语、语言能力与语言运用、共时与历时、言语与书面语、语言行为潜势与实际语言行为、横组合与纵聚合、言语交际与非言语交际、传统语法与现代语言学等区别性概念。
第三章语音学（一）课程内容本章介绍了语音学及其分支的定义、发音器官的名称和位置、英语辅音和元音的描述与分类、协同发音与国际语音表以及语音特征。
（二）学习要求理解并掌握语音学及其分支的定义、发音器官的名称和位置、英语辅音和元音的描述与分类、协同发音与国际语音表以及语音特征。
（三）考核知识点和考核要求1、领会：发音器官的名称和位置、协同发音与国际语音表。
2、掌握：语音学及其分支的定义。
3、熟练掌握：英语辅音和元音的描述与分类以及语音特征。
第四章音位学（一）课程内容本章介绍了语音学和音位学的区别、音位学的重要概念（音位、音子、音位变体、最小对立体、分布类型等）、鉴别音位的原则、区别性特征、音位规则、超切分特征、严式音标和宽式音标等。
（二）学习要求通过本章的学习，了解并掌握语音学和音位学的区别、音位学的重要概念（音位、音子、音位变体、最小对立体、分布类型等）、鉴别音位的原则、区别性特征、音位规则、超切分特征、严式音标和宽式音标等。
（三）考核知识点和考核要求1、领会：语音学和音位学的区别。
2、掌握：鉴别音位的原则、区别性特征、音位规则、超切分特征、严式音标和宽式音标等。
3、熟练掌握：音位学的重要概念（音位、音子、音位变体、最小对立体、分布类型等）。
第五章形态学（一）课程内容本章介绍了形态学的研究范围、语素的定义、几组重要概念之间的关系或区别（包括词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素之间，前缀、后缀和中缀之间，屈折词缀和派生词缀之间，词根、词干和词基之间，语素、语子和语素变体之间，空语子和零语子之间）、直接成分分析、以及构词法。
（二）学习要求通过本章的学习，了解并掌握形态学的研究范围、语素的定义、几组重要概念之间的关系或区别（包括词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素之间，前缀、后缀和中缀之间，屈折词缀和派生词缀之间，词根、词干和词基之间，语素、语子和语素变体之间，空语子和零语子之间）、直接成分分析、以及构词法。
（三）考核知识点和考核要求1、领会：形态学的研究范围。
2、掌握：语素的定义以及几组重要概念之间的关系或区别（包括词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素之间，前缀、后缀和中缀之间，屈折词缀和派生词缀之间，词根、词干和词基之间，语素、语子和语素变体之间，空语子和零语子之间）。
3、熟练掌握：直接成分分析方法以及构词法。
第六章句法学（一）课程内容本章介绍了句法学的定义、语法与词法和句法之间的联系、三种句法关系（横组合关系、纵聚合关系、等级关系）、分析句法关系的几种方法（直接成分分析、标记法直接成分分析、短语标记法、方括标记法）、成分关系与依存关系的区别、表层结构与深层结构的区别、生成句子深层结构的短语结构规则、将深层结构转化为表层结构的转化规则、以及结构歧义现象。
（二）学习要求通过本章的学习，了解并掌握句法学的定义、语法与词法和句法之间的联系、三种句法关系（横组合关系、纵聚合关系、等级关系）、分析句法关系的几种方法（直接成分分析、标记法直接成分分析、短语标记法、方括标记法）、成分关系与依存关系的区别、表层结构与深层结构的区别、生成句子深层结构的短语结构规则、将深层结构转化为表层结构的转化规则、以及结构歧义现象。
（三）考核知识点和考核要求1、领会：句法学的定义、成分关系与依存关系的区别、以及结构歧义现象。
2、熟练掌握：语法与词法和句法之间的联系、三种句法关系（横组合关系、纵聚合关系、等级关系）、分析句法关系的几种方法（直接成分分析、标记法直接成分分析、短语标记法、方括标记法）、表层结构与深层结构的区别、生成句子深层结构的短语结构规则、以及将深层结构转化为表层结构的转化规则。
第七章语义学（一）课程内容本章介绍了语义学的定义、语义学的分支、有关意义的理论、语义学的一些重要概念（reference, denotation, referent, sense, extension, intension, concept）、意义的类型、意义的要素、成分分析理论、语义场理论、词汇关系、决定句子意义的基本因素、句子之间的意义关系以及述位结构理论。
（二）学习要求通过本章的学习，了解并掌握语义学的定义、语义学的分支、有关意义的理论、语义学的一些重要概念（reference, denotation, referent, sense, extension, intension, concept）、意义的类型、意义的要素、成分分析理论、语义场理论、词汇关系、决定句子意义的基本因素、句子之间的意义关系以及述位结构理论。
（三）考核知识点和考核要求1、领会：语义学的定义、语义学的分支、有关意义的理论、语义学的一些重要概念（reference, denotation, referent, sense, extension, intension, concept）以及述位结构理论。
2、掌握：意义的类型、意义的要素、成分分析理论、语义场理论、词汇关系、决定句子意义的基本因素。
（第八章——第十二章内容不做考核要求）第十三章现代语言学流派（一）课程内容本章重点介绍了索绪尔与现代语言学的关系、欧洲结构主义（布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派）、美国结构主义、乔姆斯基与转换生成语法、伦敦学派、韩礼德与系统功能语法等。
（二）学习要求了解并掌握现代语言学影响较大的重要流派：索绪尔与现代语言学的关系、欧洲结构主义（布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派）、美国结构主义、乔姆斯基与转换生成语法、伦敦学派、韩礼德与系统功能语法等。
（三）考核知识点和考核要求1、领会：各个语言学流派的特点。
2、掌握：每个流派的代表人物。
三、有关说明和实施要求（一）关于“课程内容与考核目标”中的有关说明在大纲的考核要求中，提出了“领会”、“掌握”、“熟练掌握”等三个能力层次的要求，它们的含义是：1、领会：要求应考者能够记忆规定的有关知识点的主要内容，并能够林归和理解规定的有关知识点的内涵与外延，熟悉其内容要点和它们之间的区别与联系，并能根据考核的不同要求，作出正确的解释、说明和阐述。
2、掌握：要求应考者掌握有关的知识点，正确理解和记忆相关内容的原理、方法步骤等。
3、重点掌握：要求应考者必须掌握的课程中的核心内容和重要知识点。
（二）自学教材本课程使用教材为：《英语语言学概论》，王永祥、支永碧主编，南京师范大学出版社，2007年版。
（三）自学方法的指导本课程作为一门的专业理论课程，综合性强、专业术语和概念多、内容丰富而抽象、理解难度大，应考者在自学过程中应该注意以下几点：1、学习前，应仔细阅读课程大纲的第一部分，了解课程的性质、地位和任务，熟悉课程的基本要求以及本课程与有关课程的联系，使以后的学习紧紧围绕课程的基本要求。
2、在阅读某一章教材内容前，应先认真阅读大纲中该章的考核知识点、自学要求和考核要求，注意对各知识点的能力层次要求，以便在阅读教材时做到心中有数。
3、阅读教材时，应根据大纲要求，要逐段细读，逐句推敲，集中精力，吃透每个知识点。
对基本概念必须深刻理解，基本原理必须牢固掌握，在阅读中遇到个别细节问题不清楚，在不影响继续学习的前提下，可暂时搁置。
4、学完教材的每一章节内容后，应认真完成教材中的习题和思考题，这一过程可有效地帮助自学者理解、消化和巩固所学的知识，增加分析问题、解决问题的能力。