当代英美散文名篇选读下册词汇总结表-中英文释义
英美报刊重点词汇
英美报刊重点词汇下面是店铺整理的一些关于英美报刊重点词汇，希望对大家有帮助。
英美重要报刊的热点话题词汇表Words in World Affairs[国际事务词汇]20ambassador n. 大使armed forces 武装力量arms race 军备竞赛bilateralism n. 双边关系cease-fire n. 停火consul n. 领事crack-down n. 打击diplomat n. 外交官disarmament n. 裁军embassy n. 大使馆hostages n. 人质neutrality n. 中立nuclear weapon 核武器pact n. 条约sanction n. 制裁Security Council 安理会sovereignty n. 主权State Department (美国)国务院summit n. 峰会，首脑会议war games 军事演习Words in Politics[政治词汇]12administration n. 政府agenda n. 议程amendment n. 修正案☆bill n. 议案cabinet n. 内阁constitution n. 宪法Democratic party 民主党foreign policy 外交政策logo n. 商标nomination n. 提名Republican Party 共和党veto v. 否决Words in Film & TV[影视词汇]18 Academy Awards 奥斯卡金像奖box office 票房cast n. 全体演员commercial advertisement 商业广告credits n. 演职员表director n. 导演extra n. 群众演员，临时演员film set 布景FX 特技horror n. 恐怖片prime time 黄金时间rating n. 收视率setting n. 场景shooting n. 拍摄special effects 特技talk show 谈话节目，脱口秀variety show 综艺节目☆whodunit n. 侦探片，惊险片Words in Business[商务词汇]20 account n. 财务账;账户affluence n. 富裕asset n. 资产auction n. 拍卖;标售bailout n. 援助，救助balanced budget 平衡预算bankruptcy n. 破产boom n. 兴旺，景气，急速发展bubble economy 泡沫经济cash flow 现金流通depression n. 萧条inflation n. 通货膨胀market share 市场份额monopoly n. 垄断，独占multinational a. 跨国的recession n. 衰退recovery n. 复苏stagflation n. 滞胀stagnation n. 不景气，萧条;静止supply and demand 供需Words in Metro Life[都市生活词汇]22 allowance n. 补贴apartheid n. 种族隔离arson n. 纵火blackmail v. 敲诈，勒索blast n. 爆炸brain-drain n. 人才流失casualties n. 意外;灾难controversy n. 争论，争执ethical code 道德准则forgery n. 伪造gamble v. 赌博hijack v. 劫持job-hopping n. 换工作，跳槽lay-off n. 下岗moonlight v. 兼职pension n. 退休金refugee n. 难民relief n. 救济scam n. 骗局social welfare 社会福利toll n. 死亡人数unemployment rate 失业率Words in Science & Technology[科技词汇]20 aeronautics n. 航空学，飞行学artificial intelligence (AI) 人工智能(缩写AI) clone n. 克隆，仿制品coding n. 编码computer security 计算机安全crash v. (系统)崩溃cursor n. 光标data leakage 数据丢失data processing 数据处理docking n. 对接glitch n. 失灵，故障☆hacker n. 计算机黑客;计算机业余爱好者hardware n. 硬件;电脑设备high-tech n. 高科技lift-off n.升空，发射mouse n. 鼠标obsolete a. 陈旧的，过时的scanner n. 扫描仪software piracy 软件盗版virus n. 病毒Words in Art & Living[艺术词汇]12 aesthetic a. 美学的，艺术的contemporary a. 同时代的，当代的modernism n. 现代主义performance art 表演艺术pop charts 音乐排行榜primitivism n. 原始风格Rap n. 说唱乐Renaissance n. 文艺复兴时期风格;文艺复兴science fiction 科幻小说(SF)sideman n. 乐队伴奏thriller n. 惊险小说tour n. 巡回演出Words in Sports & Fitness[体育与健康词汇]16 aerobics n. 有氧健身操barnburner n. 扣人心弦的比赛body building 健美运动cycle racing 自行车赛endurance n. 耐力exercise machine 健身器fitness craze 健身热health food 保健食品jog v. 慢跑locker room 更衣间marathon n. 马拉松referee n. 裁判regime n. 健康计划stress management 放松治疗substitute n. 替补队员work-out n. 锻炼Words in Environment[环保词汇]20 biosphere n. 生物圈chemical fertilizer 化肥desertification n. 沙漠化discharge v. 排放☆ecosystem n. 生态系统electro pollution n. 电子污染endangered species 濒危物种environmental awareness 环境意识erosion n. 侵蚀;流失extinction n. 灭绝fell v. 砍伐greenhouse effect 温室效应non-renewable resources 不可再生资源recycling 回收sewage treatment 废水处理☆soil erosion 水土流失solar energy 太阳能sustainable development 可持续发展throw-away society 一次性商品充斥的社会urbanization n. 城市化Words in Medicine[医务词汇]16 alcoholism n. 酗酒☆allergy n. 过敏artificial respiration 人工呼吸benign a. 良性的biological clock 生物钟clinical a. 临床的contagious a. 传染的death toll 死亡人数dialysis n. 透析family planning 计划生育health care 保健hormone n. 荷尔蒙malignant a. 恶性的☆malnutrition n. 营养不良public health 公共卫生therapy n. 疗法Words in Education[教育词汇]20 academic a. 学院的，学术的Alma Mater 母校credit n. 学分cultural literacy 文化素养curriculum n. 课程，课程安排dean a. 系(部/分院)主任department n. 系/部diploma n. 毕业文凭，学位证discipline n. 学科dropout n. 辍学者educational background 学历elective course 选修课enrollment n. 注册人数faculty n. 全体教员intensive training program 强化培训班junior college 大专master’s degree 硕士学位student body 全体学生thesis n. 论文tuition n. 学费Words in Tourism[旅游词汇]16 brochure n. 小册子;宣传册carry-on baggage 随身携带的行李customs n. 海关direct flight 直飞embark v. 登机;启程emergency exit 紧急出口fare n. 票价flight crew 机组人员itinerary n. 旅程scenic spot 风景区soothing a. 怡人的terminal n. 终点站theme park 主题公园tip n. 小费tourist attraction 风景名胜well-preserved a. 保存完好的英美报刊常用词汇 20banner n.通栏标题column n.专栏;栏目correspondence column读者来信专栏correspondent n.驻外记者;常驻外埠记者dateline n.新闻电头digest n.文摘editorial n.社论exclusive n.独家新闻feature n.特写;专稿five "W"s" of news 新闻五要素headline n.新闻标题;内容提要inverted pyramid 倒金字塔(写作结构) lead n.导语news agency 通讯社opinion poll 民意浏验periodical n.期刊popular paper 大众化报纸;通俗报纸press conference 新闻发布会;记者招待台quality paper 高级报纸;严肃报纸watchdog n.& vt. 舆论监督。
英美文学重要名词解释-英汉解释-综合整理版
名词解释ENGLISH &AMERICAN LITERATURE--DEFINITION OF TERMS: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Beowulf is the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. John Milton wrote three great epics: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.marking stressed syllables in a line of poetry or prose. Used to emphasize meaning and thus can be effectively employed in oratory.the elements of historical truth they contain.knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.3) Chivalry (such as bravery, honor, generosity, loyalty and kindness1)Ballad is a story in poetic form to be sung or recited.down from generation to generation. 3) Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s TheHeroic couplet refers to the rhymed couplet in iambic pentameter Heroic couplets are lines of iambic pentameter that rhyme in pairs (aa, bb, cc).The Heroic Couplet: 1) It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, in other words, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines. 2) The rhyme is masculine. 3) Use of the heroic coupletfollowed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.fourteen iambic pentameter lines, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.A nine-line stanza with the following rhyme scheme: ababbabcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The ninth line is written in iambic hexameter and is called an alexandrine.斯宾塞诗节：斯宾塞诗节是有九行组成的诗节，其押韵形式通常为ababbabcc。
美国文学选读下册重点内容总结
The 1920s (1) Modernisma general term applied retrospectively to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in the literature (and other arts)of the early 20th century, including Symbolism, Futurism, Expressionism, Imagism, Vorticism, Dada, and Surrealism, along with the innovations of unaffiliated writers. Modernist literature is characterized chiefly by a rejection of 19th-century traditions. Modernist writers disturbed their readers by adopting complex and difficult new forms and styles. In fiction, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf attempted new ways of tracing the flow of characters’ thoughts in their stream-of –consciousness style. In poetry, Ezra Pound and T.S.Eliot replaced the logical exposition of thoughts with collages of fragmentary images and complex allusions.Modernist writing is predominantly cosmopolitan, and often expresses a sense of urban cultural dislocation, along with an awareness of new anthropological and psychological theories. Its favored techniques of juxtaposition and multiple point of view challenge the reader to reestablish a coherence of meaning from fragmentary forms. In English, its major landmarks are Joyce’s Ulysses and Eliot’s The Waste Land (both 1922).The 1920s (2) ImagismImagism: the doctrine and poetic practice of a small but influential group of American and British poets calling themselves imagists between 1912 and 1917. Imagist Movement is a revolt against the sentimental and manneristic （格式化的）poetry at the turn of the century. Led at first by Ezra Pound, and the by Amy Lowell, the group rejected most 19th-century poetry as cloudy（含糊的）verbiage（啰嗦）, and aimed instead at a new clarity and exactness in the short lyric poem. The imagists cultivated concision and directness, building their short poems around single images; they also preferred looser cadences（节奏）to traditional regular rhythms. Apart from Pound and Lowell, the group also includes H.D., F.S.Flint, D.H. Lawrence and William Carlos Williams.The three phrases1908 – 1909. T. E. Hulme founded a club in LondonBasic principles; more discussion, less writing1912 – 1914. Ezra Pound1912, the three imagist poetic principles came out1914, the first anthology of Imagist poems---- Des Imagistes 诗选1914 – 1917. Amy Lowell No great achievementsThe three Imagist poetic principles1.Direct treatment of the ―thing‖, whether subjective or objective.要求诗歌直接呈现描写对象（以雕塑和绘画的手法，只展现而不加评论所用的语言尽可能相似于描写对象。
英美文学选读名篇中英对照 赏析 简介
Because I could not stop for Death, He kindly stopped for me;The carriage held but just ourselves And Immortality.We slowly drove, he knew no haste, And I had put awayMy labor, and my leisure too,For his civility.We passed the school, where children stroveAt recess, in the ring;We passed the fields of gazing grain, We passed the setting sun.Or rather, he passed us;The dews grew quivering and chill,For only gossamer my gown,My tippet only tulle.We paused before a house that seemed A swelling of the ground;The roof was scarcely visible,The cornice but a mound.Since then 'tis centuries, and yet each Feels shorter than the dayI first surmised the horses' heads Were toward eternity. 我无暇去会死亡爱米莉·伊丽莎白·狄更生我无暇去会死亡，死神便和善地接我前往，我只好放下劳作与闲暇，无法拒绝他的殷勤礼让。
我们一起坐上马车，还有永生陪伴身旁，我们驱车缓缓前行，他悠然自得不慌不忙。
我们经过校园，娱乐的孩子挤满操场，我们经过田野，麦穗张望，我们经过西沉的太阳。
英语下册课文+翻译+词汇-整理
UNIT 1 The Winner’s Guide to Success --Motivational experts reveal what drives them [1] How do successful people think? What drives them? To find out, I interviewed some of the people most successful in motivating others: top motivational speakers and bestselling authors of “how-to-succeed” books. Here are seven keys to success that they share. [2] Take full responsibility. In a society in which people blame everyone from their parents to the government for their failure to get ahead, motivational superstars refuse to buy into the victim mentality. Their credo is “if it’s to be, it’s up to me.” [3] They realize that when you say someone or something outside of yourself is preventing you from succeeding, you’re giving away your power. You’re saying, “you have more control over my life than I do.” [4] Consider Les Brown. Given up by his parents at birth and labeled “educable mentally retarded” as a child, he had every reason to lose hope. But when a secondary school teacher told him “someone else’ opinion of you does not have to become your reality,” Brown realized that his future lay in his own hands. He went on to become a politician and author, and today earns $20,000 per hour as one of America’s top motivational speakers. [5] Brown understood that you can’t control things in life such as nature, the past and other people. But you can control your own thoughts and actions. Taking responsibility for your life is one of the most empowering things you can do. [6] Live life “on purpose”. Perhaps what most separates motivational superstars from others is that they live life “on purpose”—they are doing what they fully believe they were put here to do. “Having a purpose in your life is the most important element of becoming a fully functioning person,” says Wayne Dyer, author of the best-selling Your Erroneous Zones. [7] Not living life on purpose consists of expending just enough effort to get by with the least amount of problems. When you live life on purpose, your main concern is doing the job right. You love what you do and it shows. People want to do business with you because they sense your commitment. [8] How do you live your life on purpose? By
《英美报刊选读》重点词汇整理
一，who we are now1.But the president was openly ambivalent, too.2.Because who we are now-a country in which traditional barriers of race, age and gender are crumbling-flows in many ways from what LBJ did then.3.Why exhume the long-dead Johnson on the occasion of one of the most engaging inaugural since George Washington took the oath at Federal Hall…4.His conflicting language underscores the nation’s occasionally wary view of the changes wrought by immigration.5.There is something quintessentially American about a lumbering white man from Texas…6.In the understandable thrill of the inaugural season, all eyes are turned to this single man, all ears attuned to his voice.7.Whatever your politics, the election of the 44th president represents a kind of redemption from the long and tragic history of blacks…8.If you count a generation as roughly 21 years, he was off the mark, since the rapidly inspired backlash shaped politics for more than 40 years9.In 1909,…proposed a literary test to restrict the influx of the “Italians, Russians,Poles,Hungarians”…10.Then,in1952,Congress passed the…Act,which essentially made naturalization colorblind.(平等的对待不同肤色的人)11.The tension between assimilation and separation is eternal, but there is no doubt that this flood of immigration and the breaking down of barriers between previously estranged (疏远的，隔离的)groups within the country has created a much more fluid culture than…12.The key cohort is the 75 million-strong generation known as the millennials(1980-2000)13.perennial:lasting for a long time or forever14.The disparity between older and younger voters was greater in 2008 than at any other time…15.The younger cohort is more diverse than the general population, more female, more secular, less socially conservative and more willing to describe themselves as liberals.16.In the wake of a possible terrorist attack, fear could easily lead to tension, resent and discord.17.witch hunts: an attempt to find and punish people with different opinions18.allude to: mention sth. in an indirect way19.momentous:very important20.mythic:very famousndslide竞选中压倒多数性的选票二，The lost generation1.The most enduring harm is being done to young people who cannot grab onto the first rung of the career ladder.2.Affected are a range of young people,from high school dropouts,to college grades,to newly minted lawyers and…3.Studies suggest that an extended period of young joblessness can significantly depress lifetime income as people get sunk (unable to move)in jobs that are beneath their capabilities, or come to be seen by employers as damaged goods.研究表明，青年人长期失业会大大压低其一生的薪金水平，因为这些人难以摆脱无法发挥自己能力的工作，被雇主视为有缺陷的员工。
英美文学选读复习要点中英文对照
Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period（1660-1798）新古典主义1。
In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values。
总之，这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期.2。
The eighteenth—century England is also known as the Age of Enligh tenment or the Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代，或曰理性时代.3。
Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of moder n philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。
4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the fin al cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a referenc e to order，reason and rules。
启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。
他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。
5. As a matter of fact，literature at the time，heavily didactic and mor alizing，became a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具.6. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great wr iters like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele，the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift，Daniel De foe，Richard Brinsley Sheridan，Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大。
当代英美散文名篇选下册 高英6-8单元课后练习单词和词组 高级英语考试内容 重点复习
Unit 6 Thinking as a Hobbynorm s: convention, standard, rulemaroon ed：put a person ashore on a deserted island, strand 将（某人）放逐到无法逃脱的地方（如荒岛）/mər'uːn/incomprehensible: impossible to understand, unintelligibleinnocence: naivetyplonk ed: set down heavily and carelessly v. （使）发声, （使）沉重地坠落musing: mediate, think deeply 沉思, 冥想depravity : corruption, wickedness堕落; 腐化exalt ed : elate, inspireimpediment: hindrance, obstacle 妨碍﹑阻碍某事物进展或活动的人或物reeled: have a sensation of whirlingstaggered : totter, move unsteadilybulged: stick out, protrude膨胀，鼓起；塞满detested : dislike very much, loathepious: devout, having a dutiful reverence for Godproposition: statement in which an opinion or judgment is expressed论点，主张stampeded: force sb. into a hasty过於匆忙的action ( ~ sb into sth/doing sth cause sb to rush into rash or unreasonable action 使某人冲动行事或失去理智)conferred：give, grant, presentportentous: pompously solemn, pretentious煞有介事的,自命不凡的deficiencies: defect, imperfection, weaknessbolstered: reinforce, strengthenbeamed: smile joyfullyinscrutable: not to be discovered, incomprehensible不可理解的; 不可知的; 神秘的mingle : mix, associate 与某物混合; 结合amiability : friendlinessconceded : admit the truth of(不情愿地)承认；让步sordid: dirty, ignoble自私自利的, 卑污的, 龌龊的(sordidness )irreverent : deficient缺乏in respect不尊敬的delinquent: guilty of minor crimes有过失的, 怠忽的,失职的gregarious: fond of company爱交际的; 群居的/grig'eəriəs/revered: respect and admire greatlyawe : a feeling of respect combined with fear or wonder词组aspire to: have a strong desire to have or to do sth. 追求，渴求at length详细地；最终，终于be contented with 满足be given to被给..., 沉溺于come to结果是；涉及，谈到；达到某种（通常为坏的）情况或状态do away with：abolish 废除follow suit学样，照着做leave out遗漏if anything如果有什么区别的话lest唯恐，以免make for有助于，促进Unit 7 Once More to the Lake1.hovering: remain in the air without moving in any direction 翱翔；盘旋；徘徊2.haunts: a place one visits often3.sprinkled: scattered, dotted4.mirage: illusion, dream 海市蜃楼5.ingredients : factor6.winced: drack from something unpleasant,remembered something unpleasant表示痛苦﹑沮丧或尴尬（以不由自主的轻微动作表现, 尤指面部肌肉）7.undulating: having a curving form or outline8.jarred: have a harsh or irritating effect 发出刺耳声，(使)感到不快，刺激；震动9.apiece: each, for each10.persisted: last tenaciously(坚韧不拔地)11.dislodged: force out of a position逐出12. pensively: meditatively, sadly13. cultist : devotee个人崇拜,献身于致力于做某事的人14. indelible: that cannot be erased or removed 不能擦除的, 不能磨灭15. haul: distance to be traveled移动的距离16. petulant: unreasonably impatient or irritable性急的; 暴躁的17. imperceptibly: in a manner that cannot be noticed or felt18. desolated: devastate, destroy, ruin19. perpetuate: make everlasting20. lull: a period of quiet or little activity间歇; 稍息; 稍止21. rumble: a deep heavy continuous sound发出持续的低沉的声音22. placidity: calm, tranquility23. reassured: take away fears, set one's mind at rest24. sedative: tranquilizer镇静剂/s'edətiv/25. incessant: constant, ceaseless26. soggy: too wet and soft词组leave to one's own devices听任…自便，让…自行发展roll over翻滚lick one's chops: show eager enjoyment or anticipation of sth 舔嘴唇（自喜或期待某事）;垂涎欲滴, 垂涎三尺narrow down减少, 限制, 缩小, 变窄outside of : apart from 除....以外turn away 回绝，把…打发走crop up突然发生，突然出现make out看出，辨认出；理解draw up停住have sb. eating out of one's hand: 完全控制(to eat out of one's hand:to be docile容易控制的, 驯服的or do whatever one wishes顺从)Unit 8 The Inner Ringimploringly: in a manner showing earnest pleading恳求地, 哀求地spontaneous: natural, activated without deliberation 自发地devoured : filled up withseniority: length of service前任者的特权, 老资格compromised : discredit怀疑，丧失名誉, endanger危及Sandwiched: placed betweenunscrupulous : not guided by conscience, unprincipled无道德原则的; 不讲道德的perverse: willfully doing what is wrong or unreasonable 不合常情的，任性的unawares :adv. by surprise 出其不意地consorting: have associations with 与某人交往; 结交propitiate : gain the favor or support of 讨好，劝慰Prompted: induce, cause to domainspring: chief motivating/ moving forcemakings: clear ability for becoming 要素genial: having a cheerful and friendly character or manner 亲切的esoteric: concealed, confidential, secret只有内行才懂的; 神秘的; 难懂的prophecy : predictionservitude : the condition of being forced to work for others and having no freedom奴役servility: the quality of being too ready to obey others, submissiveness 奴性, 卑躬屈膝pell-mell: in a hurrying disorderly manner adv. 匆忙地; 杂乱地; 仓促地hierarchy : system with grades of authority from the lowest to the highestprobation : testing of a person's abilities or behavior to find out if he or she is suitable（对人的）试用（期）reprimands: rebuke, reproach, scoldingevasion: avoidance逃避pining: long for, yearn for渴望lured: entice, attractcourt: try to win or gain设法赢得或获得（某事物）stale s: become no longer fresh or interestingwakeful: unable to sleep, sleeplesstrivialities: petty, unimportant thing [trivi'æliti]词组in the know 知道内情，熟知内幕do justice to 公平地对待，公正地评判work up: bring gradually to an efficient state 逐渐形成account for解释，说明coincide with符合, 与 ... 一致of one's own accord出于自愿，主动地wear off 逐渐消失shake off: get rid of摆脱, 甩掉immune to不受... 感染, 对... 免疫apt to: tend to。
英美文学史的生词
George Meredith(1828-1909)1. Life and Achievements: (p237-p239) Insightful [英] [ˈinˌsaitful]adj.富有洞察力的，有深刻见解的Imprint [英] [ɪmˈprɪnt]n.盖印；痕迹；特征；版权标记；Compromise [英] [ˈkɔmprəmaiz]vt.违背（原则）；连累；（尤指因行为不很明智）使陷入危险；Spare[英] [spɛə]vt.节省，俭省；不用，抽出，省掉；宽恕，饶（命），救命，使某人免遭（麻烦等）；出让，割爱，分让；Allusion[英] [əˈlu:ʒən]n.暗指，间接提到；影射；典故Reference [英] [ˈrefrəns]n.参考；参考书；提及，涉及；证明人，介绍人；Witty [英] [ˈwɪti:]adj.诙谐的；机智的；会说俏皮话的；聪明的Epigram [英] [ˈepɪˌgræm]n. 机智的短诗，警句，讽刺诗Convoluted [英] [ˈkɔnvəˌlu:tɪd]adj.盘绕的，卷曲的；复杂的；Syntax [英] [ˈsɪnˌtæks]n.句法；句法规则[分析]；语构；语法Misapplied [ˈmisəˈplaid]v.误用，滥用（misapply的过去式和过去分词）；Doctrine[英] [ˈdɔktrin]n.教条，教义；法律原则；声明；古语] 所教的东西，教育；Eloped [ɪˈləʊpt]v.私奔（elope的过去式和过去分词）；Reconcile[英] [ˈrekənsail]v.使和好和解；使一致；使和谐；Sequence [英] [ˈsi:kwəns]n. [数]数列，序列；顺序；连续；片断插曲；Marital[英] [ˈmæritl]adj.婚姻的，夫妻（间）的Incompatibility [英] [ˈinkəmˌpætəˈbiliti]n.不两立，不相容；不和谐；非兼容性；相畏Verse[英] [və:s]n.诗，韵文；诗节，诗行；诗篇；圣经中的节；Correspondent[英] [ˌkɔrisˈpɔndənt]n.通讯员，记者；通信者Maturity英] [məˈtjʊərɪti:, -ˈtʊər-, -ˈtʃʊər-]n.成熟；完备；（票据等的）到期；[地]壮年期Contemporary[英] [kənˈtempərəri]adj.当代的，现代的；同时代的，同属一个时期的；Eclipse[英] [iˈklips]n. [天]（日、月）食；消失，黯然失色；漆黑；2. Major Novels and Comments:(p239-p240)Maltreat[英] [mælˈtri:t]vt.虐待；亏待Deserted adj.（地方）无人居住的；空寂无人的；被抛弃的；被遗弃的；Devise[英] [diˈvaiz]vt.想出，设计；遗赠给；图谋；Fallen [英] [ˈfɔ:lən]adj.倒下的；（女子）已失身的；落下的；落在地上的；Distinct[英] [disˈtiŋkt]adj.明显的，清楚的；卓越的，不寻常的；有区别的；确切的；Metaphor[英] [ˈmetəfə]n.隐喻，暗喻；象征Craft英] [krɑ:ft]n.技术，手艺，技艺；狡诈；行会成员；vt.手工制作；精巧地制作；Pitiless [英] [ˈpɪtɪlɪs]adj.没有怜悯心的，无情的；忍心Exploiting [iksˈplɔitɪŋ]v.开采（exploit的现在分词）；利用（…为自己谋利）；运用；剥削；Sentiment [英] [ˈsentimənt]n.感情，情绪；情操；意见，观点；感伤；Incisive[英] [ɪnˈsaɪsɪv]adj.直接的；尖锐的；深刻的；单刀直入的Penetrating [英] [ˈpenɪˌtreɪtɪŋ]adj.敏锐的；有洞察力的；聪明的；响亮的；Therapeutic[英] [ˌθerəˈpju:tɪk]adj.治疗（学）的，疗法的；有益于健康的Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)Pessimistic [英] [ˌpesɪˈmɪstɪk]adj.悲观的，厌世的；悲观主义的Life and Achievements: (p240-p241) Stonemason [英] [ˈstəunmeis(ə)n]n.石工，石匠；Apprenticed [əˈprentist]v.学徒，徒弟（apprentice的过去式和过去分词）；Prominent[英] [ˈprɔminənt]adj.突出的，杰出的；突起的；著名的；荦Anonymously[英] [əˈnɔnəməslɪ]adv.不具名地，化名地；Satire [英] [ˈsætaiə]n.讽刺；讽刺文学；讽刺作品Rustic [英] [ˈrʌstɪk]adj.乡村的，乡下的；质朴的，朴素的；粗鲁的；圆木造的；Shepherd [英] [ˈʃepəd]n.牧羊人，羊倌；牧师；指导者；Somber [英] [ˈsɔmbə]adj.昏暗的；（颜色等）暗淡的；忧郁的；严峻的Lamented[英] [ləˈmentid] v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤1. Major Novels and Comments: (p241-p245) Upright[英] [ˈʌprait] adj.直立的；垂直的；正直的；诚实的；Cynical [英] [ˈsinikəl] adj.怀疑的；愤世嫉俗的；冷嘲的；见利忘义的Engrained [inˈɡreind]adj.根生蒂固的，彻底的Manipulate [英] [məˈnipjuleit] vt.操作，处理；巧妙地控制；操纵；[医] 推拿，调整；Aristocrat[英] [ˈæristəkræt] n.贵族；贵族政治论者；有贵族派头的人；Illegitimate [英] [ˌɪlɪˈdʒɪtəmɪt] adj.非婚生的，私生的；法律不容的；（指辩论等的结论）不合逻辑的；Dairymaid[英] [ˈdeərimeid] n.酪农场的女工Stun[英] [stʌn]vt.击晕，使昏厥；使震聋；使目瞪口呆；使大吃一惊；Temptation [英] [tempˈteiʃən]n.诱惑，引诱；诱惑物Repent [英] [rɪˈpent] vt.& vi.对（自己的所为）感到懊悔或忏悔；Intense[英] [inˈtens]adj.热情的，强烈的，紧张的；热烈的，热情的，认真的；[摄]（底片）明暗度强的；有强烈感情（或意见、想法）的；Pretense [英] [ˈpri:ˌtens, prɪˈtens] n.借口；（无事实根据的）要求；自称；假装Falseness [fɔ:lsnis]n.虚伪，不忠实，不正确Prey [英] [prei] vi.捕食；（疾病等）使人慢慢衰弱；折磨；（人）靠欺诈为生；Immortal [英] [iˈmɔ:tl]adj.不死的；永恒的，不朽的；神的；流芳百世的；n.神仙；流芳百世的人；不朽的作家denunciation [英] [dɪˌnʌnsi:ˈeɪʃən, -ʃi:-] n.指责，弹劾，谴责；控诉，告发，揭发hypocrisy [英] [hiˈpɔkrəsi] n.伪善，虚伪thwart [英] [θwɔ:t] adj.横放的，横着的，穿过的；<旧>执拗的，固执的sensuous[英] [ˈsenʃu:əs] adj.感觉（上）的；感官的；（引起）美感的；unconventional [英] [ˈʌnkənˈvenʃənəl] adj.非传统的；非常规的；不依惯例的；通脱自喜；liberal [英] [ˈlibərəl] adj.开明的；自由的；慷慨的；不拘泥的；resistance[英] [riˈzistəns] n.抵抗；阻力；抗力；电阻episode[英] [ˈepisəud] n.插曲，片断；插话；一集indulge [英] [inˈdʌldʒ] vt.迁就，纵容；使满足；使（自己）沉溺于；使快乐shatter [英] [ˈʃætə] vt.使破碎，使碎裂，砸碎；使……成为泡影；使……痛不欲生；使……散开vi.粉碎，损坏，落叶gloomy [英] [ˈɡlu:mi]adj.黑暗的；令人沮丧的；前景黯淡的；悲观的，阴郁的sullen [英] [ˈsʌlən] adj.愠怒的，不高兴的；（天气）阴沉的；悲哀的；行动缓慢的；harsh[英] [hɑ:ʃ]adj.粗糙的；刺耳的；严厉的，严格的；残酷的Chapter 1018th-Century Prose1. O verview: (p246-p247)Prose [英] [prəuz]n.散文；单调，平凡；枯燥无味的话，无聊的议论；Simultaneously [英] [saɪməlˈteɪnɪəslɪ]adv.同时地；一壁；齐；一齐；Turmoil [英] [ˈtə:mɔil] n.混乱；焦虑Impel [英] [ɪmˈpel] vt.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事Rationality[英] [ˌræʃəˈnælɪti:]n.合理性；（常复数）合理的行动（或见解、措施等）；Enterprise [英] [ˈentəpraiz] n.企（事）业单位；事业，计划；事业心，进取心Vehemence[英] [ˈvi:ɪməns]n.热烈；强烈；猛烈；愤怒Disillusioned adj.醒悟的；幻想破灭的；不抱幻想的；大失所望的2. J oseph Addison (1672-1719) and Sir Richard Steele (1672-1729) :(p147-p251)Collaboration [英] [kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃn] n.合作，协作；通敌，勾结Controversy[英] [ˈkɔntrəvə:si]n.公开辩论；论战Knight [英] [nait]n.（中古时代的）武士；骑士；爵士；（国际象棋中）马；vt.封……为爵士；supervisor [英] [ˈsju:pəˌvaɪzə] n.监督者，管理者；镇长follies [ˈfɔliz] n.罪恶，时事讽刺剧；愚蠢，蠢笨，愚蠢的行为、思想或做法denounce [英] [diˈnauns] vt.公开指责；正式指控；告发；通告废除complementary[英] [ˌkɔmpləˈmentəri:, -tri:]adj.互补的；补充的，补足的ostentatious[英] [ˌɔstenˈteɪʃəs, -tən-]adj.好夸耀的，炫耀的；（态度）自负的；讲排场的，铺张的；外观美丽的，浮华的comprise [英] [kəmˈpraiz] vt.包含，包括；由……组成；由……构成singularity [英] [ˌsɪŋgjəˈlærɪti:] n. <正>异常；奇怪；奇特；奇点amiable [英] [ˈeimjəbl] adj.和蔼可亲的；温和的3. Samuel Johnson(1709-1784)：(p251-p257)Conservative[英] [kənˈsə:vətiv]adj.保守的；（英国）保守党的；（式样等）不时新的Eccentric[英] [ikˈsentrik] adj.古怪的，异常的；偏离轨道的；离心的；Quotation[英] [kwəuˈteiʃən]n.引用，引证；[商业]行情，行市；行市表，估价单；引用语；Ailment [英] [ˈeilmənt] n.疾病（尤指微恙）；不安；Scrofula [英] [ˈskrɔfjulə] n.淋巴结核；瘰疬Covetously adv.妄想地，贪心地Suicide [英] [ˈsjuisaid] n.自杀；自杀者；自杀行为Eloquent [英] [ˈeləkwənt]adj.雄辩的，有口才的；有说明力的；富于表情的，逼真的；动人的Diligently[英] [ˈdɪlɪdʒəntlɪ] adv.勤勉地，勤奋地；用心；孜孜不倦Interspersed [intə'spə:st] adj. [医]散开的；点缀的；Bramble[英] [ˈbræmbl] n.荆棘Exaggerate [英] [iɡˈzædʒəreit]vt.&vi.（使）扩大；（使）增加Volume[英] [ˈvɔlju:m] n.量，大量；体积；音量；卷；Ponderous[英] [ˈpɔndərəs] adj.沉重的；笨重的；呆板的；沉闷的Awkward [英] [ˈɔ:kwəd] adj.难对付的，棘手的；笨拙的，不灵活的；不顺手的；不优美的Eccentric [英] [ikˈsentrik]adj.古怪的，异常的；偏离轨道的；离心的Undaunted [英] [ʌnˈdɔ:ntɪd, -ˈdɑ:n-]adj.顽强的，不惧怕的，无畏的；Relentless[英] [riˈlentlis]adj.残酷的，狠心的；坚韧的，不屈不挠的；持不间断的；恶狠狠Monumental [英] [ˌmɔnjəˈmentl]adj.不朽的；纪念碑的；非常的Commissioned [kə'miʃənd]现役的Contemplate [英] [ˈkɔntempleit]vt.注视，凝视；盘算，计议；周密考虑；vi.沉思，深思熟虑；drudge 英] [drʌdʒ] n.做苦工的人，劳碌的人eminence[英] [ˈemənəns] n.显赫，卓越；身份显赫的人；高地analogy [英] [əˈnælədʒi] n.类似，相似；比拟，类比；类推；aristocracy [英] [ˌærɪˈstɔkrəsi:]n.贵族；贵族品质；贵族统治的国家；上层社会。
散文的优美词汇翻译
磅薄：1.（广大）boundless; majestic; vast; widespread ; tremendous; 气势~of tremendous momentum; 大气~of vasty atmosphere 2.(充满)fill; permeate: 热情~ be filled with immense zeal苍翠fresh green; luxuriantly green; ~的竹林a green bamboo grove 草木葱笼luxuriant vegetation 葱笼茂盛luxuriant growth of vegetation徐娘半老，风韵犹存：The woman in her thirty-forties still retains a great deal of charm.苍茫：（空阔辽远）vast；boundless;苍茫的大地boundless land（没有边际，迷茫）indistinct;暮色苍茫deepening shades of dusk隽永meaningful闲适：leisurely and comfor table醇厚：（气味滋味纯正浓厚）mellow; rich; 酒味~The wine is (tastes)mellow. (淳厚)pure and honest; simple and kind.静态：static state平淡：flat；uninteresting；dull；insipid；pedestrian 平淡无味的谈话insipid |dull conversation凄凉：dreary ,desolate; miserable; gloomy and forlorn ;bleak凄凉的景色dreary scenery;凄凉的前景bleak prospects凄凉的生活forlorn life;~的一生a desolate life; 满目~~desolation all round晚景~~lead a miserable and dreary life in old age我感到无限~~A sense of desolation overwhelmed me凄风苦雨miserable condition; bitter winds and miserable rains; bleak wind and wretched rain缕:1. thread:万~青丝 a mass of black hair;千丝万缕countless ties; a thousand and one links2. (一条一条；详详细细) in fine detail;条分缕析make a careful and detailed analysis; analyze point by point3. (量)（用于细的东西）wisp; strand; lock; 一~麻a strand of hemp;一~头发a lock of hair; 一~炊烟a wisp of smoke from a kitchen chimney大千世界：the boundless universe; the big world; the kaleidoscopic world 洋火:matches静寂无声：A perfect silence prevailed; There is a dead calm.吞云吐雾：blow a cloud—to smoke opium; blow clouds ;inhale clouds and exhale mist; opium-smoking; smoke; smoke tobacco; swallow clouds and blow fogs香气扑鼻：feel/smell a sharp aroma; A sweet smell greets the nose ;fragrance striking the nose ; The scent of … reached one’s nose; The sweet smell of … strikes the nose.偎红倚翠：have many concubines(妾，姘妇，情妇)温煦：warm缭绕：coil up；curl up；~耳际ring in one’s ears; 歌声~The song lingered in the air 烟从营火上~升起The smoke from the camp fire curled upwards.红叶：red autumnal leaves (of the maple,etc.)秋扇见捐：be cast aside like the fan in autumn; share the fate of an autumn fan; abandoned (lovers) like a fan in autumn荒1.（荒芜）waste；地~了。
(完整word版)英美文学术语(英文版)_literary_terms
英国文学Alliteration:押头韵repetition of the initial sounds（不一定是首字母）Allegory:寓言a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.Allusion:典故a reference in a literary work to person, place etc. often to well-known characters or events. Archetype:原型Irony:反讽intended meaning is the opposite of what is statedBlack humor:黑色幽默Metaphor: 暗喻Ballad: 民谣about the folk logeEpic:史诗in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes.Romance: 罗曼史/骑士文学is a popular literary form in the medieval England./ChivalryEuphuism: 夸饰文体This kind of style consists of two distinct elements. The first is abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations and other artificial prosodic means. The second element is the use of odd similes and comparisons.Spenserian stanza: It refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter. 斯宾塞诗节新诗体，每一节有9排，前8排是抑扬格五步格诗，第9排是抑扬格六步格诗。
最新《英美报刊选读》重点词汇整理
一，who we are now1.But the president was openly ambivalent, too.2.Because who we are now-a country in which traditional barriers of race, age and gender are crumbling-flows in many ways from what LBJ did then.3.Why exhume the long-dead Johnson on the occasion of one of the most engaging inaugural since George Washington took the oath at Federal Hall…4.His conflicting language underscores the nation’s occasionally wary view of the changes wrought by immigration.5.There is something quintessentially American about a lumbering white man from Texas…6.In the understandable thrill of the inaugural season, all eyes are turned to this single man, all ears attuned to his voice.7.Whatever your politics, the election of the 44th president represents a kind of redemption from the long and tragic history of blacks…8.If you count a generation as roughly 21 years, he was off the mark, since the rapidly inspired backlash shaped politics for more than 40 years9.In 1909,…proposed a literary test to restrict the influx of the “Italians, Russians,Poles,Hungarians”…10.Then,in1952,Congress passed the…Act,which essentially made naturalization colorblind.(平等的对待不同肤色的人)11.The tension between assimilation and separation is eternal, but there is no doubt that this flood of immigration and the breaking down of barriers between previously estranged (疏远的，隔离的)groups within the country has created a much more fluid culture than…12.The key cohort is the 75 million-strong generation known as the millennials(1980-2000)13.perennial:lasting for a long time or forever14.The disparity between older and younger voters was greater in 2008 than at any other time…15.The younger cohort is more diverse than the general population, more female, more secular, less socially conservative and more willing to describe themselves as liberals.16.In the wake of a possible terrorist attack, fear could easily lead to tension, resent and discord.17.witch hunts: an attempt to find and punish people with different opinions18.allude to: mention sth. in an indirect way19.momentous:very important20.mythic:very famousndslide竞选中压倒多数性的选票二，The lost generation1.The most enduring harm is being done to young people who cannot grab onto the first rung of the career ladder.2.Affected are a range of young people,from high school dropouts,to college grades,to newly minted lawyers and…3.Studies suggest that an extended period of young joblessness can significantly depress lifetime income as people get sunk (unable to move)in jobs that are beneath their capabilities, or come to be seen by employers as damaged goods.研究表明，青年人长期失业会大大压低其一生的薪金水平，因为这些人难以摆脱无法发挥自己能力的工作，被雇主视为有缺陷的员工。
大学《英美报刊选读》单词汇总
大学《英美报刊选读》单词汇总第一篇：大学《英美报刊选读》单词汇总一、单词(reading one)1、Part One: The NewspaperUnit OneInternational NewsCompounds n.大院，有围墙的房群Prostitution n.卖淫Nudity n.裸体，裸露Come-back n.卷土重来Erotica n.色情书、画Smut n.黄段子Racy adj.下流的，不雅的Crack-down n.打击Pornography n.淫秽，色情Venue n.场所Plugged-in adj.（喻）触网的Periodically adv.定期的Straight and narrow 正当、诚实、正派Deprave v.腐化，堕落Resurgence n.重新抬头Authoritarian adj.权威的Lovelorn adj.失恋的Strait-laced adj.一本正经的，古板的Law-breaker n.违法者Mores n.传统，习俗Obscene adj.淫秽的Loosen up 放松，松弛Censor v.检查，审查Air-waves n.无线电波Epidemic n.流行病Blush v.脸红Ubiquitous adj.无处不在Unit TwoNational Report Payout n.付出款项Mirror v.反映Slam v.猛力撞击Tailored adj.作过修改的；简单实用的Fuel v.刺激，激起Ward off 避开；避免Divisiveness n.分裂；不和；分歧Deflect v.转移，引开Statute n.法令Shackle v.束缚；阻挠Sentiments n.意见；观点Elude v.躲避；避开Flat-award n.固定赔偿金Forgo v.放弃Recipient n.接受者Enact v.制定或通过(法令)Sue v.提起诉讼Grieving adj.感到悲伤的Curtail v.削减Collateral adj.附带的Litigate v.诉讼Offset n.补偿Equitable adj.公平合理的Curb n.控制，约束Crippling adj.极有害的Defunct adj.不再使用的Waive v.放弃Magnitude n.规模Unit ThreeBusiness WorldInnovative adj.创新的，革新的File for 申请Oligarchy n.寡头政治，寡头统治集团Underwrite v.认购(公司)尚未出售的新股票；包销Cream n.精华，精粹Wrest v.夺取，费力取得Auction n.拍卖；标售Bypass v.绕过，越过Pull the strings 操纵事件或他人行为Bid for 出价Pull off(成功火箭哭地)完成，做成Batch n.一批，一组Tank v.储存，囤积Precedent n.先例，前例Treasury bond(美国财政部发行的)证券Synonym n.同义词Allocate v.分配，配给Oxycodone n.羟基二氢可待因酮Hedge fund 套利基金Hydrocodone n.二氢可待因酮Pension n.养老金，抚恤金，退休金 Amphetamine n.氨基丙本，安非他明（解除忧郁、疲劳的药）Skunk n.臭鼬Orchestrate v.使和谐地结合起来 Deficit n.不足，欠缺Merchandise n.商品，货品Hyperactivity n.极度活跃Sabotage v.破坏，阻挠Pharmaceutical adj.制药的，应用药物的Ardent adj.热心的，热情的Clout n.势力，影响力，权势Extract v.提取，榨出Garner v.积累，获得Monopoly n.垄断，独占Unit FourThe MetroLongevity n.长寿，长命Broccoli n.花椰菜，球花甘蓝Scary adj.易受惊的，胆怯的Bogeyman n.鬼怪，骇人的东西Impoverish v.使贫困Cater for 满足需求Dire adj.可怕的，不祥的Skim off 除去，（为逃税等而）瞒报Bail out v.帮助脱离困境Risk-pooling n.风险集中Unwarranted adj.无保证的，不确定的，不必要的Means testing 对（失业或残疾者等）进行经济情况调查（已确定是否给予补助）Laud v.赞美，称赞Rhetoric n.辞令，虚夸Discount with 不信，漠视Imminent adj.临近的，逼近的Demutualisation n.利化，互利改组公司（公司大部分股份转给雇员或主顾）Appreciably adv.可估计的，明显的Lurch v.突然倾斜，改变Terminology n.术语Fix n.补救方法，应急措施Wonk n.刻苦用功的学生Actuary n.保险精算师，保险业务计算员 Disincentive n.(对经济发展等)起抑制作用的，制止因素Odd adj.额外的，零星的Prone adj.容易的，易于Obesity n.肥胖，肥胖症Wholesale adj.大规模的，不加区别的Unit FiveScience & TechnologyStigma n.污名，耻辱Cellular n.蜂窝式分区无线，通讯Aplomb n.沉着，泰然Demographic adj.人口统计学的Missive n.信件Adroitness n.熟练Hunt and peck 看着键盘打字Manifest v.表明Boom v.繁荣，兴隆Dexterity n.灵巧，机敏Hierarchy n.层次，等级Piranha n.水虎鱼Digit n.手指Genera(pl of genus)n.类，属With the advent of 随着……的出现，到来Stature n.(凭才能和成就而获得的)声誉Ferocious adj.凶猛的Envision v.想象，预想Banishment n.流放，放逐Snag n.阻碍Renaissance n.复兴Banter n.善意的玩笑Prowess n.威力Tendon n.[解]腱Opportune adj.恰好的，适宜的Manifold adj.多方面的，多种形式的Unlearn v.忘却Callus n.老茧Foothold n.立足点Tough sth.Out 从（困难）中硬挺过来Unobtrusive adj.不明显的Unit SixArt & LivingMilk v.从……中获利，获益；从……中榨取Compliment n.敬意Playbook n.剧本Soundtrack n.（电影）配乐Embrace n.接受，利用Hit n.轰动一时的人物，风行一时的东西Nerve-wracking adj.使人心烦的，伤脑筋的Dicier adj.更冒险的，更危险的Console n.（计）控制台Format n.程序，格式Render v.致使，使成Rule of thumb 经验得来的法则Take a chance 碰运气，冒险Tie-in n.搭配在一起出售的货品Sure-fire adj.稳操胜券的Sequel n.续集，续篇Flail v.鞭打，抽打Shakeout n,（行情下跌中的盈利微薄行业、产品等的）被淘汰，裁汰Stave off 延缓，避开Hedge v.避免，防范Profligate adj.恣意的，极其浪费的 Cushion n.垫子，保护物，缓冲装置Ancillary adj.辅助的，从属的Rental n.租金收入，租金额Spin-off n.副产品，衍生产品Bomb v.（美俚）惨败Mark down 减价，降价Legitimate adj.合法的，正规的Rival v.与……竞争，对抗Scramble v.争取，争夺Subscription n.订约，订阅，订购Pitch v.努力推销Juggernaut n.使人盲目崇拜并为之牺牲的事物；不可抗拒的力量Model on 模仿，效仿Franchise n.特许权，特许经营权Flat-footed adj.无准备的Platinum n.铂，白金Keep one’s edge 保持优势Consolidation n.合并，联合Devour v.吞食Portfolio n.公事包，文件夹Conglomerate n.由许多公司组成的大公司，企业集团Unit SevenSports & FitnessTrivial adj.琐细的，微不足道的Referendum n.全民投票Kinesiology n.[体]运动机能学Obsolete adj.废弃的，过时的Oddity n.怪人，奇特的东西Hone v.磨练；训练Twitch n.急扯，猛地一拉Sprinter n.赛跑选手Grab hold of 抓紧，掌握Dystrophy n.营养不良Steroid n.类固醇Therapy n.治疗Rogue n.流氓；无赖Innate adj.先天的，天生的Paralympics n.伤残奥运会Profile n.侧面；轮廓；概况Bet n.预言Tendon n.[解]腱Deleterious adj.有害的，有毒的Anarchy n.无政府状态，混乱状态 Freak n.畸形或不正常的人或动物Be inundated sb.(with sth.)给予某人很多事情使之难以应付；是某人不胜负荷Unit EightFeaturesPonder v.考虑；深思Gelato n.意大利胶凝冰棍Vendor n.摊贩；卖主Rite n.隆重的仪式或典礼Siesta n.午后的小睡Villa n.带有大花园的别墅 Repeal v.废止（法规等）Calvinism n.加尔文主义 Dehumanize v.非人化Nurture v.培养；养育Eclipse v.使相形见绌；黯然失色Sloth n.树懒(动物)Frenetic adj.发狂的Fresco n.壁画Disentangle v.摆脱Enervate v.使（人）失去力量或精力Anomaly n.不合规则；异常事物Confluence n.汇合，汇集 Skip v.不参加，不做Ideology n.思想意思Take a toll/ take its toll of something 造成损失、毁坏等Unit NineEditorials & OpinionsUnprecedented adj.史无前例的，空前的Pitch n.程度Flip side 反面Loom v.隐现，迫近Swathes of 大片Fell v.砍伐Accentuate v.强调Endemic v.地方病Sanitation n.卫生设施Epidemic n.流行病Degradation n.退化，降级Sustainable adj.可持续的Patriarch n.家长Devolve v.（把权力、工作）移交某人Vested interest 特权Tip off 向……泄露，告诫Saga n.传奇Tributary n.支流T oxin n.[生]毒素Tannery n.制革厂Torrential adj.奔流的Mound n.土堆，土丘Chlorinate v.用氯消毒Stagnate adj.因不流动而变臭的或有味的Insatiable adj.不知足的，贪得无厌的Dioxin n.[化]二氧（杂）芑Levy n.征税Signatory n.签名者Legitimacy n.合法（性），合理（性）Hierarchy n.层次，等级Unit TenHealth & EnvironmentContagious adj.传染的，有传染性的 Obesity n.肥胖，过度肥胖Biotech n.应用生物Affiliate v.隶属，关联 Unravel v.揭开，弄清Leptin n.瘦体素基因Hormone n.荷尔蒙Calorie n.卡路里Mutation n.改变，突变Cholesterol n.胆固醇Triglyceride n.三酸甘油酯Adenovirus n.腺病毒Antibody n.抗体Counterpart n.对应体Lipoprotein n.脂蛋白Fringe adj.从属的，次要的，附加的Cutting-edge adj.最先进的，前沿的 Valid adj.有效的Shore v.支撑，稳住Pan(out)v.证明（是），结果（是）Groundbreaking adj.开天辟地的，创业的Ulcer n.溃疡2、Part Two: The MagazineStand on 坚持Be entitled to 有做某事的权利 Egotism n.自我中心，自私自利Rabble n.乱纷纷的人群，乌合之众Assent v.同意，赞成Dependant n.依赖他人生活着Metaphysical adj.形而上学的，抽象的Petitioner n.上诉人 Sphere n.领域，范围Bureaucrat n.贵族Dissatisfied adj.感到不满的，不满足的Complainant n.原告Adjudicator n.裁判，评论员 Doubly adv.加倍的，双重地Redress n.纠正，补偿Aggrieved adj.愤恨的，愤愤不平的Sap v.逐渐消耗Beneficiary n.受益者，受益人Entice v.诱惑，诱使Prohibition n.禁止，阻止Labyrinth n.迷宫，迷津Substantive adj.真实的，实在的，实际的Preclude v.排除Psychiatrically adv.精神病的 In vitro fertilization 体外受精Dire adj.可怕的Every other 所有其他的DoH（Department of Health）卫生部 Irrespective of 无论Bedlam n.疯人院Paralysis n.瘫痪Reverberation n.回响，反射Deterioration n.恶化Abstraction n.抽象概念 Connotation n.涵义Beloved adj.心爱的Inalienability n.不可剥夺Allegedly adv.据说，根据（人们）宣称Unconditional adj.无条件的Observance n.遵守Abrogate v.废止，取消Deem v.认为Ill-conduct n.不良行为Unassailable adj.不可攻破的Tangible adj.明确的，确切的，真实的Tower block 高层建筑，摩天大楼Dialectic adj.辩证关系Vaunted adj.吹嘘的，夸耀的 Ingratitude n.忘恩负义Feral adj.野性的Grievance n.牢骚，不满，怨恨Permissive adj.放任的，放纵的3、Part Three: News on the WebParalegal n.律师的专职助手Do over 重做，重复Internship n.实习，实践Counselor n.顾问，参谋 Tuition n.学费Exploration n.探索，探究 Fare v.进展，过日子Dissuade v.劝阻Contemplate v.打算，考虑Unforgiving adj.无情的，不够宽容的 Drift n.放任自流Lose out on something 不成功，受损失 Societal adj.社会的Mired adj.陷入泥潭的Moderator n.主持者Squander v.浪费，虚度Blow it 错过（良机）Marketable adj.适应市场的 Mythology n.神话Anthropology n.人类学4、Part Four: Broadcasting & TelevisionSwarm n.大群人，人群v.大群地移动 Dignitary n.显要人物；权贵 Sheikh n.伊斯兰教的宗教领袖，教主 Casket n.棺材Hearse n.灵车Drape v.覆盖Caisson n.弹药箱，弹药车Procession n.行进，前进 Mourner n.哀悼者Guarantee v.保证Revitalize v.使再充满活力Reinvigorante v.再鼓舞，再激励Mobilize v.动员Corruption n.腐败Priority n.优先（考虑的事）Obstacle n.障碍Inauguration n.就职典礼Eulogy n.颂词，颂文Ambassador n.大使Mast n.旗杆；桅杆Tributes n.表示敬意或称赞的行动、言语或礼物5、Part Five: The MovieSpider-man n.蜘蛛侠Guts n.勇气与决心；胆量；魄力 Give sb.A hand 帮助某人Pish n.呸（表示不愉快或不耐烦）Water under the bridge 覆水难收Make a move 采取行动Give away 赠送Cookbook n.烹饪书，食谱Mixer n.搅拌机Self-sacrificing adj.自我牺牲的 Line up for sth.排队做某事Glimpse n.一瞥Get a glimpse of sb.瞥见Strain v.竭力；用全力（做某事）Pal n.朋友Jerk n.蠢人Play tricks on 捉弄；开……的玩笑 Peel（sth.）off 把……脱掉 Do a number on 伤害某人的感情；嘲弄Lay a finger on sb./ sth.(即使轻轻)触碰某人Whereabouts n.下落；行踪fiancée n.未婚妻Menace n.威胁；恐吓Prosecute v.检举、告发 Arachnid n.蛛形纲动物(包括蜘蛛、蝎子、蜱、螨等)Spine n.勇气Scurry v.小步疾跑Monster n.巨大、丑陋、可怕的怪物第二篇：英美报刊新闻标题 1.Explosion heard near Iranian Parliament2,President:Sino-Americanrelationship副links co nductive to world peace and stability3, BMW’s problem child4,spent fuel shipment/Nuclear waste shipment副Germany to lift ban on transport of nuclear waste5,To save or Not to save6,The co-operation between the Government7Professor leaves $4M to his colledge,8Fomer bushaffical kills son abd self9US population figures to hit 300M10 Iraq’s Olympic rep kidnapped11 Man sentenced to 150 years12Us Russia fail to agree on WTO membership13Infustrial dream fades third worldrevives farms 术语《创世纪》Admissions offices招生办Advanced degree高等学位All works of lives各行各业Alumni connections校友联谊会Alumni校友Assault突袭Auction拍卖Ballet lesson芭蕾课Barebones budget少得可怜的预算Beautiful spot胜地Benign 和蔼的Blare-to make a very coud,unpleasant noiseBlind date相亲Bold theory斗胆的理论Boozy嗜酒的Buddhist grottoes佛教石窟Buoyant开朗的活泼的Evolution wars进化论之战Cable car缆车Cambrian寒武纪时代Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Carte-balance全权，绝对的自由Cash cow摇钱树Center heat-supply集体供暖CEO:chief executive officer行政主管Chance mutations变异Chief operating officer运营主管Christian fundamentalist基督教原教旨主义者Churn搅拌器Clampen-to make sad or dullClique帮派Clinical psychology 内科心理学Clot凝结Commercialism商业主义Communist regime 共产党政府Consulting-firm顾问公司Controversy争议Correspondence education函授教育Counterpart职位相当的人Cramp-to keep in a narrow spaceCrass commercialism唯利是图Creationism神秘论Criteria评判、标准Critical inquiry批评性探索Critique批评Cultural relics文化遗产Daring topic大胆的话题Darwin’s theory达尔文进化论(origin of species物种起源/natural selection自然选择/survivalof the fittest适者生存)Dead souls“老”不死的Debt specialist债务分析家Dilemma 进退维谷Distance education class远程教育Document文件、记录记载Dot-com world网络世界Edge渴望Educational environment 学习环境Extra curricular activities课外活动Elite college精英大学Elite university一流大学Elite精英Embolden使..勇敢Emulation-desire or ambition to equal or surpass仿效、竞争Erode-to wear away磨损消逝Established有建树的人Establishment住所景点Ethnic favor民族特色Exquisite精美的高雅的Face to face instruction面对面指导Faith-based science以宗教为基础的科学Fossil record化石标本Fossil化石Full scholarships全额奖学金Gainsay反驳、否认GE:General Electric通用电气公司Genetic code 遗传密码Getty conservation Institute文物保护中心Go online上网Gobi Desert戈壁滩Gravitate受吸引Gray brick灰砖大学Haphazard 偶然的Hard-core defender坚决维护着Have access to有权进入HBS:Harvard Business School哈佛商学院Hiker and backpacker徒步旅行的人Identical gene相同基因Identityformation个性形成Indigenous life本土生活Information-based economy信息经济Infrastructure基础设施Intelligent design智慧、巧妙的设计Investment bank投资银行Libertarians鼓吹公民自由Log in登陆Lose its edge失去优势Lucrative offers丰厚的报酬Magazine rankings杂志排行榜Management expertise管理专业知识Massive military军事现代化MBA:Master of Business Administration工商管理硕士Meet love with hate以德报怨Mind-numb情感冷漠MoGao grotto莫高窟Moisture潮气Multinational company 跨国公司Mural壁画Navigate the local bureaucracy驾驭地方官僚主义Nightmare 噩梦，梦魇Non scientific alternatives非科学选择Non-renewable resource不可再生资源Oasis沙漠中的绿洲On-campus master’s program在校研究生课程Opponent反对论Outlook人生观Overhaul-to examine thoroughly彻底改革Peer-reviewed journal 同行专业评论杂志Pitfall隐患，易犯的错误Plight困境Preside主持Prime-time黄金时段Private university 私立大学Proponent支持者Pseudo science伪科学Public amusement公共娱乐Public university公立大学Grotto石窟Rank Three三教九流Ratio比率Reconcile使和解，调停Release释放、出版发行Remote enrolment远程注册Returnee归国留学生Rigorous 严峻的艰苦的Rollicking-noisy , cheerful喧闹快乐的Run the risk of being guinea pigs实验主体SAT scores数学/语文公测School board学校董事会Scribble down乱写乱涂Script手稿/伶牙俐齿Selective college重点大学Self-discipline自我约束Seminal works初级工作Seminal work胚胎Seminal精液的生殖的Senior fellow资深研究院Sensibility感觉、情感Sensitive issue敏感话题Separation of state and church政教分离Shift work倒班Silicon valley硅谷Silk Road 丝绸之路Start-ups新兴企业State-owned国营的Statue雕塑Step onto a university campus上大学Structure改革Superintend dent 教育局负责人Suspend-to temporarily prevent fromcontinuzing or being in force or effect暂停、中止Swarm蜂拥而至Symposium酒会，座谈会Tacky质量低劣的Teleconference电话会议T erra-cotta 土陶，粘土T est prep courses考前辅导班The delicate subject matter微妙的题材The lion’s share很大的比例The winner-Take-All Society胜者通吃的社会Think tangle智囊团Thwart阻止Tourist authorities旅游局Trek长途跋涉Turf battle势力范围UNESCO:United Nations Education Science Culture Organization 联合国教科文组织University Continuing Education Association大学成人教育Unveil揭示Upland高地Upper rungs上层职位Upsurge 急剧上升，增长Validation确认Venture capitalist风险投资家Vigorous有精力的Violate违背，侵犯Virtual class虚拟课程Vitality生命力、活力World heritage世界遗产World relics世界遗产第三篇：英美报刊第一页美英报刊-背景知识1.加勒比海主要岛屿有：太平洋岛屿：马里亚群岛，夏威夷，关岛。
英美文学术语(英文版) literary terms
英国文学Alliteration:押头韵repetition of the initial sounds（不一定是首字母）Allegory:寓言a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.Allusion:典故a reference in a literary work to person, place etc. often to well-known characters or events. Archetype:原型Irony:反讽intended meaning is the opposite of what is statedBlack humor:黑色幽默Metaphor: 暗喻Ballad: 民谣about the folk logeEpic:史诗in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes.Romance: 罗曼史/骑士文学is a popular literary form in the medieval England./ChivalryEuphuism: 夸饰文体This kind of style consists of two distinct elements. The first is abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations and other artificial prosodic means. The second element is the use of odd similes and comparisons.Spenserian stanza: It refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter. 斯宾塞诗节新诗体，每一节有9排，前8排是抑扬格五步格诗，第9排是抑扬格六步格诗。
英美文学选读重点一览表
哈克贝利.费恩历险记
亚瑟王朝中的康涅狄格北方佬
Henry James
亨利.詹姆斯
The American
The Portrait of a Lady
The Turn of the Screw
The Wing of the Dove
Daisy Miller
美国人
贵妇画像
拧紧螺丝
鸽翼
黛西.米勒
William Blake
威廉.布莱克
Songs of Innocence
Songs of Experience
Marriage of Heaven and Hell
天真之歌
经验之歌
天堂与地狱联姻
先知书
William Wordsworth
威廉.华兹华斯
Lyrical Ballads
Tintern Abbey
I like to see it lap the Miles
Because I could not stop for Death
我为美而死，但还未….
显然没有惊奇
说出所有的真理，但切莫直言
这是我写给世界的信
当我死的时候，我听到苍蝇在嗡嗡叫
我爱看它舔食一哩又一哩
因为我不能停步等候死神
Theodore Dreiser
Emily Dickinson
艾米莉.狄金森
I Died for Beauty—but Was Scarce
Apparently with No Surprise
Tell All the Truth but Tell it Slant
This is my letter to the world
英美文学名词--中英对照精简版
1.Allegory (寓言)A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities.寓言，讽喻：一种文学、戏剧或绘画的艺术手法，其中人物和事件代表抽象的观点、原则或支配力。
2.Alliteration (头韵)Alliteration is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group of words.头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。
3.Allusion (典故)A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to.典故：作者对某些读者熟悉并能够作出反映的特定人物，地点，事件，文学作品的引用。
4.Analogy (类比)A comparison made between two things to show the similarities between them.类比：为了在两个事物之间找出差别而进行的比较。
5. Antagonist (反面主角)The principal character in opposition to the protagonist or hero or heroine of a narrative or drama.反面主角：叙事文学或戏剧中与男女主人公或英雄相对立的主要人物。
6. Antithesis (对仗)The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words, or sentences.对仗：两组相对的思想，言辞，词句的平衡。
英语基本文学词汇表
英语基本文学词汇表（中英文对照）Allegory 寓言一种诗体或散文体的故事,其人物、行为或背景代表某些抽象的意义或伦理。
因此每个寓言都有两层意义：字面意义和象征意义。
约翰.班扬的《天路历程》就是一部著名的寓言。
A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. Thus, an allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. The most famous allegory in English literature is John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.Alliteration 头韵头韵一组词中相同或相似辅音或辅音组的重复。
有时该词仅指词首辅音的重复。
如The sun sank slowly中即使用了头韵法—s音的重复。
又如著名英国女作家奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》（Pride and Prejudice）也是典型的头韵法。
The repetition of similar sounds, usually consonants or consonant clusters, in a group of words. Sometimes the term is limited to the repetition of initial consonant sounds. When alliteration occurs at the beginning of words, it is called initial alliteration; when it occurs within words, it is called internal or hidden alliteration. It usually occurs on stressed syllables. A well-known example of alliteration is the story Pride and Prejudice from Jane Austin.Allusion 典故诗文中对出自历史、地理、文学、宗教的人物、地点、事件或文学作品的暗指或引用。
美国文学英语术语解释
美国文学英语术语解释American Naturalism （自然主义）American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, and like realism, it had come from Europe. Naturalism was an outgrowth of Realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century. In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development of industry and modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent and essentially Godless universe. In this chance world he was both helpless and hopless. European writers like Emile Zola had already developed this acute social consciousness. They saw man’s life as gove rned by the two forces of heredity and environment, forces absolutely beyond man’s control. American naturalism had been shaped by the war, by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age, and by the disturbing teachings of Darwinism.America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. In presenting extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. The pessimism and deterministic ideas of naturalism pervaded the works of such American writers asStephen Crane, Benjamin Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser.Era of Modernism（现代主义）The years from 1910 to 1930 are often called the Era of Modernism, for there seems to have been in both Europe and America a strong awareness of some sort of “break”with the past. Movements in all the arts overlapped and succeeded one another with amazing speed. The new artists shared a desire to capture the complexity of modern life, to focus on the variety and confusion of the twentieth century by reshaping and sometimes discarding the ideas and habits of the nineteenth century. The Era of Modernism was indeed the era of the New.Lost Generation（迷惘的一代）This terms has been used again and again to describe the people of the postwar years. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates”or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semi-poverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.After World War I, the young disappointed American writers, such as Hemingway, Pound, Cummings, F. Scott Fitzgerald, chose Paris as their place of exile. They came from the East or the Middle West of the U.S.A, and most of them had been shocked or wounded in the war. An American woman writer named Gertrude Stein, who had lived in Paris since 1903, welcomed these young writers to her apartment which was already famous as a literary salon. She called them “the Lost Generation”, because they had cut themselves off from their past in America in order to create new types of writing which had never been tried before. “The Lost Generation”is also painted in thewriters’writings. The young English and American expatriates, men and women, were caught in the war and cut off from the old values and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad. They wandered pointlessly and restlessly,enjoying things like fishing, swimming, bullfight and beauties of nature, but they were aware all the while that the world is crazy and meaningless and futile. Their whole life is undercut and defeated.Jazz AgeTo many, World War I was a tragic failure of old values, of old politics, of old ideas. The social mood was often one of confusion and despair. Yet, on the surface the mood in America during the 1920s did not seem desperate. Instead, Americans entered a decade of prosperity and exhibitionism that prohibition, the legal ban against alcoholic beverages, did more to encourage than to curb. Fashions were extravagant; more and more automobiles crowded the roads, advertising flourished; and nearly every American home had a radio in it.Fads swept the nation. People danced the Charleston, and they sat upon the flagpoles. This was the Jazz Age, when New Orleans musicians moved “up the river”to Chicago, and the theatre of New York’s Harlem pulsed with the music that had become a symbol of the times. These were the Roaring Twenties. The roaring of the decade served to mask a quiet pain, the sense of loss that Gertrude Stein had observed in Paris. F. Scott Fitzgerald portrays the Jazz Age as a generation of “the beautiful and demand”, drowning in their pleasures.Stream of consciousness（意识流）Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as aspecial form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing a character's fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings.Stream of consciousness and interior monologue are distinguished from dramatic monologue, where the speaker is addressing an audience or a third person, and is used chiefly in poetry or drama. In stream of consciousness, the speaker's thought processes are more often depicted as overheard in the mind (or addressed to oneself) and is primarily a fictional device.Stream of consciousness is characterized by a flow of thoughts and images, which may not always appear to have a coherent structure or cohesion. The plot line may weave in and out of time and place, carrying the reader through the life span of a character or further along a timeline to incorporate the lives (and thoughts) of characters from other time periods.) Stream of Consciousness or interior monologue is one of the modern literary technique. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. This modernistic trend in 1920s, deeply influenced by the psycho-analytic theories of Sigmund Freud, adopted the psycho-analytic approach in literary creation to explore the existence of sub-conscious and unconscious elements in the mind. In English fiction, the novels of stream-of consciousness were represented by James Joyce and Virginian Woolf. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconsciou activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant, misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced reality. Britain was the centre of the novels of stream-of consciousnessThe modern American writer William Faulkner successfully advanced this technique. In his stories, action and plots were less important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time sequences were often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer. A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique. But it also makes the stories hard to understand.American Realism（现实主义时期1865-1918）The Background of American RealismThe fifty years between the end of the Civil War to the outbreak of the First World War Changes in every aspect of American lifeIndustrialization and the urbanization,“The Gilded Age”Tired of sentimental feelings of RomanticismInterest in reality of lifeIn American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism, as Everett Carter put it. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for common place and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience. Realist literature finds the drama and the tension beneath the ordinary surface of life. A realist writer is more objective than subjective, more descriptive than symbolic. Realists looked for truth in everyday truths. A fearless and enthusiastic champion of the new school was William Dean Howells, who by virtue of his powerful critical writings and of his generous patronage as senior editor of theinfluential journal Atlantic Monthly, made for the triumph of realism over romanticism and thus remainedFor over three decades the “defacto”dean of American literature. Two other staunch fighters for realism were Mark Twain and Henry James. Beginning as a local colorist, Mark Twain wrote works which have become part of the American cultural tradtion. Henry James, with his “international theme”, and his psychological realism, is now considered as one of the most important literary figures coming out of the nineteenth-century.Free Verse（自由体诗）Poetry that lacks a regular meter, does not rhyme, and uses irregular (and sometimes very short) line lengths. Writers of free verse disregard traditional poetic conventions of rhyme and meter, relying instead on parallelism, repetion, and the ordinary cadences and stresses of everyday discourse. In English, notable use of free verse dates back to the King James translation of the biblical Psalms and Song of Solomon, but it was not really recognized as an important new form until Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass (1855). Since World War I, nonrhyming and nonmetrical forms of verse have been used by most poets.Although free verse had been used before Whitman---notably in Italian opera and in the King James translation of the Bible—it was Whitman who pioneered the form and made it acceptable in American poetry. It has since been used by Ezra Pound. T.S. Eliot, William Carlos Williams, Wallace Stevens, and other major American poets of the twentieth century.SonnetFrom the Italian word sonnetto, meaning “little song”, a lyric poem that almost always consists of fourteen lines (usually printed as a single stanza) and that typically follows one ofseveral conventional rhyme schemes. Sonnets may address a range of issues or themes, but love, the original subject of the sonnet, is perhaps still the most prevalent.Image（意象）Poetry is aimed at conveying and enriching human experience. Experience is formed through sense impressions. Therefore, the poet’s business is to evoke such sense impressions in the reader’s mind. His method is usually to describe these things in words, or so to speak, to paint word pictures. Such word picture is an image. Image is the representation of sense experience through language. All the images formed into a meaningful whole in a poem is often called its imagery. Obviously, image is the soul of poetry as language is the body of poetry.Images come from the sense, but one should be reminded that usually an image does not come from only one sense. One image is frequently the result of the co-operation of the several senses. For example, the image of “fresh air”involves both the olfactory sense and the tactile sense. Even more, the image of “fresh air”may evoke certain emotional responses and create mental images or mental pictures by way of association. Fresh air is often associated with morning, forest, mountain, seaside, which is much more suggestive than the air. One should also be reminded that images do not always come from the senses or physical aspects of things. Sometimes an image can be rather abstract. “Death”is as qualified as “coffin”to serve as an image. In Emily Dickinson’s poems (and indeed, in some classic poems) this kind of abstract images play an important part.Gothic and Gothic Novel（哥特式）Gothic: a word that originally referred to a Germanic tribe,the Goths, the term Gothic today is usually used to connote the medieval world in general and, in particular, a style of architecture that originated in France and that flourished during the Medieval Period, particularly during the thirteenth through fifteenth centuries.Gothic Novel: the gothic novel arose in late 18th century England and remained popular into the 19th century throughout Europe and America; elements of the gothic novel and gothic literature in general have persisted up to our own day. The gothic novel is a romance typically written as a long prose horror narrative that exhibits the gothic qualities of doom and gloom as well as an emphasis on chivalry and magic.Characteristics of Gothic Novel1. Dark, mysterious medieval castles chock full of secret passageways and supernatural phenomena are common elements used to thrill the reader.2. Gothic heroes and heroines tend to be equally mysterious, with dark histories and secrets of their own. The gothic hero is typically a man known more for his power and his charisma than for his personal goodness; the gothic heroine’s challenge is to win his love without being destroyed in the process.3. Exaggeration and emotional language are frequently employed by Gothic writers, who typicallyemphasize story line and setting over character and characterization.4. They seek to evoke an atmosphere of terror, often from an unidentifiable source.NovelA novel is highly stylized account of fictional reality in the form of story with profundity for the purpose of changing thereader’s mind by the aid of the reader’s active involvment while providing entertainment and superior truth of life.American Transcendentalism and Features(超验主义)American transcendentalism or “New England Transcendentalism”or “American Renaissance”is more of a tendency, an attitude, than the philosophy of transcendentalists. To transcend something is to rise above it, to pass beyond its limits. Transcendentalists spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.As a philosophical and literary movement, transcendentalism flourished in New England from 1830s to the Civil War. Its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson and Thoreau. Emerson’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism”. As a philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.Yet transcendentalism was a powerful expression of the intellectual mood of the age, and the ideas it represented have remained a strong influence on great American writers from the days of Hawthorne and Whitman to the present.Feature: Firstly, the transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe.Secondly, they stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual was the most important element of society.Thirdly, they offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses.Several Literary TermsShort Story: characterization, setting, theme, plot, point of view and stylePoint of View: first-person, second-person, third-personTypes of Character s: protagonist and antagonistLiterature: fiction and non-fictionFiction: fiction is referred to as figurative or creative expression of life. Under fiction, there are four genres---novels, short stories, plays and poems.Non-fiction: it is called a literal expression of life or discursive writing. Another term for non-fiction is essay,which has traditionally been classified into four categories. These rhetorical divisions, usually called the forms of discourse, are description, narration, exposition, andargumentation.A short story is a brief prose fiction, usually one that can be read in a single setting. It generally contains the six major elements of fiction---characterization, theme, plot, characters, point of view and style.Characterization refers to the way an author develops the personalities of the characters. In a short story, there is usually only one character whose personality is fully developed; there are rarely more than two or three. The main character is often called the protagonist.The setting is the time and place where the events occur. Most short stories have only one setting that is described in great detail and rarely more than two or three settings.The theme is the main idea that the writer communicates to the reader. In a short story, there is usually one theme.The plot is the series of events that takes us from a beginningto an end. Each event in the plot is related to the conflict, the struggle that the main character undergoes. Traditionally, the short story opens with exposition, background information vital to our understanding of what will follow. The events in the story follow a rising action until they reach a climax- the point of highest dramatic tension or excitement. After a climax, a falling action leads to a resolution, a conclusion in which the conflict is resolved and the “knot”of the plot is untied.A story must also have a storyteller: a narrative voice, real or implied, that presents the story to the reader. When we talk about narrative voice, we are talking about point of view,the method of narration that determines the position, or angle of vision, from which the story is told. The nature of the relationship between the narrators and the story, the teller and the tale, is always crucial to the art of fiction.The work style is understood to mean the way in which writers assemble words to tell the story, develop the argument, dramatize the play, or compose the poem. Often the definition is extended to distinguish style from content. It is probably wiser, however, not to make this separation but to consider style as the placement of words in the service of content.The Literature of Enlightenment(启蒙时期)Historical Background:1. Politics dominated the revolutionary phase of American writing.2. The crisis in American life carried by the Revolution made artists self-conscious about American subjects.3. The spiritual life in the colonies during that period was molded by the bourgeois Enlightenment.Romantic Period（浪漫主义时期）Romantic period stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War. Democracy and political equality became the ideals of the new nation.There was a tremendous sense of optimism and hope among people because of an economic boom.American Puritanism（清教主义）The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them Puritans.Their voyage to the new land, adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops, dealing with Indians.They carried with them to America a code of values, a philosophy of life, a point of view which in time took root in the New World and became what is popularly known as American Puritanism.Characteristics: idealists practical. disgusted for a time. optimistic.Imagism（意象主义）The First World War made America a different country, and its literature underwent a substantial change. The 1920s saw a vigorous literary activity in America. In poetry there appeared a strong reaction against Victorian poetry, the chief characteristics of which are its moralizing tendencies, its over-padding of extra-poetic matter, and its traditional iambic pentameter. The emphasis was now on the economy of expression and on the use of a dominant image. The movement which had these as its aims is known in literary history as Imagism. Its prime mover was Ezra Pound, an expatriate American poet who translated some of Li Po’s poems and wrote his The Cantos, quoting extensively from Chinese history and Confucius. Although short-lived, the Imagist movement had a trememdous influence on modern poetry. Mostof the important twentieth-century American poets were related with it: William Carlos Williams, Wallace Stevens, E.E Cummings, Carl Sandbury, and T. S. Eliot, to name just the important few.To be more exact in poetic significance, the literary movement “Imagism” was begun by Ezra Pound and a few friends who wanted to rid poetry of the “bad habits” that they felt nineteenth-century poets had fallen into: the use of too many words; the use of words no longer in actual speech; repetitious subject matter; and the use of tired poetic patterns, especially traditional stanzas and meters. The Imagists wanted “direct treatment of the thing” and a rhythm like that of a musical phrase. Instead of having the poet tell us what we should be feeling, Pound and his colleagues wanted an image to produce the emotion, to “speak for itself”.Imagist poems are usually written in free verse—verse with no fixed rhythm—and are often quite short. They use one quick image to capture an emotion, to freeze one moment in time. Imagists took some of their inspiration from the highly disciplined Japanese verse form haiku: the first line of a haiku contains five syllables; the second line, seven; and the third line, five.Imagism was a movement that came and went: Few pure Imagist poems were written after 1920. Nevertheless, the ideas of Imagism have had a great impact on modern poetry and on the way we read it.Imagist poetic principles1. Direct treatment of the “thing” whether subjective or objective;2. To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation;3. As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome.。
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unctuously: insincerely 油腔滑调的mortification: shame and embarrassment 屈辱，禁欲discreet: careful and prudent 谨慎的；小心的rectify: correctostentatiously: showily 招摇的，铺张的bellicose: fond of fighting or quarreling 好战的，好斗的deferentially: respectfully 谦恭的，表示敬意的~reproof: censure, rebuke 责备，谴责virile: full of masculine strength 有男子气概的apathy: lack of interest, indifferent 冷漠，没兴趣plenipotentiary: fully empowered 全权代表的impervious: not affected or influenced 不受影响的，无动于衷的unobtrusive: not too noticeable 谦虚的，不引人注目的doleful: sad, sorrowfortify: strength 加强，增强!telltale: revealing 泄密的，搬弄是非的；迹象，搬弄是非者raring: very eager 渴望的，急切的whisk: cause to move very quickly 飞奔，疾过notorious: infamousresignation: passive acceptance, patient submission 顺从，放弃primed: brief, prepare 待发的，准备好的nonchalantly: indifferently, unconcernedly 冷淡的，漠不关心的visualize: from a mental picture, imagine 形象化）head-on: firm and direct 正面的，直接的showdown: final fight to settle a dispute 最后一决胜负，摊牌irksome: troublesome, annoying 令人厌烦的intimate: hint, make known indirectly 暗示，通知compliance: willingness to yield, agreement 顺从，服从Unit 2 College Pressures|scribble: write very fast or carelessly 潦草的写，乱写authentic: true, reliable unswervingly: unchangingly, firmly 坚定不移的savor: relish, enjoy 尽情享受；品尝，欣赏venerated: respect deeplyinduce: lead, cause 诱导，引用intangible: that cannot be easily defined, vaguedimension: aspect, side【visualize: form a clear picture in the mind, imaginesample: get to know by experience 取样，尝试exhilarated: make cheerful and excited, thrill 振奋的，高兴地accrue: accumulate 获得，累积exhort: urge or advise 忠告，劝诫tenacity: doggedness, perseverance 韧性，固执pay-off: rewardsynthesize: bring separate parts into a whole, fuse(融合) 合成，综合。
vacillate: be uncertain of what action to take 踌躇，犹豫furtively: stealthily, secretly 偷偷地，暗中地symptomatic: indicative, being a sign 有症状的perceive: view, interpret things in a certain way 感觉，理解，认知contagious: tending to spread easily fromperson to person 感染的reverse: change around completely juggle: rearrangenurture: train, educate, develop—circuitous: long and indirect 迂回的potent: very effective and powerful 有效的，强有力的positively: definitely, indeed, really 明确的，断然的intertwine: intermingle, interweave, be twisted so as to become joined 纠结，缠绕steer: direct the course of 控制，引导drab: uninteresting, dull 单调的；浅褐色的Unit 4 Portrait of an Actress《congenial: agreeable 意气相投的，一致的seasoned: experienced 老练的，经验丰富的grate: make a harsh unpleasant sound 发摩擦声growl: say in a low, rough, angry voice 咆哮phantom: illusioninsubstantial: imaginary, not real scribble: write quickly and roughly buffet: push roughly from side to side 与…搏击；斗争)stumble: walk unsteadily 蹒跚sham: fraud, something not real 假装incongruous: out of place 不协调的domesticity: the state of living at home with your family 家庭生活forsake: abandon, desert 放弃，断念solitude: the state of being alone 孤独，隐居surge: arise suddenly and intensively 汹涌，起大浪，蜂拥而来outrageous: very usual and slightly shocking 令人吃惊的）contradicted: say something that conflicts with something said by another minute: very detailed, accurate 详细的ramble: walk for pleasure with no special destination 漫步，闲逛defy: be so difficult as to make impossible 对抗stock: commonly used 存货的，常备的Unit 5 A Wagner Matinee\legacy: something left behind scourge: cause great pain and suffering 鞭打，蹂躏fumble: finger or handle awkwardly 摸索，笨拙的做upshot: final result, outcome 结果revert: return, come back 恢复，归回原状doggedly: perseveringly 顽强的，固执的haggard: tired and thin-faced 憔悴的conjecture: guess, speculate 推测，猜想，inert: not wanting to move or act or think 呆滞的，迟缓的trepidation: fear or nervousness 恐惧excruciatingly: intensely, unbearably 极其痛苦的，难以忍受的matinee: a performance held in the afternoon or morning 日场演出drowsy: half asleep, feeling sleepy 昏昏欲睡的jocularity: the quality of being humorous or given to joking and jesting 滑稽，幽默deluge: flood, an overwhelming amount 洪水，泛滥interminably: endlessly 无限的，漫无止境的seething: boiling 沸腾的myriad: countless, innumerable 无数的infatuation: intense but foolish love 迷恋，醉心contour: outline, shape 轮廓slender: slight, small, poor微薄的turmoil: a state of confusion or disorder混乱，骚动gaunt: so thin that the bones under the skin can be seen 枯瘦的aloofness: the state of being cool and unconcerned 冷漠，高傲perceive: notice, become aware of 感知，认识到。