中考英语介词的用法讲解
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中考英语介词的用法讲解
一、知识框架
二、知识点梳理
一、定义:
介词:是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。
二、介词短语的句法作用
1、介词短语相当于一个形容词或副词,可用作状语、定语和表语。
如:The man came <down the stairs>.(状)
The woman <with a flower on her head> is from the countryside.(定)
The teacher is now with the pupils.(表)(老师现在和学生在一起)
2、介词短语在句子中的位置:
介词短语做状语时,如果表示时间/地点,可以放在句首或句尾。
如果表示方向/方式/伴随/涉及/原因/目的/比较,一般放在句尾;
介词短语作表语时放在连系动词之后;介词短语作定语时,只能放在被修饰的名词之后。
如:He wanted to find a good job in Shanghai the next year.(状语)
They searched the room for the thief.
The letters are for you.(表语)
Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs?(定语)
三、介词用法
(一)表时间的介词:
1.at通常用于:(表示在某个时刻或者瞬间)
at+时间点,节日(泛指圣诞节、新年等整个假期时,要用at)如:
at 7:30; at lunch time; at Christmas 在圣诞节期间
固定词组搭配:at dawn, at night, at midnight, at noon, at that time, at the moment
2. on通常用于:(表示在具体的某一天或者某天的上下午等)
on+具体时间(日期,星期几)
on October 1st ; on Monday; on a rainy morning; on Teachers’ Day
on Christmas Day 在圣诞节这一天
3. in通常用于:(表示在一段时间里)
①in+世纪/年/月/季节/早/中/晚
in the 20th century, in the late 18th century
②特定的年龄段,in his thirties (在他30多岁时)
补充1:
表示“在一段时间之后”,句子常用一般将来时。
e.g. He will come back in an hour.他一小时后会回来。
表示“在一段时间之内”,句子常用一般现在时或一般过去时。
e.g.There as once an artist. He could draw a beautiful horse in five minutes.
注意:在含有this、that 、these、those、next、last 、today、tomorrow、yesterday 等词
或词组前不用介词。
4.since和for
两者都表示一段时间,可以用于完成时;
since + 时间段+ ago/+ 时间点/一般过去时句子,for +时间段。
e.g. Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970.
Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years.
* since 和for 可以进行句型转换:
He has been in this school since nine years ago.
= He has been in this school for nine years.
补充:
介词for:1.为了My mother bought a present for me.
2. 对于It’s difficult for him to finish the task.
3. 因为I am sorry for his misfortune.
5.until和by
by意为“不迟于,到…时(为止)”,其前多用结束性动词。
e.g.We can finish the work by the end of this month.
until用于肯定句中,意为“直到……为止”,用于否定句中“not.....until.....”意为“直到……才”.
e.g.she didn't come back home until September.
6. 其他常见的时间介词
after在…以后after 3 days
before在…以前 3 days before
past过了…(时) 20 past 8 (8点20分)
to到(下一时刻) 20 to 8 (7点40)
through(out) 贯穿…(期间) through(out) the year
from从…(时)起from now on
by到…为止till直到…时until直到…时
ever since从那时起至今
(二)表地点的介词
1.in和at
at表示较小的地点:at the bus stop ,at home
in表示较大的地方:in China ,in the world
注意:
①门牌号码用at。
e g:Mary lives at 33 Forest Road. 玛丽住在森林路33号。
②街名要用in。
e g:Jane lives in Albert street. 珍妮住在艾尔泊特大街。
③谈到楼层时用on。
e g:Tom lives in a flat on the fourth floor. 汤姆住在四楼的一套房间里。
(三)表方位的介词
1.on、over和above
on意为“在……的上面”;表示两物体接触。
over意为“在……(垂直)的正上方”;反义词:under
above意为“在……(不一定垂直)的上方”,高于;反义词:below
注意:*其中on 还有“关于”的意思。
over 也有“在....期间”的意思
e.g. a report on school uniform/over the breakfast
2.across和through 穿过、越过
across指“从……表面穿过”或沿某一条线的方向而进行的动作。
through指“从……内部穿过”;在立体空间中“穿过”。
e g:There were so many cars . She had to walk across the street quickly.
He swam across the river.
e g:At last he walked through the forest and saw the village.
3.in front of 和in the front of
in front of 表“在…之前”,外部
e.g. There are some trees in front of the classroom.
in the front of表“在……的前部”,内部
e.g. Our teacher usually sits in the front of the classroom.
4.地理位置:in、to和on
①in表示在某一地区的某方位,属于某范围—— A in B
e.g. Beijing is in the north of China.
②to表示某一地区之外的某方位,不属于该范围—— A to B
e.g. Japan is to the east of China.
③on表示两地相接壤—— A on B
e.g. Korea is on the east of China.
介词用图示的方法归纳列举如下:
(四)表
示方式的介
词
1.by、
in和on——
表交通
①
by + 交通工
具,意为“乘
坐……”。
e.g.
海:be ship /
boat / sea/陆:
by bus / car /
train / bike /
taxi/空:by air / plane / spaceship
②on / in + 限定词+ 交通工具,意为“乘坐……”。
在开放或半封闭型工具前用on ;/在封闭型工具前用in。
e.g. He goes to work on the bike / in his car.
on foot为固定短语,意为“步行”。
* 小口诀:
介词用来表交通,常把by, in, on来用;
限定、复数用in / on,by要直通海陆空;
骑马、骑车惯用on,小轿车前in才通。
2.in、with、through和by——“用”
①in主要表示“用语言、笔墨、声音等”;
②with表示“用具体有形的东西”;
③through通过具体过程,途径,手段,中介;
④by表示“用……手段或方式”,后+动名词。
e.g. Can you sing this song in English?
I write my homework with a pen.
I learned it through a friend.
The girl made money by selling flowers.
补充1:in穿戴I am in a red dress.
补充2:with与......“一起,和,用”,做伴随状语。
反义词:without 没有e.g. I go to the park with my mother./You can write with a pen.
She is a woman with a three-year-old baby.
补充3:* within 在......之内;不超过……的范围
e.g Within 3 days, he will arrive here.
四、易混介词辨析
1.between 和among——之间
between常指“在……两者之间”;
among用于指“在……三者或三者以上的人或物之间”。
。