生物技术专业英语概要

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食品专业英语期末考试要点

食品专业英语期末考试要点一、基本概念1. 食品食品是指供人类消费的具有营养价值的物质，包括各种食用动植物和加工制作的食品。

2. 食品安全食品安全是指食品在生产、加工、运输、储存和消费的全过程中，不对人体健康造成危害的状态。

3. 食品质量食品质量是指食品在满足人们消费需求的基础上，符合国家法律法规和标准的要求。

二、食品安全与卫生1. 食源性疾病食源性疾病是由于摄入受污染的食品引起的疾病。

常见的食源性疾病有肠道传染病、食物中毒等。

2. 食品中毒的分类食品中毒可分为细菌性食物中毒、真菌性食物中毒、化学性食物中毒和毒素性食物中毒等。

了解不同类型的食品中毒对于防范和处理食品安全事故具有重要意义。

3. 食品安全标志食品安全标志是国家或地区为了保障食品安全而设立的标志系统，可以通过标志的认证来保证食品的安全性。

三、食品质量控制1. 食品质量控制的目的食品质量控制的目的是为了确保食品的质量符合国家的法律法规和标准要求，并能够满足消费者的需求和期望。

2. 食品质量控制的方法食品质量控制的方法包括原材料控制、工艺控制、环境控制和检验控制等。

通过这些控制措施，可以有效地控制食品的质量。

3. 食品质量控制的指标食品质量控制的指标包括感官指标、理化指标、微生物指标等。

通过对这些指标的检测和评估，可以判断食品的质量是否合格。

四、食品加工与技术1. 食品加工的目的食品加工的目的是通过对食品的加工处理，改善食品的质地、口感和营养价值，以满足人们的需求和喜好。

2. 常见的食品加工方法常见的食品加工方法包括蒸煮、炒炸、腌制、发酵等。

不同的食品加工方法对食品的质量和口感会产生不同的影响。

3. 食品加工技术的研究与创新食品加工技术的研究与创新是为了提高食品的加工效率和质量，并满足人们对食品多样化的需求。

五、食品法规与标准1. 食品法规的作用食品法规是国家对食品生产、流通和消费等方面制定的规范性文件，其目的在于保障食品的安全和合法。

2. 食品标准的分类食品标准可以分为国家标准、行业标准和地方标准等。

(整理)大学各专业名称英文翻译—— 文科方面 ARTS.

大学各专业名称英文翻译——文科方面ARTS澳门历史研究Study of the History of Macao办公管理Office Management办公设备运用Using Desktop Publishing in Business比较管理学Comparative Management比较诗学Comparative Poetics比较文化学Comparative Cult urology比较文学研究Study of Comparative Literature必修课4－10学分Restricted (4-10 Credits needed)病理生理学Pathological Physiology财务报告介绍An Introduction to Financial Accounting Statements 财务报告运用Using Financial Accounting Statements财务管理学Financial Management财务会计学Financial Accounting财务理论与方法Finance Theory & Methods财政与金融Finance财政与金融学研究Study of Finance财政预算Preparing Financial Forecasts产业经济学Industrial Economics传统文化与现代化Tradition Culture and Modernization当代国际关系研究Contemporary International Relations Studies当代世界发展研究Contemporary World Development Studies当代中国外交与侨务专题研究Monographic Studies of Diplomacy and Overseas C hinese Affairs of Contemporary China德语(第二外语) German (2nd foreign language)第一外语(英语) English (1st foreign language)电力系统Power Electronic Systems电子数据Digital Electronics电子通信Electronic Communications电子原理Electrical Principles断代文化史研究Study of Dynastic History of Culture多媒体：多媒体应用开发Multimedia: Developing Multimedia Application多用户操作系统Multi-User Operating Systems耳鼻喉科学Otolaryngology发展经济学Economics of Development放射生态学Radioecology分布式应用程序的设计与开发：概况Distributed application Design and Developme nt: An Introduction分子细胞与组织生物学Molecular, Cellular and Tissue Biology分子遗传学Molecular Genetics妇产科学Gynecology & Obstetrics高级生物化学Advanced Biochemistry高级水生生物学Advanced Hydrobiology工程实践与应用沟通（提升行业沟通技能）Communication (Developing a Communication Strategy for Vocational Purposes)沟通：实用技能Communication: Practical Skills管理经济学Management Economics管理决策Management Decision-Making管理理论研究|| Management Theory Studies管理理论与实践|| Management Theory & Practice管理学研究|| Management Research光化学|| Photochemistry国际关系案例分析|| Case Studies of International Affairs国际关系学导论|| Introduction of International Relations国际金融市场研究|| International Financial Market Study国际金融研究|| Study of International Finance国际经济关系研究|| International Economic Relations国际经济环境|| The International Economic Environment国际经济政治制度比较研究|| Comparative Researches on International Economic & Political Structure国际音标的应用|| Application of International Phonetic Alphabet国际战略与大国关系|| International Strategy国际政治经济学|| International Political Economy国际组织与国际制度|| International organization and International System海外汉学|| Sinology Abroad海外华侨华人概论|| Researches on Overseas Chinese海外华人文学研究|| Study of Overseas Chinese Literature汉语词汇学|| Chinese Lexicology汉语方言调查|| Survey of Chinese Dialects汉语方言概要|| Outline of Chinese Dialects汉语方言学专书选读|| Selected Reading of Chinese Dialectology汉语方言研究|| Studies of Chinese Dialects汉语史名著选读|| Selected Reading of Chinese History汉语音韵学|| Chinese Phonology汉语语法史|| History of Chinese Grammar汉语语法学名著选读|| Selected Reading of Chinese Grammar宏观经济环境|| The Macro Economic Environment宏观经济学|| Macro-economics互联网：WEB服务器的管理|| Internet: Web Server Management互联网：电子商务入门|| Internet : Introducing E Commerce互联网：网络客户服务|| Internet : Internet Client Service互联网：网络配制与管理|| Internet: Configuration and Administration of Internet Services华侨华人史|| History of Overseas Chinese华侨华人与国际关系|| Ethnic Chinese and International Relations环境生物学|| Environmental Biology回族史|| History of Chinese Muslims会计基本理论与方法|| Basic Theories & Approaches of计算数学1 || Mathematics of Computing 1计算数学2 || Mathematics of Computing 2解剖生理学|| Anatomical Physiology金融工程学|| Financial Engineering金融机构风险管理|| Risk Management by Financial Institution金融热点及前沿问题专题研究|| Research on Financial l Central & Up-to-date Issues经济数量分析方法|| Methods of Economic & Mathematic Analysis经济数量分析方法|| Methods of Economic Quantitative Analysis跨文化管理学|| Cross-Cultural Management临床血液病学|| Clinical Hematology马克思主义与当代科技革命|| Marxism & Contemporary Science & Technology R evolution马克思主义与当代社会思潮|| Marxism & Contemporary Social Trends o f Thoug ht美术理论|| Theory of Fine Art美术史|| History of Fine Art蒙古史|| History of the Mongols免疫生物学|| Immunobiology免疫学|| Immunology免疫学|| Immunology民族政策与民族理论研究|| Study of Policies and Theories on Nation laities明清档案|| Archives in Ming and Qing Dynasties模拟电路|| Analogue Electronics南海诸岛史研究|| Study of the History of Islands in the South Chi na Sea企业财务与资本营运|| Company Finance & Capital Operation企业管理理论与实务|| Theory & Practice of Business Management企业应用软件的开发：概况|| Enterprise Application Development: An Introduction 全球化研究|| Globalization Studies人工器官|| Artificial organs人力资源管理研究方法|| Study Methods of Human Resource Management人体解剖学|| Human Anatomy人文地理文化学|| Cult urology of Humane Geography日常交流（法语/德语/意大利语/西班牙语1、2、3级）|| Basic communication in Fr ench/German/Italian/Spanish(Levels 1,2&3)日语(第二外语) || Japanese (2nd foreign language)软件开发：抽象数据结构|| Software Development: Abstract Data Structure软件开发：第四代开发环境|| Software Development: Fourth Generation Environm ent软件开发：高级编程|| Software Development: Advanced Programming软件开发：过程式程序设计|| Software Development: Procedural Programming软件开发：汇编语言和编程|| Software Development: Assembly Language and Int erface Programming软件开发：结构设计方法|| Software Development: Structure Design Methods软件开发：开发计划|| Software Development: Program Planning软件开发：快速应用开发和原型技术|| Software Development: Rapid Applications Development and Prototyping软件开发：面向对象编程|| Software Development: Object oriented Programming 软件开发：面象对象设计|| Software Development: Object oriented Design软件开发：事件驱动程序设计|| Software Development:: Event Driven Programmin g 软件开发：网站开发|| Software Development: Developing the WWW软件开发：应用软件开发|| Software商业法规|| Law for Business商业模式|| Structure of Business商业情报管理|| Business Information Management商业统计1 || Business Statistics 1商业统计2 || Business Statistics 2商业信息技术运用（电子数据表和Word处理应用软件）|| Using Information Technol ogy in Business（Spreadsheets &Word Processing Applications）商业信息技术运用（数据库和Word处理应用软件）|| Using Information Technology in Business (Database & Word Processing Applications)社会语言学|| Sociolinguistics审计学|| Auditing生物材料|| Biomaterials生物材料测试技术|| Modern Testing Methods of Biomaterials生物分子的探测和操纵|| Signals Bimolecular Detection and Manipulation生物力学|| Biomechanics生物流变学|| Biorheology生物信息学|| Bioinformatics物医学工程前沿|| Advances in Biomedical Engineering生物医学信号处理与建模|| Biomedical Signal Processing and Modeling生物制片及电镜技术|| Biological Section and Electronic Microscope Technique 生物制片及电镜技术|| Biological Section and Electronic Microscope Technique生殖工程|| Reproductive Engineering世界经济与政治研究|| World Economy & Politics Studies水生动物生理生态学|| Physiological Ecology of Aquatic Animal水生生物学研究进展|| Study Progress on Aquatic Biology水域生态学|| Aquatic Ecology思想道德修养|| Understand of Ideology and Morality宋代政治制度研究|| Study of the Political System of Song Dynasty宋明理学史研究|| Study of the History of Neo-Confucianism in Son g and Ming Dynasties提高个人成效|| Developing Personal Effectiveness通信工程|| Communication and Industry网络会计研究|| Network Accounting Studies微观经济环境|| The Micro Economic Environment微观经济学与宏观经济学|| Micro-economics & Macro-economics微型计算机系统|| Microcomputer Systems文化语言学|| Cultural Linguistics文献学|| Bibliography文学与文化|| Literature and Culture文艺美学|| Aesthetics of Literature and Art文艺学专题研究|| Special Study of Literature Theory西方史学理论|| Historical Theories in the West西方文论|| Western Literary Theories系统开发：关系数据库|| Systems Development: Rational Database Systems系统开发概论|| Systems Development Introduction系统生态学|| System Ecology细胞超微结构|| Cell Ultra structure细胞超微生物学|| Cell Ultra microbiology细胞生长因子|| Cell Growth Factor现代公司会计研究|| Study of Modern Company Accounting现代汉语诗学|| Modern Chinese Poetics现代汉语语法研究|| Studies of Modern Chinese Grammar现代经济与金融理论研究|| Study of Modern Economy & Finance Theory现代商业复合信息|| Presenting complex Business Information现代商业信息|| Presenting Business Information现代审计理论与方法研究|| Study of Modern Audit Theories & Approaches香港历史研究|| Study of the History of Hong Kong项目管理|| Project Management项目设计|| Project Studies新制度经济学|| New Institutional Economics新制度经济学|| New Institutional Economics信息工程：应用软件|| Information Technology: Applications Software 1信息技术和信息系统|| Information Technology Information Systems and Service s信息技术应用软件|| Information Technology Applications Software选修课总学分|| Total optional credits required血液分子细胞生物学|| Hematological Cell and Molecular Biology训诂学史|| History of Chinese Traditional Semantics亚太经济政治与国际关系|| Economy, Politics and International Relations in Asia n-Pacific Region眼科学|| Ophthalmology医学分子生物学|| Medical Molecular Biology医学基因工程|| Gene Engineering in Medicine医学统计学|| Medical Statistics医学图像处理|| Image Processing医学物理学|| Medical Physics医学信息学|| Medi-formatics医学遗传学|| Medical Genetics医学影像技术|| Medical Imaging Technique医学影像诊疗与介入放射学|| Medical Imaging Diagnosis & Treatment and Interve ning Radiology译介学|| Medio-Translatology音韵学史|| History of Chinese Phonology应用统计|| Applied Statistics应用统计|| Applied Statistics用户支持|| Providing Support to Users语义学|| Semantics藻类生理生态学|| Ecological Physiology in Algae增强团队合作意识|| Developing the Individual Within a Team政治学研究|| Politics Studies中国古代历史文献的考释与利用之一：宋史史料学之二：元史史料学之三：港澳史料学之四：边疆民族史料学|| Utilization and Interpretation of Ancient Chinese Hist orical Literature 中国古代史的断代研究之一：宋史研究之二：元史研究之三：明清史研究|| Dynastic History of China中国古代史的专题研究之一：宋元明清经济史之二：二十世纪宋史研究评价之三：中国文化史之四：中西文化交流史之五：港澳史研究之六：中国边疆民族史之七：西域史研究|| Studies of History of China中国古代文化史|| History of Chinese Ancient Culture中国古代文论|| Ancient Chinese Literary Theories中国古典美学研究|| Study of Chinese Classical Aesthetics中国教育史|| History of Education in China中国经济问题研究|| Economic Problems Research in China中国区域文化研究之一：岭南文化史之二：潮汕文化史|| Re search on Chinese Re gional Culture中国少数民族文化专题研究|| Study of Special Subjects on Cultures of Chinese Minority Nationality中国思想史|| History of Chinese Ideologies中国与大国关系史之一：中美关系史之二：中俄关系史之三：中英关系史之四：中日关系史|| History of Relations Between China and Major Powers中国与世界地区关系史之一：与中亚地区关系史之二：与东南亚地区关系史之三：与东北亚地区关系史之四：与南亚地区关系史|| History of Relations Between China an d Other Regions o f the World中国语言文学与文化|| Chinese Languages, Literatures and Cultures中外关系史名著导读|| Reading Guide of Famous Works on the History of Sino-Foreign Relations中外关系史史料学|| Science of Historical Data on the History of S info-Foreign Relations中外关系史研究|| Researches on the History of Sino-Foreign Relations中外史学理论与方法研究|| Researches on Theory and Method About Si no-Forei gn History Science中外文化交流史|| History of Sino-Foreign Cultural Exchanges中外文论|| Chinese and Western Literature Theories中西交通史|| History of Communication Between China and the West资本市场研究|| Study of Capital Market资本营运、财务与管理会计理论和方法研究|| Study of Theories & Appr oaches of Capital Operation, Financial Management Accounting资本运营与财务管理研究|| Capital Operation and Financial Management Researc h组织工程进展|| Advances in Tissue Engineering组织行为理论|| organizational Behavior Theory《中华人民共和国学位条例》“Regulations Concerning Academic Degrees in the People's Republic of Chin a”结业证书Certificate of Completion毕业证书Certificate of Graduation肄业证书Certificate of Completion/Incompletion/Attendance/Study教育学院College/Institute of Education中学Middle[Secondary] School师范学校Normal School[upper secondary level]师范专科学校Normal Specialized Postsecondary College师范大学Normal[Teachers] University公正书Notaries Certificate专科学校Postsecondary Specialized College广播电视大学Radio and Television University中等专科学校Secondary Specialized School自学考试Self-Study Examination技工学校Skilled Workers[Training] School 业余大学Spare-Time University职工大学Staff and Workers University大学University(regular, degree-granting) 职业大学Vocational University。

专业名称英语专业代码050201

专业名称：英语专业代码：050201一、专业概要：英语专业创办于2000年，拥有一支学历、职称结构合理的师资队伍，50%以上的教师有海外访学经历，常年聘请兼职教授、校外导师和外籍教师10余名。

本专业以学位课为中心，以“英语角”、“英语演讲赛”、“英语戏剧表演”、“英语读书会”等第二课堂为驱动，着力提高学生的语言运用能力和跨文化交际能力。

本专业创建了20多家校外实习基地，建有跨文化交流中心和翻译工作室为学生的专业技能提高搭建平台。

近几年本专业专四、专八过级率超过全国独立学院平均过级率约20个百分点，20%以上的毕业生考取国内外研究生，高质量就业率达30%以上。

二、培养目标：本专业培养具有国际视野，系统掌握英语语言基础知识和基本技能，熟悉英语国家概况，了解英语语言文学和国际贸易的基本理论知识，具备流畅的英语口语交际能力和一定的翻译能力，能在经贸、教育、文化、新闻出版、外事、旅游等部门从事相关工作,知识、能力、素质协调发展的应用型创业人才。

三、培养要求：本专业学生主要学习英语语言文学方面的基本理论知识，受到听、说、读、写、译等英语基本技能训练，具有扎实的英语语言基础知识及良好的运用英语交际的能力，具备一定的人文社会科学素养、就业竞争能力及社会适应能力。

毕业生要求具备以下的知识、能力和素质：1.具有良好的思想道德品质，树立正确的世界观、人生观和价值观，具备团结协作的精神和遵纪守法的品质；2.系统地掌握本专业的基础知识，掌握专业的基本技能和应用能力，具有较宽广的知识面，达到规定的等级要求，努力通过英语专业四、八级考试；3.能在对外贸易、英语教学、英语翻译、国际旅游等工作中准确、流畅、得体地使用英语；4.了解本专业的发展趋势和新进展，具有较强的综合应用能力和一定的科学研究能力；5.掌握一门第二外国语；有较强的计算机应用能力，并达到规定的等级要求；6.具有较强的自主学习能力和创新意识，具备初步的自主创业能力。

农业生物技术教学大纲.doc

《农业生物技术》课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息课程代码：课程名称：农业生物技术英文名称：Agricultural Biotechnology课程类别：专业必修课学时：45学分：2适用对象: 农学和生物技术专业学生考核方式：（考试，课程论文，平时成绩各占70％，20％，10％）先修课程：植物学、生物学、生物化学、分子生物学、普通遗传学、分子遗传学二、课程简介“生物技术概论”是农科类的专业选修课，先修课程主要有“英语、专业英语、植物学、生物学、生物化学、分子生物学、普通遗传学、分子遗传学”等。

本学科综合上述学科的理论基础、方法和技术，通过讲述“现代事物技术的概念和发展简史”、“生物工程各项技术”、“基因克隆、转化、调空及其表达”、以及在“农业、环境、健康和能源”方面的应用，旨在使学生通过本课程的学习了解现代事物技术的基础知识和国内外生物技术各领域发展的来龙去脉、研究现状、发展方向和在国民经济中的应用，为今后开展生物技术相关研究和学习提供基础。

Biotechnology is a rapidly-developing 21st century technology and interdisciplinary science that has already made an impact on commercial and non-commercial aspects of human life, such as stem cell research, cloning, pharmaceuticals, food and agriculture, bioenergetics, and information technology. This course, appropriate for novices in the biology fields and also for engineering and genetic students, covers all of the fundamental principles of these modern topics. In addition to the comprehensive coverage of the standard topics, such as cell growth and development, genetic principles (mapping, DNA, etc), protein structure, plant and animal cell cultures, and applications, the course includes up-to-date discussions of modern topics, e.g., medical advances, quality control, stem cell technology, genetic manipulation, patents, bioethics.三、课程性质与教学目的当今世界，各国综合国力竞争，实际上是现代科学技术的竞争，现代生物技术被世界各国视为一种高新技术。

2017~2020年上海高考英语试题概要写作汇总(附参考例文+评分标准)

2017~2020年上海高考英语概要写作汇编2020年秋考Are people unique?It is human beings’ pride that we are the only species on the Planet that can speak and think. However, recent research casts doubt on that common belief.Zuberbuhler, a psychologist at St. Andrews University, and his colleagues recorded thousands of calls made by Diana monkeys and noticed that the monkeys adapted their calls to change the meaning to warn one another about different situations. For example, they made a ‘krack’ alarm call at the sight of tiger. However, when they merely repeated calls made by other monkeys they added an ‘oo’.The researchers found that the same calls would be recognised by other species, like Campbell’s monkeys. So they are communicating across species. ‘And since then we have found that hornbill birds can understand these calls and they too can understand all the different meanings’, said Zuberbuhler.What is also surprising is that signs of intelligence have been found in birds, whose small brains were long assumed to be a complete barrier to intelligence. However, all that is changing fast. A few years ago Irene Pepperberg of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology taught a parrot to recognise and count up to six objects, which couldn’t have been achieved if birds were unable to memorize.Last year, that was topped by Alex Kacelnik, a professor of behavioral ecology at Oxford, who discovered that crows (乌鸦) are capable of using tools in complex orders, the first time such behaviour has been observed in non-humans. In an experiment seven crows successfully grabbed a piece of food placed out of reach using three different lengths of stick. Crucially, they were able to complete the task without any special training, suggesting the birds were capable of a level of abstract reasoning normally associated only with humans.All this is powerful evidence against the idea that people are unique.参考答案：Scientists have discovered signs of language and intelligence in monkeys and birds. Some monkeys can communicate various messages with different calls in and across species. Some birds, like parrots and crows, have the ability to memorize and reason. So language and intelligence are not unique to humans.2020年春考Global CooperationIn the 21st century, we’ve seen a new trend that is pushing the boundaries (边界) of human invention and innovation —global cooperation. Scientific and technical research and development is now so complicated that no one scientist can know it all. So, increasingly, innovation is coming from the combining of cutting-edge expertise (专业知识) from different scientific fields.There are now over 8,000 scientific journals worldwide and it is impossible to be an expert in all areas. Therefore, in this highly specialized world, scientists, medics and engineers have to cooperate in order to innovate. Professor Bob Langer at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has made significant breakthroughs in the field of biomedical engineering. But he hasn’t done it on his own. He has invited experts from around the world in different fields to form a global team to design new substances which can go inside the body, deliver medicines and then dissolve.Also at MIT, when Cesar Harada heard about the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, he quit his dream job there and tried to develop a more efficient way to remove the oil. But rather than focusing on profit, he decided to ‘open-source’ the design. He shared his own ideas on the web for free and then got experts from all around the world to contribute ideas and even donations. Thanks to this free, not-for-profit way of sharing ideas and intellectual property on the internet, a boat capable of cleaning oil quickly came into being. Obviously, international cooperation based on sharing information freely has produced innovative approaches to solving problems.It appears that the days of brilliant individuals working in their garages on their own are over. Global teams with a united purpose building on everyone’s expertise can collectively do far more than one brilliant individual. Today’s world calls for global cooperators, sharers, and not protectors of ideas.参考答案：In this century, global cooperation in science and technology is desirable because no single scientist can be a know-all due to the complexity of research and development. Scientists are working together to make breakthroughs. They also manage to solve problems by sharing ideas information freely. Gone are the days when one expert can make it alone.2019年秋考Directions:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Being among the first to try out a new piece of technology is cool. When you’re the only member of your social circle with the latest hot device, people stare in fascination. However, people tend to underestimate the costs of this temporary coolness, which they pay in more ways than one.Frankly speaking, early adoption is a bad investment. The earliest versions of devices are not only expensive, they are also the most expensive that those devices will ever be. Companies are attempting to recover the cost of production as fast as they can, and once the profits from early adopters’ purchases are safely in their hands, they can cut the price and shift to the next marketing phase: selling the product to everyone else. This is why the cost of the original iPhone dropped about $200 only eight months after its release.Those who are first to leap into a new technology also risk wasting money and time on something that will never catch on. In 2006, HD DVDs, a new format（制式）for video, entered the market. A few eager consumers bought HD DVD players that were discontinued in early 2008. The early adopters were then stuck with priceydevices that just sat on their shelves collecting dust.Another good reason to resist the early adoption temptation is that the first version of a product typically has imperfections. For example, when Microsoft’s game machine, Xbox One, was first released in 2013, users immediately began to complain of problems. Devoted gamers worked to find and share solutions to these issues. Such problems are so common with new technology that early adopters are basically unpaid testers.So don’t join the first wave of consumers who invest in the latest version of device; instead, wait and see.参考答案：It is unwise to be early users of the latest devices. Firstly, the devices, when launched, are often overpriced because companies want to get back the cost quickly. Secondly, what you have bought can be out of date very soon. Finally, the devices are very likely imperfect. Therefore, don’t be early adopters.2019年春考Directions:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Where are the bees?Bees are essential to the production of food we eat. Bees make honey, but they also pollinate（给...授花粉）large areas of crops, such as strawberries, apples and onions. About a third of the food we eat is a result of pollination of the bees. Unfortunately, bees have been disappearing at an alarming rate.In 2006, beekeepers started reporting about something called Colony Collapse Disaster (CCD). The main sign of CCD is the loss of adult honey bees from a hive（蜂巢）. In October of 2006, some beekeepers reported that they had lost between 30 and 90 percent of their hives.There were many theories of the disappearance of the bees. But the most convincing one has to do with pesticides（杀虫剂）and lifestyles of bees today. Nowadays, beekeepers get most of their income not from producing honey but from renting bees to pollinate plants. This means that the life of the typical bee now consists of traveling all around the country to pollinate crops as the seasons change. That means a lot of traveling on trucks, which is very stressful to bees. It is not unusual for up to 30% of the hive to die during transport due to stress. In addition, bees that spend most of their time locked up on trucks are not exposed to what usually live on. Instead, they live on a sweet liquid from corn, usually polluted with pesticides.No one knows for sure what causes bees to disappear, but losing bees is very costly for the economy. Bee pollination services are worth over $8 billion a year. With no bees, pollination will have to be done by hand, which would affect the quality of food and increase food prices. We hear a lot about big environmental disasters almost every day. But one of the biggest may just be the loss of that tiny flying insect.参考答案：Bees are disappearing rapidly. The most persuasive explanation is related to pesticides and their current lifestyle. Now bees have to travel around as beekeepers rent them for pollination. On the way, they may die from stress or food on a diet polluted by pesticides. Whatever the cause, the loss of gees does great harm to the economy. (57w)评分标准：内容5分：包含三个要点（见3分），并对三个要点中的两个进行说明，如1.Now bees have to travel around as beekeepers rent them for pollination.2.They may die from stress on the way.3.They may feed on a diet polluted by pesticides on the way.4分：包含三个要点，并对三个要点中的一个进行说明或包含两个要点，并对两个要点进行说明3分：包含三个要点：1.蜜蜂消失这一现象2.蜜蜂消失的原因3.蜜蜂消失对经济的影响包含两个要点，并对一个要点进行说明2分：包含两个要点1分：包含一个要点语言：1.61-66个词，扣1分；超过66词，扣2分2.连续5个单词抄自原文，扣1分，不重复扣分。

英语摘要写法

摘要（Abstract）摘要(Abstract) 也成为内容提要，通常在学士论文中都必须附有摘要，其位置应放在论文的正文之前，对整个论文内容的概述。

无论对专业读者还是对非专业读者而言，摘要都是一个非常重要的文件。

摘要如果和论文一起发表，则被称为一次性出版物摘要，主要用于帮助读者评价文章内容及其潜在作用，使读者不必阅读全文就可以了解论文的内容。

除此之外，摘要也可以被单独收入文摘机构出版的摘要期刊如：生物学文摘（Biological Abstract）、化学文摘（Chemical Abstract）等、称为二次性出版物摘要。

此类脱离论文独立成篇的摘要主要用于方便读者检索文献、收集信息，帮助研究者寻找新的研究领域。

一．摘要的定义摘要的英文术语：有两个词汇，一个是abstract, 一个是summary.根据美国国家标准学会（American National Standard Institute）于1971年通过并颁布的《美国国家文摘写作标准》（American National Standard for Writing Abstracts）规定，Abstract 不应与summary 混同。

Abstract 对一篇论文的主要内容以精炼的文字进行高度概括，使读者不必阅读全文即可了解论文内容，或者让读者对即将阅读的文章有思想准备，或者让读者判断是否有通读全文的必要。

文中只对论文信息进行浓缩，而不加主观评论或解释，可以脱离原文而独立成篇。

字数通常在100~150个词左右，更确切地说，约为原文长度的1% ~ 5%（有的杂志规定摘要平均为全文的3% ~ 5%）。

现在越来越多的用法是abstract. 尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用abstract 这个术语，在论文的题目下也通常要用这个词。

Summary (概要) 与abstract 无明显差别。

严格地说，summary 一般附在论文的后面，对论文的主要结论和成果进行再叙述。

生物专业英语的特点及翻译技巧分析

生物专业英语的特点及翻译技巧分析
黎秋艳
【期刊名称】《中学生物教学》
【年(卷),期】2022()28
【摘要】随着经济全球化趋势日益凸显,我国各行各业开始积极探寻国际化发展路径,以推动各相关领域实现现代化发展。

其中,生物学领域内的中外交流日益增多。

尤其在我国生物学科不断发展以及生物工业持续进步的现实背景下,生物专业英语作为一门专注于生物学领域的专门用途英语(English for Specific Purposes,简称ESP),愈发成为我国生物科技交流以及生物工业外贸等关键领域的沟通桥梁,发挥着重要作用。

基于此现实背景,加强对生物专业英语翻译的研究,掌握生物专业英语特点及翻译技巧具有充足的现实意义。

【总页数】2页(PI0004)
【作者】黎秋艳
【作者单位】桂林电子科技大学信息科技学院
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H31
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30生物专业英语大纲2015

《生物专业英语》教学大纲适用专业：生物科学、生物科学（职业师资方向）、生物技术课程类别：专业课授课学时：36学分：2总纲课程的性质：生物专业英语是面向生物科学、技术高年级本科生开设的限选课程，本课程教学内容主要涉及普通生物、微生物学、遗传学、分子生物学等领域的专业基础知识。

通过本课程，向学生介绍如何撰写科技论文、投稿等方面的知识；扩大专业英语的词汇量，掌握专业英语书刊的阅读技巧、了解文献检索及写作知识。

课程基本任务：1.提高学生专业文献阅读能力2.提高学生翻译专业英语的能力3.拓宽学生的专业词汇量和阅读量4.了解科技论文的文体特点和写作方法5.为将来的学术论文的阅读写作和交流打下坚实的基础。

课程内容概要：通过各个教学环节的教学，学生重点掌握普通生物学，分子生物学与生物技术的基础词汇、基本理论的英文描述，并掌握科技论文摘要写作的基本方法，撰写课程小论文，提高写作能力，为后续课程与毕业实践，打下坚实的基础。

在课堂教学中将采用灵活的教学方式，力求讲英语与专业紧密结合，详细讲授课程中的重点及难点部分，并要求学生在课后进行大量的阅读，以达到熟悉专业词汇、提高对专业英语的理解能力的目的。

另一方面，应启发和创造环境使学生在用英语理解问题的同时，用口语表达讲解，力求体现英语学习中听、说、读、写有机的整体。

同时在整个授课过程中应贯穿讲解科技英语与日常英语在用词、修饰、语法等方面的不同之处。

课程教学形式：主要教学形式为课堂讲授，主要教学环节包括课堂讲授、辅导答疑、课外作业、习题讲解等。

课程学时分配：课程考核方式：本课程将平时作业和期末考查结合起来。

成绩评定：采用总分百分制。

平时成绩（考勤、作业、态度等）占30%，考查成绩占70%。

选用教材及参考书目：1．教材生物专业英语，萧浪涛，中国农业出版社，2014年。

2．参考书目生物工程生物技术专业英语（第一版），邬行彦等编，化学工业出版社，2002年。

课程教学内容提要Lesson one General Biology（一）基本要求：1. 掌握专业英语的特点及学习方法2. 理解专业英语的概念3. 掌握生物专业英语的概念基础。

医药英语词汇

医院中英文常用语对照表医院中英文常用语对照表。

此列举出一些常用到的中英文对照医院常用语，助你看病时了解医院内告示牌或医生所讲的内容。

This Chinese/English bilingual page lists out the common medical and health related terms and hopefully it helps you find the better understanding & have better communication with doctors.急诊室Emergency Room医院Hospital内科病房Medical Ward外科病房Surgical Ward儿科病房Pediatric Ward接生房Labor and Delivery手术室Operation Room (OR)心脏重症室Coronary Care Unit (CCU)重症室Intensive Care Unit (ICU)内科重症室Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU)初生婴儿重症室Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)儿科重症室Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU)外科重症室Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU)末期护理Hospice 末期病患者照料居家健康服务Home Health Service 药疗、物理治疗等化验所Laboratory 进行化验研究门诊手术中心Outpatient Surgical Center 一般非严重性手术药房Pharmacy 药物、医疗用品Health Care Provider 医疗服务Physician 医生Acupuncture 针灸Allergy and Immunology 过敏性专科Anesthesiology 麻醉科Cardiology 心脏科Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 心胸外科Chiropractic 脊椎神经科Colorectal Surgery 结肠直肠外科Dentistry 牙科Dermatology 皮肤科Endocrinology 内分泌科Family Practice 家庭科Gastroenterology 肠胃科General Practice 普通全科General Surgery 普通外科Geriatrics 老人病专科Hematology 血液科Hepatology 肝病专科Infectious Disease 传染病科Internal Medicine 内科Nephrology 肾脏科Neurology 神经科Neurosurgery 神经外科Obstetrics-Gynecology 妇产科Oncology 癌症专科Ophthalmology 眼科Optometry 验光科Orthopedic Surgery 骨外科Osteopathy 整骨疗科Otolaryngology (ENT) 耳鼻喉科Pathology 病理科Pediatrics 小儿科Plastic surgery 整形外科Podiatry 足科Psychiatry 精神治疗科Physiatry 物理康复科Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 物理疗法及恢复正常生活护理Pulmonary Medicine 肺科Radiation Oncology 癌症放射疗科Radiology X光科Urology 泌尿科Vascular Surgery 血管外科Other Health Care Professionals 其它医疗专业人员Audiologist 听觉学专家Dental Assistant 牙医助理Dietitian 饮食指导员Genetic Counselor 遗传病辅导员Health Technician 健康技员Laboratory Technician 化验技员Medical Assistant 医务助理Medical Technologist 医学技师Nurse 护士Home Visiting Nurse 家访护士Nurse Midwife 接生护士Nutritionist 营养专家Pharmacist 药剂师Pharmacologist 药理学专家Physical Therapist 物理治疗员Physician's Assistant 医生助手Psychologist 心理学专家Psychologic Counselor 心理辅导员Respiratory Therapist 呼吸治疗员X-Ray Technician X光科技员有关看病的英文表达方法有关看病的英文表达方法。

大学各专业名称英文翻译—文科方面ARTS

大学各专业名称英文翻译——文科方面ARTS澳门历史研究Study of the History of Macao办公管理Office Management办公设备运用Using Desktop Publishing in Business比较管理学Comparative Management比较诗学Comparative Poetics比较文化学Comparative Cult urology比较文学研究Study of Comparative Literature必修课4－10学分Restricted (4-10 Credits needed)病理生理学Pathological Physiology财务报告介绍An Introduction to Financial Accounting Statements财务报告运用Using Financial Accounting Statements财务管理学Financial Management财务会计学Financial Accounting财务理论与方法Finance Theory & Methods财政与金融Finance财政与金融学研究Study of Finance财政预算Preparing Financial Forecasts产业经济学Industrial Economics传统文化与现代化Tradition Culture and Modernization当代国际关系研究Contemporary International Relations Studies当代世界发展研究Contemporary World Development Studies当代中国外交与侨务专题研究Monographic Studies of Diplomacy and Overseas C hinese Affairs of Contemporary China德语(第二外语) German (2nd foreign language)第一外语(英语) English (1st foreign language)电力系统Power Electronic Systems电子数据Digital Electronics电子通信Electronic Communications电子原理Electrical Principles断代文化史研究Study of Dynastic History of Culture多媒体：多媒体应用开发Multimedia: Developing Multimedia Application多用户操作系统Multi-User Operating Systems耳鼻喉科学Otolaryngology发展经济学Economics of Development放射生态学Radioecology分布式应用程序的设计与开发：概况Distributed application Design and Developme nt: An Introduction分子细胞与组织生物学Molecular, Cellular and Tissue Biology分子遗传学Molecular Genetics妇产科学Gynecology & Obstetrics高级生物化学Advanced Biochemistry高级水生生物学Advanced Hydrobiology工程实践与应用沟通（提升行业沟通技能）Communication (Developing a Commun ication Strategy for Vocational Purposes)沟通：实用技能Communication: Practical Skills管理经济学Management Economics管理决策Management Decision-Making管理理论研究|| Management Theory Studies管理理论与实践|| Management Theory & Practice管理学研究|| Management Research光化学|| Photochemistry国际关系案例分析|| Case Studies of International Affairs国际关系学导论|| Introduction of International Relations国际金融市场研究|| International Financial Market Study国际金融研究|| Study of International Finance国际经济关系研究|| International Economic Relations国际经济环境|| The International Economic Environment国际经济政治制度比较研究|| Comparative Researches on International Economic & Political Structure国际音标的应用|| Application of International Phonetic Alphabet国际战略与大国关系|| International Strategy国际政治经济学|| International Political Economy国际组织与国际制度|| International organization and International System海外汉学|| Sinology Abroad海外华侨华人概论|| Researches on Overseas Chinese海外华人文学研究|| Study of Overseas Chinese Literature汉语词汇学|| Chinese Lexicology汉语方言调查|| Survey of Chinese Dialects汉语方言概要|| Outline of Chinese Dialects汉语方言学专书选读|| Selected Reading of Chinese Dialectology汉语方言研究|| Studies of Chinese Dialects汉语史名著选读|| Selected Reading of Chinese History汉语音韵学|| Chinese Phonology汉语语法史|| History of Chinese Grammar汉语语法学名著选读|| Selected Reading of Chinese Grammar宏观经济环境|| The Macro Economic Environment宏观经济学|| Macro-economics互联网：WEB服务器的管理|| Internet: Web Server Management互联网：电子商务入门|| Internet : Introducing E Commerce互联网：网络客户服务|| Internet : Internet Client Service互联网：网络配制与管理|| Internet: Configuration and Administration of Internet Services华侨华人史|| History of Overseas Chinese华侨华人与国际关系|| Ethnic Chinese and International Relations环境生物学|| Environmental Biology回族史|| History of Chinese Muslims会计基本理论与方法|| Basic Theories & Approaches of计算数学1 || Mathematics of Computing 1计算数学2 || Mathematics of Computing 2解剖生理学|| Anatomical Physiology金融工程学|| Financial Engineering金融机构风险管理|| Risk Management by Financial Institution金融热点及前沿问题专题研究|| Research on Financial l Central & Up-to-date Iss ues经济数量分析方法|| Methods of Economic & Mathematic Analysis经济数量分析方法|| Methods of Economic Quantitative Analysis跨文化管理学|| Cross-Cultural Management临床血液病学|| Clinical Hematology马克思主义与当代科技革命|| Marxism & Contemporary Science & Technology R evolution马克思主义与当代社会思潮|| Marxism & Contemporary Social Trends o f Thoug ht美术理论|| Theory of Fine Art美术史|| History of Fine Art蒙古史|| History of the Mongols免疫生物学|| Immunobiology免疫学|| Immunology免疫学|| Immunology民族政策与民族理论研究|| Study of Policies and Theories on Nation laities明清档案|| Archives in Ming and Qing Dynasties模拟电路|| Analogue Electronics南海诸岛史研究|| Study of the History of Islands in the South Chi na Sea企业财务与资本营运|| Company Finance & Capital Operation企业管理理论与实务|| Theory & Practice of Business Management企业应用软件的开发：概况|| Enterprise Application Development: An Introduction 全球化研究|| Globalization Studies人工器官|| Artificial organs人力资源管理研究方法|| Study Methods of Human Resource Management人体解剖学|| Human Anatomy人文地理文化学|| Cult urology of Humane Geography日常交流（法语/德语/意大利语/西班牙语1、2、3级）|| Basic communication in Fr ench/German/Italian/Spanish(Levels 1,2&3)日语(第二外语) || Japanese (2nd foreign language)软件开发：抽象数据结构|| Software Development: Abstract Data Structure软件开发：第四代开发环境|| Software Development: Fourth Generation Environm ent软件开发：高级编程|| Software Development: Advanced Programming软件开发：过程式程序设计|| Software Development: Procedural Programming软件开发：汇编语言和编程|| Software Development: Assembly Language and Int erface Programming软件开发：结构设计方法|| Software Development: Structure Design Methods软件开发：开发计划|| Software Development: Program Planning软件开发：快速应用开发和原型技术|| Software Development: Rapid Applications Development and Prototyping软件开发：面向对象编程|| Software Development: Object oriented Programming 软件开发：面象对象设计|| Software Development: Object oriented Design软件开发：事件驱动程序设计|| Software Development:: Event Driven Programmin g 软件开发：网站开发|| Software Development: Developing the WWW软件开发：应用软件开发|| Software商业法规|| Law for Business商业模式|| Structure of Business商业情报管理|| Business Information Management商业统计1 || Business Statistics 1商业统计2 || Business Statistics 2商业信息技术运用（电子数据表和Word处理应用软件）|| Using Information Technol ogy in Business（Spreadsheets &Word Processing Applications）商业信息技术运用（数据库和Word处理应用软件）|| Using Information Technology in Business (Database & Word Processing Applications)社会语言学|| Sociolinguistics审计学|| Auditing生物材料|| Biomaterials生物材料测试技术|| Modern Testing Methods of Biomaterials生物分子的探测和操纵|| Signals Bimolecular Detection and Manipulation生物力学|| Biomechanics生物流变学|| Biorheology生物信息学|| Bioinformatics物医学工程前沿|| Advances in Biomedical Engineering生物医学信号处理与建模|| Biomedical Signal Processing and Modeling生物制片及电镜技术|| Biological Section and Electronic Microscope Technique 生物制片及电镜技术|| Biological Section and Electronic Microscope Technique生殖工程|| Reproductive Engineering世界经济与政治研究|| World Economy & Politics Studies水生动物生理生态学|| Physiological Ecology of Aquatic Animal水生生物学研究进展|| Study Progress on Aquatic Biology水域生态学|| Aquatic Ecology思想道德修养|| Understand of Ideology and Morality宋代政治制度研究|| Study of the Political System of Song Dynasty宋明理学史研究|| Study of the History of Neo-Confucianism in Son g and Ming Dynasties提高个人成效|| Developing Personal Effectiveness通信工程|| Communication and Industry网络会计研究|| Network Accounting Studies微观经济环境|| The Micro Economic Environment微观经济学与宏观经济学|| Micro-economics & Macro-economics微型计算机系统|| Microcomputer Systems文化语言学|| Cultural Linguistics文献学|| Bibliography文学与文化|| Literature and Culture文艺美学|| Aesthetics of Literature and Art文艺学专题研究|| Special Study of Literature Theory西方史学理论|| Historical Theories in the West西方文论|| Western Literary Theories系统开发：关系数据库|| Systems Development: Rational Database Systems 系统开发概论|| Systems Development Introduction系统生态学|| System Ecology细胞超微结构|| Cell Ultra structure细胞超微生物学|| Cell Ultra microbiology细胞生长因子|| Cell Growth Factor现代公司会计研究|| Study of Modern Company Accounting现代汉语诗学|| Modern Chinese Poetics现代汉语语法研究|| Studies of Modern Chinese Grammar现代经济与金融理论研究|| Study of Modern Economy & Finance Theory现代商业复合信息|| Presenting complex Business Information现代商业信息|| Presenting Business Information现代审计理论与方法研究|| Study of Modern Audit Theories & Approaches香港历史研究|| Study of the History of Hong Kong项目管理|| Project Management项目设计|| Project Studies新制度经济学|| New Institutional Economics新制度经济学|| New Institutional Economics信息工程：应用软件|| Information Technology: Applications Software 1信息技术和信息系统|| Information Technology Information Systems and Service s信息技术应用软件|| Information Technology Applications Software选修课总学分|| Total optional credits required血液分子细胞生物学|| Hematological Cell and Molecular Biology训诂学史|| History of Chinese Traditional Semantics亚太经济政治与国际关系|| Economy, Politics and International Relations in Asia n-Pacific Region眼科学|| Ophthalmology医学分子生物学|| Medical Molecular Biology医学基因工程|| Gene Engineering in Medicine医学统计学|| Medical Statistics医学图像处理|| Image Processing医学物理学|| Medical Physics医学信息学|| Medi-formatics医学遗传学|| Medical Genetics医学影像技术|| Medical Imaging Technique医学影像诊疗与介入放射学|| Medical Imaging Diagnosis & Treatment and Interve ning Radiology译介学|| Medio-Translatology音韵学史|| History of Chinese Phonology应用统计|| Applied Statistics应用统计|| Applied Statistics用户支持|| Providing Support to Users语义学|| Semantics藻类生理生态学|| Ecological Physiology in Algae增强团队合作意识|| Developing the Individual Within a Team政治学研究|| Politics Studies中国古代历史文献的考释与利用之一：宋史史料学之二：元史史料学之三：港澳史料学之四：边疆民族史料学|| Utilization and Interpretation of Ancient Chinese Hist orical Literature 中国古代史的断代研究之一：宋史研究之二：元史研究之三：明清史研究|| Dynastic History of China中国古代史的专题研究之一：宋元明清经济史之二：二十世纪宋史研究评价之三：中国文化史之四：中西文化交流史之五：港澳史研究之六：中国边疆民族史之七：西域史研究|| Studies of History of China中国古代文化史|| History of Chinese Ancient Culture中国古代文论|| Ancient Chinese Literary Theories中国古典美学研究|| Study of Chinese Classical Aesthetics中国教育史|| History of Education in China中国经济问题研究|| Economic Problems Research in China中国区域文化研究之一：岭南文化史之二：潮汕文化史|| Re search on Chinese Re gional Culture中国少数民族文化专题研究|| Study of Special Subjects on Cultures of Chinese Minority Nationality中国思想史|| History of Chinese Ideologies中国与大国关系史之一：中美关系史之二：中俄关系史之三：中英关系史之四：中日关系史|| History of Relations Between China and Major Powers中国与世界地区关系史之一：与中亚地区关系史之二：与东南亚地区关系史之三：与东北亚地区关系史之四：与南亚地区关系史|| History of Relations Between China an d Other Regions o f the World中国语言文学与文化|| Chinese Languages, Literatures and Cultures中外关系史名著导读|| Reading Guide of Famous Works on the History of Sino-Foreign Relations中外关系史史料学|| Science of Historical Data on the History of S info-Foreign Relations中外关系史研究|| Researches on the History of Sino-Foreign Relations中外史学理论与方法研究|| Researches on Theory and Method About Si no-Forei gn History Science中外文化交流史|| History of Sino-Foreign Cultural Exchanges中外文论|| Chinese and Western Literature Theories中西交通史|| History of Communication Between China and the West资本市场研究|| Study of Capital Market资本营运、财务与管理会计理论和方法研究|| Study of Theories & Appr oaches of Capital Operation, Financial Management Accounting资本运营与财务管理研究|| Capital Operation and Financial Management Researc h组织工程进展|| Advances in Tissue Engineering组织行为理论|| organizational Behavior Theory《中华人民共和国学位条例》“Regulations Concerning Academic Degrees in the People's Republic of Chin a”结业证书Certificate of Completion毕业证书Certificate of Graduation肄业证书Certificate of Completion/Incompletion/Attendance/Study教育学院College/Institute of Education中学Middle[Secondary] School师范学校Normal School[upper secondary level]师范专科学校Normal Specialized Postsecondary College师范大学Normal[Teachers] University公正书Notaries Certificate专科学校Postsecondary Specialized College广播电视大学Radio and Television University中等专科学校Secondary Specialized School自学考试Self-Study Examination技工学校Skilled Workers[Training] School业余大学Spare-Time University职工大学Staff and Workers University大学University(regular, degree-granting)职业大学Vocational University。

《英语类专业教学指南》背景下的英语类专业核心课程教材建设

《英语类专业教学指南》背景下的英语类专业核心课程教材建设《指南》正式颁布2018年，《外国语言文学类教学质量国家标准》颁布。

—《普通高等学校本科专业类教学质量国家标准》2020年，《普通高等学校本科外国语言文学类专业教学指南(上)———英语类专业教学指南》颁布。

英语专业、翻译专业、商务英语专业《指南》教学要求教学要求教学应该:（1)遵循本校本专业培养方案;(2）融合语言教学与知识教学，以能力培养为导向，重视语言运用能力、跨文化能力、思辨能力和终身学习能力的培养;(3)因材施教，根据教学目标和内容选择合适的教学方法，重视启发式、讨论式和参与式教学方法的使用，促进学生的全面发展和个性发展;(4)合理使用现代教育技术，注重教学效果。

《指南》综合英语教学内容:本课程按题材主题组织教学单元，教学内容充分体现课程的“综合”特色，融语言、文学、翻译和文化知识于一体，通过语言交际任务促进听、说、读、写、译技能的综合运用和全面发展语言知识。

教学分语音、词汇、句法、语篇等进行专项训练，同时融合语言与知识教学，强调整体系统性;文学与文化知识教学，凸显学科的人文特色，用经典题材透视英语国家的历史和文化，用热门话题反映现代社会的文明与进步;语言技能训练在不同等级学习阶段各有侧重。

—《英语类专业教学指南》《指南》综合商务英语教学内容:本课程按照以商务活动为主题的场景模拟和案例学习等交际任务组织教学单元，线上、线下深度融合，全方位配置“课前、课中、课后”教学资源。

按照语言与内容难度分级，逐层递进。

授课内容涵盖语言技能、商务知以及主要英语国家、“一带一路”沿线国家和中国的商业文化语言技能，包括对语音、词汇、句法、语篇和语用等知识与策略进行专项训练，通过商务交际任务促进听、说、读、写、译技能的综合运用,强调语言能力的整体性。

商务知识包括商业文化、国际商务、企业管理、市场营销、财务管理、商业竞争、商务谈判、国际贸易、国际纠纷、国际投资、创新创业、电子商务、物流运输、客户服务、商务办公等领域。

学术英语综合Unit9 译文

——安德烈•纪德通常情况下，医生大都具备适应变化的能力。

但随着变化的脚步逐渐加快，他们会不断面临挑战，所担任的角色也会遭到不少质疑。

因此，随着人们对医疗职业的职业满意度越来越低，替代医学逐渐兴起。

因此，人们呼吁医生们在塑造未来的过程中能够担当起更加积极的角色。

对医疗行业来说，明智之举就是培养更多的领导能力，重点关注如何能使人们保持健康的状态，以巩固医疗行业对社会福利的影响。

但是目前，医疗行业存在的最大挑战将会是在“伙伴关系”方面，也就是医生和病人之间的关系——医患关系。

这种关系错综复杂，容易受到社会潮流的影响。

而过去的分析倾向于侧重医生们如何确诊疾病，而当前难以捉摸的诊断已经很少见了。

而对于病人来说，医患关系的好坏结果也取决于医生的职业福利，因此这方面需要获得人们的关注。

大学常见课程名称及英语翻译按字母排序及专业排序概要

大学各专业课程中英文对照A开头的课程ALGOL语言ALGOL LanguageBASIC & FORTRAN 语言BASIC Language & FORTRAN LanguageBASIC 语言BASIC LanguageBASIC 语言及应用BASIC Language & ApplicationC 语言C LanguageC++程序设计C++ Program DesigningCAD 概论Introduction to CADCAD/CAM CAD/CAMCET-4 College English Test (Band 4)CET-6 College English Test (Band 6)COBOL语言COBOL LanguageCOBOL语言程序设计COBOL Language Program DesigningC与UNIX环境C Language & Unix EnvironmentC语言科学计算方法Scientific Computation Method in CC语言与生物医学信息处理C Language & Biomedical Information ProcessingdBASE Ⅲ课程设计Course Exercise in dBASE ⅢFORTRAN 77 语言FORTRAN 77 LanguageFORTRAN语言FORTRAN LanguageFoxBase程序设计FoxBase ProgrammingHopf代数Hopf AlgebraHopf代数与代数群量子群Hopf Algebra , Algebraic Group and Qua ntum GroupIBM-PC/XT Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PC/XTIBM-PC微机原理Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PCIBM汇编及高级语言的接口IBM Assembly & its Interfaces with Advanced Programming Languages Internet与Intranet技术Internet and Intranet TechnologyLSI设计基础Basic of LSI DesigningOS/2操作系统OS/2 Operation SystemPASCAL大型作业PASCAL Wide Range WorkingPASCAL课程设计Course Exercise in PASCALPASCAL语言PASCAL LanguagePC机原理Principle of PCUnix编程环境Unix Programming EnvironmentUnix操作系统分析Analysis of Unix SystemVLSI的EDA技术EDA Techniques for VLSIVLSI技术与检测方法VLSI Techniques & Its ExaminationVLSI设计基础Basis of VLSI DesignWindows系统Windows Operation SystemX光分析X-ray AnalysisX射线金属学X-Ray & MetallographyX射线与电镜X-ray & Electric MicroscopeZ-80汇编语言程序设计Z-80 Pragramming in Assembly LanguagesB开头的课程板壳非线性力学Nonlinear Mechanics of Plate and Shell板壳理论Plate Theory , Theory of Plate and Shell板壳力学Plate Mechanics办公自动化Office Automatization办公自动化系统毕业设计Office Automatization Thesis办公自动化系统设计Office Automatization Design半波实验Semiwave Experiment半导体变流技术Semiconductor Converting Technology半导体材料Semiconductor Materials半导体测量Measurement of Semiconductors半导体瓷敏元件Semiconductor Porcelain-Sensitive Elements半导体光电子学Semiconductor Optic Electronics半导体化学Semiconductor Chemistry半导体激光器Semiconductor Laser Unit半导体集成电路Semiconductor Integrated Circuitry半导体理论Semi-conductive Theory半导体器件Semiconductor Devices半导体器件工艺原理Technological Fundamentals of Semiconductor Device半导体器件课程设计Course Design of Semiconductor Devices半导体物理Semiconductor Physics半导体专业Semi-conduction Specialty半导体专业实验Specialty Experiment of Semiconductor半群理论Semi-group Theory保健食品监督评价Evaluation and Supervision on Health Food s保险学Insurance保险学Insurance报告文学专题Special Subject On Reportage报刊编辑学Newspaper & Magazine Editing报刊选读Selected Readings of Newspaper & Magazine报纸编辑学Newspaper Editing泵与风机Pumps and Fans泵与水机Pumps & Water Turbines毕业论文Graduation Thesis毕业设计Graduation Thesis毕业实习Graduation Practice编译方法Compilation Method编译方法Methods of Compiling编译技术Technique of Compiling编译原理Fundamentals of Compiling, Principles of Compiler编译原理课程设计Course Design of Compiling变电站的微机检测Computer Testing in Transformer Substation变电站的微机检测与控制Computer Testing & Control in Transformer Substation 变分法与张量Calculus of Variations & Tensor变分学Calculus of Variations变流技术Semiconductor Converting Technology变质量系统热力学与新型回转压Variable Quality System Thermal Mechanics & NeoRo 表面活性剂化学及应用Chemistry and Application of Surfactant表面活性物质Surface Reactive Materials并行处理Parallel Processing并行处理与并行程序设计Parallel Processing and Parallel Programming并行算法Parallel Algorithmic波谱学Spectroscopy, Wave Spectrum波谱学实验Spectroscopic Experiment薄膜光学Film Optics薄膜物理Thin Film Physics不育症的病因学Etiology of InfertilityC开头的课程材料的力学性能测试Measurement of Material Mechanical Performance材料化学Material Chemistry材料力学Mechanics of Materials财税法规与税务会计Laws and Regulations of Finance and Taxes财务案例分析Case Analysis of Finance Management财务案例分析Case Analysis of Financial Management财务报告分析Analysis of Financial Statement财务成本管理Financial Cost Management财务管理Financial Management, Financial Cost Management财务管理与分析Financial Management and Analysis财务会计Financial Accountancy财政学Public Finance财政与金融Finance & Banking财政与税收Finance & Revenue财政与税收理论Theories on Public Finance and Tax Revenue财政与信贷Finance & Credit操作系统Disk Operating System (DOS)操作系统课程设计Course Design in Disk Operating System操作系统与编译原理Disk Operating System & Fundamentals of Compiling操作系统原理Fundamentals of Disk Operating System, Principles of Operating System 测量技术基础Foundation of Measurement Technology测量原理与仪器设计Measurement Fundamentals & Meter Design测试技术Testing Technology测试与信号变换处理Testing & Signal Transformation Processing策波测量技术Technique of Whip Wave Measurement策略管理Strategic Management产品学Production产业经济学Industrial Economy产业组织Industrial Organization产业组织学Industrial Organization Technology常微分方程Ordinary Differential Equations场论Field Theory超导磁体及应用Superconductive Magnet & Application超导及应用Superconductive & Application超高真空科学与技术Science and Technology of Ultrahigh Vacuum 60超精密加工和微细加工Super-Precision & Minuteness Processing超精微细加工Super-Precision & Minuteness Processing超声及应用Supersonics Application成本会计Cost Accounting成像原理与技术Principles & Technique of Imaging成组技术Grouping Technique城市规划原理Fundamentals of City Planning城市社会学Urban Sociology程控数字交换Program Controlling of Digital Exchange程序设计Program Designing程序设计方法学Methodology of Programming, Methods of Programming 程序设计及算法语言Program Designing & Algorithmic Language程序设计语言Programming Language齿轮啮合原理Principles of Gear Connection冲击测量及误差Punching Measurement & Error冲压工艺Sheet Metal Forming Technology抽象代数Abstract Algebra初等数学Primary Mathematics传坳概论Introduction to Pass Col传动概论Introduction to Transmission传感技术Sensor Technique传感技术及应用Sensor Technique & Application传感器及应用Sensors & Application传感器与检测技术Sensors & Testing Technology传感器原理Fundamentals of Sensors传感器原理及应用Fundamentals of Sensors & Application传热学Heat Transfer船舶操纵Ship Controlling船舶电力系统Ship Electrical Power System船舶电力系统课程设计Course Exercise in Ship Electrical Power System 船舶电气传动自动化Ship Electrified Transmission Automation船舶电站Ship Power Station船舶动力装置Ship Power Equipment船舶概论Introduction to Ships船舶焊接与材料Welding & Materials on Ship船舶机械控制技术Mechanic Control Technology for Ships船舶机械拖动Ship Mechanic Towage船舶建筑美学Artistic Designing of Ships船舶结构Ship Structure船舶结构力学Structural Mechanics for Ships船舶结构与制图Ship Structure & Graphing船舶静力学Ship Statics船舶强度与结构设计Designing Ship Intensity & Structure船舶设计原理Principles of Ship Designing船舶推进Ship Propelling船舶摇摆Ship Swaying船舶摇摆与操纵Ship Swaying & Manipulating船舶振动Ship Vibration船舶阻力Ship Resistance船体建造工艺Ship-Building Technology船体结构Ship Structure船体结构图Ship Structure Graphing船体结构与制图Ship Structure & Graphing船体振动学Ship Vibration船体制图Ship Graphing船用电器设备Marine Electrical Equipment创造心理学Creativity Psychology词汇学Lexicology磁测量技术Magnetic Measurement Technology磁传感器Magnetic Sensor磁存储设备设计原理Fundamental Design of Magnetic Memory Equipment磁记录Magnetographic磁记录技术Magnetographic Technology磁记录物理Magnetographic Physics磁路设计与场计算Magnetic Path Designing & Magnetic Field Calculati磁盘控制器Magnetic Disk Controler磁性材料Magnetic Materials磁性测量Magnetic Measurement磁性物理Magnetophysics磁原理及应用Principles of Catalyzation & Application催化原理Principles of CatalysisD开头的课程大电流测量Super-Current Measurement大电源测量Super-Power Measurement大机组协调控制Coordination & Control of Generator Networks大跨度房屋结构Large-Span House structure大型锅炉概况Introduction to Large-V olume Boilers大型火电机组控制Control of Large Thermal Power Generator Networks大型数据库原理与高级开发技术Principles of Large-Scale Data-Bas e and Advanced Development Technology 大学德语College German大学俄语College Russian大学法语College French大学日语College Japanese大学生心理学Psychology Introduction大学物理College Physics大学物理实验Experiment of College Physics大学英语College English大学语文College Chinese大众传播学Mass Media代数几何Algebraic Geometry代数几何Algebraic Geometry代数曲面Algebraic Surfaces代数图论Algebraic Graph Theory代数拓扑Algebraic Topology代数学Algebra代用燃料Substitute Fuel代用运放电路Simulated Transmittal Circuit单片机与接口技术Mono-Chip Computers & Interface Technique单片机原理Fundamentals of Mono-Chip Computers单片机原理及应用Fundamentals of Mono-Chip Computers & Applications 弹塑性力学Elastic-Plastic Mechanics弹性波Elastic Waves弹性力学Elastic Mechanics, Theory of Elastic Mechanics弹性元件的理论及设计Theory and Design of Elastic Element蛋白质结构基础Principle of Protein Structure蛋白质生物化学技术Biochemical Technology of Protein当代国际关系Contemporary International Relationship当代国外社会思维评价Evaluation of Contemporary Foreign Social Thought 当代文学Contemporary Literature当代文学专题Topics on Contemporary Literature当代西方哲学Contemporary Western Philosophy当代戏剧与电影Contemporary Drama & Films当代资本主义经济Contemporary Capitalist Economy党史History of the Party导波光学Wave Guiding Optics德育Moral Education等离子体工程Plasma Engineering低频电子线路Low Frequency Electric Circuit低温测试技术Cryo Testing Technique低温传热学Cryo Conduction低温固体物理Cryo Solid Physics低温技术原理与装置Fundamentals of Cryo Technology & Equipment低温技术中的微机原理Priciples of Microcomputer in Cryo Technology低温绝热Cryo Heat Insulation低温气体制冷机Cryo Gas Refrigerator低温热管Cryo Heat Tube低温设备Cryo Equipment低温生物冻干技术Biological Cryo Freezing Drying Technology低温生物学原理与应用Principle & Application of Cryobiology低温实验技术Cryo Experimentation Technology低温物理导论Cryo Physic Concepts低温物理概论Cryo Physic Concepts低温仪表及测试Cryo Meters & Measurement低温原理Cryo Fundamentals低温原理与设备Cryo Fundamentals & Equipment低温制冷机Cryo Refrigerator低温中的微机应用Application of Microcomputer in Cryo Technology低温装置Cryo Equipment低噪声电子电路Low-Noise Electric Circuit低噪声电子设计Low-Noise Electronic Designing低噪声放大与弱检Low-Noise Increasing & Decreasing低噪声与弱信号检测Detection of Low Noise & Weak Signals地基基础课程设计Course Design of Groundsill Basis地理Geography第二次世界大战史History of World War II典型计算机分析Classical Computer Analysis电测量技术Electric Measurement Technology电厂计算机控制系统Computer Control System in Power Plants电磁测量实验技术Electromagnetic Measurement Experiment & Technology 电磁场计算机Electromagnetic Field Computers电磁场理论Theory of Electromagnetic Fields电磁场数值计算Numerical Calculation of Electromagnetic Fields电磁场与电磁波Electromagnetic Fields & Magnetic Waves电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Fields & Micro-Wave Technology电磁场中的数值方法Numerical Methods in Electromagnetic Fields电磁场中的数值计算Numerical Calculation in Electromagnetic Fields电磁学Electromagnetics电动力学Electrodynamics电镀Plating电分析化学Electro-Analytical Chemistry电工材料Electrical Materials电工测量技术基础Measurement Technology of Electrical Engineering电工测试技术基础Testing Technology of Electrical Engineering电工产品学Electrotechnical Products电工电子技术基础Electrical Technology & Electrical Engineering电工电子学Electronics in Electrical Engineering电工基础Fundamental Theory of Electrical Engineering电工基础理论Fundamental Theory of Electrical Engineering电工基础实验Basic Experiment in Electrical Engineering电工技术Electrotechnics电工技术基础Fundamentals of Electrotechnics电工实习Electrical Engineering Practice电工实验Experiment of Electrical Engineering电工实验技术基础Experiment Technology of Electrical Engineering电工学Electrical Engineering电工与电机控制Electrical Engineering & Motor Control电弧电接触Electrical Arc Contact电弧焊及电渣焊Electric Arc Welding & Electroslag Welding电化学测试技术Electrochemical Measurement Technology电化学工程Electrochemical Engineering电化学工艺学Electrochemical Technology电机Motor电机测试技术Motor Measuring Technology电机电磁场的分析与计算Analysis & Calculation of Electrical Motor &电机电磁场的数值计算Calculation of Electrical Motor & Electromagnetic Fields 电机电磁场理论Theory of Electrical Moto & Electromagnetic Fields电机电器与供电Motor Elements and Power Supply电机矩阵分析法Analysis of Electrical Motor Matrix电机课程设计Course Exercise in Electric Engine电机绕组理论Theory of Motor Winding电机绕组理论及应用Theory & Application of Motor Winding电机设计Design of Electrical Motor电机瞬变过程Electrical Motor Change Processes电机统一理论Theory of Electrical Motor Integration电机学Electrical Motor电机学及控制电机Electrical Machinery Control & Technology电机与拖动Electrical Machinery & Towage电机原理Principle of Electric Engine电机原理与拖动Principles of Electrical Machinery & Towage电机专题Lectures on Electric Engine电接触与电弧Electrical Contact & Electrical Arc电介质物理Dielectric Physics电镜Electronic Speculum电力电子电路Power Electronic Circuit电力电子电器Power Electronic Equipment电力电子器件Power Electronic Devices电力电子学Power Electronics电力工程Electrical Power Engineering电力企业管理Management of Electrical Enterprise电力生产技术Technology of Electrical Power Generation电力生产优化管理Optimal Management of Electrical Power Generation电力拖动Electric Traction电力拖动基础Fundamentals for Electrical Towage电力拖动控制系统Electrical Towage Control Systems电力拖动与电气控制Electrical Towage & Electrical Control电力系统Power Systems电力系统电源最优化规划Optimal Planning of Power Source in a Power System 电力系统短路Power System Shortcuts电力系统分析Power System Analysis电力系统规划Power System Planning电力系统过电压Hyper-V oltage of Power Systems电力系统继电保护原理Power System Relay Protection电力系统经济分析Economical Analysis of Power Systems电力系统经济运行Economical Operation of Power Systems电力系统可靠性Power System Reliability电力系统可靠性分析Power System Reliability Analysis电力系统课程设计Course Design of Power Systems电力系统无功补偿及应用Non-Work Compensation in Power Systems & Applicati 电力系统谐波Harmonious Waves in Power Systems电力系统优化设计Optimal Designing of Power Systems电力系统远动Operation of Electric Systems电力系统远动技术Operation Technique of Electric Systems电力系统运行Operation of Electric Systems电力系统自动化Automation of Electric Systems电力系统自动装置Power System Automation Equipment电力系统最优规划Optimal Planning in Power System电力装置课程设计Course Design of Power Equipment电力装置与系统Power Equipment & System电路测量与实验Circuit Measurement & Experiment电路测试技术Circuit Measurement Technology电路测试技术基础Fundamentals of Circuit Measurement Technology电路测试技术及实验Circuit Measurement Technology & Experiments电路分析基础Basis of Circuit Analysis电路分析基础实验Basic Experiment on Circuit Analysis电路分析实验Experiment on Circuit Analysis电路和电子技术Circuit and Electronic Technique电路基本理论Basis Theory of Circuitry电路及电子线路CAD Circuitry CAD电路理论Theory of Circuit电路理论基础Fundamental Theory of Circuit电路理论实验Experiments in Theory of Circuct电路设计与测试技术Circuit Designing & Measurement Technology电气测量技术Electrical Measurement Technology电气传动Electrified Transmission电气控制技术Electrical Control Technology电器设计Electrical Appliances Designing电器学Electrical Appliances电器与控制Electrical Appliances & Control电生理技术基础Basics of Electricphysiological Technology电视传感器图象显示Television Sensor Graphic Display电视接收技术Television Reception Technology电视节目Television Programs电视节目制作Television Program Designing电视新技术New Television Technology电视新闻Television News电视原理Principles of Television电网调度自动化Automation of Electric Network Management电学实验Electrical Experiment电影艺术Art of Film Making电站微机检测控制Computerized Measurement & Control of Power Statio电子材料与元件测试技术Measuring Technology of Electronic Material and Element 电子材料元件Electronic Material and Element电子材料元件测量Electronic Material and Element Measurement电子测量与实验技术Technology of Electronic Measurement & Experiment电子测试Electronic Testing电子测试技术Electronic Testing Technology电子测试技术与实验Electronic Testing Technology & Experiment电子测试实验Electronic Testing Experiment电子测试与实验技术Electronic Testing Technology & Experiment电子机械运动控制技术Technology of Electronic Mechanic Movement Control电子技术Technology of Electronics电子技术腐蚀测试中的应用Application of Electronic Technology in Erosion Measurement 电子技术基础Basic Electronic Technology电子技术基础与实验Basic Electronic Technology & Experiment电子技术课程设计Course Exercise in Electronic Technology电子技术实验Experiment in Electronic Technology电子技术综合性设计实验Experiment in Electronic Technology电子理论实验Experiment in Electronic Theory电子商务Electronic Commerce电子系统的ASIC技术ASIC Design Technologies电子显微分析Electronic Micro-Analysis电子显微镜Electronic Microscope电子线路Electronic Circuit电子线路的计算机辅助设计Computer Associate Design of Electronic Circuit电子线路课程设计Course Design of Electronic Circuit电子线路设计与测试技术Electronic Circuit Design & Measurement Technology电子线路设计与测试实验Electronic Circuit Design & Measurement Experiment电子线路实验Experiment in Electronic Circuit电子学Electronics电子学课程设计Course Design of Electronics电子照相技术Electronic Photographing Technology雕塑艺术欣赏Appreciation of Sculptural Art调节原理Principles of Regulation调节装置Regulation Equipment动力机械CAD Dynamical Machine CAD动力学Dynamics动态规划Dynamic Programming动态无损检测Dynamic Non-Destruction Measurement动态信号Dynamic Signal动态信号分析与仪器Dynamic Signal Analysis & Apparatus动物病害学基础Basis of Animal Disease动物免疫学Animal Immunology动物生理与分子生物学Animal Physiology and Molecular Biochemistry动物学Zoology动物遗传工程Animal Genetic Engineering毒理遗传学Toxicological Genetics断裂力学Fracture Mechanics断裂疲劳力学Fatigue Fracture Mechanics锻压测试技术Forging Testing Technique锻压工艺Forging Technology锻压机械液压传动Hydraulic Transmission in Forging Machinery锻压加热设备Forging Heating Equipment锻压设备专题Lectures on Forging Press Equipments锻压系统动力学Dynamics of Forging System锻造工艺Forging Technology锻造加热设备Forging Heat Equipment对外贸易保险International Trade Insurance对外贸易地理International Marketing Geography对外贸易概论Introduction to International Trade对外贸易运输International Trade Transportation多层网络方法Multi-Layer Network Technology多复变函数Analytic Functions of Several Complex Variables多媒体计算机技术Multimedia Computer Technology多媒体技术Multimedia Technology多目标优化方法Multipurpose Optimal Method多项距阵Multi-Nominal Matrix多元统计分析Multivariable StatisticsF开头的课程发电厂Power Plant发电厂电气部分Electric Elements of Power Plants发电厂电气部分与动力部分Electric Elements & Dynamics of Power Plants发电厂电气部分与热力设备Electric Elements & Thermodynamics Equipment of Power Plants 发电厂计算机控制Computer Control in Power Plant发酵工程Zymolysis Engineering发育生物学原理与实验技术Principle and Experimental Technology of Development发展经济学Evolutive Economics法理学Nomology法律基础Fundamentals of Law法学概论An Introduction to Science of Law法学基础Fundamentals of Science of Law翻译Translation翻译理论与技巧Theory & Skills of Translation反不正当经济法Anti-malfeasance Economic Law泛读Extensive Reading泛函分析Functional Analysis泛函分析Functional Analysis房屋建筑学Architectural Design & Construction房屋建筑学课程设计Course Design of House Architecture仿真与辅助设计Simulation & Computer Aided Design放射生物学Radiation Biology放射学Radiology非电量测量Non-Electricity Measurement非金属材料Non-Metal Materials非线性采样系统Non-Linear Sampling System非线性方程组的数值解法Numerical Methods for No-linear System s of Equations非线性光学Nonlinear Optics非线性规划Non-Linear Programming非线性控制理论Non-Linear Control Theory非线性双曲型守恒律解的存在性The Existence of Solutions for Non -linear Hyperbolic Conservation Laws 非线性物理导论Introduction to Nonlinear Physics非线性振荡Non-Linear Oscillation非线性振动Nonlinear Vibration废水处理工程Technology of Wastewater Treatment废水处理与回用Sewage Disposal and Re-use沸腾燃烧Boiling Combustion分布式计算机系统Distributed Computer System / Distributed System分布式系统与分布式处理Distributed Systems and Distributed Processing分离科学Separation Science分析化学Analytical Chemistry分析化学实验Analytical Chemistry Experiment分析力学Analytic Mechanics分析生物化学Analytical Biochemistry分析生物化学Analytical Biochemistry分子病毒学Molecular Virology分子进化工程Engineering of Molecular Evolution分子生物学Molecular Biology分子生物学技术Protocols in Molecular Biology分子遗传学Molecular Genetics风机调节Fan Regulation风机调节.使用.运转Regulation, Application & Operation of Fans风机三元流动理论与设计Tri-Variant Movement Theory & Design of Fans风能利用Wind Power Utilization风险投资分析Analysis of Risk Investment服务业营销Service Industry Marketing辅助机械Aided Machine腐蚀电化学实验Experiment in Erosive Electrochemistry复变函数Complex Variables Functions复变函数与积分变换Functions of Complex Variables & Integral Transformation复合材料结构力学Structural Mechanics of Composite Material复合材料力学Compound Material Mechanics傅里叶光学Fourier OpticsG开头的课程概率论Probability Theory概率论与数理统计Probability Theory & Mathematical Statistics概率论与随机过程Probability Theory & Stochastic Process概率与统计Probability & Statistics钢笔画Pen Drawing钢的热处理Heat-Treatment of Steel钢结构Steel Structure钢筋混凝土Reinforced Concrete钢筋混凝土及砖石结构Reinforced Concrete & Brick Structure钢砼结构Reinforced Concrete Structure钢砼结构与砌体结构Reinforces Structure and Monsary Structure钢砼课程设计Reinforced Concrete Course Design钢砼设计Experiment of Reinforced Concrete Structure高层建筑基础Tall Building Foundation高层建筑基础设计Designing bases of High Rising Buildings高层建筑结构设计Designing Structures of High Rising Buildings高等材料力学Advanced Material Mechanics高等代数Advanced Algebra高等发光分析Advanced Luminescence Analysis高等分析化学Advanced Analytical Chemistry高等工程力学Advanced Engineering Mechanics高等光学Advanced Optics高等环境微生物Advanced Environmental Microorganism高等教育管理Higher Education Management高等教育史History of Higher Education高等教育学Higher Education高等量子力学Advanced Quantum Mechanics高等生物化学Advanced Biochemistry高等数理方法Advanced Mathematical Method高等数学Advanced Mathematics高等数值分析Advanced Numeric Analysis高等土力学Advanced Soil Mechanics高等无机化学Advanced Inorganic Chemistry高等有机化学Advanced Organic Chemistry高电压测试技术High-Voltage Test Technology高电压技术High-Voltage Technology高电压技术与设备High-V oltage Technology and Device高电压绝缘High-Voltage Insulation高电压实验High-Voltage Experiment高分子材料High Polymer Material高分子材料及加工High Polymer Material & Porcessing高分子化学High Polymer Chemistry高分子化学实验High Polymer Chemistry Experiment高分子化学与物理Polymeric Chemistry and Physics高分子物理High Polymer Physics高分子物理实验High Polymer Physics Experiment高级程序设计语言的设计与实现Advanced Programming Language's Design & Implementation 高级管理信息系统Advanced Management Information Systems高级计算机体系结构Advanced Computer Architecture高级计算机网络Advanced Computer Networks高级计算机网络与集成技术Advanced Computer Networks and Integration Technology高级经济计量Advanced Economic Metrology高级软件工程Advanced Software Engineering高级生化技术Advanced Biochemical Technique高级生物化学Advanced Biochemistry高级食品化学Advanced Food Chemistry高级视听Advanced Videos高级数据库Advanced Database高级数理逻辑Advanced Numerical Logic高级水生生物学Advanced Aquatic Biology高级英语听说Advanced English Listening & Speaking高级植物生理生化Advanced Plant Physiology and Biochemistry高能密束焊High Energy-Dense Beam Welding高频电路High-Frequency Circuit高频电子技术High-Frequency Electronic Technology高频电子线路High-Frequency Electronic Circuit高维代数簇Algebraic Varieties of Higher Dimension高压测量技术High-Voltage Measurement Technology高压测试技术High-Voltage Testing Technology高压电场的数值计算Numerical Calculation in High-V oltage Electronic Field 高压电工程High-Voltage Engineering高压电技术High-Voltage Technology高压电器High-Voltage Electrical Appliances高压绝缘High-Voltage Insulation高压实验High-Voltage Experimentation高压实验设备测量High-V oltage Experimentation Equipment Measurement 高压试验技术High-Voltage Experimentation Technology工厂电气设备Electric Equipment of Plants工厂供电Factory Electricity Supply工程材料的力学性能测试Mechanic Testing of Engineering Materials工程材料及热处理Engineering Material and Heat Treatment工程材料学Engineering Materials工程测量Engineering Surveying工程测量实习Engineering Measuring Practice工程测试技术Engineering Testing Technique工程测试实验Experiment on Engineering Testing工程测试信息Information of Engineering Testing工程测试与信号处理Engineering Testing & Signal Processing工程地质Engineering Geology工程动力学Engineering Dynamics工程概论Introduction to Engineering工程概预算Project Budget工程经济学Engineering Economics工程静力学Engineering Statics工程力学Engineering Mechanics工程热力学Engineering Thermodynamics工程数学Engineering Mathematics工程项目概预算Engineering Project Estimate & Budget工程项目评估Engineering Project Evaluation工程优化方法Engineering Optimization Method工程运动学Engineering Kinematics工程造价管理Engineering Cost Management工程制图Graphing of Engineering工业产品学Industrial Products工业电子学Industry Electronics工业分析Industrial Analysis工业锅炉Industrial Boiler工业会计学Industrial Accounting工业机器人Industrial Robot工业技术基础Basic Industrial Technology工业技术经济Industrial Technology Economics工业建筑设计原理Principles of Industrial Building Design工业经济理论Industrial Economic Theory工业经济学Industrial Economics工业美术设计Art Designing in Industry工业企业财务管理Industrial Enterprise Financial Management工业企业财务会计Accounting in Industrial Enterprises工业企业管理Industrial Enterprise Management工业企业经营管理Industrial Enterprise Administrative Management 工业社会学Industrial Sociology工业心理学Industrial Psychology工业窑炉Industrial Stoves工艺过程自动化Technics Process Automation工艺设计Technics Design工艺实习Technics Practice工艺原理与研究方法Principles & Research of Technics公差Common Difference公差测试实验Common Difference Testing Experiment公差技术测量Technical Measurement with Common Difference公差与配合Common Difference & Cooperation公共关系Public Relationship公共关系学Public Relations公司法Corporation Law公司组织与管理Organization and Management公司组织与管理Organization and Management of Corporate公文写作Document Writing功能材料原理与技术Principle and Technology of Functional Materials 功能高分子Functional Polymer功能性食品Function Foods古代汉语Ancient Chinese古典文学作品选读Selected Readings in Classical Literature骨科医学Osteopathic Medicine固体磁性理论Theory of Magnetism in Solid固体激光Solid State Laser固体激光器件Solid Laser Elements固体激光与电源Solid State Laser & Power Unit固体理论Solid State Theory固体物理Solid-State Physics故障诊断与容错技术Malfunction Diagnoses & Tolerance Technology关税Tariff管理概论Introduction to Management管理沟通Management Communication, Management Negotiation管理会计Managerial Accounting管理经济学Management Economics管理科学专题Management Science Special Subject管理数学Management Mathematics管理系统FOXBASE Management System of FOXBASE管理系统模拟Management System Simulation管理心理学Management Psychology管理信息系统Management Information System管理学Management Theory, Principles of Management管理学Principles of Management光波导理论Light Wave Guide Theory光电技术Photoelectric Technology光电检测与信号处理Optoelectronic Detection and Processing光电课程设计Photoelectric Course Exercise光电摄像技术Photoelectric Photographing Technique光电探测及信号处理Photoelectric Inspect & Signal Processing光电系统课程设计Photoelectric System Course Design光电信号处理Photoelectric Signal Processing光电信号与系统分析Photoelectric Signal & Systematic Analysis光电信息计算机处理Computer Processing in Photoelectric Information光电子技术Photoelectronic Technique光电子学与光电信息技术Optoelectronics and Optoelectronic Information Technology 光辐射探测技术Ray Radiation Detection Technology光接入网技术Technology of Light Access Network光谱Spectrum光谱分析Spectral Analysis光谱学Spectroscopy光纤传感Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器基础Fundamentals of Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器及应用Fibre Optical Sensors & Applications光纤光学Fiber Optics光纤光学课程设计Course Design of Fibre Optical光纤技术实验Experiments in Fibre Optical Technology光纤实验Experiments in Fibre Optical光纤通信基础Basis of Fibre Optical Communication光纤通信技术Fibre Optical Communication Technology光纤通信网络Networks of Fiber Communications。

生物技术专业英语翻译

Lesson 1 DNA CLONING: AN OVERVIEW第一课克隆：概要DNA cloning：DNA doning facilitates the isolation and manipulation of fragments of an organism's genome by replicating them independently as part of an autonomous vector.DNA克隆：DNA克隆通过独立复制可以用分离和操作方法使生物体基因组片段成为自发性载体的一部分。

Hosts and vectors: Most of the routine manipulations involved in gene cloning use Escherichia coli as the host organism. Plasmids and bacteriophages may be used as cloning vectors in E. coli. Vectors based on plasmids, viruses and whole chromosomes have been used to carry foreign genes into other prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.宿主和载体：大多数的基因克隆使用的常规操作，以大肠杆菌为宿主生物体。

质粒和噬菌体可作为大肠杆菌的克隆载体。

以质粒、病毒和整条染色体为载体，将外源基因导入其他原核和真核生物。

Subcloning: Subcloning is the simple transfer of a cloned fragment of DNA from one vector to another; it serves to illustrate many of the routine techniques involved in gene cloning.亚克隆：克隆是克隆的DNA片段从一个载体到另一个载体的简单传递；它可以用来说明基因克隆中的许多常规技术。

生物专业英语教学案生物多样性与保护

生物专业英语教学案生物多样性与保护生物专业英语教学案主题：生物多样性与保护I. 介绍（Introduction）A. 介绍生物多样性和其重要性B. 引出本课程的主题：生物多样性与保护II. 生物多样性的定义和组成（Definition and Composition of Biodiversity）A. 生物多样性的含义和解释B. 生物多样性的组成部分：物种多样性、基因多样性和生态系统多样性III. 生物多样性的价值（Value of Biodiversity）A. 维持生态平衡和稳定性B. 为人类提供各种生态服务C. 突出生物多样性在食品、药物和材料等方面的意义IV. 生物多样性丧失的原因（Causes of Biodiversity Loss）A. 核心原因：栖息地破坏和物种灭绝B. 人类活动对生物多样性的影响：过度开发、污染、气候变化等V. 生物多样性保护的重要性（Importance of Biodiversity Conservation）A. 维护生态平衡和地球的可持续发展B. 保护生物多样性对人类福祉的积极影响C. 提倡可持续利用和可持续发展的重要性VI. 生物多样性保护的方法（Methods of Biodiversity Conservation）A. 保护栖息地和重建生态系统B. 保护濒危物种和遏制物种灭绝C. 提倡可持续利用和减少环境影响VII. 生物多样性保护的案例研究（Case Studies on Biodiversity Conservation）A. 非洲大草原保护计划B. 亚马逊雨林保护行动C. 世界自然遗产保护区的管理与保护VIII. 结论（Conclusion）A. 总结生物多样性的重要性和脆弱性B. 强调每个人的责任和义务保护生物多样性请注意，以上只是一个简单的教学案概要，正文内容可能需要根据教学目标和课程设置进行更详细的拓展和调整。

同时，结合课程内容和需要，可以使用图表、实例和案例分析等来增强教学效果。

高三生物单词表：生物技术与基因工程

高三生物单词表：生物技术与基因工程导言：生物技术与基因工程是现代生物学领域中引人注目的研究方向之一。

随着科技的进步，我们能够利用生物技术手段对基因进行操作，应用在医学、农业等领域中，为人类带来了许多惊人的成果。

本文将介绍一些与生物技术与基因工程相关的重要术语和概念。

1. 基因工程（Genetic Engineering）：基因工程是一种人工改造生物体的方法，通过将外源基因插入到目标生物体的基因组中，实现对其特定性状的改变。

这一技术的应用包括生产重要蛋白质、开发转基因作物等。

2. DNA重组技术（DNA Recombinant Technology）：DNA重组技术是一种重要的基因工程方法，包括将不同来源的DNA片段通过酶切、连接等技术进行组合，从而构建出具有新特性的重组DNA。

利用这一技术，科研人员可以插入特定基因到目标细胞中，实现特定功能的表达。

3. 限制性内切酶（Restriction Enzyme）：限制性内切酶是一种特殊的酶类，能够识别DNA序列中的特定核酸序列，并在此处切割DNA链。

这些酶在基因工程中被广泛使用，用于切割外源基因和宿主细胞的DNA，为后续的DNA重组提供基础。

4. 连接酶（Ligase）：连接酶是一种能够将两个DNA片段连接起来的酶，通过催化新的磷酸二酯键的形成，实现DNA链的连接。

这一酶在DNA重组中起到重要的作用，能够将经酶切的DNA片段重新组装，形成新的重组DNA。

5. 载体（Vector）：载体是指在基因工程中用于将外源基因导入到宿主细胞中的DNA分子。

常见的载体包括质粒、噬菌体等，它们能够稳定地复制和传递外源基因，确保其在宿主细胞内的稳定存在和表达。

6. 转基因（Transgenic）：转基因指将其他物种的基因导入到目标生物体中的过程，即在基因组中插入外源基因。

转基因技术被广泛应用于农业领域，如转基因作物的育种，以提高其抗病虫害能力和产量。

7. 重组蛋白质（Recombinant Protein）：重组蛋白质是基因工程技术的重要产物之一。

兽医专业英语(翻译)教案

CHAPTER ONE 科技英语的基本特点、构词法概述及阅读与翻译Lesson One科技英语的基本特点专业英语(Specialized English in Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine)属于科技英语-English for Science and Technology(Pc.ST)，是英语的一种语体，在词汇、语法，修辞等方面具有自己的特色。

科技英语注重科学性、逻辑性、正确性与严密性。

因此，学习和翻译过程中要注重事实与逻辑，要求技术概念明确清楚，逻辑关系清晰突出。

内容正确无误，数据准确精密，文字简洁明了，符合技术术语表达习惯，体现科技翻译科学、准确、严谨的特征。

1教学目的：应用，可以说它是一门应用课程。

所谓应用即是指阅读、翻译(包括英汉、汉英翻译)、写作和国际交流。

新世纪对高层次的人才提出了更高的希望，英语的应用能力已经成为研究生不可或缺的一种基本素质，作为非英语专业的研究生，掌握英语的目的就是为了进行国际之间信息的交流和从事各种涉外活动，尤其是通过阅读获取科技信息，同时及时发表自己的最新科研成果。

因此，本课程的目的即在于培养研究生的应用能力，主要是英汉翻译和应用英语写作的能力。

2主要内容：三个部分.即英汉翻译，专业词汇，专业论文写作。

重点讲述科技英汉翻译的基本要求，专业论文写作部分全面介绍了论文题目(包括作者、通讯地址)、引主、材料与方法、结果与讨论、小结等的写作要求，语言、结构特点和常用的句子结构句型，以及参考文献的著录格式。

3.目标：3.1能较熟练地阅读科技文献、专业书刊和有关资料包括professional paper／scientific paper，dissertation／thesis／library paper, term／course paper，review，etc。

32能借助词典较准确地笔译本专业英文文献-Professional papers and dissertations和科技书籍-Scieatific Books.3.3能撰写英文论文摘要、了解英文专业论文的写作要求并能较准确的进行专业英语论文的写作。

英语单词(平台专业用词)概要

1．PSE -Process Systems Enterprises Inc2．PSE - PROCESS SAFETY EVENT3．BSW -is the percentage of basic sediment and water. 4．WCT - Well Control Team5．ESD - EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN6．PSD - PRODUCTION SHUTDOWN7．PSD- Production Skills Development8．PSD- PROCESS SHUTDOWN9．PSD- Public Security Directorate10．S AP - Safety Action Plan /安全调整计划，安全行动计划。

11．S AP－System Application Products / 系统应用程序12．O DP - Overall Development Program /综合开发程序13．O DP - Overall Development Plan /综合开发计划，综合发展计划。

14．E IA - Environmental Impact Analysis /环境影响分析（环评，环境影响评估）15．E IA-environment impact assessment report/ 环境影响评估报告（环评报告）16．N C - Non Conformance /不符合，不一致17．N GP/Number of revolution gas producer . N-指转数之意18．G VF－Gas Volume Fraction / (天然气)体积分数, 体积分率, 容积率19．G VF－Gas Void Fraction / （天然气）空隙组分20．B OPD－Barrels Oil Per Day21．22．R T/Runing tool/ 送入或下入工具 (钻井用词)23．P RAC—preliminary risk assessment checklist/预风险评估检查表24．T DR/ Time-Depth Recorder25．T WCV-two way check valve/被压阀（钻井用词）26．E UE tbg－external upset enhance./ 外加厚油管27．E C reactor plates/ 新STU用词28．P BU-pressure build up/建立压力29．M L/ multi-lateral /多支，分支（井之意）30．D E-Defect Elimination/消除缺陷（不足，故障）31．B V-Fair weather (嘉航，丝索和救生艇检验)32．C OOBC / 通讯公司33．Q POC(QDOP )/ 青岛太平洋（康菲的承包商）34．B WPD / barrels water per day /35．I CC-incident command / 事故指挥（OIM）36．H azop—hazard operability/ 危险与可操作性37．E RP- emergency response plan/ 应急反应计划38．I CS- incident command system / 事故管理体系39．I AP/incident action plans 事故(件)行动（反应）计划40．M OME－management of major emergencies/重大应急管理382.LBS－load breaker switch/383.MSDS-material safety data sheet / 材料安全数据表384.CDR－component defect report / 结构缺陷报告385.HLO-helicopter landing officer/（直升机）接机员386.GOR- gas oil rate/油气比387.PFD-process flow diagram / 工艺流程图388.PID－piping &instrument diagram / 管线设备图389.STU-sanitary treatment unit/卫生处理装置，生活污水处理装置，大便处理装置390.FRP- fiberglass reinforced plastics / 玻璃纤维管391.SCBA-self contained breathing apparatus/392.TRR-total recordable rate、全部可记录率，总的可记录率，所有可记录率。

生物科学专业人才培养方案

生物科学专业人才培养方案一、专业名称、代码专业名称：生物科学专业代码：071001二、培养目旳本专业培养德、智、体、美全面发展，具有扎实旳生物科学及有关学科旳基本理论、基本知识和基本技能，具有人文社科素质、科学思维能力和教师职业技能，富有创新精神，接受专业理论和专业技能训练，并能运用所掌握旳理论知识和技能在中小学从事生物学教学及教育管理，能在与生命科学有关旳企事业单位从事应用研究、技术开发及管理等方面工作旳创新型应用型人才。

三、基本规格本专业学生重要学习数理化基础、生物学基本理论和和基本知识以及人文社科知识，通过学习掌握生物科学及有关学科旳基本知识和基本技能，接受专业技能和科学研究方面旳基本训练，具有科学思维和国际化思维，具有从事教学及生物学与有关领域基础科学研究及应用技术开发旳基本能力。

毕业生应具有如下知识、能力与素质：1．热爱祖国，树立对旳旳世界观、人生观和价值观，具有良好旳思想道德修养、强烈旳民族自豪感和社会责任观。

2．掌握分子生物学、基因工程、微生物学、生物化学、细胞生物学等生物学旳基本理论、基本知识和基本技能，具有计算机及信息科学和人文科学等方面旳基本素质。

3．掌握群体、个体、细胞和分子等生物学不一样层次旳分析措施与试验技术。

4．理解国内外生物科学研究旳最新成果、动态及应用前景。

5．具有较强旳综合应用分析能力和一定旳科学研究能力；具有一定旳创新能力和科学思维能力，具有适应社会需求、继续深造旳潜能，以及应对危机与突发事件旳初步能力。

6．掌握先进旳中小学生物学教育教学措施和信息技术，具有过硬旳教学基本技能、较强旳教学组织能力和一定旳教学研究能力，具有现代教育理念，具有良好旳教师素养。

7．具有独立学习和获取有关信息旳能力，能很好地运用一门外语进行交流与写作。

8．熟悉国家旳教育法规、知识产权等有关规定。

9．具有很好旳人文科学素养、艺术修养和语言体现交流能力，掌握科学锻炼身体旳基本技能，具有健康旳体魄和健全旳心理。

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2018/11/16
sentence 3
• these involve the choice of habitat for sampling,the physical separation procedures for separating out the desired microorganisms and the choice of method to achieve selection which in most cases involved enrichment cultures. • 其中一种包括选择栖息地取样，物理分离程序分离目的微生物，而这些达到选择微生物目的的方法很大部分涉及到培养基的改进。
LOGO
专业英语
——2013.11.8
New words
Sentence
Review
You can have it all.You just can‘t have it all at once. －你可以拥有一切，只是不能一次就全到手。
－
artefact ['ɑ:tifækt]
n.人工制品，赝品词组 intermediate artefact中间产品 artefact adverse 产品差别例句 I wanted the artefact to be something wonderful. 我以为这会是什么好东西.
2018/11/16
gene cloning 基因克隆
词组 • gene cloning vector 基因克隆载体 • gene cloning and expressing 基因克隆和表达例句 • As main edible oil, researches on biosynthesis pathway and relative gene cloning have become hot research topics. 植物油脂作为主要的食用油，其生物合成途径及相关基因的克隆已成为研究热点。
2018/11/16
hindrance ['hindrəns]
n. 障碍；妨碍；妨害；阻碍物词组 • self hindrance 自我妨碍例句 Your thoughts and words can flow freely from present to future and from future to past without hindrance. 你的思想和话语可以不受阻碍地自由流动，从现在到未来，或从未来到过去。
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methodology [meθə'd ləd i]
• n. 方法学，方法论词组 • survey methodology 调查方法 • sociological Methodolm methodology and science to politics. • 我们从方法论和科学转变到政治。
2018/11/16
habitat ['hæbəitæt]
• n. [生态] 栖息地，产地 • n. (Habitat)人名；(德)哈比塔特词组 • habitat isolation 生态隔离 • Habitat destruction 栖息地破坏例句
Many species are in peril of extinction because of our destruction of their natural habitat. 由于我们破坏了它们的自然环境,许多物种正面临灭绝的危险。
2018/11/16
Sentence 1
• The major group of organisms presently used in biotechnology are microorganisms.The screening methodologies to be described will concentrate largely on this group. • 目前运用在生物技术上的主要有机体群体是微生物。被记载的筛查方法很大程度上集中于这个有机群体（微生物）。
2018/11/16
genotype ['dʒenətaip]
• n. 基因型；遗传型词组 • background genotype背景基因型例句 "It will only be a good idea to know your APOE genotype when there's something we can do about it, " she says. “只有当我们可以做出改变的时候，知道你的载脂蛋白E基因才会是一件好事”，她说。
2018/11/16
transduction [træ nZ'dΛkſən]
• n. [遗] 转导；转换；换能；变频词组 • transduction clone 转导克隆 • transduction inference 转导推理例句 • In biology,signal transduction is any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another. • 在生物学上，信号转换是一个细胞从一种信号或刺激物转换成另一种细胞或刺激物的过程。
2018/11/16
sentence 4
• Although many new producer microorganisms are wild-types and have been isolated from natural environments , • 虽然很多新的微生物生产者是野生型的并且已经从自然界分离出来，
2018/11/16
sentence 2
• In the search for new microorganisms from the environment for biotechnological processes there are normally three types of option available; • 生物技术工艺中从环境中寻找新的微生物时通常有三种可行的方法；