语用学—合作原则

In short:
Sub-consciously or even unconsciously, when we speak, we generally have something like the CP in our mind. 说话者在无意识地遵守着合作原则。
We will try to say things which are true, relevant, as well as informative enough, and in a clear manner.
不可分离性
会话含义是依附于话语的语义内容，而不是 语言形式。因此，我们能用同义成分来替换 话语的某一部分，而不改变原来的含义。
相关
说话要相 关，贴切。
The Cooperative Principle (合作原则)
Manner Be perspicuous, and specifically: 方式 1) avoid obscurity of expression. 避免晦涩 2) avoid ambiguity.避免歧义 3) be brief.简单明了 4) be orderly.井井有条
B: Oh! What a nice day! Isn’t it?
(哦，今天的天气可真不错，是吧？)
Violation of CP
Violation of Relation (相关性的违反)
2. A: How’s her term paper?
(她学期论文写得怎样？)
B: Her handwriting is quite beautiful!
that is true:
1)Do not say what you believe to be false.
2)Do not say that for which you lack
adequate evidence.
说真话
The Cooperative Principle (合作原则)
Relation Be relevant. 话题要相关。
(她书法不错！)
Violation of CP
Violation of Manner (方式的违反)
1. the needy(需要者)---- the poor(穷人) 2. In difficulties(有困难)----- in debt(负债) 3. to die(死)---- to pass away(离开了)
The Cooperative Principle (合作原则)
Grice(1975): 在所有的语言交际活动中，为 了达到一定的目标，说话人和听话人之间存 在着一种默契，一种双方都遵守的原则，即 合作原则。
说话者和听话者很有默契地合作着， 一次交谈、甚至是一场吵架，都是 语言合作的结果。
The Cooperative Principle (合作原则)
• Conversational implicature can be cancellable or more exactly defeasible
• An inference is defeasible if it is possible to cancel it by adding some additional premises to the original ones.
2. Contents of CP(合作原则的内容)
Quantity Quality Relation Manner
量
质
相关
方式
The Cooperative Principle (合作原则)
Quantity 量
1)Make your contribution as informative as required.
Exercises （练习5）
包子铺广告：“无所不包” 锁店广告： “天下无贼”
Violation of CP occurs, what follows?
Violation of CP occurs, what follows?
Implicature (会话含义，言外之意)
Exercises （练习5）
Girl(女)：You mean I’m not beautiful when I wear glasses?你的意思是说我戴眼 镜的时候不漂亮了？
Conclusion（总结）
1) CP is the basic principle of human beings’ communication. However, it does not mean CP will be followed by everybody all the time. 2) When CP is violated, usually, a special implicature arises.
Violation of Quantity (量的违反) 3. Boys are boys！男孩毕竟是男孩！ 4. War is war. 战争就是战争。
Violation of CP
Violation of Quality (质的违反)
1. She is made of iron. 她是铁娘子。
包子铺广告：“无所不包” 锁店广告： “天下无贼”
Boy(男): You’re beautiful without wearing the glasses. 你不戴眼镜的时候很漂亮。
Boy(男): You’re beautiful without wearing the glasses. 你不戴眼镜的时候很漂亮。
Violation of CP
Violation of Quantity (量的违反)
2. A: Where is John? (约翰在哪呢？)
B: He’s gone to the library. He said so when he left. ( 他去图书馆了。他走时是这么说的。)
Violation of CP
Yes! There are a lot of meanings. But, what do you mean now?
The Cooperative Principle (合作原则)
1. CP的提出： by Herbert Paul Grice, 1975, “Logic and Conversation”
Language in Use
——语用学：合作原则
马靖香
majingxiang1979@yahoo.com.cn
Contents:
1 The Cooperative Principle 2 Violation of CP 3 Exercises and Homework
Discussion: Warming-up Question
但是，现实中人们并非总按照规则说话。 甚至，有时候人们在故意违反规则。
Violation of CP
Violation of Quwk.baidu.comntity (量的违反)
1. A: Would you mind telling me your address? (您介意告诉我您的住址吗？)
B: Somewhere In the south of Handan. (我住在邯郸的南边。)
The definition of conversational implicature
• Conversational implicature means the additional, unstated meaning, that is, what a speaker can imply, suggest, or mean more than what is said, as distinct from what the speaker literally says.
• The word “implicature”is created by Grice, an American philosopher.
Features of conversational implicature
• 1. cancellability or defeasibility (可 被撤消,可被废弃)
to go to another world(去了另一个世界)
Exercises （练习1）
Internet language （网络语言）
顶！！
Supporting!
Exercises （练习2）
Internet language （网络语言） 哥哥 & 美眉（妹妹）
Exercises （练习3）
That is:
Human beings try to speak sincerely, relevantly and clearly, while providing sufficient information.
说话者试图真诚地、贴切地、清楚地表达足够的信息， 交流才得以顺利进行。
But:
The view may describe a philosopher’s paradise, but no one actually speaks like that the whole time.
Features of conversational implicature
• 2. Non detachability （不可分离性）
• They can be non-detachable . • By this Grice means that the implicature
is attached to the semantic content of what is said, not to linguistic form, and therefore implicatures cannot be detached from an utterance simply by changing the words of the utterance for synonyms.
2. “用了xx 产品，今年20，明年18。” 3. “皇上万岁万岁万万岁！”
Violation of CP
Violation of Relation (相关性的违反)
(一个宴会上)
1. A: You know? Professor Li’s wife is a bald.
(知道吗？李教授的妻子是个光头。)
2)Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
不多说， 也不少说。
The Cooperative Principle (合作原则)
Try to make your contribution one
Quality 质
An example
• A: Dear Sir, • Mr. X’s command of English is excellent
and his attendance at tutorials has been regular, yours, etc. (violation of quantity) • Dear Sir, • Mr. X’s command of English is excellent and his attendance at tutorials has been regular. However, his ability at and enthusiasm for philosophy are quite adequate for the job.
A: 哪？ B: 家。 A: See电视？ B: 写读书报告。 A: 可怜！同情ing
Exercises （练习4）
小时候梦想成为一名政治家， 不是politician，而是statesman； 稍大点，又想成为商人，成功的那种 如今呢？ 我只想过房子，牛奶和面包都有的日子 嘎嘎娃哈哈… 我沦陷了 #$@#$％＆
Meanings of “Meaning”
“含义”的含义是什么呢？
Conceptual meaning---associative meaning Literal meaning----pragmatic meaning Connotative meaning---denotative meaning