国际会计准则第21号-——外汇汇率变动的影响

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国际准则修改

国际准则修改

(六)《国际会计准则第17号——租赁》由于理事会现行议程中包括一项有关租赁的项目,因此,理事会没有对《国际会计准则第17号》中有关租赁会计的基本处理方法进行重新考虑,主要改进是明确了既含有土地成分又含有建筑物成分的租赁的分类方法,改变了除制造商或经销商出租人以外的出租人在协商和安排租赁过程中发生的初始直接费的处理方法,要求出租人将发生的初始直接费计入应收融资租赁款或租赁资产的成本中。

1.区分租赁开始日(Inception of theLease)和租赁期开始日(Commencement of the Lease Term)改进前的《国际会计准则第17号》只给出了“租赁开始日”的定义,没有界定“租赁期开始日”,其隐含的假定是租赁期开始日(即租赁开始时)与租赁开始日(即租赁协议签订时)为同一时间。

根据改进项目的部分反馈意见,理事会认识到租赁开始日可能并不等同于租赁期开始日,例如,在签订租约后才开始建造租赁资产的情况下。

因此,改进后的准则增加对“租赁期开始日”的界定,其定义为“承租人有权行使使用租赁资产的权利之日”。

对于“租赁开始日”,改进后的《国际会计准则第17号》将其定义为“租赁协议日与租赁双方就主要条款作出承诺日中的较早者。

在该日:(1)租赁被归类为融资租赁或经营租赁;(2)在融资租赁的情况下,确定在租赁期开始日应确认的金额”。

按照改进后的准则,在租赁开始日,承租人和出租人应确定租赁的分类,以及将来在租赁期开始日在财务报表中确认的由租赁产生的相关项目金额。

将租赁期开始日作为租赁的初始确认日,根据在租赁开始日确定的金额,在报表中确认租赁产生的资产、负债、收益或费用等项目的金额。

两个日期也可以为同一天。

在租赁开始日确定的与某项租赁有关的金额,如果在租赁期开始日前发生了变化,改进后的准则在第5段对此规定如下,“租赁协议或承诺可能包含在租赁开始日和租赁期开始日之间的期间内,因发生下列变化而调整租赁付款额的规定:租赁财产建造或购买成本的变化、成本或价值的其他量度的变化,如一般价格水平或者出租人为租赁进行融资的成本发生了变化。

《IAS21外汇汇率变动的影响》简介

《IAS21外汇汇率变动的影响》简介

《IAS21外汇汇率变动的影响》简介
朱海林
【期刊名称】《中国注册会计师》
【年(卷),期】1994(000)010
【摘要】国际会计准则第21号“外汇汇率变动的影响”(下称“本准则”),是对1983年通过的国际会计准则第21号“外汇汇率变动影响的会计”的修订,它将于1995年1月1日生效.本准则适用于企业的外币业务会计和换算国外营业的财务报表.但不适用于对外币项目套期保值的会计处理.另外,本准则不涉及现金流量表中,由外币业务形成的现金流量和国外营业的现金流量换算的反映问题,有关规定,可参见国际会计准则第7号“现金流量表”.
【总页数】3页(P27-29)
【作者】朱海林
【作者单位】财政部会计司准则组
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】F233
【相关文献】
1.关键货币汇率变动对我国外汇储备规模的影响 [J], 王国林
2.论日元外汇汇率变动及对东南亚经济的影响 [J], 李永晖
3.人民币汇率变动对我国外汇储备影响的实证分析 [J], 程青江;聂凤春
4.人民币汇率变动影响因素分析\r——基于对外开放和外汇储备因素的角度 [J],
张奕涵
5.人民币实际有效汇率变动对外汇储备规模影响的实证分析 [J], 张洪霞; 赵砚因版权原因,仅展示原文概要,查看原文内容请购买。

国际会计准则第 21号外汇汇率变动的影响【外文翻译】

国际会计准则第 21号外汇汇率变动的影响【外文翻译】

本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译题目外币报表折算方法分析及中国的选择初探专业会计学外文题目Effect of Changes in Exchage Rates of Foreign Currencies 外文出处International Accounting Standard No 21 (IAS 21)外文作者International Accounting Standards Board原文:International Accounting Standard No 2 (IAS 2)Effect of changes in exchange rates of foreign currenciesObjectiveAn institution may conduct business abroad in two different ways. You can make transactions in foreign currency or may have business abroad. In addition, the entity may file its financial statements in a foreign currency. The purpose of this rule is to prescribe how they are incorporated in the financial statements of an entity, foreign currency transactions and business abroad, and how to convert the financial statements to the presentation currency of choice.The main problems that arise are the type or types of change to use and how to report on the effects of changes in exchange rates within the financial statements.DefinitionsOne group is the group formed by the parent and all its subsidiaries.Net investment in a foreign operation is the amount that corresponds to the participation of the entity that submitted their financial statements in the net assets of that business.Foreign currency (or currency) is any currency other than the functional currency of the entity.Functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates.Presentation currency is the currency in which the financial statements are presented.Business abroad is an entity dependent partner, joint venture or branch of the reporting entity, whose activities are based or carried out in a country or a currency different from those of the reporting entity.Currency monetary items are kept in cash and assets and liabilities to be received or paid by a fixed or determinable amount of monetary units.Exchange rate is the ratio of exchange between two currencies.End exchange rate is the rate of existing cash on the balance sheet date.Exchange rate spot is the exchange rate used in transactions with immediate delivery.Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, canceled or a liability,among stakeholders and duly informed in a transaction conducted at arm's length.Initial Recognition1. A foreign currency transaction is any transaction whose value is called or requires winding up in a foreign currency, including those in which the entity:(a) buys or sells goods or services whose price is denominated in a foreign currency;(b) lends or borrows funds, if the amounts are set to charge or pay in a foreign currency(c) acquires or disposes provides another avenue for assets or liabilities incurred or liquidation, provided that these operations are denominated in foreign currencies.2. Any foreign currency transaction is recorded at the time of its initial recognition,using the functional currency, by applying to the amount in foreign currency exchange spot at the date of the transaction between the functional currency and foreign currency.The date of the transaction is the date on which the transaction meets the conditions for recognition in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards. For practical reasons, often using an exchange rate closer to existing at the time of the transaction, for example, may be used for weekly or monthly average rate for all transactions that take place at that time In each of the classes of foreign currency used by the entity.However, it is not appropriate to use average rates if during the interval, the changes have fluctuated significantly.Financial information on the dates of the balance sheets post3. At each balance sheet date:(a) monetary items in foreign currencies are converted using the exchange rate of closure;(b) the non-monetary foreign currency being valued in terms of historical cost, will be converted using the exchange rate on the date of the transaction; and(c) the non-monetary foreign currency being valued at fair value, will be converted using the exchange rates of the date it was determined that fair value.4. To determine the amount of an item is taken into account, in addition, other rules that apply. For example, tangible assets can be valued in terms of historical cost or revalued amount, in accordance with IAS 16 Property, plant and equipment. Regardless of whether it has determined the amount by using the historical cost or revalued amount,provided that this amount has been established in foreign currency is converted to the functional currency using the rules set out in this Standard.Recognition of exchange differences5.Exchange differences that arise in the settlement of monetary items, or to convert monetary items at rates different from those used for its initial recognition, have already occurred during the year or in previous financial statements, are recognized in the outcome of year in which they appear.See a difference when you have change monetary items as a result of a transaction in foreign currency, and there is a change in the exchange rate between the date of the transaction and the settlement date. When the transaction is settled in the same year in which they occurred, the entire exchange difference will be recognized in that period.However, when the transaction is settled in a later period, the exchange difference recognized in each period, until the settlement date, will be determined from the change that has occurred in the exchange rate for each year. When recognized directly in equity gain or loss on a non-monetary, any exchange difference, including in such losses or gains were also recognized directly in equity. By contrast, when the gain or loss on a non-monetary recognition in profit or loss, any exchange difference, including in such losses or gains, was also recognized in profit or loss.6. Exchange differences arising on a monetary item that forms part of the netinvestment in a business of the foreign entity, are recognized in profit or loss of the separate financial statements of the reporting entity or in the separate financial statements of business abroad, as appropriate. Financial statements containing the business abroad and the reporting entity (for example,the consolidated financial statements if the business abroad is a dependent), such exchange differences are recognized initially as a separate component of equity,and subsequently recognized in the outcome when it becomes available or disposed of by other means business abroad.When a monetary item is part of the net investment, carried out by the reporting entity in a foreign operation, and is denominated in the functional currency of the reporting entity,an exchange difference arises in the separate financial statements of the business abroad.When the entity bears its records and ledgers in a currency other than their functional currency and proceed to prepare their financial statements, will convert all amounts to the functional currency, as set out in paragraphs 1 to 26.As a result, will produce the same amounts, in terms of functional currency, which would have been earned if the items were originally recorded in the functional currency. For example, monetary items are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates of closure, and nonmonetary items which are valued at historical cost, will be converted using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction that created its appreciation.7. The results and financial position of an entity whose functional currency is not in accordance with the currency of a hyperinflationary economy, translated into the presentation currency, should it be different, using the following procedures:(a) the assets and liabilities of each balance sheet presented (i.e., including comparative figures), will be converted at the rate of closure on the date of the corresponding stock;(b) revenue and expenses for each profit and loss accounts (i.e., including comparative figures), will become the exchange rates at the date of each transaction; and(c) all exchange differences arising out of this, it is recognized as a separate component of equity.8. Often, for the conversion of items of income and expenditure, is used for practical purposes an approximate rate, representative of changes in the dates of transactions,such as the average exchange rate of the period. However, when exchange rates have changed significantly, it is inappropriate to use the average rate for the period.9. Exchange differences referred to in paragraph (c) of paragraph 39 are listed by:(a) The conversion of expenditure and revenue to the exchange rates of the dates oftransactions, and of the assets and liabilities at the rate of closure. These differencesappear to change both the expenditure items and revenue recognized in the results, as recognized by the directly in equity.(b) Conversion of assets and liabilities to an early Net-end exchange rate that is different from the type used in the previous closing. Such exchange differences are not recognized in profit or loss because of the variations in exchange rates have little or no direct effect on cash flows arising from current and future activities. When the above exchange differences relating to a business abroad that while consolidating, is not involved in its entirety, the cumulative exchange differences arising from the conversion that is attributable to the minority stake, will be allocated to it and be recognized as part of the minority interest in the consolidated balance sheet.10. When the entity's functional currency is that of a hyperinflationary economy, it will restate its financial statements before implementing the conversion method set out in paragraph 42, according to IAS 29 Financial reporting in hyperinflationary economies, except the comparative figures, in the case of conversion to the currency of a hyperinflationary economy.When the economy in question ceases to be hyperinflationary and the entity ceases to restate its financial statements in accordance with IAS 29, used as the historic costs to be converted to the presentation currency, the amounts restated according to the level of prices on the date that the entity ceased to do this restatement.11. When converting to a presentation currency, the results and financial position of a foreign operation, as a preliminary step to their inclusion in the financial statements of the reporting entity, whether through consolidation, or using the proportional consolidation method of Participation will apply paragraphs 45 to 47, in addition to the provisions of paragraphs 38 to 10.The incorporation of the results and financial position of a foreign operation to the reporting entity will follow the normal procedures of consolidation, such as the elimination of intra-group transactions and balances of a dependent (see IAS 27 States Consolidated and separate financial and IAS 31 Interests in joint ventures). However, an asset (or liability) intragroup money, either short or long term, it may not be eliminated against the corresponding liability (or asset) Intra, without showing the results of changes in exchange rates within the states Consolidated Financial. This is because the monetary item represents a commitment to convert one currency into another, which exposes the reporting entity at a loss or gain on exchange fluctuations between the currencies. In line with this, in the consolidated financial statements of the reporting entity, the exchange difference should continue to be recognized in profit or loss, or, if they arise from the circumstances described in paragraph 32, is classified as a component of equity until the disposition or disposal by other means business abroad.12. When the financial statements of business abroad and the reporting entity are referred to different dates, he often produces additional financial statements with the same date as this one. When it is not, IAS 27 allows the use of different dates of submission, provided that the difference is not greater than three months, and have performed the appropriate adjustments to reflect the effects of significant transactions and other events that occurred between the dates reference. In this case, the assets and liabilities of the business abroad will be converted at the rate of the balance sheet date business abroad.It was also carried out the appropriate adjustments for significant variations in exchange rates until the balance sheet date of the reporting entity, in accordance with IAS 27.Disposition or disposal by other means of a foreign13. To alienate or otherwise dispose of a foreign operation, exchange differences deferred as a component of shareholders' equity, related to that business abroad, be recognized in the results at the same time they recognize the outcome of the alienation or disposition.It may have all or part of their participation in a business abroad through the sale,liquidation, recovery of capital contributed or neglect. The receipt of a dividend will be part of this provision only if it constitutes a recovery in investment, for example when it is paid from income in prior years to the acquisition. In the case of disposal or partial disposal, only included in the result of the exercise, the proportionate share of the difference in accumulated corresponding conversion. The correction of the value of a business abroad will not constitute a sale or partial disposal. Accordingly, at the time of accounting for this correction, shall not be recognized in profit or loss accrued no difference conversion.Source:(Excerpt from)International Accounting Standard No 21 (IAS 21),International Accounting Standards Board 1993译文:国际会计准则第21号外汇汇率变动的影响(1993年12月修订)目的企业可以用两种方式从事对外的活动。

汇率变动下外币交易折算会计处理的探讨[开题报告]

汇率变动下外币交易折算会计处理的探讨[开题报告]

本科毕业设计(论文)开题报告题目汇率变动下外币交易折算会计处理的探讨一、论文选题的背景、意义(一)选题背景从新中国成立到改革开放之前,我国曾经历了近30年的闭关锁国时期,当时对外贸易实行的是国家高度垄断政策。

1979年以后,国家开始对原外贸体制进行改革,打破了对外贸易的国家垄断。

随着改革开放和利用外资政策的不断实施,我国出现了大批的外商投资企业,使进出口贸易和对外经济合作有了极大发展。

国内企业走向世界,国外企业进军中国,外币资金不断在国际市场和国内市场上流动,这在客观上对了对外币交易折算产生了极大的需求。

2001年,我国正式加入世贸组织,我国在国际经济环境中的地位不断提升,对外工程承包、对外劳务合作、国际旅游服务以及其它行业的跨国公司、多国集团等新兴产业和外贸企业的发展更是声势夺人,浩浩荡荡,遍布全球。

据国家统计局统计,2009年,全年货物进出口总额22072亿美元;全年非金融领域新批外商直接投资企业23435家,实际使用外商直接投资金额900亿美元;全年非金融类对外直接投资额433亿美元;全年对外承包工程业务完成营业额777亿美元,对外劳务合作完成营业额89亿美元。

国际上许多国家都制定了相应的外币会计准则。

美国从1939年开始由注册会计师协会所属的会计程序委员会发布了外币折算相关准则文告,几经修订,于1982年由美国财务会计准则委员会正式发布《财务会计准则公告第52号--外币折算》。

英国原会计准则委员会于1983年发布了《标准会计实务公告第20号--外币折算》。

也是在1983年,国际会计准则委员会发布了《国际会计准则第21号--汇率变动影响的会计》,1993年,《国际会计准则第21号--汇率变动影响的会计》重新修订更名为《国际会计准则第21号--汇率变动的影响》。

我国已经成为世界贸易大国之一,企业涉外经济业务活动日趋增多,外币核算业务量也迅速增大。

但2006年以前一直没有外币折算方面的准则,关于外币折算业务方面的规定只是在企业会计制度中的第九章《外币业务》第117-120条中提及。

外汇汇率变动影响

外汇汇率变动影响

汇率波动可能影响国际经济合作
03
汇率的不稳定可能引发贸易伙伴之间的经济利益冲突,影响国
际经济合作的进程。
对国际金融市场的影响
汇率波动可能引发国际金融市场动荡
汇率的大幅波动可能引发跨境资本流动和货币投机的风险,导致国际金融市场的不稳定 。
汇率波动可能影响国际货币体系
汇率的变动可能对国际货币体系产生影响,例如对储备货币的地位和汇率制度的安排等 。
外汇交易
汇率的变动对个人和机构的外汇交易有直接 影响。汇率的波动可能导致外汇交易的盈利 或亏损。对于投资者而言,了解汇率风险并 采取适当的对冲措施至关重要。
04
CATALOGUE
外汇汇率变动对经济政策的影响
对货币政策的影响
汇率变动对货币供应量
当汇率贬值时,中央银行为了维持汇率稳定,会买入外汇,从而减少国内货币供应量。 反之,汇率升值时,中央银行会卖出外汇,增加国内货币供应量。
VS
资金成本
汇率的变动可能会影响国内企业的资金成 本。例如,当本币升值时,企业可能需要 更多的外币来偿还外债,这可能增加资金 成本。相反,当本币贬值时,企业可能需 要更少的外币来偿还外债,这可能降低资 金成本。
对外汇投资的影响
外汇储备
汇率的变动对外汇储备有重要影响。当本币 贬值时,外汇储备的价值可能会减少。为了 维持外汇储备的稳定,中央银行可能需要干 预外汇市场。
CATALOGUE
外汇汇率变动对全球经济的影响
对全球贸易的影响
汇率波动可能导致国际贸易成本增加
01
当汇率变动时,进口商需要重新评估购买决策,出口
商需要调整定价策略,这都可能增加贸易成本。
汇率波动可能影响国际贸易平衡
02 汇率的升值或贬值可能影响一国的出口竞争力,从而

国际会计准则第21号--外汇汇率变动的影响

国际会计准则第21号--外汇汇率变动的影响

国际会计准则第21号--外汇汇率变动的影响34.当国外实体的财务报表并入报告企业的财务报表时,应采用正常的合并程序,例如,抵销附属公司帐上的集团内部往来帐户的余额,以及集团内部交易(见国际会计准则第27号合并财务报表和对附属公司投资的会计和国际会计准则第五号合营中权益的财务报告)。

但是,集团内部公司之间短期或长期的货币性项目所产生的汇兑差额,不能与集团内部公司之间其他余额所产生的相应金额相抵销,因为货币性项目代表了一项将一种货币转告换成另一种货币的约定,并且它使报告企业承担着因汇率变动而产生利得或损失的风险。

相应地,在报告企业的合并财务报表中,应将这种汇兑差额继续确认为收益或费用,如果产生第17段所描述的情况的话,则应计人权益,直到净投资被处置为止。

35.如果国外实体的财务报表的编制日期与报告企业不一致,为了将报表并入报告企业的财务报表中,国外实体通常采用与报告企业一致的编制日期。

如果这样做不切实际,国际会计准则第27号合并财务报表和对附属公司投资的会计规定,允许采用报告日期相差不超过3个月的财务报表。

在这种情况下,国外实体的资产和负债应以其资产负债表日的汇率换算。

根据国际会计准则第27号合并报表和对附属公司投资的会计以及国际会计准则第28号对联营企业投资的会计的要求,如果国外实体的资产负债表日至报告企业资产负债表日汇率波动较大,应作调整。

36.以恶性通货膨胀经济中的货币编报的国外实体的财务报表,在其换算成报告企业的报告货币之前,应按国际会计准则第29号在恶性通货膨胀经济中的财务报告的要求进行重述。

当企业所处的经济环境不再是恶性通货膨胀经济,并且当国外实体停止按国际会计准则第29号在恶性通货膨胀经济中的财务报告的要求编制和呈报财务报表时,企业应使用以停止之日的计量单位表述的金额,作为历史成本来换算报告企业的报告货币。

国外实体的处置37.在处置国外实体时,已递延并且与该国外实体有关的汇兑差额的累计金额,应在确认处置的利得或损失的当期确认为收益或费用。

国际会计准则第 21号外汇汇率变动的影响【外文翻译】

国际会计准则第 21号外汇汇率变动的影响【外文翻译】

本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译题目外币报表折算方法分析及中国的选择初探专业会计学外文题目Effect of Changes in Exchage Rates of Foreign Currencies 外文出处International Accounting Standard No 21 (IAS 21)外文作者International Accounting Standards Board原文:International Accounting Standard No 2 (IAS 2)Effect of changes in exchange rates of foreign currenciesObjectiveAn institution may conduct business abroad in two different ways. You can make transactions in foreign currency or may have business abroad. In addition, the entity may file its financial statements in a foreign currency. The purpose of this rule is to prescribe how they are incorporated in the financial statements of an entity, foreign currency transactions and business abroad, and how to convert the financial statements to the presentation currency of choice.The main problems that arise are the type or types of change to use and how to report on the effects of changes in exchange rates within the financial statements.DefinitionsOne group is the group formed by the parent and all its subsidiaries.Net investment in a foreign operation is the amount that corresponds to the participation of the entity that submitted their financial statements in the net assets of that business.Foreign currency (or currency) is any currency other than the functional currency of the entity.Functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates.Presentation currency is the currency in which the financial statements are presented.Business abroad is an entity dependent partner, joint venture or branch of the reporting entity, whose activities are based or carried out in a country or a currency different from those of the reporting entity.Currency monetary items are kept in cash and assets and liabilities to be received or paid by a fixed or determinable amount of monetary units.Exchange rate is the ratio of exchange between two currencies.End exchange rate is the rate of existing cash on the balance sheet date.Exchange rate spot is the exchange rate used in transactions with immediate delivery.Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, canceled or a liability,among stakeholders and duly informed in a transaction conducted at arm's length.Initial Recognition1. A foreign currency transaction is any transaction whose value is called or requires winding up in a foreign currency, including those in which the entity:(a) buys or sells goods or services whose price is denominated in a foreign currency;(b) lends or borrows funds, if the amounts are set to charge or pay in a foreign currency(c) acquires or disposes provides another avenue for assets or liabilities incurred or liquidation, provided that these operations are denominated in foreign currencies.2. Any foreign currency transaction is recorded at the time of its initial recognition,using the functional currency, by applying to the amount in foreign currency exchange spot at the date of the transaction between the functional currency and foreign currency.The date of the transaction is the date on which the transaction meets the conditions for recognition in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards. For practical reasons, often using an exchange rate closer to existing at the time of the transaction, for example, may be used for weekly or monthly average rate for all transactions that take place at that time In each of the classes of foreign currency used by the entity.However, it is not appropriate to use average rates if during the interval, the changes have fluctuated significantly.Financial information on the dates of the balance sheets post3. At each balance sheet date:(a) monetary items in foreign currencies are converted using the exchange rate of closure;(b) the non-monetary foreign currency being valued in terms of historical cost, will be converted using the exchange rate on the date of the transaction; and(c) the non-monetary foreign currency being valued at fair value, will be converted using the exchange rates of the date it was determined that fair value.4. To determine the amount of an item is taken into account, in addition, other rules that apply. For example, tangible assets can be valued in terms of historical cost or revalued amount, in accordance with IAS 16 Property, plant and equipment. Regardless of whether it has determined the amount by using the historical cost or revalued amount,provided that this amount has been established in foreign currency is converted to the functional currency using the rules set out in this Standard.Recognition of exchange differences5.Exchange differences that arise in the settlement of monetary items, or to convert monetary items at rates different from those used for its initial recognition, have already occurred during the year or in previous financial statements, are recognized in the outcome of year in which they appear.See a difference when you have change monetary items as a result of a transaction in foreign currency, and there is a change in the exchange rate between the date of the transaction and the settlement date. When the transaction is settled in the same year in which they occurred, the entire exchange difference will be recognized in that period.However, when the transaction is settled in a later period, the exchange difference recognized in each period, until the settlement date, will be determined from the change that has occurred in the exchange rate for each year. When recognized directly in equity gain or loss on a non-monetary, any exchange difference, including in such losses or gains were also recognized directly in equity. By contrast, when the gain or loss on a non-monetary recognition in profit or loss, any exchange difference, including in such losses or gains, was also recognized in profit or loss.6. Exchange differences arising on a monetary item that forms part of the netinvestment in a business of the foreign entity, are recognized in profit or loss of the separate financial statements of the reporting entity or in the separate financial statements of business abroad, as appropriate. Financial statements containing the business abroad and the reporting entity (for example,the consolidated financial statements if the business abroad is a dependent), such exchange differences are recognized initially as a separate component of equity,and subsequently recognized in the outcome when it becomes available or disposed of by other means business abroad.When a monetary item is part of the net investment, carried out by the reporting entity in a foreign operation, and is denominated in the functional currency of the reporting entity,an exchange difference arises in the separate financial statements of the business abroad.When the entity bears its records and ledgers in a currency other than their functional currency and proceed to prepare their financial statements, will convert all amounts to the functional currency, as set out in paragraphs 1 to 26.As a result, will produce the same amounts, in terms of functional currency, which would have been earned if the items were originally recorded in the functional currency. For example, monetary items are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates of closure, and nonmonetary items which are valued at historical cost, will be converted using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction that created its appreciation.7. The results and financial position of an entity whose functional currency is not in accordance with the currency of a hyperinflationary economy, translated into the presentation currency, should it be different, using the following procedures:(a) the assets and liabilities of each balance sheet presented (i.e., including comparative figures), will be converted at the rate of closure on the date of the corresponding stock;(b) revenue and expenses for each profit and loss accounts (i.e., including comparative figures), will become the exchange rates at the date of each transaction; and(c) all exchange differences arising out of this, it is recognized as a separate component of equity.8. Often, for the conversion of items of income and expenditure, is used for practical purposes an approximate rate, representative of changes in the dates of transactions,such as the average exchange rate of the period. However, when exchange rates have changed significantly, it is inappropriate to use the average rate for the period.9. Exchange differences referred to in paragraph (c) of paragraph 39 are listed by:(a) The conversion of expenditure and revenue to the exchange rates of the dates oftransactions, and of the assets and liabilities at the rate of closure. These differencesappear to change both the expenditure items and revenue recognized in the results, as recognized by the directly in equity.(b) Conversion of assets and liabilities to an early Net-end exchange rate that is different from the type used in the previous closing. Such exchange differences are not recognized in profit or loss because of the variations in exchange rates have little or no direct effect on cash flows arising from current and future activities. When the above exchange differences relating to a business abroad that while consolidating, is not involved in its entirety, the cumulative exchange differences arising from the conversion that is attributable to the minority stake, will be allocated to it and be recognized as part of the minority interest in the consolidated balance sheet.10. When the entity's functional currency is that of a hyperinflationary economy, it will restate its financial statements before implementing the conversion method set out in paragraph 42, according to IAS 29 Financial reporting in hyperinflationary economies, except the comparative figures, in the case of conversion to the currency of a hyperinflationary economy.When the economy in question ceases to be hyperinflationary and the entity ceases to restate its financial statements in accordance with IAS 29, used as the historic costs to be converted to the presentation currency, the amounts restated according to the level of prices on the date that the entity ceased to do this restatement.11. When converting to a presentation currency, the results and financial position of a foreign operation, as a preliminary step to their inclusion in the financial statements of the reporting entity, whether through consolidation, or using the proportional consolidation method of Participation will apply paragraphs 45 to 47, in addition to the provisions of paragraphs 38 to 10.The incorporation of the results and financial position of a foreign operation to the reporting entity will follow the normal procedures of consolidation, such as the elimination of intra-group transactions and balances of a dependent (see IAS 27 States Consolidated and separate financial and IAS 31 Interests in joint ventures). However, an asset (or liability) intragroup money, either short or long term, it may not be eliminated against the corresponding liability (or asset) Intra, without showing the results of changes in exchange rates within the states Consolidated Financial. This is because the monetary item represents a commitment to convert one currency into another, which exposes the reporting entity at a loss or gain on exchange fluctuations between the currencies. In line with this, in the consolidated financial statements of the reporting entity, the exchange difference should continue to be recognized in profit or loss, or, if they arise from the circumstances described in paragraph 32, is classified as a component of equity until the disposition or disposal by other means business abroad.12. When the financial statements of business abroad and the reporting entity are referred to different dates, he often produces additional financial statements with the same date as this one. When it is not, IAS 27 allows the use of different dates of submission, provided that the difference is not greater than three months, and have performed the appropriate adjustments to reflect the effects of significant transactions and other events that occurred between the dates reference. In this case, the assets and liabilities of the business abroad will be converted at the rate of the balance sheet date business abroad.It was also carried out the appropriate adjustments for significant variations in exchange rates until the balance sheet date of the reporting entity, in accordance with IAS 27.Disposition or disposal by other means of a foreign13. To alienate or otherwise dispose of a foreign operation, exchange differences deferred as a component of shareholders' equity, related to that business abroad, be recognized in the results at the same time they recognize the outcome of the alienation or disposition.It may have all or part of their participation in a business abroad through the sale,liquidation, recovery of capital contributed or neglect. The receipt of a dividend will be part of this provision only if it constitutes a recovery in investment, for example when it is paid from income in prior years to the acquisition. In the case of disposal or partial disposal, only included in the result of the exercise, the proportionate share of the difference in accumulated corresponding conversion. The correction of the value of a business abroad will not constitute a sale or partial disposal. Accordingly, at the time of accounting for this correction, shall not be recognized in profit or loss accrued no difference conversion.Source:(Excerpt from)International Accounting Standard No 21 (IAS 21),International Accounting Standards Board 1993译文:国际会计准则第21号外汇汇率变动的影响(1993年12月修订)目的企业可以用两种方式从事对外的活动。

外币汇率变动影响的会计

外币汇率变动影响的会计

外币汇率变动影响的会计文章属性•【缔约国】•【条约领域】•【公布日期】1983.07.01•【条约类别】•【签订地点】正文外币汇率变动影响的会计(1983年7月国际会计准则委员会公布)引言1本公告涉及企业在财务报表中对外币业务的会计处理,以及对国外营业财务报表应当如何换算成同一编报货币,以便将它们并入编报企业的财务报表。

2本公告不涉及企业为了方便那些习惯使用其他货币的读者,或其他类似目的,而将财务报表由编报货币改列为另一种货币的问题。

定义3本公告中使用的下列词汇,有特定的含义:编报货币,编制财务报表时采用的货币。

外币,企业编报货币以外的其他货币。

母公司,(在本公告中)指从事一项或是若干项国外营业的编报企业。

国外营业,指活动基地或活动范围在母公司所在国以外国家的子公司、联营公司、合作项目或分支机构。

这类国外营业有可能,但又并不都能构成下面定义的国外实体。

国外实体,指其活动不是母公司活动有机组成部分的那种国外营业。

对国外实体投资净额,指母公司在国外实体净资产中的权益份额。

汇率,指两个国家的货币在特定时间相互交换的比价。

现汇汇率,指在特定日期的当天兑换两国货币的汇率。

远期汇率,可从协议条款中得到的,在将来某日期兑换两种货币的汇率。

期末汇率,资产负债表日的现汇汇率。

货币性项目,指拥有的货币和应以货币结算的项目。

其他的资产和负债都是非货币性项目。

外币贷款,指应以外币偿还的贷款,不论其取得贷款时是哪种货币,或是否为货币形式。

结算日期,指收取应收款项或支付应付款项的日期。

长期项目,指从资产负债表日算起,一年之内预计不会变现的资产或无需支付的债务。

说明4编报企业进行对外营业活动可有两种方式:(a)可以用外币进行业务。

例如,在商品买卖中以外币付款,借出或借入外币。

外币业务必须用本企业的编报货币来表示,以便编制财务报表。

(b)可以在国外营业。

为了用编报货币编制本企业财务报表,国外营业的外币财务报表必须经过换算。

外币业务的会计处理5一个单位的外币业务应于发生之日登记入帐,通常是采用发生日期的汇率。

国际会计准则第21号

国际会计准则第21号

国际会计准则第21号--外汇汇率变动的影响国际会计准则第21号(1993年12月修订)目的企业可以用两种方式从事对外的活动。

它可能具有用外币计价的交易活动,也可能具有国外的经营。

为了使外币交易和国外经营在企业财务报表中得到反映,交易必须以企业的报告货币来表述,国外经营的财务报表也必须换算成企业的报告货币。

在对外币交易和国外经营的会计处理中,主要问题是决定使用何种汇率以及如何在财务报表中确认汇率变动的影响。

范围1.本号准则适用于:(1)对外币计价的交易的会计处理;和(2)通过合并、比例合并或权益法对已包括在企业的财务报表中的国外经营的财务报表进行换算。

2.本号准则不涉及对外币项目进行长期保值所作的会计处理,但对国外实体投资净额进行套期保值而产生的外币负债所引起汇兑差额的分类,则可以例外。

套期保值会计的其他方面,包括运用套期保值会计的标准,将在国际会计准则第32号金融工具中涉及。

3.本号准则替代于1983年批准的国际会计准则第21号外汇汇率变动影响的会计.4.本号准则不对企业呈报财务报表所使用的货币作出特别的规定。

然而,企业通常应采用其所在国的货币作为报告货币。

如果企业采用不同的货币,本号准则要求揭示使用该种货币的原因。

本号准则还要求揭示报告货币发生任何变更的原因。

5.本号准则不涉及企业为了方便那些习惯使用另一种货币的读者或类似目的,而将财务报表由报告货币再换算为另一种货币的情况。

6.本号准则不涉及在现金流量表中,对由外币交易形成的现金流量和国外经营的现金流量的换算进行呈报的问题(见国际会计准则第7号现金流量表);定义7.本号准则所使用的下列术语,具有特定的含义:国外经营,是指活动基地或活动范围在报告企业所在国以外的国家的报告企业的附属公司、联营企、合营企业或分支机构。

国外实体,是指其活动不属于报告企业活动有机组成部分的那种国外经营。

报告货币,是指呈报财务报表所采用的货币。

外币,是指企业报告货币以外的货币。

国际会计准则第21号外汇汇率变动的影响

国际会计准则第21号外汇汇率变动的影响

国际会计准则第21号外汇汇率变动的影响(1993年12月修订)目的企业可以用两种方式从事对外的活动。

它可能具有用外币计价的交易活动,也可能具有国外的经营。

为了使外币交易和国外经营在企业财务报表中得到反映,交易必须以企业的报告货币来表述,国外经营的财务报表也必须换算成企业的报告货币。

在对外币交易和国外经营的会计处理中,主要问题是决定使用何种汇率以及如何在财务报表中确认汇率变动的影响。

范围1.本号准则适用于:(1)对外币计价的交易的会计处理;和(2)通过合并、比例合并或权益法对已包括在企业的财务报表中的国外经营的财务报表进行换算。

2.本号准则不涉及对外币项目进行长期保值所作的会计处理,但对国外实体投资净额进行套期保值而产生的外币负债所引起汇兑差额的分类,则可以例外。

套期保值会计的其他方面,包括运用套期保值会计的标准,将在国际会计准则第32号“金融工具”中涉及。

3.本号准则替代于1983年批准的国际会计准则第21号“外汇汇率变动影响的会计”。

4.本号准则不对企业呈报财务报表所使用的货币作出特别的规定。

然而,企业通常应采用其所在国的货币作为报告货币。

如果企业采用不同的货币,本号准则要求揭示使用该种货币的原因。

本号准则还要求揭示报告货币发生任何变更的原因。

5.本号准则不涉及企业为了方便那些习惯使用另一种货币的读者或类似目的,而将财务报表由报告货币再换算为另一种货币的情况。

6.本号准则不涉及在现金流量表中,对由外币交易形成的现金流量和国外经营的现金流量的换算进行呈报的问题(见国际会计准则第7号“现金流量表”);定义7.本号准则所使用的下列术语,具有特定的含义:国外经营,是指活动基地或活动范围在报告企业所在国以外的国家的报告企业的附属公司、联营企业、合营企业或分支机构。

国外实体,是指其活动不属于报告企业活动有机组成部分的那种国外经营。

报告货币,是指呈报财务报表所采用的货币。

外币,是指企业报告货币以外的货币。

汇率,是指两种货币交换的比率。

外币折算会计准则的国际比较

外币折算会计准则的国际比较

外币折算会计准则的国际比较作者:项军红来源:《决策与信息·下旬刊》2016年第07期【摘要】外币折算是财务会计的三大难题之一,我国对外币折算准则的制定工作最早是在1995年,财政部提交了具体会计准则讨论稿《外币折算》,但是后来并没有发布此准则。

2006年2月15日,财政部发布了《企业会计准则———基本准则》和《企业会计准则第19号——外币折算》等38项具体准则,对外币折算的确认、计量、披露等做出了详细的规范。

本文对我国外币折算会计准则与《国际会计准则第21号——汇率变动的影响》进行比较,以期能更好地理解和执行新会计准则,同时,也希望对我国会计准则的不断完善和国际趋同有所启示。

【关键词】外币折算;汇率变动影响;国际比较;例解由于改革开放和外资利用的增加,我国进出口贸易和对外经济合作有了极大发展,外币核算业务量猛增。

为此,我国于2006年2月首次发布了《企业会计准则第19号——外币折算》(以下称新外币折算会计准则)。

本文对我国外币折算会计准则与《国际会计准则第21号——汇率变动的影响》进行比较,以期能更好地理解和执行新会计准则,同时,也希望对我国会计准则的不断完善和国际趋同有所启示。

一、准则范围的比较(一)新外币折算会计准则的规定。

新外币折算会计准则第一条规定:为了规范外币交易的会计处理、外币财务报表的折算和相关信息的披露,根据《企业会计准则——基本准则》,制定本准则。

我国并没有明确说明外币折算准则的适用范围,只在第三条规定以下几种情况不适用本准则:(1)外币项目的套期,适用《企业会计准则第 24 号——套期保值》;(2)与购建固定资产相关的外币借款产生的汇兑差额,适用《企业会计准则第17号——借款费用》;(3)现金流量表中的外币折算,适用《企业会计准则第31号——现金流量表》。

(二)国际会计准则的规定。

《国际会计准则第21号-外汇汇率变动的影响》(以下简称国际会计准则)则对其适用范围进行了明确的规定:该准则适用于:(1)对外币计价的交易的会计处理;和(2)通过合并、比例合并或权益法对已包括在企业的财务报表中的国外经营的财务报表进行换算。

如何看待外汇汇率变动

如何看待外汇汇率变动

如何看待外汇汇率变动外汇汇率是指一国货币兑换另一国货币的比率,是国际间货币交易的基础。

外汇汇率的波动对于国家经济、企业和个人都有着重要的影响。

如何看待外汇汇率的变动,需要从多个角度进行分析和思考。

首先,外汇汇率的变动对国家经济有着重要的影响。

汇率的升值和贬值会直接影响国家的出口和进口,进而影响国际贸易的平衡。

一国货币的升值会使得该国的出口产品在国际市场上价格上升,进而影响出口量;而货币的贬值则会提升出口竞争力,促进出口增长。

因此,国家需要根据实际情况来调整汇率政策,以促进国际贸易的平衡发展。

其次,外汇汇率的变动也会对企业经营产生影响。

企业在进行国际贸易时,需要考虑汇率波动对成本和收益的影响。

汇率的波动可能导致企业的成本增加或减少,进而影响企业的盈利能力。

因此,企业需要采取有效的风险管理措施,如使用远期外汇合约等工具来规避汇率风险,保障企业经营的稳定性。

此外,外汇汇率的变动也会对个人生活产生影响。

汇率的波动可能导致个人购买进口商品的价格上涨或下降,影响个人的消费水平。

同时,汇率的变动也会影响个人的海外旅行和留学计划,使得出国旅行或留学的成本有所波动。

因此,个人在进行消费和投资决策时,需要考虑汇率波动对个人财务状况的影响,做出相应的调整和规划。

综上所述,外汇汇率的变动是一个复杂的系统工程,需要从国家、企业和个人多个层面进行综合考虑。

对于国家来说,需要制定合理的汇率政策,促进国际贸易的平衡发展;对于企业来说,需要采取有效的风险管理措施,规避汇率风险;对于个人来说,需要在消费和投资决策中考虑汇率波动的影响,做出合理的规划。

只有全面理性地看待外汇汇率的变动,才能更好地适应和应对外汇市场的波动,实现经济的稳定和可持续发展。

最新国际会计准则ias21

最新国际会计准则ias21

目录一、概述二、目的三、范围四、定义五、外币交易六、揭示七、过渡性规定八、生效日期二、目的企业可以用两种方式从事对外的活动。

它可能具有用外币计价的交易活动,也可能具有国外的经营。

为了使外币交易和国外经营在企业财务报表中得到反映,交易必须以企业的报告货币来表述,国外经营的财务报表也必须换算成企业的报告货币。

在对外币交易和国外经营的会计处理中,主要问题是决定使用何种汇率以及如何在财务报表中确认汇率变动的影响。

三、范围1.本号准则适用于:(1)对外币计价的交易的会计处理;和(2)通过合并、比例合并或权益法对已包括在企业的财务报表中的国外经营的财务报表进行换算。

2.本号准则不涉及对外币项目进行长期保值所作的会计处理,但对国外实体投资净额进行套期保值而产生的外币负债所引起汇兑差额的分类,则可以例外。

套期保值会计的其他方面,包括运用套期保值会计的标准,将在国际会计准则第32号“金融工具”中涉及。

3.本号准则替代于1983年批准的国际会计准则第21号“外汇汇率变动影响的会计”。

4.本号准则不对企业呈报财务报表所使用的货币作出特别的规定。

然而,企业通常应采用其所在国的货币作为报告货币。

如果企业采用不同的货币,本号准则要求揭示使用该种货币的原因。

本号准则还要求揭示报告货币发生任何变更的原因。

5.本号准则不涉及企业为了方便那些习惯使用另一种货币的读者或类似目的,而将财务报表由报告货币再换算为另一种货币的情况。

6.本号准则不涉及在现金流量表中,对由外币交易形成的现金流量和国外经营的现金流量的换算进行呈报的问题(见国际会计准则第7号“现金流量表”);四、定义7.本号准则所使用的下列术语,具有特定的含义:国外经营,是指活动基地或活动范围在报告企业所在国以外的国家的报告企业的附属公司、联营企业、合营企业或分支机构。

国外实体,是指其活动不属于报告企业活动有机组成部分的那种国外经营。

报告货币,是指呈报财务报表所采用的货币。

外币,是指企业报告货币以外的货币。

国际会计外币折算

国际会计外币折算

第二部分:对IAS21的改进
2.1 改进后IAS21:适用范围 2.2 改进后IAS21:术语定义 2.3 改进后IAS21:“功能货币” 概念与取消“构成报告企业 经营整体组成部分的国外经营” 和“ 国外实体” 分类 2.4 改进后IAS21:列报货币及其自由选择性 2.5 以功能货币报告外币交易—增加了初始确认后的计量指南 2.6 改进后IAS21:汇兑差额的处理 2.7 改进后IAS21:对功能货币的改变应采用未来适用法 2.8 使用与功能货币不同的列报货币 2.9 国外经营的折算:统一了并购国外经营时产生的对资产和 负债的公允价值调整和商誉的折算方法
国际财务报告准则21—汇率变动影响 外币折算准则的主要变化
记账本位币的定义和选择
外币交易的处理方法
外币财务报表折算
第一部分:外币业务和外币财务报表折算理论
外币业务的会计处理
外币报表折算的处理
1.1 外币业务的会计处理 外币交易会计的两种观点
未实现汇兑损益的确认问题
外币交易会计实例
1.1.1 外币交易会计的两种观点
1.1.3 外币交易会计实例
当期确认法
交易日 借:银行存款120 000
贷:短期借款120 000
递延法
借:银行存款120 000
贷:短期借款120 000 借:递延汇兑损益6 000 贷:短期借款6 000 借:汇兑损益3 000 贷:递延汇兑损益3 000
期末
借:汇兑损益6 000 贷:短期借款6 000
一项交易观
一项交易观认为,以非功能货币结算的购销业务必须 在账款结算之日才算完成,销售收入或购货成本的功 能货币等值,应取决于结算日的汇率。
不仅外汇应收、应付款等货币性项目在结算之前要承 受汇率变动的风险,销货收入、购货成本等非货币性 项目在结算之前也要承受汇率变动的风险,即在结算 时要按汇率重新折算为功能货币等值,其差额直接调 整销售收入、购货成本等非货币性项目折合的功能货 币等值。

外币交易的会计处理

外币交易的会计处理

外币交易的会计处理
【例5-1】
外币交易的会计处理
【例5-1】
外币交易的会计处理
【例5-1】
外币交易的会计处理
【例5-1】
外币交易的会计处理
【例5-1】
外币交易的会计处理
【例5-1】
外币交易的会计处理
外币交易的会计处理
对于以上三种处理方法,两项交易观点在思路上比较清晰, 方法简便,所以这一观点被大多数国家所采用。如果未实现汇兑 损益的数额不大,时间跨度也较小,那么两项交易观点下的当期 确认法和递延法的差异造成的影响就不大。比较而言,当期确认 法更为简单,它使当期会计报表能及时反映汇率变动对企业财务 状况的潜在影响。但是,当期确认法的运用也有其不利之处。若 外币交易结算时间跨度大,且汇率变动幅度也较大,则在这种情 况下会导致企业当期收益包含较大数额的未实现汇兑损益,从而 影响企业经营成果的真实性,误导投资者。因此,对于长期性外 币项目的未实现汇兑损益,企业选择递延法处理更为合理一些。
外币交易的会计处理
1. 单一交易观点
单一交易观点认为外币业务交易发生与日后货款结算是一项 业务交易的两个不可分割的组成部分,当汇率发生变化时,应对 原交易记录进行相应的调整。由于汇率的变动,用记账本位币计 价入账的购入商品成本或销售商品收入,在购销货款没有以外币 结算之前,其价值是不确定的。因此,在交易发生日和报表编制 日,将购销商品的外币金额按当日汇率折合成记账本位币,这一 折算金额是暂时的。只有在外币购销货款结算以后,以结算日汇 率折算的记账本位币金额才是最终确定的购进商品成本或所销商 品的收入,并应当对原来的记录做相应的调整。
外币交易的会计处理
持单一交易观点的人注重的是交易的现金支付, 而不是约定价格。在这一观点之下,由于交易发生 日、报表编制日、交易结算日这三个时点汇率变动 所产生的本币的差额都应作为已入账的购入商品成 本或销售收入的调整额,而不作为外币的折算损益, 这样在会计上就不会出现独立表示的因汇率变动所 致的差额,即汇兑损益。

国际会计准则第21号

国际会计准则第21号

国际会计准则第21号国际会计准则第21号是会计准则委员会(InternationalAccounting Standards Board,IASB)颁布的一个准则,名称为《外币转化》(The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates)。

这个准则旨在规定组织应如何在报告期间内将外币交易和外币货币项目转化为报告货币,以及如何纳入外币交易和转化损益到财务报表中。

该准则适用于所有在国际金融报告准则(International Financial Reporting Standards,IFRS)框架下编制财务报表的组织。

它规定了以下几个方面的内容:1.外币交易的转化:组织发生的外币交易应以交易发生时的汇率转化成报告货币。

这些外币交易包括购买和出售货币、以外币贷款或债务进行资金融通、支付外币报酬等。

转化后的金额应在财务报表中按照经济实质进行披露。

2.外币货币项目的转化:外币货币项目包括以外币计价的资产、负债和股本,以及以外币为基准计价的报表项目。

外币货币项目应使用报告期间结束时的汇率进行转化。

转化后的金额应在财务报表中按照经济实质进行披露。

3.外币转化损益的计量和处理:外币转化过程中可能会产生汇兑损益。

准则规定,汇兑损益应直接计入当期损益表。

此外,如果外币货币项目是赢得或维持获取未来经济利益的凭据,那么汇兑损益也可以列入其他综合收益。

4.外币转化资产和负债的顺序:准则指导了外币转化的顺序。

对于有义务支付或可以履行的外币货币项目,应参照最早能履行义务的货币项目的汇率进行转化。

而对于有权获得或要求收取的外币货币项目,应参照最晚可以取得权益的货币项目的汇率进行转化。

5.外币转化衡量差异的处理:如果外币转化产生了衡量差异,即转化后的金额与经济实质不一致,那么该差异应按照相关会计准则处理。

例如,差异可能作为资产或负债的一部分计入财务报表,或者通过损益表进行分摊。

这些准则旨在确保在全球范围内,组织在报告外币交易和外币货币项目时能够保持一致性和可比性。

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《国际会计准则第21号——外汇汇率变动的影响》(1993年12月修订)目的企业可以用两种方式从事对外的活动。

它可能具有用外币计价的交易活动,也可能具有国外的经营。

为了使外币交易和国外经营在企业财务报表中得到反映,交易必须以企业的报告货币来表述,国外经营的财务报表也必须换算成企业的报告货币。

在对外币交易和国外经营的会计处理中,主要问题是决定使用何种汇率以及如何在财务报表中确认汇率变动的影响。

范围1.本号准则适用于:(1)对外币计价的交易的会计处理;和(2)通过合并、比例合并或权益法对已包括在企业的财务报表中的国外经营的财务报表进行换算。

2.本号准则不涉及对外币项目进行长期保值所作的会计处理,但对国外实体投资净额进行套期保值而产生的外币负债所引起汇兑差额的分类,则可以例外。

套期保值会计的其他方面,包括运用套期保值会计的标准,将在国际会计准则第32号“金融工具”中涉及。

3.本号准则替代于1983年批准的国际会计准则第21号“外汇汇率变动影响的会计”。

4.本号准则不对企业呈报财务报表所使用的货币作出特别的规定。

然而,企业通常应采用其所在国的货币作为报告货币。

如果企业采用不同的货币,本号准则要求揭示使用该种货币的原因。

本号准则还要求揭示报告货币发生任何变更的原因。

5.本号准则不涉及企业为了方便那些习惯使用另一种货币的读者或类似目的,而将财务报表由报告货币再换算为另一种货币的情况。

6.本号准则不涉及在现金流量表中,对由外币交易形成的现金流量和国外经营的现金流量的换算进行呈报的问题(见国际会计准则第7号“现金流量表”);定义7.本号准则所使用的下列术语,具有特定的含义:国外经营,是指活动基地或活动范围在报告企业所在国以外的国家的报告企业的附属公司、联营企业、合营企业或分支机构。

国外实体,是指其活动不属于报告企业活动有机组成部分的那种国外经营。

报告货币,是指呈报财务报表所采用的货币。

外币,是指企业报告货币以外的货币。

汇率,是指两种货币交换的比率。

汇兑差额,是指用报告货币按不同的汇率报告相同数量的外币而产生的差额。

即期汇率,是指在特定日期的当天兑换两国货币的汇率。

期末汇率,是指资产负债表日的即期汇率。

对国外实体的投资净额,是指报告企业在国外实体净资产中的权益份额。

货币性项目,是指企业拥有的货币和应以货币结算的资产和负债。

其他的资产和负债都是非货币性项目。

公允价值,是指在一项公平交易中,由熟悉情况并自愿交易的双方交换一项资产或结算一项负债的金额。

外币交易初始确认8.外币交易是指以外币计价或要求以外币结算的一种交易,包括企业在下列情况下产生的交易:(l)买入或卖出以外币计价的商品或劳务;(2)借入或借出以外币为收付金额的款项;(3)成为尚未履行的外币交易合同的一方;(4)购置或处理以外币计价的资产,或者产生或结算以外币计价的债务。

9.外币交易在初次确认时,应按交易日报告货币和外币之间的汇率将外币金额换算成报告货币予以记录。

10.交易日的汇率通常是指即期汇率。

为了便于核算,常常使用接近交易日的汇率。

例如,一个星期或一个月的平均汇率可能用于在当期发生的所有外币交易。

但是,如果汇率波动较大,那么使用一个时期的平均汇率是不可靠的。

在随后资产负债表日的报告11.在每一个资产负债表日:(1)外币货币性项目应以期末汇率予以报告。

(2)以外币历史成本计价的非货币性项目应采用交易日汇率予以报告。

(3)以外市公允价值计价的非货币性项目应采用确定价值时存在的即期汇率予以报告。

12.一个项目的帐面价值应按有关的国际会计准则加以确定。

例如,某些金融工具以及不动产、厂房和设备可能以公允价值或历史成本计量的。

不管帐面价值是以历史成本还是以公允价值确定的,为外币项目所确定的这郁金额均应根据本号准则的要求以报告货币来报告。

汇兑差额的确认13.第15-18段就外币交易的汇兑差额规定了本号准则所要求的会计处理方法。

这些段落包括了对由于某种货币的贬值或严重贬值(对于这种贬值没有实际的套期保值措施,并且影响到近期购置以外币计价的资产而直接产生的负债无法结算)所产生的汇兑差额的基准处理方法。

第21段还对这类汇兑差额规定了所允许的备选处理方法。

14.本号准则不涉及对外币项目套期保值的会计处理,只涉及对国外实体投资净额进行套期保值而产生的外币负债所引起的汇兑差额的分类。

套期保值会计的其他方面,包括运用套期保值会计的标准、要求对汇兑差额的确认以及套期保值会计的中止采用等,将在国际会计准则第32号“金融工具”中涉及。

15.由于结算货币性项目,或者按不同于在本期最初记录的或在前期财务报表中所运用的汇率报告货币性项目而产生的汇兑差额,应在其形成的当期确认为收益或费用,但按第17段和第19段的要求处理的汇兑差额除外。

16由外币交易所产生的任何货币性项目,当其发生日与结算口之间的汇率发生变动,就会产生汇兑差额。

如果交易在其发生的相同的会计期间内结算,所有的汇兑差额均应在该期确认。

然而,如果交易在随后的会计期间结算,则自本期至结算期之间的各会计期间确认的汇兑差额,应按那期间的汇率的变动予以确定。

对国外实体的投资净额17.在本质上属于企业对国外实体的投资净额一部分的货币项目所形成的汇兑差额,一直到处置该项投资净额之前,在企业财务报表中均应归类为权益项目,而在对该项投资净额进行处置时,应按第37段的要求,将它们确认为收益或费用。

18.企业可能对国外实体没有应收或应付的货币性项目。

在可以预见的将来,既无计划也木可能进行结算的项目,实质上构成了企业对该国外实体投资净额的增加或减少。

这类货币性项目可能包括长期应收款或借款,但不包括应收货款或应付货款。

19.对企业在国外实体中的投资净额进行套期保值而产生的外币负债所形成的汇兑差额,一直到处置该项投资净额之前,在企业财务报表中均应归类为权益项目,而在对该投资净额进行处置时,应按第37段的要求,将它们确认为收益或费用。

所允许的备选处理方法20.对第21段所涉及的汇兑差额的基准处理方法,在第15段中已作了规定。

21.汇兑差额可能由于货币的贬值或严重贬值而产生,如果对这种贬值没有实际的套期保值措施,并且这种贬值又影响到近场购置以外币计价的资产而直接形成的负债无法结算,那么,由货币臣值所产生的这类汇兑差额可以包括在有关资产的帐面金额中,但条件是经过调整的这一帐面金额,不能超过重置成本和销售或使用该资产时可以收回的金额两者中较低的一个金额。

22.当企业能够结算因购置资产而产生的外币负债,或可以对其进行套期保值时,则汇兑差额不应包括在资产的帐面金额中。

但是,当负债无法结算而且不存在实际的套期保值措施,例如,由于外汇管制而不能进行套期保值,汇兑损失便直接构成资产成本的一部分。

因此,根据所允许备选的处理方法,以外币发票购入的资产的成本,被视为企业在结算近期购置该资产所直接形成的负债时最终必须支付的报告货币的金额。

国外经营的财务报表国外经营的分类23.采用何种方法对国外经营的财务报表进行换算,应根据与报告企业有关的融资方式和经营方式而定。

为此,国外经营可划分为“属于报告企业经营有机组成部分的国外经营”和“国外实体”两种。

24.属于报告企业经营有机组成部分的国外经营所从事的业务,如同报告企业经营业务的扩展。

例如,这种国外经营可能只限于销售从报告企业进口的商品,并将收入汇回给报告企业。

在这种情况下,报告货币和国外经营所在国的货币之间的汇率变动,几乎立即影响报告企业的现金流量。

因此,汇率变动影响的是国外经营所持有的货币性项目,而不是报告企业对国外经营的投资净额。

25.相反,国外实体在积累现金和其他货币性项目、发生费用、创造收益,甚至安排借款时,主要都使用当地货币。

它也可能进行外币交易,包括以报告货币进行的交易。

如果报告货币与当地货币之间的汇率发生变动,无论对国外实体还是对报告企业的经营所形成的现在或将来的现金流量,几乎都不会产生直接影响。

汇率的变动只影响报告企业对国外实体中的投资净额,却不会影响国外实体所持有的货币性或非货币性项目。

26.以下方面所表明的国外经营是国外实体而不是属于报告企业经营有机组成部分的国外经营。

(1)虽然报告企业可以控制国外经营,但国外经营所从事的活动相对于报告企业的经营活动具有极大的自主性;(2)与报告企业的交易占国外经营业务的比例不高;(3)国外经营活动所需要的资金主要依靠自身经营或在当地借款来筹措的,而不是向报告企业筹措的;(4)国外经营的产品或劳务的人工、材料和其他费用,主要是以当地货币而不是以报告货币支付或结算的;(5)国外经营的销售主要是以报告货币以外的货币进行的;和(6)报告企业的现金流量与国外经营的日常活动相脱离,不直接受国外经营活动的影响。

从原则上讲,根据与上面所列条件有关的真实信息,可以对每种经营作出恰当的分类。

在某些情况下,将国外经营划分为国外实体或报告企业经营有机组成部分的国外经营的界限,可能不清楚。

因此,为了确定一个恰当的分类,需要作出适当的调整。

属于报告企业经营有机组成部分的国外经营27.属于报告企业经营有机组成部分的国外经营的财务报表,应按第8 22段规定的标准和程序进行换算,将这种国外经营的交易现为报告企业本身的交易。

28.在对国外经营的财务报表的各个项目进行换算时,应将其全部交易视为报告企业本身的交易。

资产、厂房和设备的成本和折旧应按该资产购置日的汇率换算;如果该资产是以公允价值人帐的,也可以使用评估日的汇率换算。

存货的成本应按该成本发生时存在的汇率换算。

资产的可收回金额或可变现净值应按它们确定时的汇率换算。

例如、如果存货项目的可变现净值是以外币确定的,则该价值应以确定这变现净值之日的汇率进行换算。

可采用的汇率因此通常是期末汇率。

将报告企业财务报表中资产的帐面价值减记至其可收回金额或可变现净值时,可能需要作出调整,即使在国外经营的财务报表中并不一定需要作出这样的调整。

另一方面,国外经营的财务报表中的调整,可能需要在报告企业的财务报表中调回。

29.为便于核算,通常使用接近交易发生日的汇率,例如,一个星期或一个月的平均汇率可以用于该期发生的所有外币交易。

但是,如果汇率波动很大,那么在一个期间使用平均汇率是不可靠的国外实体30.在对并入报告企业财务报表的国外实体的财务报表进行换算时,报告企业应采取下列程序:(1)国外实体的资产和负债,无论是货币性的还是非货币性的,都应以期末汇率进行换算;(2)国外实体的收益和费用项目应以交易发生日的汇率进行换算。

除非国外实体是以恶性通货膨胀经济中的货币进行报告的。

在这种情况下,收益和费用项目应以期末汇率进行换算;以及(3)所产生的全部汇兑差额应当计入权益,直到净投资被处置为止。

31.为便于核算,通常采用接近交易发生日的汇率,例如,某期间的平均汇率,常常用来换算国外经营的收益和费用项目。

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