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外文文献翻译模板

外文文献翻译模板广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文系部管理学部专业人力资源管理年级 2008级班级名称 08人力资源管理1班学号 150********学生姓名王凯琪指导教师2012年 5 月目录1 外文文献译文 (1)2 外文文献原文 (9)德国企业中老化的劳动力和人力资源管理的挑战本文的主要目的就是提供一个强加于德国公司的人力资源管理政策上的人口变化主要挑战的概况。

尽管更多方面的业务受到人口改变的影响，例如消费的改变或储蓄和投资，还有资金的花费，我们把注意力集中劳动力老龄化促使人事政策的变化上。

涉及广泛的人力资源管理政策，以有关进行创新和技术变化的招募问题为开端。

1 老化的劳动力及人力资源管理由于人口的变化，公司劳动力的平均年龄在未来将会更年长。

因此，劳动力高于50的年龄结构占主导地位的集团不再是一个例外，并将成为一个制度。

在此背景下，年长的工人的实际份额，以及最优份额，部分是由企业特征的差异加上外在因素决定的。

2 一般的挑战尽管增加公众对未来人口转型带来的各种挑战的意识，公司对于由一个老化劳动力引起的问题的意识仍然是相当低的。

事实上，只有25%的公司预计人口统计的变化在长远发展看来将会导致严重的问题。

然而，现在越来越多关于老化劳动力呈现的挑战和潜在的解决方案的文献。

布施提出了一种分析老员工一般能力的研究文集，并给出有关于年长工人的人力资源政策的实例。

目前，华希特和萨里提出一篇关于研究公司对于提前退休的态度和延长工作生涯的态度的论文。

在这些研究中，老员工的能力通常被认为是不同的，并不逊色，同时指出一个最优的劳动力取决于不同的公司的特殊要求。

一般来说，然而由于越来越缺少合格的员工，人口统计的变化将使得在各种人事政策方面上的压力逐渐增加。

特别是，没有内部人力资源部门的中小型企业，因此缺乏足够的特殊的基础设施，则面临着严峻的挑战。

与他们正常的大约两到五年的计划水平相反，他们将越来越多地要处理长期的个人问题和计划。

外文文献译文(样例)

MSE协议攻击1引言2004年，CacheLogic公司（现名Velocix）根据一项六个月的调查指出，BitTorrent（以下简称BT）流量约占Internet总流量的33%[1]。

尽量各项调查得出的结论之间存在一定差异，但不可否认的是，BT的应用已经越来越广泛。

BT的大规模应用给网络性能带来了一定的负面影响。

因此，一些ISP已经开始对BT 进行限速。

为了应对这一情况，BT客户端的开发者设计了MSE协议，其主要目的是对数据流提供混淆功能，其次提供一定的保密和认证功能[2]。

BT客户端的开发者并没有基于已知的公有协议（例如IPSec），而是完全重新设计了MSE协议。

本文描述了MSE协议的大量漏洞，利用这些漏洞可以完全恢复出密钥和导致种子指纹的泄露。

我们把这种攻击应用到不同平台下的各种客户端。

结果显示，MSE协议具有大量漏洞，且协议本身有许多细节之处仍待完善。

2BitTorrent协议BitTorrent协议的设计目的是在网络上高效地传输大型文件。

当需要分发大型文件时，将之分解为文件块，并由多个节点提供下载，以减轻网络中单个节点的成本和负载。

当使用BitTorrent协议下载文件时，几乎将同时开始上传文件块。

BT网络由四个部分组成：下载者、做种者、Web服务器和Tracker服务器。

在使用BT协议共享某个文件之前，必须先创建一个种子文件。

这个种子文件包含了需要下载的共享文件中各个文件块的信息，包括Tracker信息、共享的文件块总数、所有文件块的哈希值等基本信息。

当下载完成后，可以利用这些哈希值来验证文件的完整性。

此外，文件中还包含一个用其它部分的元数据计算得到的哈希值InfoHash。

InfoHash值可以用来确定某个特定的种子文件。

除了将种子文件分发给用户下载外，还必须将文件信息报告给Tracker服务器。

Tracker服务器的工作是跟踪记录所有做种者的信息，并保持下载者之间的相互通信。

当用户使用BT协议下载文件时，首先从Web服务器上下载种子文件。

外文参考文献译文及原文【范本模板】

广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文系部城建学部专业土木工程年级 2011级班级名称 11土木工程9班学号 23031109000学生姓名刘林指导教师卢集富2015 年5 月目录一、项目成本管理与控制 0二、Project Budget Monitor and Control (1)三、施工阶段承包商在控制施工成本方面所扮演的作用 (2)四、The Contractor’s Role in Building Cost Reduction After Design (4)一、外文文献译文（1）项目成本管理与控制随着市场竞争的激烈性越来越大,在每一个项目中，进行成本控制越发重要。

本文论述了在施工阶段,项目经理如何成功地控制项目预算成本。

本文讨论了很多方法。

它表明，要取得成功，项目经理必须关注这些成功的方法.1。

简介调查显示,大多数项目会碰到超出预算的问……功控制预算成本.2.项目控制和监测的概念和目的Erel and Raz (2000）指出项目控制周期包括测量成……原因以及决定纠偏措施并采取行动。

监控的目的就是纠偏措施的。

.。

标范围内。

3.建立一个有效的控制体系为了实现预算成本的目标，项目管理者需要建立一……被监测和控制是非常有帮助的。

项目成功与良好的沟通密。

决（ Diallo and Thuillier， 2005）.4.成本费用的检测和控制4.1对检测的优先顺序进行排序在施工阶段，很多施工活动是基于原来的计……用完了。

第四,项目管理者应该检测高风险活动，高风险活动最有。

..重要（Cotterell and Hughes, 1995)。

4.2成本控制的方法一个项目的主要费用包括员工成本、材料成本以及工期延误的成本。

为了控制这些成本费用，项目管理者首先应该建立一个成本控制系统：a)为财务数据的管理和分析工作落实责任人员b)确保按照项目的结构来合理分配所有的……它的变化-—在成本控制线上准确地记录所有恰..。

毕业设计论文外文文献翻译

毕业设计(论文）外文文献翻译院系：财务与会计学院年级专业：201＊级财务管理姓名:学号：132148*＊*附件: 财务风险管理【Abstract】Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years risk and risk management are not contemporary issues。

The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market。

Information is available instantaneously which means that change and subsequent market reactions occur very quickly。

The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates interest rates and commodity prices。

Counterparties can rapidly become problematic。

As a result it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management。

【Key Words】Financial risk，Risk management，YieldsI. Financial risks arising1.1What Is Risk1.1.1The concept of riskRisk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss while exposure is the possibility of loss although they are often used interchangeably。

外文文献原稿和译文

外文文献原稿和译文原稿The water level control circuit designWater source total ranks sixth in the world, per capita water resources is only a quarter of the world per capita consumption, and geographical distribution is very uneven, the vast region north of the Yangtze River, northin most parts of the medium-sized cities in the dry state, water shortage has become an important factor restricting China's economic development. Reasonable use of water resources has become an important issue for China is now facing. In order to achieve the rational use of water resources, in addition to in beefing water conservancy projects and enhance the people's awareness of water conservation efforts to improve. But more important is the application of new technical information, real-time to accurately understand and master a variety of hydrological information in order to make the right water scheduling and management, so that preventive measures to minimize water wastage . Coupled with long-standing water level measurement of water level has been an important issue in hydrology, water resources department. For the timely detection of the signs of the accident, precautionary measures in the future, economical and practical, reliable water level wireless monitoring systems will play a major role. The water level of dam safety, one of the important parameters for water drainage and irrigation scheduling, water storage, flood discharge.Provides a good foundation for the automation of monitoring, transmission and processing of the water level reservoir modernization. Need to monitor the water level in many areas of industrial and agricultural production. The site may not be able to close without the manpower to monitor, we can RMON, sitting in the control room facing the instrument can be monitored on-site, convenient and save manpower. In order to ensure the safe production of hydroelectric power station to improve power generation efficiency,Hydropower production process need to monitor the water level in the reservoir, trash rack, pressure drop and the tail water level. However, due to the different power plants with a different factual situations, have different technical requirements, and the measurement methods and location of the water level parameters and also the requirements of the monitoring equipment. This often results in the monitoring system equipment of a high degree of variety, interchangeability is not conducive to the maintenance of equipment will increase the equipment design, production, installation complexity. Therefore, on the basis of the actual situation and characteristics of the comprehensive study of hydropower water level monitoring, the use of modern electronic technology, especially single-chip technology and non-volatile memory technology, designed to develop a versatile, high reliability, easy maintenance, the applicable a variety of monitoring the environment, multi-mode automatic water level monitoring system has important practical significance. The subject according to the reservoir water level measurement needs, design a remote microcontroller water level monitoring system, the system automatically detects the water level, time processing, Data GPRS remote upload function. The design of the monitoring system will be significant savings in manpower and resources, low-power 24 hours of continuous monitoring and upload real-time control reservoir water level, to better adapt to the needs of the modern water level measurement, the safety of the dam reservoir, impoundment spillway to provide a basis.Microcontroller embedded microcontrollers are widely used in industrial measurement and control systems, intelligent instruments and household appliances. In real-time detection and automatic control of microcomputer application system, the microcontroller is often as a core component to use. The basic requirements of the water tower water level control system in the case of unattended automatic limit automatically start the motor to reach the water level in the water level in the water tower to the water tower water supply; water tower water level reached the water level upper limit is automatically off the motor to stop water supply. And unusual time to sound the alarm and troubleshooting in the water supply system at any time to ensure that the towers of the external normal water supply role. The water tower is often seen in daily life and industrial applications, water storage devices, external water supply through the control of its water level to meet the needs of its waterlevel control is universal. Regardless of socio-economic rapid water plays an important role in people's normal life and production. Once off the water, ranging from great inconvenience to the people's living standards, weight is likely to cause serious accidents and losses, and thus a higher demand of water supply system to meet the timely, accurate, safe and adequate water supply. If you still use the artificial way, the labor-intensive, low efficiency, safety is hard to guarantee the transformation of the automated control system, which must be carried out. In order to achieve sufficient amount of water, smooth water pressure, water towers, water level automatic control design low-cost, high practical value of the controller. The design uses a separate circuit to achieve high and low warning level processing, and automatic control, save energy, improve the quality of the water supply system.SCM is an integrated circuit chip, VLSI technology with data processing capability of the central processing unit CPU random access memory RAM, read only memory ROM, and a variety of I / O port and interrupt system, timers / timer other functions (which may also include a display driver circuit, pulse width modulation circuit, analog multi-channel converter, A / D converter and other circuit) integrated into a silicon constitute a small computer system. The basic features are as follows: the chip is small, but complete, SCM is one of the main features. Its internal program memory, data memory, a variety of interface circuit. Large processor speed is higher, the median more of the arithmetic unit, processing ability, but need to be configured in the external interface circuit; microcontroller clocked generally 100MHZ less suitable for small products for independent work, cited pin number from a few hundred. The application is simple, flexible, and free assembly language and C language development of SCM products. The working process of the microcontroller: microcontroller automatically complete the tasks entrusted to it, that is, single-chip implementation of the procedure for a section of the instruction execution process, the so-called directive requirements for single-chip implementation of the various operations used in the form of the command is to write down , which corresponds to a basic operation of designers assigned to it by the instruction set, an instruction; Full instructions can be executed by the microcontroller, the microcontroller instruction set, the different types of single-chip, and its instruction set is also different. So that the microcontroller canautomatically complete a specific task, the problem to be solved must be compiled into a series of instructions (these instructions must be selected microcontroller to the identification and implementation of the Directive), a collection of this series of instructions to become the program, the program need to pre- stored in the components - memory storage capabilities. Memory is composed by a number of storage units (the smallest unit of storage), like a large building has many rooms composed of the same, the instructions stored in these units, the instruction fetch unit and perform like the rooms of large buildings, each assigned to only a room number, each memory cell must be assigned to a unique address number, the address is known as the address of the storage unit, so as long as you know the address of the storage unit, you can find the storage unit that stores instructions can be removed, and then be executed. Programs are usually executed in the order, instruction program is a sequential storage, single-chip in the implementation of the program to be able to a section of these instructions out and be implemented, there must be a component to track the address of instruction where this part the program counter PC (included in the CPU), the start of program execution, endowed the address where the first instruction of the program to the PC, and then made for each command to be executed, the PC in the content will automatically increase, increase The amount is determined by the instruction length of this article may be 2 or 3, to point to the starting address of the next instruction to ensure the implementation of the instruction sequence.Microcontroller tower water level control system is the basic design requirements: inside the tower, we have designed a simple water level detection sensor used to detect the three water level, the low water level, the normal water level, water level. Low water to give a high single-chip, driven pumps and water, the red light; water level in the normal range, the pump add water, the green light; high water when the pump without water, the yellow light. The design process using the sensor technology, microcomputer technology, and light alarm technology and weak control the strong power of technology. Technical parameters and design tasks: 1, the use of the MCU to control the water level on the tower;, the water level in the water level detection sensor probe was the tower to give the microcontroller in order to achieve the water pump and water system and display system control; 3, the light alarm display system circuit, pumps and hydropower route relaycontrol;, analysis is drawn on the working principle of the system structure and a system block diagram using the microcontroller as a control chip, the main work process when the water in the tower low water level, water level detection sensor gave a high microcontroller, microcontroller-driven pump to add water and display system so that the red light lit; pump add water when the water level within the normal range, the green light, when the water level in the high-water mark, The microcontroller can not drive the water pump to add water, the yellow light. Light alarm circuit, the relay control circuit it works: When the water level in the low water, low water level detection sensor line is not +5 V power supply guide pass into the regulator circuit is treated in the output of the voltage regulator circuit has a high level, into the P1.0 port of the microcontroller, another high voltage circuit output of the microcontroller P1.1 port SCM After analysis, the P1.2 port outputs a low red light, drive, P1. 5 out a signal so that the optocoupler GDOUHE guide through so that the relay is closed, so that the water pump to add water; when the water level in the normal range, water pump plus P1.3 pin to a low level, so that the green light; when the water level in the high-water zone, the sensor of the two detection lines are conduction, are +5 power conduction into the SCM, SCM After analysis, the P1.4 pin out of a low yellow light, The optocoupler guide a low out of the P1.5-side can not pass, so that the relay can not be closed, the pump can not add water; failure when three flashing light indicates the system.译文水位控制电路设计中国水之源总量居世界第六位，人均占有水资源量仅为世界人均占有量的四分之一，并且在地域上分布很不平衡，长江以北的广大地区，特别是北方大、中城市大部分地区处于缺水状态，水资源短缺已成为制约我国经济发展的一个重要因素。

外文文献翻译——参考格式

广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文系部经济学部专业经济学年级 2007级班级名称 07经济学6班学号 16020706001学生姓名张瑜琴指导教师陈锶2011 年05月目录1挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 (1)2什么商业银行带给小额贷款和什么把他们留在外 (2)3 商业银行的四个模型进入小额贷款之内 (4)3.1内在的单位 (4)3.2财务子公司 (5)3.3策略的同盟 (5)3.4服务公司模型 (6)4 合法的形式和操作的结构比较 (8)5 服务的个案研究公司模型：厄瓜多尔和Haiti5 (9)1 挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺商业银行已经是逐渐重要的运动员在拉丁美洲中的小额贷款服务的发展2到小额贷款市场是小额贷款的好消息客户因为银行能提供他们一完整类型的财务的服务，包括信用，储蓄和以费用为基础的服务。

整体而言，它也对小额贷款重要，因为与他们广泛的身体、财务的和人类。

如果商业银行变成重的运动员在小额贷款，他们能提供非常强烈的竞争到传统的小额贷款机构。

资源，银行能廉宜地发射而且扩张小额贷款服务rela tively。

如果商业广告银行在小额贷款中成为严重的运动员，他们能提出非常强烈的竞争给传统的小额贷款机构。

然而，小额贷款社区里面有知觉哪一商业银行进入进入小额贷款将会是短命或浅的。

举例来说，有知觉哪一商业银行首先可能不搬进小额贷款因为时候建立小额贷款操作到一个有利润的水平超过银行的标准投资时间地平线。

或，在进入小额贷款，银行之后可能移动在－上面藉由增加贷款数量销售取利润最大值－或者更坏的事，退出如果他们是不满意与小额贷款的收益性的水平。

这些知觉已经被特性加燃料商业银行的情形进入小额贷款和后来的出口之内。

在最极端的，一些开业者已经甚至宣布，”降低尺度死！”而且抛弃了与主意合作的商业银行。

在最 signific 看得到的地方，蚂蚁利益商业银行可能带给小额贷款，国际的ACCION 发展发射而且扩张的和一些商业银行的关系小额贷款操作。

外文文献及翻译格式模版

毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：INTELLIGENT BUILDING ALARM 文献、资料来源：网络文献、资料发表(出版）日期：2012，2院（部)：信息与电气工程学院专业：电气工程与自动化班级：电气084姓名：邓红坤学号: 2008121017指导教师：王克河翻译日期：2012、2、29外文文献：INTELLIGENT BUILDING ALARMBACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONThis invention relates to an intelligent alarm system for 5 detecting hazardous situations ina building informing building occupants of optimal escape routes or survival strategies and assisting emergency personnel in rescuing people inside the building。

Building hazards, including fire，earthquakes，intruders，etc., have the potential for large numbers of casualties. Effective building alarm systems must have the capability to process a plurality of input types to determine the nature of the situation involving danger to persons in thebuilding. The building alarm system must also have more than simple audio/visual outputs for helping people in the building find safe escape routes.Use of the term building in this invention refers to any structure including，but not limited to, office buildings, commercial buildings，factory/warehouses, residential homes, etc. Aspectsof building alarm systems are described 20 in, U.S。

外文翻译范例

外文翻译范例在全球化日益加深的今天，外文翻译的重要性愈发凸显。

无论是学术研究、商务交流，还是文化传播，准确而流畅的外文翻译都起着至关重要的桥梁作用。

下面为大家呈现几个不同领域的外文翻译范例，以帮助大家更好地理解和掌握外文翻译的技巧与要点。

一、科技文献翻译原文：The development of artificial intelligence has brought about revolutionary changes in various fields, such as healthcare, finance, and transportation译文：人工智能的发展给医疗保健、金融和交通运输等各个领域带来了革命性的变化。

在这个范例中，翻译准确地传达了原文的意思。

“artificial intelligence”被准确地翻译为“人工智能”，“revolutionary changes”翻译为“革命性的变化”，“various fields”翻译为“各个领域”，用词准确、贴切，符合科技文献严谨、客观的语言风格。

二、商务合同翻译原文：This Agreement shall commence on the effective date and shall continue in force for a period of five years, unless earlier terminated in accordance with the provisions herein译文：本协议自生效日起生效，并将持续有效五年，除非根据本协议的规定提前终止。

商务合同的翻译需要格外注重准确性和专业性。

上述译文中，“commence”翻译为“生效”，“in force”翻译为“有效”，“terminated”翻译为“终止”，清晰准确地表达了合同条款的含义，避免了可能的歧义。

三、文学作品翻译原文：The sun was setting, painting the sky with hues of orange and pink, as if nature were a master artist at work译文：太阳正在西沉，把天空涂成了橙色和粉色，仿佛大自然是一位正在创作的艺术大师。

外文参考文献(带中文翻译)

外文资料原文涂敏之会计学 8051208076Title:Future of SME finance（c）Background – the environment for SME finance has changedFuture economic recovery will depend on the possibility of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to exploit their potential for growth and employment creation.SMEs make a major contribution to growth and employment in the EU and are at the heart of the Lisbon Strategy, whose main objective is to turn Europe into the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world. However, the ability of SMEs to grow depends highly on their potential to invest in restructuring, innovation and qualification. All of these investments need capital and therefore access to finance.Against this background the consistently repeated complaint of SMEs about their problems regarding access to finance is a highly relevant constraint that endangers the economic recovery of Europe.Changes in the finance sector influence the behavior of credit institutes towards Crafts, Trades and SMEs. Recent and ongoing developments in the banking sector add to the concerns of SMEs and will further endanger their access to finance. The main changes in the banking sector which influence SME finance are:•Globalization and internationalization have increased the competition and the profit orientation in the sector;•worsening of the economic situations in some institutes (burst of the ITC bubble, insolvencies) strengthen the focus on profitability further;•Mergers and restructuring created larger structures and many local branches, which had direct and personalized contacts with small enterprises, were closed;•up-coming implementation of new capital adequacy rules (Basel II) will also change SME business of the credit sector and will increase its administrative costs;•Stricter interpretation of State-Aide Rules by the European Commission eliminates the support of banks by public guarantees; many of the effected banks are very active in SME finance.All these changes result in a higher sensitivity for risks and profits in the financesector.The changes in the finance sector affect the accessibility of SMEs to finance.Higher risk awareness in the credit sector, a stronger focus on profitability and the ongoing restructuring in the finance sector change the framework for SME finance and influence the accessibility of SMEs to finance. The most important changes are: •In order to make the higher risk awareness operational, the credit sector introduces new rating systems and instruments for credit scoring;•Risk assessment of SMEs by banks will force the enterprises to present more and better quality information on their businesses;•Banks will try to pass through their additional costs for implementing and running the new capital regulations (Basel II) to their business clients;•due to the increase of competition on interest rates, the bank sector demands more and higher fees for its services (administration of accounts, payments systems, etc.), which are not only additional costs for SMEs but also limit their liquidity;•Small enterprises will lose their personal relationship with decision-makers in local branches –the credit application process will become more formal and anonymous and will probably lose longer;•the credit sector will lose more and more i ts “public function” to provide access to finance for a wide range of economic actors, which it has in a number of countries, in order to support and facilitate economic growth; the profitability of lending becomes the main focus of private credit institutions.All of these developments will make access to finance for SMEs even more difficult and / or will increase the cost of external finance. Business start-ups and SMEs, which want to enter new markets, may especially suffer from shortages regarding finance. A European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs would have allowed at least more transparency in the relations between Banks and SMEs and UEAPME regrets that the bank sector was not able to agree on such a commitment.Towards an encompassing policy approach to improve the access of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to financeAll analyses show that credits and loans will stay the main source of finance for the SME sector in Europe. Access to finance was always a main concern for SMEs, but the recent developments in the finance sector worsen the situation even more.Shortage of finance is already a relevant factor, which hinders economic recovery in Europe. Many SMEs are not able to finance their needs for investment.Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to strengthen their efforts to improve the framework conditions for SME finance. Europe’s Crafts, Trades and SMEs ask for an encompassing policy approach, which includes not only the conditions for SMEs’ access to l ending, but will also strengthen their capacity for internal finance and their access to external risk capital.From UEAPME’s point of view such an encompassing approach should be based on three guiding principles:•Risk-sharing between private investors, financial institutes, SMEs and public sector;•Increase of transparency of SMEs towards their external investors and lenders;•improving the regulatory environment for SME finance.Based on these principles and against the background of the changing environment for SME finance, UEAPME proposes policy measures in the following areas:1. New Capital Requirement Directive: SME friendly implementation of Basel IIDue to intensive lobbying activities, UEAPME, together with other Business Associations in Europe, has achieved some improvements in favour of SMEs regarding the new Basel Agreement on regulatory capital (Basel II). The final agreement from the Basel Committee contains a much more realistic approach toward the real risk situation of SME lending for the finance market and will allow the necessary room for adaptations, which respect the different regional traditions and institutional structures.However, the new regulatory system will influence the relations between Banks and SMEs and it will depend very much on the way it will be implemented into European law, whether Basel II becomes burdensome for SMEs and if it will reduce access to finance for them.The new Capital Accord form the Basel Committee gives the financial market authorities and herewith the European Institutions, a lot of flexibility. In about 70 areas they have room to adapt the Accord to their specific needs when implementing itinto EU law. Some of them will have important effects on the costs and the accessibility of finance for SMEs.UEAPME expects therefore from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament:•The implementation of the new Capital Requirement Directive will be costly for the Finance Sector (up to 30 Billion Euro till 2006) and its clients will have to pay for it. Therefore, the implementation – especially for smaller banks, which are often very active in SME finance –has to be carried out with as little administrative burdensome as possible (reporting obligations, statistics, etc.).•The European Regulators must recognize traditional instruments for collaterals (guarantees, etc.) as far as possible.•The European Commission and later the Member States should take over the recommendations from the European Parliament with regard to granularity, access to retail portfolio, maturity, partial use, adaptation of thresholds, etc., which will ease the burden on SME finance.2. SMEs need transparent rating proceduresDue to higher risk awareness of the finance sector and the needs of Basel II, many SMEs will be confronted for the first time with internal rating procedures or credit scoring systems by their banks. The bank will require more and better quality information from their clients and will assess them in a new way. Both up-coming developments are already causing increasing uncertainty amongst SMEs.In order to reduce this uncertainty and to allow SMEs to understand the principles of the new risk assessment, UEAPME demands transparent rating procedures –rating procedures may not become a “Black Box” for SMEs: •The bank should communicate the relevant criteria affecting the rating of SMEs.•The bank should inform SMEs about its assessment in order to allow SMEs to improve.The negotiations on a European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs , which would have included a self-commitment for transparent rating procedures by Banks, failed. Therefore, UEAPME expects from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament support for:•binding rules in the framework of the new Capital Adequacy Directive,which ensure the transparency of rating procedures and credit scoring systems for SMEs;•Elaboration of national Codes of Conduct in order to improve the relations between Banks and SMEs and to support the adaptation of SMEs to the new financial environment.3. SMEs need an extension of credit guarantee systems with a special focus on Micro-LendingBusiness start-ups, the transfer of businesses and innovative fast growth SMEs also depended in the past very often on public support to get access to finance. Increasing risk awareness by banks and the stricter interpretation of State Aid Rules will further increase the need for public support.Already now, there are credit guarantee schemes in many countries on the limit of their capacity and too many investment projects cannot be realized by SMEs.Experiences show that Public money, spent for supporting credit guarantees systems, is a very efficient instrument and has a much higher multiplying effect than other instruments. One Euro form the European Investment Funds can stimulate 30 Euro investments in SMEs (for venture capital funds the relation is only 1:2).Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to support:•The extension of funds for national credit guarantees schemes in the framework of the new Multi-Annual Programmed for Enterprises;•The development of new instruments for securitizations of SME portfolios;•The recognition of existing and well functioning credit guarantees schemes as collateral;•More flexibility within the European Instruments, because of national differences in the situation of SME finance;•The development of credit guarantees schemes in the new Member States;•The development of an SBIC-like scheme in the Member States to close the equity gap (0.2 – 2.5 Mio Euro, according to the expert meeting on PACE on April 27 in Luxemburg).•the development of a financial support scheme to encourage the internalizations of SMEs (currently there is no scheme available at EU level: termination of JOP, fading out of JEV).4. SMEs need company and income taxation systems, whichstrengthen their capacity for self-financingMany EU Member States have company and income taxation systems with negative incentives to build-up capital within the company by re-investing their profits. This is especially true for companies, which have to pay income taxes. Already in the past tax-regimes was one of the reasons for the higher dependence of Europe’s SMEs on bank lending. In future, the result of rating w ill also depend on the amount of capital in the company; the high dependence on lending will influence the access to lending. This is a vicious cycle, which has to be broken.Even though company and income taxation falls under the competence of Member States, UEAPME asks the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to publicly support tax-reforms, which will strengthen the capacity of Crafts, Trades and SME for self-financing. Thereby, a special focus on non-corporate companies is needed.5. Risk Capital – equity financingExternal equity financing does not have a real tradition in the SME sector. On the one hand, small enterprises and family business in general have traditionally not been very open towards external equity financing and are not used to informing transparently about their business.On the other hand, many investors of venture capital and similar forms of equity finance are very reluctant regarding investing their funds in smaller companies, which is more costly than investing bigger amounts in larger companies. Furthermore it is much more difficult to set out of such investments in smaller companies.Even though equity financing will never become the main source of financing for SMEs, it is an important instrument for highly innovative start-ups and fast growing companies and it has therefore to be further developed. UEAPME sees three pillars for such an approach where policy support is needed:Availability of venture capital•The Member States should review their taxation systems in order to create incentives to invest private money in all forms of venture capital.•Guarantee instruments for equity financing should be further developed.Improve the conditions for investing venture capital into SMEs•The development of secondary markets for venture capital investments in SMEs should be supported.•Accounting Standards for SMEs should be revised in order to easetransparent exchange of information between investor and owner-manager.Owner-managers must become more aware about the need for transparency towards investors•SME owners will have to realise that in future access to external finance (venture capital or lending) will depend much more on a transparent and open exchange of information about the situation and the perspectives of their companies.•In order to fulfil the new needs for transparency, SMEs will have to use new information instruments (business plans, financial reporting, etc.) and new management instruments (risk-management, financial management, etc.).外文资料翻译涂敏之会计学 8051208076题目：未来的中小企业融资背景：中小企业融资已经改变未来的经济复苏将取决于能否工艺品，贸易和中小企业利用其潜在的增长和创造就业。

外文资料翻译模板

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系别经济与贸易系专业经济学班级 B070403姓名贲钦涵学号 B07040315外文出处附件 1. 原文； 2. 译文2011年3月Fruit Industry of ShaanxiLocated in central China, Shaanxi is one of the important cradles of Chinese nation and civilization with its profound history. In history, 13 dynasties before the Middle Ages ever founded capital here for 1300 years. The world-famous Terracotta Warriors and Horses are in Shaanxi. Since China`s reform and opening up to the outside world, Shaanxi has got rapid development in fruit industry, mainly apple production and becomes a leading fruit producing province in China.1. The Brief introduction to Shaanxi Fruit IndustryLocated across the temperate zone, warm temperate zone and north semitropical zone, Shaanxi has diverse natural conditions, which are suitable for fruit production. In particular, the North Loess Plateau of Wei River has the most suitable climate for producing the quality apple. Besides, with high altitude (800-1400m), big temperature difference between daytime and night (11.8-16.6`C), thick and loose soil (80-200m), rich microelements such as kalium, calcium, magnesium, zinc and selenium, as well as less pollution, the Loess Plateau is recognized as the best apple-producing area in the world. Apples produced here are fresh, juicy, and endurable for storage and transport, thus enjoying great popularity among consumers both at home and abroad.Since the 1980s, with good location, natural conditions and regional features, Shaanxi tries to establish quality fruit base through rational resource allocation and industrialized operation. Now the fruit production, especially the apple, has become an advantageous and unique industry in Shaanxi. In 2002, the Ministry of Agriculture identified Shaanxi as the preponderant apple production region in China. In September 2003, the State General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine approved the protection of Shaanxi Apple as an original region product. And in November 2005, Shaanxi Apple has joined the OriGIn. Shaanxi fruit industry has become competitive enough in world market.(1)Shaanxi has become the biggest fruit producing and juice processing base in China, even the world.By 2005, Shaanxi had 817,000 hectares of fruit with an output of 7.66 million tons, including 426,000 hectares of apple producing area, ranking the first in China with an output of 5.60 million tons, which takes up 27% of China`s total and 10% of world`s total. Shaanxi has become an important apple-producing base in China, evenin the world. It is also an original place of Chinese kiwifruit with an area of 16,000 hectares and output of 240,000 tons, ranking the first in China. It also has 60,000 hectares of pears with an output of 620,000 tons, ranking the third in China; and 117,000 hectares of red jujube with an output of 190,000 tons (dry weight), ranking the fifth in China. Besides, Shaanxi has commercial production of red globe grape, persimmon, orange, peach, and pomegranate and so on. The apple juice concentrate has an annual output of 630,000 tons, 90% of which are for export with output of 300,000 tons, taking up one third of the international trade. With juice quality recognized by international brands such as Nestles, Heinz, Tropicana, Maas, and Coca Cola, Shaanxi has maintained steady cooperation with them.(2)Shaanxi has introduced and developed a series of new fruit variety for world market.Since China's entry into the WTO, the fruit industry of Shaanxi has entered international market. We have established a plant breeding system with Shaanxi Fruit Tree Propagation Center as the main part, winning a vantage point in terms of multi-variety, rich series and internationalized structure. Over 90% of apples are of fine varieties, including Red Fuji, Pink Lady, Gala, Starkrimson, etc. Hayward kiwifruit and Red Globe Grape are popular among domestic and oversea consumers as a leading variety in Shaanxi fruit. In addition, the specialties such as peach, pear, red jujube and pomegranate are exported to the world.(3)Shaanxi has established a complete fruit quality control system.In recent years, in line with market demand, Shaanxi has made great efforts on the fine fruit project by implementing the standardized management, by building ecological orchards comprising fruit, animal husbandry, methane gas, vault and pasture, by carrying out integrated prevention and treatment of fruit diseases and pests, as well as by developing green and organic fruit. Now 178,000 hectares of green food have been authorized by China Green Food Development Center, including 160,000 hectares of apples, ranking the first in China. Since the year of 2006 Shaanxi has established the organic apple orchards following the EU organic food standard. Now the CU is authorizing it and 20,000Mu is expected to pass the authorization within this year.(4)Shaanxi has flagship enterprises competitive to enter international market.Many enterprises engaging in fruit storage, packing, processing, transport and sale have emerged as leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization of Shaanxi,even China, such as Shaanxi Haisheng, Huasheng, Hengxing, Fu`an, Y an`an Fruit Group, Xianyang Fruit Group and Baishui Hongda. With advanced technology and management, these enterprises have got improvement in industrial development by connecting fruit planters with international market and by adopting the operation system integrating producing, processing and marketing. At present, the storage capacity reaches 2.5 million tons, including controlled atmosphere storage and cold storage capacity of 800,000 tons. Meanwhile, Shaanxi is working on the certified fruit orchards for export. Up to now, 285 fruit orchards with an area of 22,700 hectares already passing the authorization of Canada, Thailand and EU, of which 18 fruit orchards of 470 hectares have passed the EU Authorization of the Regulations of Agricultural Operation, which lays solid foundation for more export. According to Shaanxi Administration for the Inspection of Import and Export Commodities, 358,000 tons of fruits with total value of USD 250,000,000 were inspected in 2005. According to the statistics of Xi`an Customs, 293,000 tons of fruit products produced by Shaanxi companies were exported with total value of USD 200,000,000, accounting for 74.5% of the total value of primary products in Shaanxi. Now Shaaxi fruits are sold to over 78 countries and regions such as Europe, North America, South America, Southeast Asia, etc.2. Shaanxi is determined to make its apple product an international industry.Based on its natural resource, rich variety, advanced technology, market network and complete management and service systems, Shaanxi has formed the conditions and characteristics of international industry. Besides, the globalization of world economy makes it necessary to develop apple production of Shaanxi as an international industry. Shaanxi will seek internationalized and modernized development of apple production by implementing its structural adjustment, speeding up construction of standard base, extending industry chain and expanding international market. By 2010, Shaanxi will have 15,000,000Mu of fruit with a gross output of 12 million tons, including 8,000,000Mu of apples with an output of 8,000,000 tons. By then, annual 1,000,000 tons of fresh fruit will be produced for export and border trade; 400,000 tons of fruit juice will be exported with foreign exchange of USD 1 billion; the added value of fruit industry will reach RMB 11 billion; and the annual income of the planters will reach RMB 5000 per capita, which just indicate industrial develop and income increase.3. The promising cooperation in fruit industry between Shaanxi and Europe.Shaanxi is an important region for planting northern fruit like apple and pear. Under the economic globalization, the apple production of Shaanxi has formed the characteristics of internationalized development; Europe has advanced technology of fruit planting, high-level industrialization and prosperous international trade. The cooperation between Shaanxi and Europe would be promising in fields like ecological orchard construction, fruit processing, construction of modern logistic market and international trade.(1)The construction of ecological orchard.On the basis of the ecological orchard comprising fruit, animal husbandry, methane gas, vault and pasture, the capital and technology of Europe as well as EU organic food standard, an ecological orchard demonstration-training center will be built to improve Shaanxi fruit production for international market.(2)The fruit processingDepending on the abundant fruit resources of Shaanxi, the local government encourages big European fruit enterprises and investors to invest or joint-invest to build world-class fruit processing plants and controlled atmosphere storage facilities for supplying fruit to international market.(3)The establishment of modern logistics.Shaanxi is optimizing its investment environment for attracting big European fruit enterprises and investors to invest or cooperate in building modern fruit logistic market so as to provide Shaanxi enterprises and international buyers with services like fruit information, transport and international trade, thus making Shaanxi become a center of global fruit trade.(4)The cooperation in fruit trade.Shaanxi will set up a trade platform to promote cooperation in fruit trade between fruit enterprises of Shaanxi and Europe so as to achieve mutual benefit.To promote cooperation in fruit trade between China and Europe, the China (Shaanxi)-Europe Fruit Entrepreneurs Round-Table Conference will be held at the Renaissance and Marriott Hotel in Brussels, Belgium on November 17th, 2006. This conference is organized by the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China and the China Shaanxi Provincial People's Government, co-sponsored by Belgian Chinese Economic and Commercial Council, undertaken by the International Cooperation Department of the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, the Foreign Economic Cooperation Center of Ministry of Agriculture of thePeople's Republic of China, the China Shaanxi Provincial Fruit Administrative Bureau, and China Shaanxi Provincial Department of Commerce. About 150 people from China and EU authorities and over 70 fruit import and export enterprises, world-famous supermarkets and fruit processing facility suppliers will attend this conference. In the theme of"setting up platform, strengthening communication and promoting cooperation", the conference will provide trade policies, production and sale information, exhibit fruit products, promote cooperation in fruit trade, orchard construction, fruit processing, controlled atmosphere storage, modern logistics, etc.陕西果业陕西位于中国中部,是中华民族重要的发祥地之一，具有悠久的历史。

外文文献翻译译文【范本模板】

在激光作用下核压力容器钢焊接接头的显微组织和力学性能摘要：设计间接热冲压工艺，利用有限元法对零件的几何尺寸和力学性能进行了预测.在间接热冲压过程的情况下，生产性能与适应车身部件,冷却路径造成扩散和扩散控制的相变。

通过人脸的相变引起的体积膨胀为面心立方（FCC）为体心立方（BCC）和体心四方（BCT）马氏体的形成导致相变诱导株的整体应力热冲压的车身部件的计算是很重要的。

计算的应力和应变状态正确，它是必要的模型的扩散和扩散控制的相变现象，考虑到间接热冲压过程的边界条件。

现有的材料模型进行分析和扩展以提高计算铁氧体、珍珠岩的数量和分布,其预测的准确性，整个退火过程中贝氏体和马氏体.工业用新方法在有限元程序LS-DYNA 971实现关键词：核钢稳压器压水反应堆反应堆压力容器结构完整性焊接韧性SA508钢通常用于民用核反应堆的关键部件,如反应堆压力容器。

核部件通常采用电弧焊接工艺，但与设计为未来的新建设项目超过60年的生活，新的焊接技术正在寻求.在这种探索性的研究,为第一时间，自体激光焊接6毫米厚的进行SA508 Cl。

3钢板使用16千瓦激光系统在4千瓦的功率运行。

这个显微组织和力学性能（包括显微硬度、抗拉强度、延伸率等夏比冲击韧性)的特点和结构进行了比较电弧焊接.基于移动体热的三维瞬态模型源模型也发展到模拟激光焊接热循环，以估计冷却速率的过程。

初步结果表明，激光焊接工艺可以无宏观缺陷的焊缝，激光焊接的强度和韧性在这项研究中的联合，得到的值,在焊接的母材条件。

反应堆压力容器的寿命和安全运行（RPV)，这是核电站中最关键的部件之一.取决于高温压力容器材料的耐久性，高压力和放射性环境.具有较高强度，韧性和抗辐照脆化的材料的需要是上升的，由于增加的发电容量和核电厂的设计寿命［1 ］，[ 2 ］，[ 3 ］，[ 4 ]，[ 5 ]，［7 ］，［8 ]和[ 6 ].SA508钢已经用于许多RPV？的压水反应堆制造因为他们提供的结合强度，延展性好，断裂韧性,相对于机械性能的均匀性，和他们的经济［9 ］、[ 10 ］、[ 11 ]和［12 ］.无人机是采用焊接厚环形锻件或SA508钢板在一起。

外文文献及译文打2份

本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：BIM + AR: Onsite InformationSharing and Communicationvia Advanced Visualization文献、资料来源：Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE16th International Conference on ComputerSupported Cooperative Work in Design文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2012.7.12院（部）：管理工程学院专业：工程管理班级：姓名：学号：2011指导教师：翻译日期：2015.6.3外文文献：BIM + AR: Onsite Information Sharing and Communication viaAdvanced VisualizationXiangyu WangProfessor，School of Built Environment，Curtin University，Perth，AustraliaXiangyu..wang@.auPeter ED LoveDistinguished Professor，School of Built EnvironmentCurtin University，Perth，Australiaplove@.auAbstractMore and more design and construction professionals in Architecture，Engineering，and Construction (AEC) areas have been and now are using Building Information Modeling (BIM). Unfortunately，there were very few efforts exploring the real-time communication and integration of BIM to the site and task conditions，and the interaction of BIM with the field crew.It is envisaged that Augmented Reality (AR) can fulfil this vision effectively through visualizing BIM right into the physical content of each construction activity or task.This paper discusses and investigates how BIM can be extended to the site via the "practical arm" of AR.Human factors are the core principle to investigate on，considering that AR，by nature，involves the human sensations with both real and virtual information sources.It is also found that AR should be ubiquitous and work together with accurate positioning technologies such as laser pointing. The framework also addresses how context-aware can be implemented in the integration of BIM andAR to achieve intelligent AR.Keywords-Building Information Modelling, Augmented Reality，Communication，llaboration，Visualization.I.INTRODUCTIONFroese has categorized trends in construction Information Communication and Technology (ICT) into three eras. The first era of construction ICT has been four decades and focused on developing stand-alone tools to assist specific work tasks such as CAD，structural analysis tools，estimating，etc.The second era (from the mid-1990s) of construction ICT has focused on computer-supported communications such as E-mail，the web，document management systems，etc.The third era of construction IT starting from one decade ago， f ocused on the potential for uniting all of these as a cohesive overall system through integration，BIM，etc. a major thrust of third era ICT ( typified by technologies such as BIM (Building Information Modelling)，IFCs，virtual design and construction ，and nD suggests fundamental changes to construction projects in which the project team comes together to produce comprehensive，computer-based，virtual prototypes of all aspects of the construction project as the central activity for the design and management of the project. Unfortunately，construction site activities are project-related and include site work planning，progress monitoring and management，tracking of material flows，procurement，quality management，and so on .The analysis has shown that this group of activities is not sufficiently supported by ICT tools .We therefore propose the fourth era of construction IT is incoming which is the era of ubiquitous decade where the digital project information (e.g.，BIM) generated prior to construction will be brought onto construction site and process in a fully digital and ubiquitous way.Site crews will be equipped with a full digital capability to access information right associated with the concerned construction component orentity. This paper presents the "BIM + AR" as a pioneering and innovative concept in the fourth era of construction ICT.Building Information Modelling (BIM) provides relatively static and pre-defined data and information.Augmented Reality (AR) provides onsite augmentation as well as onsite sensing considering vision-based AR can be a tracking tool as well.AR，as a class of easy-access interface，has the potential to change how site manager，construction workers，etc. interact and access to digital technical information in BIM.It is envisaged that Augmented Reality can fulfill this vision effectively through visualizing BIM data right into the physical context of each construction activity or task.Essentially the conventional role of AR is the visualization end.Any data fed into this end has to be pre-processed in a manner to make the data make sense to the end users.This paper discusses and investigates how BIM can be extended to the site via the "practical arm" of AR.In another word，AR can be the extended version of the BIM on site.II. BUILDI NG INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM)During the past decade，BIM concepts have been actively explored for expanding the usage into an nD environment .It is encouraging that this expansion is moving away from merely 3D modelling，towards more engineering analyses and various construction business functions . BIM has been applied in the areas of structure，energy，disaster prevention，construction planning and scheduling，project control，construction safety，and maintenance.In 2008，McGraw-Hili Construction conducted a survey with about 300 practitioners who involve BIM in their daily work. One of the major finding is that BIM has been used in a wide varieties of ways with diverse functions，however，surprisingly，only 18% use BIM for daily construction monitoring work of the management crew.Nothing has been done or even conceived to use BIM for construction site use that can guide the hands-on physical tasks of workers.Researchers have explored more active utilization of 3D models. Expanding the usage of BIM was further investigated by Taylor and Bernstein who focused on the patterns such as "visualization，coordination，analysis，and supply chain integration as a BIM trajectory". Naturally，BIM has to step out of the traditional functions in the digital world and enter into the physical outside construction site.AR is envisaged to become the media to convey BIM effectively into the construction site，as an invisible and extended hand of BIM.III. AUGMENTED REALITYAugmented Reality，is a technology or an environment where the additional information generated by a computer is inserted into the user's view of a real world scene. AR allows a user to work in a real world environment while visually receiving additional computer-generated or modeled information to support the task at hand.Augmented Reality environments have been applied primarily in scientific visualization and gaming entertainment in the past.The technological advancements of AR in the past decade have shown significant sophistication of technological capabilities. The AR concept and its associated enabling technologies have been migrating from marker-based method to markerless method (e.g.，D'Fusion)，recently to mobile context-aware method (e.g.，Layar and Wikitube)，which can bring AR into mobile and field context.Recent advances in computer interface design and hardware power have fostered certain number of noted recent AR research prototypes or test platforms in the arena of construction. More research，particularly regarding user issues，should support the technology development trend.More practical application domains of AR technology can be found in a thorough survey by Wang .IV. BIM+AR: PRACTICAL RATIONALE AND CASE ILLUSTRATIONSDesigning in BIM is one thing，and effectively building according to as planned is anotherthing.During construction，BIM information should drive the physical deliverables of the construction work. The discussion of the practical rationale and case illustrations for BIM+AR use in construction site focus on a few key areas relevant to construction site activities.The following sub-sections discuss the practical rationale and case illustrations for BIM+AR in the following key aspects relevant to construction site activities.• Interdependency• Link digital (paper) to physical• Synchronization of mental models for communication• Project control，monitoring，and feedback: as built v.s. as planned• Procurement: material flow tracking and management• From design to production: a visualization gap• Site plan and storageA. InterdependencyProject participants normally build up their individual mental models in their own minds to understand the project.In current practice，all project participants work with various sets of project information，which can be considered to be views of the overall project data set .A weakness of current on site project management practice is that it tends to treat typical construction work tasks as being far more independent than they actually are.Thus，each participant adopts a view that focuses primarily on their individual tasks，with any concern about these interdependencies addressed in a very reactive and incomplete way.BIM is capable of identifying these interdependence and complexity.There needs a powerful and proper visualization approach to supply such information to the on site workers who actually built everything，but not to increase the complexity of interdependences.AR can make the interdependencies between work tasks more explicit and also make the existing interdependencyand complexity more visible，and therefore more manageable onsite.Apparently AR is a promising tool to display any chosen single view or an integrated view right into the real view of participants，and right in place to the proposed location where the component should be built in a real-scale and real-time manner. The struggle to construct mental model can be alleviated by AR because models are visualized. For example，the execution of the resulting plan (e.g.，initiating work tasks)，and re-planning activities can all take place using AR. AR can be a proactive approach through which the potential negative impacts of any action can be identified earlier and mitigated or avoided more easily.As an example，spatial collision analysis (e.g.，between trades) is mainly conducted in the design stage with commercial 3D modeling systems，such as CA TIA and Navisworks. However，collisions still arise during the actual construction process due to the reasons such as the change of building elements，site facilities，and the movement of construction machinery. The challenge becomes how to figure out the on site real-time dynamic collision detection due to variations of construction sequence，schedule，components and methods and then provide support for project schema demonstration.Each specialty service involved in ductwork installation (e.g.，Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HV AC) and electrical)，for example，works with a subset of project information that is relevant to their contractually agreed work.In addition，those involved erecting and installing the ductwork will be required to work in a sequence and so there is often a requirement to precede other works. While conflicts and clash detection can be largely identified in BIM during design，design changes and errors，or poor installation may lead to conflicts arising on-site. Thu s，using AR a site manager can address the potential for conflicts on-site by retrieving and visualize all the properties and details concerning the building elements from BIM (e.g.，Revit Mechanical Electrical and Plant (MEP)).Specific assembly instructions can also be linked to building elements and displayed ontothe workspace via AR. Everything can be visualized and planned in advance and any problem can be predictable. This is especially useful with ductwork installations to ensure for example，that working room is adequate to get plant into locations or to remove it.If it is predicted that the working room is not adequate，some critical element of plant needs to go before separating walls are put in place. This is especially relevant for off-site assemblies where the position of support steels or drop rods is critical to a preassembled element.AR can be used to set out where threaded rods are to go from the floor above，therefore reducing the danger of using a drill above the worker's head on an unstable temporary support structure.This can apparently improve speed，safety and accuracy as well as reducing the cost of supports.B. Link Digital (Paper) to PhysicalIndustrialization of the construction process requires a high level of automation，which happens to the site work tasks that require high integration of information and physical intensive resources.However，the effective integration of upstream information intensive resources as defined in BIM and their physical counterparts on site work is a challenge.All design and planning tasks work with information rather than physical resources. Designers，planners，and managers generally interact with the project through various information models，so their mental models are connected to the real-world project through various computer applications and documents.The computer applications used to support the various work tasks，and the documents (paper or electronic，including individual views presented by computer tools) that provide most of the information from which participants construct their mental models .This is the problem because site work requires not just working with information but also transforming physical resources to constructed facility.Much time is wasted because plans or drawings are misinterpreted，or the information is transferred imprecisely from the plan to the real object. There apparently needs an information bridge that can enable users to get away from informationand guide users better to link information with the physical resources in a more straightforward and effective way.For example，if the technical drawing indicates the installation of a specific drywall，the worker can immediately recognize where the drywall is located in the storage area and where it should be installed as the final place.Aforementioned，BIM+AR can provide integrated，computerbased collections of all known project information.BIM already contain geometric information non-geometric design and management information，such as material properties，supplier information，cost and schedule data，organizational information，etc. Those information can be readily visualized via AR，which can guide construction workers through the construction of actual buildings and improve the quality of their work.Certain plans may be more effectively comprehended by registering virtual models with objects in the real scene.It may be easier to build quickly and precisely as planned，especially complex designs in constrained spaces.C. Synchronization of Mental Models for CommunicationIt has been argued that information for building things in construction are from different resources and construction site stakeholders construct their own mental views of the project (derived from these single-perspective documents) with a low degree of integration between the views. For example，project manager looks at the overall scheduling and monitoring information and the workers look at the detailed work plan.AR can provide a common view for onsite communication，which can provide everyone with a unifying common perspective of the project information.Onsite communication and coordination can happen in a virtual resulting plan between different stakeholders on site prior to the immediate construction. In some sense，in terms of the coordination function of BIM，AR can be a site-version of BIM to carry out the real time of clash detection function onsite among different specialties，and even between the to-be-installed virtual components with existingcomponents in place.D. Project Control，Monitoring，and Feedback: As Built v.S. As PlannedSchedule conflict is one of major concerns in construction.Due to varied and complicated factors，the actual construction practice usually deviates largely from the plans in schedule overrun. Should the conflicts not resolved in a timely manner，the situation of behind-schedule will gradually accumulate to make schedule overrun more serious and even impact project quality and safety.The real world fully exhibits all of the interdependent changes as mentioned.The BIM models and technical documents currently used would be unlikely to reflect any of these interdependencies until they are manually updated by users.However，in most construction projects，changes are often made during the construction phase. Hence，the onsite output may have some variations from the initial design，which will need to be represented and recognised in the BIM model. Unfortunately，at present，there is no process in place of updating the designed model to incorporate the changes made during construction.Work tracing and analysis are available by comparing as planned and as built data on site. AR can tell the exact difference by visualizing the as-planned data onto the as-built environment. With AR，each building component can be allocated a status-identified，ordered，delivered，checked，installed，fixed，snagged，protected，and complete . It is then possible to indicate as-planned and as-built so that the progress of every element can be seen graphically. Being able to visually see the difference enables current and planned future progress to be monitored.It gives total visibility ensuring that mitigation can be made as soon as a gap between the planned and actual progress occurs.E. Procurement: Material Flow Tracking and ManagementTypically，prefabrication and construction processes run in parallel，which is why closecoordination between these two groups of activities is needed . In construction，costly delays can occur if the production plant does not provide enough building elements on time.It further makes on site material manipulation more complex and seriously affects other projects in a multi-project environment.In the process analysis，AR can significantly improve the overall performance.On-site status monitoring via AR and project documentation related activities could be consolidated and integrated with the pre-fabrication plant.This can improve efficiency of logistics，on-site material handling and overall project progress tracking.Transparency between construction works and pre-fabrication processes makes short-term planning more accurate，which leads to a shorter construction process with reduced delays and a lower demand for material buffering. Tracking of the status of building elements should cover both prefabrication processes and construction site works.AR can be used at the construction site to monitor the availability of building elements and to record the status of construction activities on the 3D model of the building. Status data on building elements can be exchanged between at the pre-fabrication plant and the construction site . Progress information on pre-fabrication processes and construction site processes is real-timely available to all project participants .Project planning，purchasing，production and logistics are typically handled by the ERP system in e-procurement.Building elements are tracked by the ERP until delivered to the construction site and BIM provides the mapping between the ERP and the actual components. AR visualizes the mapping relationship on the construction site.The extension of building element status information to construction site certainly contributes to the transparency of material flow tracking. Each building component can be allocated a status-identified，ordered，delivered，checked，installed，fixed，snagged，protected，and completed . This opens possibilities to automate material tracking with technologies like Radio-Frequency IdentificationTechnology (RFID) and also enables quick visualization of available and needed material at the site through Augmented Reality.The information is propagated from the ERP system(production factory) to BIM and becomes available to the site manager，who uses this information for the detailed planning of construction works.Such available BIM data can then be visualized onsite with AR.Such real-time evaluation will facilitate site manager for dynamic planning (plan the next step based on the information from the previous steps). On the other hand，the planned status of the building at a particular moment in time informs the production unit of the construction work dynamics and enables a better organization of production and a proactive material supply.An AR view of the onsite progress can be fed back to the workers at production site.F. From Design to Production: a Visualization GapThe interface between design and production has been a leitmotiv within construction. Traditionally，design is realised through the production of 2D shop drawings from a 3D object model. In the detailed design phase，most disciplines use their 3D object models as basis for the generation of the required 2D sections，plans and evaluations. The traditional method of having an index sheet and with a mass of drawings in the site offices that are 'thumbed through' to look at a specific detail is time a consuming and tedious process.Site workers think it is not necessary complications to have 3D model for site use and they can always refer to 2D technical drawing. The generation of 2D drawings from the 3D object models is challenging，even negatively impacting on the time schedules and on the resources needed and the process of generating (or extracting) 2D drawings is perceived as time-consuming and as one of the greatest challenges in the project.Additionally，another perceived challenge is the limited possibility to rapidly make 3D drawings for spontaneous needs and meetings. Therefore，a long-term approach to tackling these challenges could be to strive for a situationwhere the 3D object models replace the need for 2D.In the current practice，PDF is used，but they are all constrained in computers. Before the 3D images get to site，they are delivered to the client in PDF format enabling visual illustration of both the reinforcement and blocks of concrete in the project. BIM+AR can provide a full 3D interactive solid model of the design，giving the workers a visual understanding of details. Therefore a high level of constructability is achieved and conveyed clearly to the site via AR. The 3D reinforcement detailing reduces the periods of time usually required for alteration to drawings，saving time for all parties involved.In trusting the model checking time is significantly reduced. A full 3D solid model of concrete frame filled with rebar was produced with AR. This amounted to detailing reinforcement using 3D models issued to the design and site teams with each drawing. A 3D colour coded progress model was issued on a weekly basis to contractors. In BIM+AR，when a full model is created，drawings can be linked to the models so that people use the model to navigate and click on a location to find the drawings of an area. AR，used on a portable device.enables the user to click on a location in the 3D model and all the drawings related to that area.G. Site Layout and StorageThe BIM model can be used to identify storage areas for different sub-contractors and trades and to show how they need to change during the project. Larger items that are delivered such as stacks of bricks，plasterboard and steel need to be located in places that are well-ordered and clean. Trades people spend a considerable time on projects locating where material has been delivered or moved to. For instance，on multi-story projects，understanding how and when floors can be loaded out can reduce double or treble handling of materials which results in less damage to delivered materials. It has also been found to reduce waste and improve predictability as less material needs to be reordered，thrown away due to damage and less damaged material getsincorporated into works. AR can be a quicker and more accurate than the traditional site layout method that was labor intensive requiring a lot of re-measuring，especially when there is a misinterpretation of drawings or dimensions.By setting out bracket positions in this way they have made considerable savings in time and productivity.V. SUMMARYThis paper discusses and investigates how Building Information Modelling (BIM) can be extended to the site via the "hand" of AR. Human factors are the core principle to investigate on，considering that AR，by nature，involves the human sensations with both real and virtual information sources. The paper discusses several application promising areas where this concept of BIM+AR can be potentially applied to enhance information sharing，communication onsite in construction or other similar arenas. This paper will be a good guide and starting point for this entire new era of new ICT and also many new research topics can be derived and built upon from the theoretical work presented in this paper. Future work will include to prototype and develop BIM+AR systems for selected application scenarios.中文译文：BIM + AR：现场信息共享和通过高级可视化通信王祥玉教授，建筑环境学院科廷大学，珀斯，澳大利亚Xiangyu.wang@.au皮特艾迪.朗文特聘教授，建筑环境学院科廷大学，珀斯，澳大利亚plove@.au摘要越来越多的设计和施工人员在建筑，工程，施工（AEC）地区已经和正在使用建筑信息模型（BIM）。

外文文献译文-参考范例

本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文学院自动化学院专业电气工程及其自动化（电力系统自动化方向）年级班别2011级3班学号学生姓名指导教师2015年3月10日通过对磁场的分析改进超高压变电站扩展连接器的设计Joan Hernández-Guiteras a, Jordi-Roger Riba a,⇑, LuísRomeral ba UniversitatPolitècnica de Catalunya, Electrical Engineering Department, 08222 Terrassa, Spainb UniversitatPolitècnica de Catalunya, Electronic Engineering Department, 08222 Terrassa, Spain摘要：在世界上很多的国家，电力需求的增长比输电容量的发展更快。

由于环境的限制、社会的担忧以及经济上的投入，建设新的输电线路是一项严峻的挑战。

除此以外，输电网经常要承担接近额定容量的负载。

因此，提高输电系统的效率和可靠性受到了关注。

这项研究主要针对一个400KV，3000A，50Hz的超高压变电站扩展连接器，用于连接两个母线直径均为150mm的变电站。

该变电站连接器是一个四线制的铝导线，为母线之间的相互电能传输提供了路径。

前期的初步试验显示：电流在输电线路中的不平衡分布，主要是受到了距离的影响。

应用一个三维的有限元素法，可以改进设计，以及对改进前后两个版本的连接器的电磁性能和热性能进行评估比较。

这份报告中将提出：在实验室条件下的检验已经验证了仿真方法的准确性。

这也许将会是促进变电站连接器设计进程的一个很有价值的工具。

因此，将不仅仅提高其热性能，还将提高其可靠性。

关键词：变电站连接器、超高压、电力传输系统、有限单元法、数值模拟、临近效应、热学分析1.引入全球能源需求的频繁增长，连同分散的和可再生能源份额的增长促进超高压和特高压电力传输系统[1]的建设和研究。

外文文献及译文模板

文献、资料题目：学专班姓名：张三学号： 2010888888指导教师：翻译日期： ××××年××月××日临沂大学本科毕业论文外文文献及译文，the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been working to develop a new encryption standard to keep government information secure ．The organization is in the final stages of an open process of selecting one or more algorithms ，or data-scrambling formulas ，for the new Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and plans to make adecision by late summer or early fall ．The standard is slated to go into effect next year ．AES is intended to be a stronger ，more efficient successor to Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES)，which replaced the aging DES ，which was cracked in less than three days in July 1998．“Until we have the AES ，3DES will still offer protection for years to come ．So there is no need to immediately switch over ，”says Edward Roback ， acting chief of the computer security division at NIST and chairman of the AES selection committee ．“What AES will offer is a more efficient algorithm ．It will be a federal standard ，but it will be widely implemented in the IT community ．”According to Roback ，efficiency of the proposed algorithms is measured by how fast they can encrypt and decrypt information ，how fast they can present an encryption key and how much information they can encrypt ．The AES review committee is also looking at how much space the algorithm takes up on a chip and how much memory it requires ．Roback says the selection of a more efficient AES will also result in cost savings and better use of resources ．“DES was desig ned for hardware implementations ，and we are now living in a world of much more efficient software ，and we have learned an awful lot about the design of algorithms ，”says Roback ．“When you start multiplying this with the billions of implementations done daily ，the saving on overhead on the networks will be enormous ．”……临沂大学本科毕业论文外文文献及译文- 2 -以确保政府的信息安全。

外文文献翻译原文+译文

外文文献翻译原文Analysis of Con tin uous Prestressed Concrete BeamsChris BurgoyneMarch 26, 20051、IntroductionThis conference is devoted to the development of structural analysis rather than the strength of materials, but the effective use of prestressed concrete relies on an appropriate combination of structural analysis techniques with knowledge of the material behaviour. Design of prestressed concrete structures is usually left to specialists; the unwary will either make mistakes or spend inordinate time trying to extract a solution from the various equations.There are a number of fundamental differences between the behaviour of prestressed concrete and that of other materials. Structures are not unstressed when unloaded; the design space of feasible solutions is totally bounded；in hyperstatic structures, various states of self-stress can be induced by altering the cable profile, and all of these factors get influenced by creep and thermal effects. How were these problems recognised and how have they been tackled?Ever since the development of reinforced concrete by Hennebique at the end of the 19th century (Cusack 1984), it was recognised that steel and concrete could be more effectively combined if the steel was pretensioned, putting the concrete into compression. Cracking could be reduced, if not prevented altogether, which would increase stiffness and improve durability. Early attempts all failed because the initial prestress soon vanished, leaving the structure to be- have as though it was reinforced; good descriptions of these attempts are given by Leonhardt (1964) and Abeles (1964).It was Freyssineti’s observations of the sagging of the shallow arches on three bridges that he had just completed in 1927 over the River Allier near Vichy which led directly to prestressed concrete (Freyssinet 1956). Only the bridge at Boutiron survived WWII (Fig 1). Hitherto, it had been assumed that concrete had a Young’s modulus which remained fixed, but he recognised that the de- ferred strains due to creep explained why the prestress had been lost in the early trials. Freyssinet (Fig. 2) also correctly reasoned that high tensile steel had to be used, so that some prestress would remain after the creep had occurred, and alsothat high quality concrete should be used, since this minimised the total amount of creep. The history of Freyssineti’s early prestressed concrete work is written elsewhereFigure1:Boutiron Bridge,Vic h yFigure 2: Eugen FreyssinetAt about the same time work was underway on creep at the BRE laboratory in England ((Glanville 1930) and (1933)). It is debatable which man should be given credit for the discovery of creep but Freyssinet clearly gets the credit for successfully using the knowledge to prestress concrete.There are still problems associated with understanding how prestressed concrete works, partly because there is more than one way of thinking about it. These different philosophies are to some extent contradictory, and certainly confusing to the young engineer. It is also reflected, to a certain extent, in the various codes of practice.Permissible stress design philosophy sees prestressed concrete as a way of avoiding cracking by eliminating tensile stresses; the objective is for sufficient compression to remain after creep losses. Untensionedreinforcement, which attracts prestress due to creep, is anathema. This philosophy derives directly from Freyssinet’s logic and is primarily a working stress concept.Ultimate strength philosophy sees prestressing as a way of utilising high tensile steel as reinforcement. High strength steels have high elastic strain capacity, which could not be utilised when used as reinforcement; if the steel is pretensioned, much of that strain capacity is taken out before bonding the steel to the concrete. Structures designed this way are normally designed to be in compression everywhere under permanent loads, but allowed to crack under high live load. The idea derives directly from the work of Dischinger (1936) and his work on the bridge at Aue in 1939 (Schonberg and Fichter 1939), as well as that of Finsterwalder (1939). It is primarily an ultimate load concept. The idea of partial prestressing derives from these ideas.The Load-Balancing philosophy, introduced by T.Y. Lin, uses prestressing to counter the effect of the permanent loads (Lin 1963). The sag of the cables causes an upward force on the beam, which counteracts the load on the beam. Clearly, only one load can be balanced, but if this is taken as the total dead weight, then under that load the beam will perceive only the net axial prestress and will have no tendency to creep up or down.These three philosophies all have their champions, and heated debates take place between them as to which is the most fundamental.2、Section designFrom the outset it was recognised that prestressed concrete has to be checked at both the working load and the ultimate load. For steel structures, and those made from reinforced concrete, there is a fairly direct relationship between the load capacity under an allowable stress design, and that at the ultimate load under an ultimate strength design. Older codes were based on permissible stresses at the working load; new codes use moment capacities at the ultimate load. Different load factors are used in the two codes, but a structure which passes one code is likely to be acceptable under the other.For prestressed concrete, those ideas do not hold, since the structure is highly stressed, even when unloaded. A small increase of load can cause some stress limits to be breached, while a large increase in load might be needed to cross other limits. The designer has considerable freedom to vary both the working load and ultimate load capacities independently; both need to be checked.A designer normally has to check the tensile and compressive stresses, in both the top and bottom fibre of the section, for every load case. The critical sections are normally, but not always, the mid-span and the sections over piers but other sections may become critical ，when the cable profile has to be determined.The stresses at any position are made up of three components, one of which normally has a different sign from the other two; consistency of sign convention is essential.If P is the prestressing force and e its eccentricity, A and Z are the area of the cross-section and its elastic section modulus, while M is the applied moment, then where ft and fc are the permissible stresses in tension and compression.c e t f ZM Z P A P f ≤-+≤Thus, for any combination of P and M , the designer already has four in- equalities to deal with.The prestressing force differs over time, due to creep losses, and a designer isusually faced with at least three combinations of prestressing force and moment;• the applied moment at the time the prestress is first applied, before creep losses occur,• the maximum applied moment after creep losses, and• the minimum applied moment after creep losses.Figure 4: Gustave MagnelOther combinations may be needed in more complex cases. There are at least twelve inequalities that have to be satisfied at any cross-section, but since an I-section can be defined by six variables, and two are needed to define the prestress, the problem is over-specified and it is not immediately obvious which conditions are superfluous. In the hands of inexperienced engineers, the design process can be very long-winded. However, it is possible to separate out the design of the cross-section from the design of the prestress. By considering pairs of stress limits on the same fibre, but for different load cases, the effects of the prestress can be eliminated, leaving expressions of the form:rangestress e Perm issibl Range Mom entZ These inequalities, which can be evaluated exhaustively with little difficulty, allow the minimum size of the cross-section to be determined.Once a suitable cross-section has been found, the prestress can be designed using a construction due to Magnel (Fig.4). The stress limits can all be rearranged into the form:()M fZ PA Z e ++-≤1 By plotting these on a diagram of eccentricity versus the reciprocal of the prestressing force, a series of bound lines will be formed. Provided the inequalities (2) are satisfied, these bound lines will always leave a zone showing all feasible combinations of P and e. The most economical design, using the minimum prestress, usually lies on the right hand side of the diagram, where the design is limited by the permissible tensile stresses.Plotting the eccentricity on the vertical axis allows direct comparison with the crosssection, as shown in Fig. 5. Inequalities (3) make no reference to the physical dimensions of the structure, but these practical cover limits can be shown as wellA good designer knows how changes to the design and the loadings alter the Magnel diagram. Changing both the maximum andminimum bending moments, but keeping the range the same, raises and lowers the feasible region. If the moments become more sagging the feasible region gets lower in the beam.In general, as spans increase, the dead load moments increase in proportion to the live load. A stage will be reached where the economic point (A on Fig.5) moves outside the physical limits of the beam; Guyon (1951a) denoted the limiting condition as the critical span. Shorter spans will be governed by tensile stresses in the two extreme fibres, while longer spans will be governed by the limiting eccentricity and tensile stresses in the bottom fibre. However, it does not take a large increase in moment ，at which point compressive stresses will govern in the bottom fibre under maximum moment.Only when much longer spans are required, and the feasible region moves as far down as possible, does the structure become governed by compressive stresses in both fibres.3、Continuous beamsThe design of statically determinate beams is relatively straightforward; the engineer can work on the basis of the design of individual cross-sections, as outlined above. A number of complications arise when the structure is indeterminate which means that the designer has to consider, not only a critical section,but also the behaviour of the beam as a whole. These are due to the interaction of a number of factors, such as Creep, Temperature effects and Construction Sequence effects. It is the development of these ideas whichforms the core of this paper. The problems of continuity were addressed at a conference in London (Andrew and Witt 1951). The basic principles, and nomenclature, were already in use, but to modern eyes concentration on hand analysis techniques was unusual, and one of the principle concerns seems to have been the difficulty of estimating losses of prestressing force.3.1 Secondary MomentsA prestressing cable in a beam causes the structure to deflect. Unlike the statically determinate beam, where this motion is unrestrained, the movement causes a redistribution of the support reactions which in turn induces additional moments. These are often termed Secondary Moments, but they are not always small, or Parasitic Moments, but they are not always bad.Freyssinet’s bridge across the Marne at Luzancy, started in 1941 but not completed until 1946, is often thought of as a simply supported beam, but it was actually built as a two-hinged arch (Harris 1986), with support reactions adjusted by means of flat jacks and wedges which were later grouted-in (Fig.6). The same principles were applied in the later and larger beams built over the same river.Magnel built the first indeterminate beam bridge at Sclayn, in Belgium (Fig.7) in 1946. The cables are virtually straight, but he adjusted the deck profile so that the cables were close to the soffit near mid-span. Even with straight cables the sagging secondary momentsare large; about 50% of the hogging moment at the central support caused by dead and live load.The secondary moments cannot be found until the profile is known but the cablecannot be designed until the secondary moments are known. Guyon (1951b) introduced the concept of the concordant profile, which is a profile that causes no secondary moments; es and ep thus coincide. Any line of thrust is itself a concordant profile.The designer is then faced with a slightly simpler problem; a cable profile has to be chosen which not only satisfies the eccentricity limits (3) but is also concordant. That in itself is not a trivial operation, but is helped by the fact that the bending moment diagram that results from any load applied to a beam will itself be a concordant profile for a cable of constant force. Such loads are termed notional loads to distinguish them from the real loads on the structure. Superposition can be used to progressively build up a set of notional loads whose bending moment diagram gives the desired concordant profile.3.2 Temperature effectsTemperature variations apply to all structures but the effect on prestressed concrete beams can be more pronounced than in other structures. The temperature profile through the depth of a beam (Emerson 1973) can be split into three components for the purposes of calculation (Hambly 1991). The first causes a longitudinal expansion, which is normally released by the articulation of the structure; the second causes curvature which leads to deflection in all beams and reactant moments in continuous beams, while the third causes a set of self-equilibrating set of stresses across the cross-section.The reactant moments can be calculated and allowed-for, but it is the self- equilibrating stresses that cause the main problems for prestressed concrete beams. These beams normally have high thermal mass which means that daily temperature variations do not penetrate to the core of the structure. The result is a very non-uniform temperature distribution across the depth which in turn leads to significant self-equilibrating stresses. If the core of the structure is warm, while the surface is cool, such as at night, then quite large tensile stresses can be developed on the top and bottom surfaces. However, they only penetrate a very short distance into the concrete and the potential crack width is very small. It can be very expensive to overcome the tensile stress by changing the section or the prestress。

(完整word版)外文文献及翻译doc

Criminal Law1.General IntroductionCriminal law is the body of the law that defines criminal offenses, regulates the apprehension, charging, and trial of suspected offenders,and fixes punishment for convicted persons. Substantive criminal law defines particular crimes, and procedural law establishes rules for the prosecution of crime. In a democratic society, it is the function of the legislative bodies to decide what behavior will be made criminal and what penalties will be attached to violations of the law.Capital punishment may be imposed in some jurisdictions for the most serious crimes. And physical or corporal punishment may still be imposed such as whipping or caning, although these punishments are prohibited in much of the world. A convict may be incarcerated in prison or jail and the length of incarceration may vary from a day to life.Criminal law is a reflection of the society that produce it. In an Islamic theocracy, such as Iran, criminal law will reflect the religious teachings of the Koran; in an Catholic country, it will reflect the tenets of Catholicism. In addition, criminal law will change to reflect changes in society, especially attitude changes. For instance, use of marijuana was once considered a serious crime with harsh penalties, whereas today the penalties in most states are relatively light. As severity of the penaltieswas reduced. As a society advances, its judgments about crime and punishment change.2.Elements of a CrimeObviously, different crimes require different behaviors, but there are common elements necessary for proving all crimes. First, the prohibited behavior designated as a crime must be clearly defined so that a reasonable person can be forewarned that engaging in that behavior is illegal. Second, the accused must be shown to have possessed the requisite intent to commit the crime. Third, the state must prove causation. Finally, the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the crime.(1) actus reusThe first element of crime is the actus reus.Actus is an act or action and reus is a person judicially accused of a crime. Therefore, actus reus is literally the action of a person accused of a crime. A criminal statute must clearly define exactly what act is deemed “guilty”---that is, the exact behavior that is being prohibited. That is done so that all persons are put on notice that if they perform the guilty act, they will be liable for criminal punishment. Unless the actus reus is clearly defined, one might not know whether or not on e’s behavior is illegal.Actus reus may be accomplished by an action, by threat of action,or exceptionally, by an omission to act, which is a legal duty to act. For example, the act of Cain striking Abel might suffice, or a parent’s failure to give to a young child also may provide the actus reus for a crime.Where the actus reus is a failure to act, there must be a duty of care. A duty can arise through contract, a voluntary undertaking, a blood relation, and occasionally through one’s official position. Duty also can arise from one’s own creation of a dangerous situation.(2)mens reaA second element of a crime is mens rea. Mens rea refers to an individual’s state of mind when a crime is committed. While actus reus is proven by physical or eyewitness evidence, mens rea is more difficult to ascertain. The jury must determine for itself whether the accused had the necessary intent to commit the act.A lower threshold of mens rea is satisfied when a defendant recognizes an act is dangerous but decides to commit it anyway. This is recklessness. For instance, if Cain tears a gas meter from a wall, and knows this will let flammable gas escape into a neighbor’s house, he could be liable for poisoning. Courts often consider whether the actor did recognise the danger, or alternatively ought to have recognized a danger (though he did not) is tantamount to erasing intent as a requirement. In this way, the importance of mens rea hasbeen reduced in some areas of the criminal law.Wrongfulness of intent also may vary the seriousness of an offense. A killing committed with specific intent to kill or with conscious recognition that death or serious bodily harm will result, would be murder, whereas a killing affected by reckless acts lacking such a consciousness could be manslaughter.(3)CausationThe next element is causation. Often the phrase “but for”is used to determine whether causation has occurred. For example, we might say “Cain caused Abel”, by which we really mean “Cain caused Abel’s death. ”In other words, ‘but for Cain’s act, Abel would still be alive.” Causation, then, means “but for” the actions of A, B would not have been harmed. In criminal law, causation is an element that must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt.(4) Proof beyond a Reasonable DoubtIn view of the fact that in criminal cases we are dealing with the life and liberty of the accused person, as well as the stigma accompanying conviction, the legal system places strong limits on the power of the state to convict a person of a crime. Criminal defendants are presumed innocent. The state must overcome this presumption of innocence by proving every element of the offense charged against the defendant beyond a reasonable doubt to thesatisfaction of all the jurors. This requirement is the primary way our system minimizes the risk of convicting an innocent person.The state must prove its case within a framework of procedural safeguards that are designed to protect the accused. The state’s failure to prove any material element of its case results in the accused being acquitted or found not guilty, even though he or she may actually have committed the crime charged.3. Strict LiabilityIn modern society, some crimes require no more mens rea, and they are known as strict liability offenses. For in stance, under the Road Traffic Act 1988 it is a strict liability offence to drive a vehicle with an alcohol concentration above the prescribed limit.Strict liability can be described as criminal or civil liability notwithstanding the lack mens rea or intent by the defendant. Not all crimes require specific intent, and the threshold of culpability required may be reduced. For example, it might be sufficient to show that a defendant acted negligently, rather than intentionally or recklessly.1. 概述刑法是规定什么试犯罪，有关犯罪嫌疑人之逮捕、起诉及审判，及对已决犯处以何种刑罚的部门法。

定稿外文文献原稿和译文

外文文献原稿和译文原稿The Design and Development of the hotel management system Along with economical development in our country, people’s life level has been improving, holiday economy and tour economy have been become hot point of people’s consumption. All the country also regards the tourism as one of the most important stanchion of developing local economy, which promoted the fast development of the hotels and cabaret industry thus. Meanwhile, along with the more and more hotels and cabarets, people’s requests are higher, so the competition in hotel and cabaret industry also becomes more and more violent. The modernized hotel collects the guest room, food and beverage , communication , amusement, commercial culture and other various kinds of services and facilities are the integrated consumption place , the hotel organizes hugely, there are many service items. The amount of information is large It is a problem which every hotel or cabaret must face that how to survive and develop in the violent competition. The service management level of the cabaret play an important part in improving its competition ability. It is a very heavy and baldness job of managing a bulky database by manpower. The disadvantage, such as great capacity of work, low efficiency and long period, exist in data inputting, demanding and modification.How to improve its service management level has been become the urgent task of the hotel and cabaret industry development. In this case, to establish the hotel management information system becomes one of the valid paths that can resolve this problem. The hotel management information system is an information management one kind within system, currently information technique continuously of development, the network technique has already been applied in us extensively nearby of every trade, there is the network technical development, each hotels all make use of a calculator to manage the files, the hotel is operated by handicraft before of the whole tedious affairs all got fast and solvehigh-efficiencily, especially the system had in the hotel industry very big function, all can be more convenient, fast for people coming saying and understand accurately with management everyone noodles information.This thesis takes current state of the development of the hotel industry as the background, has analysis the deficiency under the traditional management mode of my State Guesthouse industry, have explained the necessity of the housekeeping information of the hotel. The thesis introduced the functions and the process of design. The thesis mainly explained the point of the system design, the thought of design, the difficult technique and the solutions. By the investigation with hotels, we have building the organization model of the management information system of guest room of the hotel. Based on that, we have carried on the detailed investigation to the business procedure of the guest room of the hotel, having set up the structure chart of the function, for instance the room reserves, the customers check in, checks out to settle account, charges to account etc., thus makes the management clear. To meet the actual inquire, we have set up concept structure, proposes the systematic design principle and design method, provides Solution Architecture of database. We have developed a practical the management information system. Not only carried on detailed analysis and design to the system of guest room of the hotel in terms of business, but also we appraised to the system.A number of free or very inexpensive Web servers are good for development use or deployment of low-volume or medium-volume Web sites. Thus, with Servlets and Java you can start with a free or inexpensive server and migrate to more expensive servers with high-performance capabilities or advanced administration utilities only after your project meets initial success. This is in contrast to many of the other CGI alternatives, which require a significant initial investment for the purchase of a proprietary package.But, with Servlets and Java, they could start with a free server: Apache Tomcat (either standalone, embedded in the regular Apache Web server, or embedded in Microsoft IIS). Once the project starts to become successful, they could move to a server like Caucho Resin that had higher performance and easier administration but that is not free. But none of their Servlets or Java pages have to be rewritten.The system is in the data from one server and a number of Taiwan formed LANworkstations. Users can check the competence of different systems in different users submit personal data, background database you can quickly given the mandate to see to the content.More and more are also urgent along with hotel automationthe information management when science and technology rapid development,therefore is essential to develop the software system of marks register to assist the hotel industry management.So that can improve the information management,enhance the efficiency of management.译文宾馆管理系统的设计与发展随着我国经济的发展，人们的生活水平有了显著的提高，假日经济和旅游经济已成为人们消费的热点。

外文文献及翻译(模板)

山东交通学院
2015届毕业生外文文献翻译
院(系)别财经学院
专业
班级
学号
姓名
指导教师
二○一五年六月
China's GEM Will Soon Arrive, but Will It Struggle Like Most
Other High-tech Exchanges
A decade after the initial proposal and following years of anticipation, the launch of China’s Growth Enterprise Market (GEM) is finally within view. The country’s top stock market watchdog -- the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) -- published rules governing listings on the board at the end of March, and they take effect on May 1. Meanwhile, more rules on auditing committees and sponsors have
also been released.
中国创业板指日可待，它将面临怎样的机会和难题
历经十年的砥砺磨剑，中国创业板指日可待。

中国证券市场的最高监管机构—中国证监会（CSRC）在3月底公布了在创业板上市的规定：《首次公开发行股票并在创业板上市管理暂行办法》，办法将于5月1日起生效。

有关审计委员会和保荐人的规定也已出台。

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毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译系别自动化系专业班机械电子工程0501姓名黄海评分导师（签名）2008年12月24日华中科技大学武昌分校毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译要求：1．外文文献翻译的内容应与毕业设计（论文）课题相关。

2．外文文献翻译的字数：非英语专业学生应完成与毕业设计（论文）课题内容相关的外不少于2000汉字文文献翻译任务，英语专业学生应完成不少于2000汉字的二外文献翻译任务。

格式按《华中科技大学武昌分校本科毕业设计（论文）撰写规范》的要求撰写。

3．外文文献翻译单独装订：第一部分为译文，第二部分为外文文献原文，本附件为封面。

如何有效地使用的CAD/CAM（题目黑体3号）（字体宋体小四，行距固定值23磅，英文也一样）在美国软件的使用已成为生活的一部分。

不同的企业对CAD/CAM的要求各不相同，因此许多企业认为通过定制自己的系统以满足他们的特殊需要是并不奇怪的。

定制的企业有时要花费一年时间去完成这个任务。

考虑到这一点，工程师怎么设计和企业如何有效地使用的CAD/CAM设计模具和零件以及企业如何有效地开展工作？当这些变得似乎是显而易见的时候，许多公司就会对这些工具和功能印象深刻，以至于软件开发商扔给他们甚至有时会忘记他们需要什么。

为了使设计工程师能充分利用CAD/CAM设计模具或零件，有四个关键内容必须具备：1通过软件的维护和定期的硬件更新使硬件和软件工具保持最新，从而确保兼容所有的设备。

2对使用他们软件产品公司。

设计者必须提供全面和持续的培训，使公司通过设备和人员将会获得以最大的效益。

3为了制造工程师能在使用方法、程序设计和需求上简单易懂，设计工程师必须制定一个清楚的说明和解释4企业选择的CAD/CAM系统必须完成某项工作。

这应包括演示自己的部分，因为如果你的机器不能正常运行，就算是最强大的系统的最佳功能也是无用。

大多数买家，除非他们在以前的系统遇到过这类问题，否则他们往往会忽视这非常重要的一点。

对模具设计者来说这可能是昂贵的和费时的，所以，买家可要小心了。

保罗戴克是专门为办公设计软件的产品经理，在Alias/Wavefront（多伦多，安大略省）一个2-D/3-D图形技术供应商，他说“设计工程师必须清楚的知道这些，他们必须是多学科，能够跨越国界，在同一时间成为专家和通才。

团队合作技巧已成为关键，而唯一的途径是公司提供合适的工具帮助工程师在这个蓬勃世界成长。

”CAD和CAM软件数据间的转换的应用是非常高的。

在欧洲IGES的标准格式和流行的德国汽车工业协会的标准被软件开发者开发，以满足他们的数据库结构。

当选择一个系统满足您的生产需要时，请确保该系统提供了一个灵活的IGES 的支持，可以进行工作通过使用公司的现有的软件或在不久的将来可以购买的软件。

大多数制造商希望扩大它们的业务，使他们能够提供更多的服务给客户，并且获得新的客户。

他们还可能会带来更多精密机械去减少模具/零件的制造成本。

考虑到这一点，选择CAD/CAM的系统将伴随你的公司一起成长。

从这里可以看出高速加工机械可以节省时间和金钱，甚至在那些旧机器中也可以。

例如，如果您正计划购买一台4轴或5轴联动的加工中心，你必须确保可以升级您的软件以支持这些机床的运行。

另外在进行模具或零件的工作演示时，你必须在今天内完成，以确保公司所选择的CAD/CAM系统可让你实现长期目标和带来最小的阻碍。

查看供应商提供升级的路径以审查以前的软件系统。

那些共同特点-或附加应用程序-可选用成本项目轨迹核查，后处理器，制定后处理器的发展和通讯工具。

找出如果升级到一个新的水平的软件系统，供应商的政策是什么，并得到书面的说明。

“从一个公司到另一个公司所给的模具或零件的要求大部分是建立许多因素之上，”查尔马修斯，DP科技公司（一个CAM系统的开发商）市场副总裁说到。

“如公司的设计标准，制造过程中被使用或行业服务的公司-同一部分用于航空航天和医疗公司可能需要完全不同的设计要求是建立在为业界提供服务的政府规章里“计算机辅助设计的能力:在大多数公司里计算机辅助设计的能力还没有得到充分利用，这是和CAD 运营商技术和经验水平有关的。

CAD运营商平均技术和经验水平的增加，公司将从CAD中得到更多的利益。

另外，CAD软件公司可以改进那些易用性的软件，以减少技能或经验水平的需要，从而最大限度地受益。

George Bousted，Dassault Systemes公司（一个全球软件开发的的CAD，CAM，CAE和产品生命周期管理的市场）的汽车业务部门的技术经理，说他还没有看到任何一家公司-大的还是小的-即使接近充分利用一个CAD系统的能力，更不用说一系列集成的软件系统。

大公司把各种团队的人叫来一起定义“新”的做事方法，而这些团队的人并不通常都有那些工程和必要的技能去确定产品设计系统。

越大的公司，你将会有更少的机会去发现工程师们实际负责的东西。

小公司没有足够的技术去利用一个CAD系统所提供所有的能力，也没有时间学习所有的或那些购买和实施的资源。

然而，工作在较小公司的人通常有较大的广度去理解，因为他们要涉及许多领域。

在世界上一个好的设计工程师不会提供的所有工具和产品，然而，设计工程师需要在坐下来创造一个模具或零件之前知道如何使用这些工具。

硬件，软件和数据库不会去做设计-而工程师去做。

“在过去一位CEO可以步行通过一个设计工作室，并知道他的工程师们在设计什么;看到蓝图和设计草图粘满了所有的墙壁，”Bousted说，“现在，一切都储存电脑的主机里，这意味着该公司的人必须知道的文件在哪里，最重要的是知道如何工作，而这只有工程师自己才知道。

How to Effectively Use CAD/CAMSoftware has become a fact of life in American manufacturing.CAD/CAM requirements differ among companies,so it''s not surprising that many find it necessary to customize their systems to meet their particular needs.A company''s customization may sometimes take up to one year to complete.With this in mind, what do design engineers and their companies need to effectively use CAD/CAM to make molds and parts and what do companies need to have in place for them to do their work effectively?While this may seem obvious to some,many companies become so impressed by the gadgets and features that software developers throw at them that they sometimes forget what they need.In order for design engineers to fully use CAD/CAM to make molds or parts,four key elements need to be in place:1.The hardware and software tools should be kept up-to-date through a softwaremaintenance contract and regular hardware updates,thereby assuring compatibility of all of the equipment involved.2.The designers must be provided with comprehensive and ongoing training on thesoftware products they use in order to maximize the benefits that the company will receive from its equipment and people.3.The design engineer must develop a clear understanding and compassion for the methods,process and needs of the manufacturing engineers.4.The CAD/CAM system that a company chooses must perform the job it is advertised to perform.This should include a demonstration on your own parts because the most powerful systems with the best features are useless if they won''t run your machine properly.Most buyers,unless they have experienced problems with previous systems,tend to overlook this very important point.This can be costly and time-consuming a moldmaker-so let the buyer beware."Design engineers simply have to know more these days,"says Paul Dyke, product manager for Studio Tools at Alias/Wavefront,Inc.(Toronto,Ontario)-a 2-D/3-D graphics technology provider."They have to be multi-disciplined,they haveto be able to cross boundaries and be specialists and generalists at the same time. Teamwork skills have become critical and the only way companies can help engineers thrive in this new world of engineering is to supply them with the right tools." Software Needs ChecklistData translation between CAD and CAM software applications is very high on the list of problems for buyers.The standard format IGES and the popular VDA in Europe are often flavored by software developers to fit their database structures. When choosing a system to fit your manufacturing needs,make sure that the system provides a flexible IGES support that can be customized to work with your company''s existing software or software you may be purchasing in the near future.Most manufacturers hope to expand their operations so that they can offer more services tocustomers and gain additional customers.They also may bring in more sophisticated machinery to decrease mold/parts manufacturing costs.With this in mind,choose CAD/CAM systems that will grow with your company.Among the things to look for is high-speed machining that can save time and money even on your older machines.For example,if you are planning to add a four-or five-axis machining center,make sure that you can upgrade your software to support these operations.In addition to being able to perform the mold/parts work that you need done today, make sure that your company''s chosen CAD/CAM system allows you to achieve your longer-term goals with minimum difficulties.Check to see that vendors provide upgrade paths that take into consideration your previous software systems.The common features-or add-on applications-that can be optional cost items are toolpath verification,post processors,custom post processor development and communication utilities.Find out from the vendor what its policy is for upgrading to the next level of its software system,and get it in writing."The requirements for a given mold/part can vary greatly from company to company based on many factors,"says Chuck Matthews,VP of marketing for DP Technology,Inc.(Camarillo,CA)-a CAM system developer."Such as a company''sdesign standards,the manufacturing process to be used or the industry the company is serving-the same part designed for aerospace or medical companies may require completely different design requirements based on the government regulations for the industry being served."The Power of CADThe power of CAD has not been fully utilized by most companies,which is associated with the skill and experience level of the CAD operators.As the average operator''s skill and experience levels increase,companies will be able to increase the benefits they receive from CAD.Alternately,CAD software companies can improve the ease-of-use of their software to reduce the skill/experience levels required to maximize the benefits received.George Bousted,automotive business unit technical manager for Dassault Systemes of America(Troy,MI),a global software developer for the CAD,CAM, CAE and product life management markets,says that he has not seen any company-large or small-even come close to fully utilizing the power of a CAD system,let alone a series of integrated software systems.Large companies put together teams of people to define"new"ways of doing things and these teams aren''t usually made up of people who have the engineering and requisite skills to define product-engineering systems.The bigger the company, the less chance you will find engineers actually in charge of something.Small companies don''t have the technical breadth to utilize all of the capabilities that a CAD system provides,nor do they have the time to learn all of it or the resources to purchase and implement it.However,the people working in smaller companies typically have a larger breadth of understanding because they have to wear multiple hats.Being supplied with all of the tools and gadgets in the world does not a good design engineer make;however,design engineers need to know how to use the tools before sitting down and creating a mold/part.The hardware,software and databases do not do the designs-the engineers do.A big misconception out there is that you can train people to use CAD/CAM,when in reality engineers have to be pretty proficientalready-it''s the idea in the engineer''s head that gives life to the various CAD/CAM gadgets."A CEO in the past could walk through a design studio and know what his engineers were designing;seeing blueprints and design sketches pinned up all over the walls,catching glimpses of models sitting out on their desks,"says Bousted. "Nowadays,everything is stored in the depths of the computer''s mainframe,which means those in the company have to know where the file is and,most importantly, know how to bring up the work.Only the engineer can access it."。