英文参考文献原文复印件及译文

英文参考文献原文
专业：自动化
姓名：张学超
学号：120410116
指导教师：王书强
完成日期2016 年 4 月
Integrated Substation Automation System Analysis
Abstract
In recent years, as computers and digital communication technology, secondary substation equipment is basically a computer-based. Computer protection, computer monitoring device in the substation have been widely used, which greatly raised the level of automation in power system reliability and operation, has achieved a lot of unmanned substations. However, due to differences in professional standards, different manufacturers used in the design of substation automation programs are not the same, thus leaving the majority of users at a loss.
Substation relay protection, fault recorder, local and remote monitoring not only of different functions, and the realization of the principles and techniques are also different. Thus, the long-standing expertise in different technologies and the corresponding management departments. With the microprocessor-based protection, computer control and remote computer devices, such as widely used, it was noted that despite the different functions of these devices, the hardware configuration is the same, the collection and to control many of the same object. Thus, it appears from the overall situation to consider the idea of substation automation. However, in substation automation technologies, the implementation process of the relay, measure, control, remote features, as well as the relationship between them, are still some problems worthy of our study.
Keywords: substation automation
The following currently used for many domestic substation automation design practical, from the secondary system analysis and comparison of several aspects.
1 System structure
The whole system level by the station management, industrial bus network layer and spacing layer is composed of three parts, the system of all monitoring, protective equipment are modular units of the structural design, according to the voltage substation level, the size can be flexible and user requirements. Because of the centralized system is no longer used, it is no longer here, the following describes only the structure of distributed systems.
1.1 Function-oriented distributed systems
A function of each unit completed, the system functions can be divided into: AC and DC measurement unit, remote acquisition unit, remote control and operation unit, pulse energy collection units, such as the protection unit. The advantages of such systems is the functional unit with the communication bus between the complete separation of the electrical, any fault on the system unit has no effect on the rest of the system. The disadvantage is that multi-screen group, the relative complexity of the second wiring, poor scalability, decentralized units can not be installed.
1.2 Interval-oriented distributed system
Power transmission line to substation is divided into a number of intervals, such as into the line spacing, transformer spacing, round layout. Relatively independent of the spacing of equipment, only through the Internet communication network stations with station-level computers to communicate. Interval of each layer by telemetry, remote, remote control, the protection of the distribution of multi-CPU configuration, and the introduction of computers in the design of local area network technology, the distribution function, as far as possible the principle of decentralization, which, though greatly improved the reliability of, any interval failure will not affect the other partitions, but the reliability of each interval is relatively low, if any interval a fault will affect the whole interval.
1.3 Object-Oriented Distributed Systems
That is, a unit of an object into each line, each round, each transformer, capacitors can be targeted. This is a true full-distributed substation automation system, which broke the original limits of the functions of the second device, in accordance with the requirements of substation automation reorganization. This object-oriented distributed systems in line with the International Electrotechnical Commission's technical specifications, is the future direction of development. It has the following features: greatly improved system reliability, partial failure does not affect the system; relatively independent modules, each affected small; data sharing good; system efficiency; multi-function integrated control approach, making the operation of equipment management very simple, low maintenance; anti-interference ability; good scalability; stations needed the Second cable greatly reduced, saving investment.
2 Dual-bus network and a single network structure
Stand-level management and monitoring layer to protect the data and commands between the transmission network can be double or single network structure. Hub for the 110kV substation, a dual network structure to facilitate a large flow of data to ensure rapid delivery when all kinds of signals, and to improve its reliability.
Dual-network approach, usually an independent group to monitor and protect the network, in the transmission line or electrical equipment fault protection actions, the network can be used to protect the rapid transmission of recorded wave data. Substation 110kV and below, as a result of a smaller scale, data throughput, 110kV and below a single network substation can well meet the requirements of data transmission.
3 integration of monitoring and protection
Since the technology level of the special status of protection and management system problems, long-term protection and monitoring has been separated. However, with the electricity sector, the gradual changes in management and computer and digital communication technology's rapid development, low-voltage level (eg, 35kV, 10kV) substation, in order to reduce the investment cost, ease of operation and management and improve the level of automation, control and protection of suitable integration unit, which is characterized by: monitoring and protection together to protect the independence of TA and TA to monitor access, this is to ensure the accuracy of measurements, but also improves the reliability. Hardware standardization, the same as the unit of hardware, software is different from the same template can be interchangeable, the measurement accuracy is not affected after the s help users maintain and master. Object-oriented design, a complete sampling. The main protection and back-up protection of a strict separation of the main transformer protection and high and low pressure side of the back-up protection is a small unit, and backup protection for each side of the design, the same unit within the strict separation of the protection of exports. Flexible configuration unit may focus on group screen, the installation can also be dispersed. There are configuration functions, a variety of ways to protect the flexibility to access and removal.
This structure has not been widely used at present because of: the professional management of the current power grids are separated from the protection and remote, using this structure to change the management system, operation and maintenance
personnel at the same time demands a higher level. Reliable operation of such systems is one of the keys to the hardware unit to monitor the protection must adapt to poor working conditions, need to have a strong anti-jamming, anti-vibration capabilities, able to adapt to high temperature and high humidity of the working environment; second is to have a efficient and reliable fast data communications networks. Due to the design of the reasons, the integration of monitoring the protection of unit failure, there is no monitoring and the protection of a clear interface, it is difficult to find and distinguish the scope of failure.
4 RS48
5 or CAN field bus network
Distributed system of communication there are serial communication bus mode and network mode, which is the most typical RS485, the latter applies to more typical substation environment Controller Area Network CAN.
4.1 RS485 bus
RS2485 bus used in earlier substation integrated automation system, is still used in many systems, its shortcomings are: For smaller systems, there is sufficient transmission rate, real-time guaranteed, but with the system expansion to quickly lower the system performance. And safety of anti-poor and usually only suitable for internal use in the control room, can not be used to switch and switch between games, that does not apply to the installation of decentralized distributed systems. From the structure of the network there can be only one master node, and the rest are from the node, the I / O unit must be horizontal communication station-level computers, the system poor flexibility. Data communication is in response to type the command, the node only after receiving the master node in order to respond to the order, a number of important changes on a timely bit of information is not sent, real-time low. Error Detection and Correction feature no. Communication protocol by the manufacturers own, different systems difficult to interconnect devices.
4.2 CAN bus network
The use of a short frame transmission, and each frame has CRC error checking and other measures, anti-interference ability, just the use of low-cost twisted-pair transmission can guarantee BER ≤ 10-11.
Farthest away from direct communication network up to 10km, at this time for the transfer rate 5kbit / s, and when the transmission distance of 40m, the transfer rate of up to 1Mbit / s.
By multi-master mode, a network node can be found in the office any time to the network to send messages to other nodes, but also by point-to-point,
point-to-multipoint broadcasting and global transmission of information, flexible means of communication.
Node on the network can be configured to different priority levels, and the use of non-destructive decision-bus technology, when there are two nodes at the same time to send information to the network, the low-priority node will send its own moratorium, but the high-priority nodes continue to send it will not be affected, thus greatly saving time bus ruling conflict in order to ensure real-time nature of the whole system.
Abnormal nodes on a network, a self-closing function of the bus and cut off the node and bus links, to ensure that other operations will not be affected bus.
CAN network technical specifications in line with ISO11898, has good hardware support and an open environment.
5 operating system background
System platforms and network operating system there are two major categories of WindowsNT and SCOUNIX, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.
5.1 WindowsNT operating system
Upward compatibility of hardware, and do not need to manually optimize the allocation of hardware.
Support software, and portability, and easy expansion of the secondary development and function. There are all-round multi-functional configuration of the system configuration, including system configuration, graphics, reports, curve, such as incident handling, allowing the system to generate modified very fast, flexible and convenient; a variety of configurations to generate and output statements, all of Excel-based electronic statements, easy to manage and interface with other tools;
standard large-scale data systems SQLServer or Sybase as the real-time and historical database, the system capacity to ensure the data integrity and consistency, and easy to maintain seamless connectivity with other systems.
Intuitive interface, high universality, the user generally will be used to reduce the workload of training. The stability of the system slightly worse, and sometimes more prone to occur as a result of the mandate of Death. Security is not high, susceptible to the intrusion of computer viruses. Based on the operating system, application software has some identifier, from the point of view of the confidentiality restrictions on the scope of its use.
5.2 SCOUNIX system
More stringent hardware compatibility, PC-general in the graphics card is not compatible with environment, even if compatible, and its lower resolution, most of ≤ 1024 × 768.
Need to optimize the system configuration, this work could not do the general user. Less support software, application software, system configuration will have to prepare. English operating system environment, for domestic users is more difficult to master. More time to perfect the operation of experience and improvements in stability, safety, military, financial and other industries requiring high reliability of commonly used network.
6 Conclusion
Substation automation is a complex systematic project, the need for various kinds of professionals with more than only a few aspects of the second system application in practice to analyze the feelings of comparison, the substation automation system is the development of rural power grid construction in the city transformation work, regardless of their technical, importance, and tasks to invest a considerable amount of both the status of a very broad market prospects, high-tech applications and on-site organic combination of the actual requirements will be integrated substation automation technology to promote better
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