汽车专业英语

Piston活塞chassis底盘differential差速器running gear行驶系driveline传动系统drive shaft传动轴commercial car商用车passenger car通用车shock absorber减震器various emissions各种排放物moving parts运动部件movable parts活动部件
braking system制动系统steering system转向系统leaf spring钢板弹簧coil spring螺旋弹簧battery电池reciprocate 交换suspension悬架clutch离合器
cylinder汽缸crankshaft曲轴bearing轴承clearance余隙flywheel飞轮valve 气门indicator指示器injector喷油嘴combustion燃烧室corrosion腐蚀casting铸件，铸造forging锻造connecting rode连杆sparking plug火花塞
main bearing主轴承dead points死点four-stroke engine四冲程发动机internal combustion内燃机inlet valve进气门throttle valve节气门exhaust valve排气门air filter空气滤清器indicator diagram示功图induction stroke 进气行程compression stroke压缩行程compression ratio压缩比working stroke做功行程combustion stroke 燃烧行程exhaust stroke 排气行程piston ring活塞环
injector nozzle 喷油器carbon build-up积碳形成carbon deposit积碳emission regulations排放法规negative pressure 真空induction system进气系统timed injector定时喷射volumetric efficiency容积效率homogeneous mixture 均匀混合torque转矩engagement接合leverage杠杆作用retardation延迟inertia惯性acceleration加速deceleration减速maintenance维护longevity寿命reliability可靠性dipstick 油量尺muffler消音器leakage泄露knock wear敲击磨损camshaft凸轮tractive effort 牵引力retarding effort制动力rotational speed转速commercial vehicle商用车propeller shaft传动轴fluid coupling 液力耦合器full-throttle节气门全开kinetic energy 动能universal joints万向节service brakes制动服务parking brakes刹车制动器emergency brakes紧急制定器routine maintenance例行服务oil filter机油滤清器power steering动力转向系统periodic check定期检查fuel consumption燃油消耗throttled up加油synthetic oil 合成油water jackets冷水套mating parts配件bearing shell轴瓦the crank gear 曲轴连杆机构the valve gear 配气机构chassis number 车架号hidden dangers隐蔽的危险precautionary measures预防措施the insured risk post-accident保险事故the claim service请求服务no claim bonus不要求津贴frontal crashes正面碰撞side crash侧面碰撞seat belts安全带customer retention客户忠诚度vehicle purchase tar车辆购置税driving permit行驶证engineering emergency vehicles工程救险车
The body and framesection of an automobile is the basic foundation of the vehicle. All othercomponents and systems are attached to the body and frame. The frame supportsthe vehicle body, engine , and the driveline. Fig.1-2 illustrates thebody and frame of a typical vehicle.
车身和车架是汽车的基本构成部分。

其他所有部件和系统都与车身和车架相连。

车架支撑着车身、发动机、传动系、行驶系。

典型车辆的车身和车架如图1-2所示。

Most of enginesare designed to have several supporting technical system. These include :thefuel system, the ignition system, the ignition system, the staring and chargingsystem, lubricating system, the cooling system , the air intake and exhaust system, the pollutioncontrol system.
绝大多数发动机都有几个专门的系统，包括：燃料供给系统、点火系统、起动和充电系统、润滑系统、冷却系统、进气和排气系统、排放控制系统。

The fuel system is designed to mix the air and fuel inthe engine. This mix will produce an efficient combustion process .The staringand charging system is designed to start the engine and to keep
the batterycharged during operation. The lubricating system is designed to keep all enginemoving parts lubricated so that friction is reduced internally. The coolingsystem is designed to keep the engine at the most efficient operatingtemperature. The air intake system is designed to get air into the engineefficiently and without dirt. The exhaust system is designed to clean theexhaust gases and to reduce the sound of the exhaust noise. The pollution controlsystem is designed to reduce various emissions from the engine including carbonmonoxide, nitrogen oxide (oxides of nitrogen), and hydrocarbons.
燃料供给系统在发动机内将空气和燃料混合，混合气将产生高效的燃烧过程。

点火系统的作用是将混合的空气和燃油点燃。

起动和充电系统的作用是起动发动机和运行期间为蓄电池充电。

润滑系统的作用是保持发动机与润滑件之间的润滑，减少内部摩擦。

冷却系统的作用是保持发动机在高效的运行温度下工作。

进气系统的作用是使洁净的空气高效地进入发动机，排气系统的作用是排出废气、减少排气噪声。

排放控制系统的作用是减少发动机各种排放物，包括CO、NOx和HC。

Thetransmission is defined as those components that transmit the power from theengine to the wheels. This action will propel the vehicle in a forward orreverse direction. The transmission includes components such as the clutchgearbox, drive shaft, differential, and half-shafts etc.传动系统是指那些将发动机动力传给车轮的部件，其作用是驱动汽车前进或倒车。

传动系统包括离合器、变速器、传动轴、差速器和半轴等。

The running gear consists of the wheels, tires, brakingsystem and steering system. The brake system is used to reduce the speed of thevehicle and hold it stationary as necessary. The steering system is used toprovide the means by which the vehicle is directionally turned.
行驶系统由车轮、轮胎和控制汽车的制动系统、转向系统组成。

制动系统用来使汽车减速，必要时使车辆保持静止。

转向系统用来实现车辆转向。

Another requirement for the transmission stems fromthe fact that, when the vehicle is cornering, the outer wheels must toll fasterthan the inner ones which will be traversing circles of smaller radii, yettheir mean speed, and therefore both the rotational speed of the engine and thetranslational speed of the vehicle, may be required to remain constant.
对传动系统的另一要求源自一个实际的问题：当汽车转弯时，外侧车轮旋转速度比内侧车轮快，内侧车轮划过一个较小半径的圆弧，而内外车轮的平均速度、发动机转速及汽车运行速度可能要求是一定的。

A clutch is used for disconnecting the engine from thedriving wheels and it must also enable the driver to connect the engine, whenit is running, without shock to the driving wheels. Since the clutch is kept inengagement by a spring-loading mechanism and is disengaged by pressure of thefoot on a pedal, it cannot be disengaged except when the driver is in thevehicle. Therefore, when the driver wants to leave the vehicle with the enginerunning and preferably for starting the engine, too he has to disconnectneutral, or gears-disengaged, position.
离合器用来切断发动机与驱动轮间的动力传输并且保证发动机运转时与驱动车轮平稳接合。

因为离合器靠弹性元件的机械作用保持接合，靠离合器踏板的作用分离，除非驾驶员在车内，否则，无法式离合器分离。

所以，驾驶员想离开车辆又要保持发动机运转时，或更便于起动发动机时，也必须应用换挡机构，将变速杆置于“空挡”或齿轮分离位置，以断开发动机和驱动轮之间的动力传递。

The operation performed in braking is the reverse ofthat carried out in accelerating. In the latter the heat energy of the fuel isconverted into the kinetic energy of the car, whereas in the former the kineticenergy of the car is converted into heat.
制动工作过程与驱动加速过程正好相反，后者是燃料的热能被转化成汽车的动能，而前者是汽车的动能被转化为热能。

Two distinct demands are made upon the brakes of motorvehicles. Fist, in emergencies they must bring the vehicle to rest in theshortest possible distance, and secondly, they must enable control of thevehicle to be retained when descending long hills. The first demand calls forbrakes which can apply large braking torques to the brake drums, while thesecond calls for brakes that can dissipate large quantities of heat withoutlarge temperature rises.
对机动车的制动器有两种根本要求。

首先，在紧急情况下，制动器必须在尽可能短的距离内使车辆静止；其次，在下坡时制动器必须能控制车辆等速行驶。

第一个要求需要制动器在制动鼓上作用打的动力矩，而第二个要求制动器可以散发大量的热量，而不至于温度升高太多。

If the piston and cylinder are worn and the clearancebetween then=m is excessive, a clear metallic knocking appears, which is mostvivid when the engine runs cold. If the knocking grows when the engine issharply throttled up, the main or crankpin bearing shells are worn, the dullerknocks symptomizing the wear of the main bearings. Sharp continuous knocking inthe engine accompanied by the oil pressure drop is an evidence of melting outof bearings. The engine knocks can be listened to with the use of stethoscope.
如果活塞和气缸磨损，使汽缸壁间隙过大，就出现清脆的金属敲缸，发动机低温运转时更明显。

金属敲击声随发动机节气门快速增大而增大表明主轴颈或连杆轴颈轴瓦磨损，如果声音较低沉表示曲轴主轴颈轴承磨损。

伴随油压降低的连续的尖锐敲击说明轴承熔化。

发动机敲击可以通过听诊器来诊断。

发动机工作循环的四个冲程如下：
1.进气冲程——排气门关闭，进气门开启
发动机的上一个工作循环，或者是人力的摇动或者起动机的驱动，使飞轮具有一定的动量，该动量作用在曲轴上，使连杆拉着活塞想汽缸底部运动，汽缸内形成一定真空度，将进气歧管中形成的混合气吸入汽缸。

气缸内气体压力低于大气压，其大小与发动机转速和节气门开度有关。

、
2.压缩冲程——进排气门均关闭
在飞轮惯性的继续作用下，活塞越过汽缸底部最低点（下止点）向汽缸顶部运动，把混合气压缩到汽缸顶部的燃烧室。

压力升高的程度与压缩比有关。

压缩比是指活塞处于下止点时的汽缸与活塞处于上止点是的余隙容积之比。

通常汽油机的压缩比为8-10，在节气门全开的情况下，压缩终了是压力为0.8-1.1MPa。

3.燃烧或者做功冲程——进排气门均关闭
压缩行程即将结束时，汽缸内的可燃混合气被电火花点燃，缸内的温度和压力急剧上升。

在活塞几乎没有移动的极短时间内燃烧已经完成，接着高温气体在活塞下移的过程中急剧膨胀。

在气体压力的作用下活塞被推向汽缸底部，带动曲轮旋转，使汽车克服行驶时受到的外界阻力。

同时，部分能量用来增加飞轮的动量，用来弥补其他行程中的动量损失。

汽缸内的气体压力随着汽缸的增加而下降。

4.排气冲程——进气门关闭，排气门开启
在飞轮惯性的作用下，活塞再次想汽缸顶部运动，将废气从排气门排出。

由于排气门和消声器的阻力，排气终了时汽缸内的压力略高于大气压力。