英语写作常识
大学英语四六级作文要点与技巧
• 注意段落内部的衔接(选用合适的关联词,尤其 是主题段落)。
④修改(2分钟)
• 重大语法错误。 • 大小写错误。 • 不要做重大改动。
• 内容---所有句子围绕主题展开,不得跑 题 • 结构---三段论(无需别出一格) • 语言---准确、地道、多变
语言多变指的是词汇多样性与句式多样 性
Should One Expect a Reward When Doing a Good Deed? You should write at least 150
第一段: • Nowadays, there is an increasing interest in __________. (点明新热点) • Therefore, there is a hot debate over _________. (切入话 题) 第二段: • Some people are in favor of the idea of _________. (概述一 方观点) • They believe that ________. (详述理由一) • They also argue that _________. (详述理由二) 第三段: • However, other people stand on a different ground. (概述另一 方观点) • They consider ________. (详述理由一) • What’s more, they firmly point out that _______. (详述理 由二) • 第四段: • There is some truth in both arguments. (双方各有道理) • But I think the advantages of ________ overweigh the disadvantages. (但是利大于弊)
英语中的书信基本常识
英语中的书信基本常识书信是人们在日常生活和工作中常用的一种书面交流方式。
无论是与朋友、家人还是与商业伙伴之间的交流,书信都是一种有效的沟通工具。
对于学习英语的人来说,了解书信的基本常识是非常重要的。
本文将介绍英语中书信的基本格式、写作技巧和常用的书信用语。
一、书信的基本格式在写英语书信时,有一些基本的格式要求需要遵循。
下面是英语书信的常见格式:1.日期(Date):书信的头部需要写明日期,通常位于信纸的右上角。
日期的格式可以选择不同的写法,比如英国习惯使用"23rd April, 2022",而美国则常用"April 23, 2022"。
2.称呼(Salutation):在书信的开头,需要写明收信人的称呼。
如果你知道对方的姓名,可以使用"Dear Mr./Ms. + 姓名"的格式。
如果不知道对方的姓名,可以使用"Dear Sir/Madam"或者"To whom it may concern"。
3.正文(Body):书信的正文是表达主要内容的部分。
正文一般分为多个段落,每个段落都应该有一个明确的主题。
段落之间可以使用空行进行分隔。
4.结尾(Closing):书信的结尾需要写明发信人的称呼和署名。
常用的结尾用语包括"Sincerely"、"Yours faithfully"和"Best regards",根据与收信人的关系和写作目的选择合适的用语。
5.签名(Signature):在结尾的下方,需要留出足够的空间给发信人签名。
签名可以直接在纸上签字,也可以打印发信人的姓名。
二、书信的写作技巧除了遵循书信的基本格式,书信的写作还需要一些技巧:1.明确写作目的:在写信之前,要先明确写作目的和所要传达的信息。
这有助于你选择合适的语气和用词。
2.简洁明了:书信的语言要简洁明了,避免使用过于复杂的句子和词汇。
实用大学英语写作PPT
该给高分的给高分,包括满分;该给低分的给低分,包括零分。
第一章节
三.评分标准
满分15分。 阅卷标准共分五档次:2分、5 分、8分、11分及14分,依作文水平可在本档次内上下浮动1分。
3.细化评分标准:
2分 --- 条理不清,思路紊乱,语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误,且多数为严重错误。
连贯性的处理
添加副标题
原因 for; as; since; now that; on account of; given that; owing to; due to; thanks to; because; because of; in that…; considering that…; seeing that…
4.字数不足酌情扣分
累计字数
110-119
100-109
90-99
80-89
70-79
60-69
50-59
低于49
扣分
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
四.题型把握
学习与校园生活
01
社会发展变化
02
常识、格言
03
社会热点
04
命题范围
2.命题体裁
01
论说文
02
记叙文
03
图表作文
04
应用文
3.作文类型模块化
对立观点型
遣词
干涩、枯燥文句的处理
are obliged to effective efficient and immediately serious / water
We should take measures against pollution. We take measures against pollution.
英语写作方法指导ppt课件
C、难词解释法:
不少考生平时不注重记忆必要的单词,写作时 碰到生词就绕道走,最后只好用解释法、定义 法来说明,结果语言晦涩难懂,文意错乱,表 达不畅。
病原体侵入 生长繁 殖,引 起不同 程度的 病理生 理过程
病原体侵入机体,消弱机体防御机能 ,破坏 机体内 环境的 相对稳 定性, 且在一 定部位 生长繁 殖,引 起不同 程度的 病理生 理过程
④组织语言、正确叙述是整个写作过程中的重要环节。
知道了内容、抓住了要点后,再根据要点确定句型,扩展句 子,把这些内容有机地连接起来。在联句成文的过程中,还要 注意,句子或者段落间的连接不仅仅是个语言问题,也是个逻 辑思维方法的问题,这两者是不能截然分开的。例如,两个意 义单位之间是递增、选择、对比、转折、概括、举例、时间顺 序或是因果关系,都要使用得当,并且用一定的词句加以表达, 否则,文章就会松散或含糊不清。
二、语法正
在写书面表达时,每一个句子都要尽 可能避免语法错误,考生们通常在下 列语法方面最易出错。
A、动词错误
a.多用动词。如: There were hundreds of students couldn’t go to school because they were poor.
(改为Hundreds) b.缺少动词。如:It is said that they often careless in class. (加are)
(去掉was)
不少基础较差的同学喜欢在行为动词前面加be动词, 例如:I am think that I’ll learn how to use a computer(. 去掉am)
英语写作:写英文邮件的一点常识
英语写作:写英文邮件的一点常识英语写作:写英文邮件的一点常识无论在申请过程和小米们(Admission officer)的勾肩搭背,还是正式入学之后和tutor的邮件往来中,关于Formal letter和informal letter是国内中学英语教育很少去提及的部分,英语老师也很少会讲这个点,这里我只是说下这两种英文邮件的区别,起码大家格调定好了再写Email的时候不会给人无礼或不懂规矩的.感觉。
一.Informal letter(非正式信函):1.Beginning(开头):Dear + first name2.Friendly greeting(寒暄):I hope this letter finds you well.3.Contractions(写缩写):I'm, didn't, couldn't, there's...4.Questions(丢出问题):Do you remember...? Why don't you...?5.Exclamation(感叹):...earlier than I thought it was!6.Linking(连接词可以口语化):Well, Anyway, so, and7.Phrases(短语可以口语化):had a great time, couldn't have asked for, working flat out, back to normal8.Ending(结尾):Hope to see you soon + first name二.Formal letter(正式信函):1.Beginning(开头):Dear Sir or Madam2.No greeting necessary(不用寒暄)3.No contractions(不准用缩写):I am, did not...4.Normally avoid direct questions(问问题要客气):"I would like" instead of "Can I have?"5.No exclamation marks( 不要用惊叹号)6.Linking(连接词不要口语化):However, Consequently, and, also7.Phrases and vocabulary(用词稍高级):with regard to, appliance, it was installed, the following day, failed to (meaning "didn't"), procedure, he assured me, report the issue, contacted, under warranty, I am entitled to, replacement, phone me personally8.Ending(结尾):I await your prompt response,Yours faithfully + full name从上面可以看出来,大家申请过程中肯定基本都是写Formal letter的,所以用词需要规矩一些,和tutor的话,看亲密程度,熟悉的可以用informal letter,不熟悉的还是用formal letter以示对老师尊重。
英语书信的基本常识
英语书信的基本常识由之前英语常用应用文的分类来看,基本上我们接触的常用应用文主要是书信类。
书信的具体写法格式,中文同英文是有很大差别的。
因此了解英文书信的一些常识性东西是十分必要的。
1.信头(heading)英语书信的信头包括发信人的地址和发信的具体日期两部分。
信头放在信纸的右上角,一般分行写出。
要先写发信人地址,再写发信的日期。
写发信地址时依据从小到大的原则,即:先写门牌号码、街道名或路名,再写区(县)及所在市名称,然后是省或州、郡名称,最后再写上国家的名称。
日期的顺序是先写月份再写哪一日然后是年份。
需写邮政编码,邮政编码写在城市名称后边,用逗号隔开。
信头不能越过信纸中间而写到信纸的左上面。
另外需要注意的是,通常在写地址时,第一行写门牌号和街名,第二行写地区名,第三行是日期。
一般信头每行末不用标点符号,但每行中间应用的标点不可少,城区名和邮政编码之间,日月和年份之间要用逗号隔开。
信头一般不要写得太高,信头的上面要留些空白。
信头的书写格式有两种:并列式和斜列式。
所谓并列式是指信头各行开头上下排列整齐。
而所谓斜列式是下一行开头较上一行的开头向右移一至两个字母的位置。
如:并列式:6pparkave.newyork;ny11215,u..a.december1,1999斜列式:6pparkave.newyork,ny11215,u..adecember1,1993。
2.信内地址(inideaddre)信内地址包括收信人的姓名称呼和地址两部分。
社交的私人信件信内地址是省略的。
信内地址的位置位于信头的左下方,它的开始行低于信头的结尾行,位于信纸中央的左边。
信内地址先写收信人的头衔和姓名,再写地址,地址排列次序同信头一样。
信内地址的书写格式也有两种:并列式和斜列式。
一般来讲,信头和信内地址所用的格式总是保持一致的。
标点符号的使用也与信头一样。
关于信内地址对收信人的头衔和姓名的称呼一般有以下几种情况:无职称的男子用mr.(加姓)已婚的女子用mr.(加女子丈夫的姓)未婚的女子用mi婚姻状况不明的女子用m.博士或医生用dr.(doctor)有教授职称的用prof.(profeor)总经理、校长、会长、总统用pre.(preident)。
英语写作:句子
句子一、句子的基本常识1.英文的基本句型1)主+系+表:I am a university student./I feel proud of myself./The leaves turn green when spring comes.2)主+动+(状):I study very hard./I have prepared for the TEM-4 for a long time.3)主+动+宾:I read English books./I’ve memorized all the words in the word list.4)主+动+宾+宾:Prof. Kang gave me a lot of assignments every day./I wrote my teacher a letter yesterday.5)主+动+宾+补:The little boy found the box empty./We’ll make our country greener and more beautiful.2.英文句子的特性Unity; Coherence, Conciseness; Emphasis; Variety二.作文中常见的有关句子方面的问题1、句式的口语化口语化的特点在句型上表现为简单句的比例远远超过复杂句和复合句。
A . 句型多样化句型多样化指在语法正确、结构完整的前提下,根据句意使句式富有变化,生动活泼,重点突出,以增加文章的“闪光点”。
写作时如果只用主语+谓语+宾语的简单形式,就会使文章因句式简单而显得平淡枯燥。
例如:Many people watch television. They spend so much time in front of it. They never really experience their own lives.这几个句子读起来简单乏味,句子之间缺乏必要的联系,但如果适当地将各句连接起来,改为Many people spend so much time in front of television that they never really experienced their own lives.就会使之更生动一些。
高考英语写作指导
高考英语写作指导高考英语写作指导11、主谓关系中人称和数量不一致性汉语的动词不受主语的人称和数的影响,但英语的谓语动词要和主语保持一致,谓语动词要随着主语而变化。
而学生主要用汉语思维,因此他们往往没有习惯去考虑主语是第几人称,是单数还是复数。
例如:a. A number of students is going to learn a foreign language.b. He go to school by bike every day.分析:a句中a number of +复数名词做主语时,其谓语动词用复数形式。
b中He是第三人称单数,在一般现在时态中谓语动词go应该加es。
2、时态高中生在写作中经常在时态方面犯错误。
英语时态种类繁多,动词的构成形式随着时态的变化而变化。
中文里没有时态区分。
动作或动词的时间由跟在动词后的诸如“着”、“了”、“过”等副词来表示,对高中生来说,掌握英语的时态不是很容易。
实际上,学习者在头脑里很清楚语法规则,但经常混淆或忘记改变动词的词形。
例如:a. A baby can cry as soon as it was born.b. I spend 50 yuan buying the clothes.c. I will not come here if it will rain tomorrow.正确的句子:a. A baby can cry as soon as it is born.b. I spent 50 yuan buying the clothes.c. I will not come here if it rains tomorrow.分析:第一句是一个常识问题,应该用一般现在时态。
第二句“我买这件衣服花了50元”应该是过去时态。
第三句主句是一般将来时,从句是一般现在时态。
3、语态错误动词的被动式在英语中比比皆是,学生由于汉语思维的影响,很少考虑到用被动语态。
写英语文章的第一要点-不要用第一人称(我,我们)_写作指导
写英语文章的第一要点:不要用第一人称(我,我们)_写作指导写英语文章的第一要点:不要用第一人称(我,我们)分享一个我自己的真实的经历.当年我在把硕士毕业论文草稿交给导师(dr.farley)审阅的时候,心里还是满自信的.一则本人当年靠自学考了600分的托福,当时在工厂全职上班,没有参加任何的英语培训班,所以自认为还是有实力的.再则我在写了论文第一稿以后还特地请了几个美国本科生看了一下,把发现的语法问题都改掉了.所以当时的心态是等着导师夸奖呢审阅的结果当然是大跌我的眼镜,因为差不多每页都被导师改动过了.仔细看看,发现问题主要就出在文章中出现了太多的第一人称(我,我们).直到这时我才明白在正式文章中要少用或不用第一人称,而尽量用第三人称和被动语态例如,如果在论文中要说明我们用法拉第杯来收集离子流,不要用"we used a faraday cup to collect ions",而要用"ions were collected through a faraday cup"来表述四年之后,当我把我的博士论文草稿交给导师审阅后,他和我说他感到很惊奇,因为几乎没有什么需要改动的地方.我当时颇为得意,在心中嘀咕了一句:因为聪明人是不需要教两遍的.很多年过去了,我一直受益于当年导师教的这个写文章的方法.现在拿出来和大家分享,希望能有更多的人能从中受益.又想起了那句话:聪明人是不需要教两遍的!呵呵...写英语文章的第一要点:不要用第一人称(我,我们) 相关内容:提高文字综合写作水平政府办公室的文字综合工作,主要是把政府方方面面的工作情况、存在问题、政策措施加以汇总、提炼和加工后,形成全面、翔实、系统、操作性强的综合文字材料,供领导参阅和部门、单位遵照执行,是政府文字工作的司令部和总枢纽。
试用员工转正尊敬的人事部:我于二○○四年六月二十五日进入公司,根据公司的需要,目前担任xxx一职,负责总经办内勤管理工作。
英语写作基础知识普及
英语写作基础第一章英语写作常识与规范第一节标点符号1.顿号“、”英语没有顿号,一般用逗号取代。
如:This kind of machine is widely used in India, Russia,the U。
S.A。
and China。
(这种机器在印度、俄罗斯、美国、中国广泛应用.)2.书名号汉语书名号为《》,表示书籍、报刊等名称。
英语中不用书名号,而是用斜体字表示,以区别于印刷体;但打字或书写时,因没有斜体字,便在书名或刊名下划一横线。
例如:I often read the newspaper——-New York Times。
(我经常阅读《纽约时报》这份报纸。
)3.句号英语的句号是是实心的小圆点,即“。
”,常用于陈述句和祈使句之后。
而汉语的句号是空心圆圈,即“。
”。
4.冒号英语中的冒号一般只用来对主句进行说明、引申、解释等等,汉语中除有上述相似用法外,更多用于直接引语的说明及一般函件的开头语.例如:The year is divided into four seasons: spring,summer,autumn and winter。
(一年分为四季:春、夏、秋、冬.)5. 逗号“,”在英语中,引起直接引语的说明以及一般函件开头的称呼语等一类用语后都用逗号,而不象汉语那样用冒号。
(但美国用冒号)。
逗号是英文写作中最常用的标点符号.对中国学生而言,也是最容易出错的地方。
因为以中国人写作的思维,只要一句话意思没完,便要用逗号,而对于英文写作,只要句子结构完整便要用句号.例如:逗号误用:I set out for the biggest bookstore in town, at the school gate I saw a girl of my class, she was going there,too, we decided to go together, we walked,the bookstore was not far away。
专升本英语:英语写作ppt课件
4. 精选素材 列出提纲
在构思的基础上,按文章发展的逻辑顺序进一步确定 每段的中心内容,列出段落主题句,并围绕中心思想在 原来草记的材料中精选出紧扣主题的素材,分段落排列 顺序,最后整理成简略提纲。写作时根据提纲的思路来 写,可减少盲目性,增加科学性,不致使重点遗漏。
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5. 动笔写作 组织成文
(二)主题段(Body Paragraph ):也叫正文,是文章的主体部 分,也是情节发展、事实说明或者层层递进的部分,把要论 述的,具体而明晰。文章内容要具有 一致性、连贯性,在 文章中起到“承”和“转”的作用。
(三)结尾段(Conclusion Paragraph):也叫结束语,是由通 篇文章所得出的简短结论,或者事情发展到了最后一个情节, 即故事的结束、结局、其作用是概括全文内容,进一步强调 或者肯定文章的中心思想,用以加深印象,在文章中起到 “合”的作用。
all/First of all/原因一/影响一⑤Secondly/what's more/ furthermore
(原因二/影响二)⑥Besides/Finally(原因三/影响三)
⑦As a result/ Therefore/ consequently,(结果)⑧As far as I
am concerned/ As to me /In my opinion, “我”的观点/态度/做法⑨
从文到段,从段到句,是篇章结构的主要内容。了解
篇章结构,是进行写作的必备常识。掌握了篇章结构,
才会使文章建立起骨架。一篇文章通常可分为以下三
种段落:
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Sept.10, 2010
(一)引言段(Introductionary Paragraph):向读者介绍此片文 章的主题及背景材料。在文中起到开宗明义,即“启”的作 用,是全文的主题所在。
高考英语作文热点话题(传统文化了解中国) 附范文
高考英语作文热点话题(传统文化了解中国) 附范文01热点:传统文化艺术中华饮食:茶近几年,高考英语写作多次出现对中国传统文化的考查,例如唐诗、剪纸等。
所以,在备考复习时,可以多在这个主题上下些功夫!【题目要求】假定你是李华,你的美国朋友Jack发来邮件,想了解中国茶文化常识。
现在请你给他回封邮件,内容包括:1. 中国茶文化简介;2. 饮茶的好处;3. 邀请他来中国体验茶文化。
注意:1. 词数100左右;2. 邮件开头和结尾已为你写好,不计入总词数;3. 可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
【优秀范文】Dear Jack,I’m glad to hear from you. And now I’m very happy to share something about Chinese tea culture in reply to your last e-mail.Chinese tea culture started about 4,000 years ago and drinking tea gradually became an amazing tradition. In China, people drink tea almost everywhere and in most of their spare time. Some Chinese believe that tea benefits people’s health a lot. Drinking a cup of tea makes people relaxed and refreshed. Others treat guests or friends to tea drinking in social communication.Probably, you’ve got a general picture of tea culture after my introduction. Then, how about coming to China to experience it yourself? Maybe, you will fall in love with it.Yours,Li Hua02热点:走进中国走进中国伴随着中国日益国际化,越来越多的外国人正在走进中国,也有很多国际友人希望更多地了解中国。
英语写作注意事项和禁忌
英语写作注意事项和禁忌
以下是一些英语写作时需要注意的事项和禁忌:
注意事项:
1. 语法和拼写:确保使用正确的语法和拼写。
注意主谓一致、时态、冠词、介词等基本语法规则。
在完成写作后,仔细检查拼写错误。
2. 连贯性和逻辑性:保持文章的连贯性和逻辑性。
使用过渡词和连接词来连接段落和句子,使文章流畅易懂。
3. 段落组织:合理组织段落,每个段落应有一个主题句,并围绕该主题展开论述。
确保段落之间的过渡自然。
4. 词汇选择:选择适合文章主题和受众的词汇。
避免过度使用复杂或生僻的词汇,尽量使用准确、简洁的词汇来表达意思。
5. 引用和参考:如果引用了他人的观点、数据或研究成果,务必注明出处。
遵循适当的引用格式。
禁忌:
1. 避免抄袭:严禁抄袭他人的作品。
尊重知识产权,坚持原创性。
2. 避免过度使用缩略语和俚语:除非在特定的领域或文体中是常见的,否则应避免过度使用缩略语和俚语。
3. 避免冗长和复杂的句子:保持句子简洁明了,避免过多的修饰语和从句。
复杂的句子结构可能导致理解困难。
4. 避免文化和性别歧视:注意避免使用带有文化或性别歧视的语言。
5. 避免过度使用被动语态:尽量使用主动语态,使文章更直接、生动。
英语写作需要注意语法、拼写、连贯性、段落组织和词汇选择等方面。
避免抄袭、过度使用缩略语和俚语,以及文化和性别歧视。
不断练习和提高写作技巧,阅读优秀的英语文章,以提升自己的写作水平。
英语作文20个热点话题+满分范文
英语作文20个热点话题+满分范文热点预测1:健康生活1.网瘾中国社会近些年一直提倡健康生活方式,但网瘾普遍存在于青少年之中,对其学习和生活都造成了很大不良影响!题目要求:假设你是李华,你在美国夏令营认识的朋友Mike给你来信说他最近沉迷于电脑难以控制。
请你给他回一封信,告诉他网瘾可能会导致成绩下降、健康状况恶化、损害家庭关系等问题,并提出一些建议。
参考词汇:沉溺于be/become addicted to 网瘾:Internet addiction 优秀范文:Dear Jack,I am glad to hear from you. As your close friend, I’d like to talk about the harm of Internet addiction to you as I feel worried to know that you have wasted lots of valuable time playing the Internet games.As we know, the Internet is a convenient tool to improve our knowledge and skills. However, our life will be greatly affected if we are addicted to it. For example your grades may go down and your health will be going from bad to worse. To make things worse, it can also damage the relationship with your family. So I think it is high time that you got rid of the bad habit. It is a good idea for you to read some meaningful books and do some physical exercise.I am looking forward to hearing your good news soon.Yours,Li Hua 2.健康生活——拒为低头族伴随着互联网日益深入人们的生活,低头一族诞生并不断增加,公交车、地铁等公共场合到处都是低头看手机者的身影,手机已经成为低头族身体的一部分。
英语英美文学常识归纳
英语英美文学常识归纳篇一:英语专八英美文学常识归纳3专八人文知识:英国地理概况the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea.英吉利海峡:英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡,分割英法两国,连接大西洋和北海。
the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters.迪河河口:是迪河流入的一个小海。
"the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain.1801合并法:1801年英国议会通过法令,手册英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据法律合并成为大不列颠王国。
gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands.盖尔语:是盖尔特语言的一种,在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。
the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, theboard ridge of hills.英格兰脊梁:指的是山脉的背脊。
lead ore: british lead ores have been worked since pre-roman times. it contains silver.铅矿:自前罗马时代开始,英国的铅矿就被开发了。
(完整word版)大学英语写作教程重点
1.段落解释:is a unit of thought composed of sentences,smaller units of thought,that relate to a single topic.Paragraph divisions serve two very useful functions 2.A good paragraph is composed 组成 in such a way that it has :eachidea with nothing in the paragraph not covered by the topicit explores the main idea explicitly andconcretely,with plenty of details,examples,and explanations3.has sound internal structure.The qualities that indicate sound internal structure are unity,coherence,and completeness.4.怎样做到内容一致An excellent way of achieving unityis by means of the topic sentence.Properly used,the topic sentence forces the writer to adhere to and to sustain the point he is trying to establish5.标题句 the topic sentence properly used can achieve unity in the paragraph,which indicate the importance of the topic sentence;②the topic sentence6.第二个写作常识In short,a good topic sentence has a limited subject and a sharp focus,namely,a good topic sentence is not too general nor too narrow.A topic sentence that is too general requires much more than a paragraph to develop it.A coherence is connection and consistency.A coherent paragraph is one in which all the sentence are related logically and grammatically to make a whole that allows the reader to follow the writer’s train of thought step by step8.第三个写作常识 Just as topic sentenceshelp readers follow our ideas,other signals also help them understand what we have to say.When we write and when we revise,look for the areas that seem choppy or unconnected —that lack coherence.We can establish better coherence by using the following devices:pronoun reference,repetition ,and in a paragraph means that the topic is adequately developed by details,explanations,definitions,evidences,and the like,so that the reader is not left with only a fuzzy idea of what the writer means1第四个写作常识:Development of the main idea, then, is like enlarging a photograph to make the details clearer. So, development in the paragraph is as important as unity and coherence between skillful development helps us to stick to our subject and focus and to keep up the sense of oneness.2Inductive Pattern (归纳法概念):In developing a paragraph by means of the inductive pattern of reasoning the writer presents particular instances of a like kind and leads them into valid generalization which serves as his topic sentence.3Deductive Pattern (演绎法概念):In developing a paragraph by means of the deductive pattern the writer begins with a generalization(the topic sentence) and proceeds with specific elaboration or application of the general idea.4Inductive-deductive Pattern(归纳演绎法):As the name indicates, in developing a paragraph by means of inductive-deductive pattern the writer first presents particular instances and a resulting generalization, then applies the generalization to a new instance. 5第五个写作常识:Sequences of development are not independent of types of development. The most important sequences of development are general to particular, particular to general, climactic, chronological, and spatial.6Climactic Sequence (层递顺序):In a climactic sequence, the most intense or highest point of interest is saved for the final sentence, which may be, but is not necessarily, the topic sentence.7.Chronological Sequence (时间顺序):A chronological sequence is one in which earlier things precede later things; items are listed in the order in which they occur in time. The most obvious use of a chronological sequence is in telling a story. 8Spatial Sequence (空间顺序):A spatial sequence is used in descriptions of various types. It starts the reader at a particular point and then moves logically in some direction, from one place to another.9第六个写作常识:The type of development is the way in which the main idea is supported-by details, definitions, statements of cause and effect, and so on.10段落展开方式:Among the most important types of paragraph development are development by detail, comparison and contrast, process, classification and partition, cause and effect, definition, and mixed development.11Development by Comparison and Contrast (比较和对比):①a comparison shows how two or more things are alike; ②a contrast shows how they are different.12Development by Division and Classification (分类法和归类法):Dividing and classifying information is central to the writing process. When we divide, we begin with a whole, a complete body of information or one idea, and break it into its parts. When we classify, we begin with many small observations and sort them into categories on the basisof their similarities.13第七个写作常识:Causal analysis involves the ability to see cause and effect relationships between two elements. In order to arrive at a cause, we need to distinguish among three kinds: necessary, sufficient and contributory.14第八个写作常识:Definitions are particularly important for limiting the intended meaning of abstract or technical terms. There are two types of definition: formal definition and extended definition. Formal definition includes the term itself, the class it belongs to, and the details that distinguish it from other items in its class.15第九个写作常识:As we have seen, a single paragraph often contains more than one type of development. Almost any kind of paragraph may include examples or illustrations. The important thing is to avoid switching abruptly and apparently without reason from one kind of development to another in the middle of a paragraph.16第十个写作常识:The introduction is probably the most important part of an essay. The introduction should agree in tone and style with the rest of the essay. It should be a natural part of it, not a different construction grafted on the top.。
初中英语写作词汇积累
中学英语写作词汇积累1.中学英语写作词汇积累1、Time flies.时间易逝。
2、Time is money.一寸光阴一寸金。
3、Time and tide wait for no man.岁月无情;岁月易逝;岁月不待人。
4、Time tries all.时间检验一切。
5、Time tries truth.时间检验真理。
6、Time past cannot be called back again.光阴一去不复返。
7、All time is no time when it is past.光阴一去不复返。
8、No one can call back yesterday;Yesterday will not be called again.昨日不复来。
9、Business neglected is business lost.忽视职业便是放弃职业。
10、One today is worth two tomorrows.一个今日胜似两个明天。
11、The morning sun never lasts a day.好景不常;朝阳不能光照全日。
12、Christmas comes but once a year.圣诞一年只一度。
13、Pleasant hours fly past.快活时间去如飞。
14、Happiness takes no account of time.欢娱不惜时间逝。
15、Time tames the strongest grief.时间能缓和极度的哀伤。
16、The day is short but the work is much.工作多,光阴迫。
17、Never deter till tomorrow that which you can do today.今日事须今日毕,切勿拖延到明天。
18、Have you somewhat to do tomorrow,do it today.明天如有事,今日就去做。
大学英语写作教程重点
1.段落解释:is a unit of thought composed of sentences,smaller units of thought,that relate to a single topic.Paragraph divisions serve two very useful functions 2.A good paragraph is composed 组成 in such a way that it has :eachidea with nothing in the paragraph not covered by the topicit explores the main idea explicitly andconcretely,with plenty of details,examples,and explanations3.has sound internal structure.The qualities that indicate sound internal structure are unity,coherence,and completeness.4.怎样做到内容一致An excellent way of achieving unityis by means of the topic sentence.Properly used,the topic sentence forces the writer to adhere to and to sustain the point he is trying to establish5.标题句 the topic sentence properly used can achieve unity in the paragraph,which indicate the importance of the topic sentence;②the topic sentence6.第二个写作常识In short,a good topic sentence has a limited subject and a sharp focus,namely,a good topic sentence is not too general nor too narrow.A topic sentence that is too general requires much more than a paragraph to develop it.A coherence is connection and consistency.A coherent paragraph is one in which all the sentence are related logically and grammatically to make a whole that allows the reader to follow the writer’s train of thought step by step8.第三个写作常识 Just as topic sentenceshelp readers follow our ideas,other signals also help them understand what we have to say.When we write and when we revise,look for the areas that seem choppy or unconnected —that lack coherence.We can establish better coherence by using the following devices:pronoun reference,repetition ,and in a paragraph means that the topic is adequately developed by details,explanations,definitions,evidences,and the like,so that the reader is not left with only a fuzzy idea of what the writer means1第四个写作常识:Development of the main idea, then, is like enlarging a photograph to make the details clearer. So, development in the paragraph is as important as unity and coherence between skillful development helps us to stick to our subject and focus and to keep up the sense of oneness.2Inductive Pattern (归纳法概念):In developing a paragraph by means of the inductive pattern of reasoning the writer presents particular instances of a like kind and leads them into valid generalization which serves as his topic sentence.3Deductive Pattern (演绎法概念):In developing a paragraph by means of the deductive pattern the writer begins with a generalization(the topic sentence) and proceeds with specific elaboration or application of the general idea.4Inductive-deductive Pattern(归纳演绎法):As the name indicates, in developing a paragraph by means of inductive-deductive pattern the writer first presents particular instances and a resulting generalization, then applies the generalization to a new instance. 5第五个写作常识:Sequences of development are not independent of types of development. The most important sequences of development are general to particular, particular to general, climactic, chronological, and spatial.6Climactic Sequence (层递顺序):In a climactic sequence, the most intense or highest point of interest is saved for the final sentence, which may be, but is not necessarily, the topic sentence.7.Chronological Sequence (时间顺序):A chronological sequence is one in which earlier things precede later things; items are listed in the order in which they occur in time. The most obvious use of a chronological sequence is in telling a story. 8Spatial Sequence (空间顺序):A spatial sequence is used in descriptions of various types. It starts the reader at a particular point and then moves logically in some direction, from one place to another.9第六个写作常识:The type of development is the way in which the main idea is supported-by details, definitions, statements of cause and effect, and so on.10段落展开方式:Among the most important types of paragraph development are development by detail, comparison and contrast, process, classification and partition, cause and effect, definition, and mixed development.11Development by Comparison and Contrast (比较和对比):①a comparison shows how two or more things are alike; ②a contrast shows how they are different.12Development by Division and Classification (分类法和归类法):Dividing and classifying information is central to the writing process. When we divide, we begin with a whole, a complete body of information or one idea, and break it into its parts. When we classify, we begin with many small observations and sort them into categories on the basisof their similarities.13第七个写作常识:Causal analysis involves the ability to see cause and effect relationships between two elements. In order to arrive at a cause, we need to distinguish among three kinds: necessary, sufficient and contributory.14第八个写作常识:Definitions are particularly important for limiting the intended meaning of abstract or technical terms. There are two types of definition: formal definition and extended definition. Formal definition includes the term itself, the class it belongs to, and the details that distinguish it from other items in its class.15第九个写作常识:As we have seen, a single paragraph often contains more than one type of development. Almost any kind of paragraph may include examples or illustrations. The important thing is to avoid switching abruptly and apparently without reason from one kind of development to another in the middle of a paragraph.16第十个写作常识:The introduction is probably the most important part of an essay. The introduction should agree in tone and style with the rest of the essay. It should be a natural part of it, not a different construction grafted on the top.。
考研英语图表作文50例
一、图表作文写作常识1、图形种类及概述法:泛指一份数据图表: a data graph/chart/diagram/illustration/table饼图:pie chart直方图或柱形图:bar chart / histogram趋势曲线图:line chart / curve diagram表格图:table流程图或过程图:flow chart / sequence diagram程序图:processing/procedures diagram2、常用的描述用法The table/chart diagram/graph shows (that)According to the table/chart diagram/graphAs (is) shown in the table/chart diagram/graphAs can be seen from the table/chart/diagram/graph/figures,figures/statistics shows (that)……It can be seen from the figures/statisticsWe can see from the figures/statisticsIt is clear from the figures/statisticsIt is apparent from the figures/statisticstable/chart/diagram/graph figures (that)……table/chart/diagram/graph shows/describes/illustrates how……3、图表中的数据(Data)具体表达法数据(Data)在某一个时间段固定不变:fixed in time在一系列的时间段中转变:changes over time持续变化的data在不同情况下:增加:increase / raise / rise / go up……减少:decrease / grow down / drop / fall……波动:fluctuate / reb ound / undulate / wave……稳定:remain stable / stabilize / level off……最常用的两种表达法:动词+副词形式(Verb+Adverb form)形容词+名词形式(Adjective+Noun form)二、相关常用词组1、主章开头图表类型:table、chart、diagramgraph、column chart、pie graph描述:show、describe、illustrate、can be seen from、clear、apparent、reveal、represent内容:figure、statistic、number、percentage、proportion2、表示数据变化的单词或者词组rapid/rapidly迅速的,飞快的,险峻的dramatic/dramatically戏剧性的,生动的significant/significantly有意义的,重大的,重要的sharp/sharply锐利的,明显的,急剧的steep/steeply急剧升降的steady/steadily稳固的,坚定不移的gradual/gradually渐进的,逐渐的slow/slowly缓慢的,不活跃的slight/slightly轻微的、略微地stable/stably稳定的3、其它在描述中的常用到的词significant changes图中一些较大变化noticeable trend明显趋势during the same period在同一时期grow/grew增长distribute分布,区别unequally不相等地in the case of adv.在……的情况下in terms of / in respect of / regarding在……方面in contrast相反,大不相同government policy政府政策market forces市场规率measure n.尺寸,方法,措施v.估量,调节forecastn.先见,预见v.预测三、考研英语图表写作套句精选1.the table shows the changes in the number of……over the period from……to……该表格描述了在……年之……年间……数量的变化。
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英语写作常识
外国有句名言:说能让人变得聪明,写能让人变得严谨。
九年义务教育教学大纲对中学毕业生写的要求既明确又突出,写是必备的技能。
但对中学生来说,用英语写作是一件很不容易的事,特别是对初学者来说,更是觉得困难重重。
为了帮助同学们提高英语写作水平,在中考书面表达题中取得理想成绩,从本期开始,本刊将陆续刊登英语写作知识的辅导与讲座,精彩不容错过哟!
同学们,写作知识辅导正式开始了,要讲的内容太多了,一时不知从哪儿开始。
噢,对了,啥事都有一定之规,那就先说说写作常识吧!
先说标题吧。
一篇完整的文章通常包括四部分:标题部分、引言部分、扩展部分和结尾部分。
标题也叫题目,是文章的有机组成部分。
好的标题新颖生动、引人入胜,能激发读者的阅读兴趣,因此对于没有命题的作文对标题要精心锤炼。
拟定标题有如下3个要求
1.准确。
即要求标题含义和文章内容相吻合,题目意义不宜过宽过泛。
题目拟得过宽,写作时便很难抓住要点,容易出现文不对题的毛病。
2.醒目。
标题应鲜明、生动地表达文章内容,不落俗套。
3.简练。
标题往往只是二三个词构成的词组,而不用完整的句子。
而且要做到画龙点睛,言简意赅,用较少的文字表达尽可能多的内容。
标题写法也须注意哟。
标题应该放在第一行的中部,和正文之间留有一行或两行的空白。
如果标题过长,就把标题写成两行。
第二行比第一行短,写
在第一行下方的中部。
如:
an intertesting story about my grandfather and grandmother
标题的第一个字母和重要的单词都用大写开头。
介词、连词和冠词通常不算重要的词,一般不大写。
但如果标题中介词是五个以上的字母构成的(如through,between,about, among等),这个单词首字母通常要大写。
另外尚需注意不能在标题下加横线,标题也不该用引号和括号;即使是完整的一句话,也不用句号,但问号和感叹号可以使用。
如:
is it an accident?
好了好了,下面再说说英语字母何时大写?
1.英语句子第一个词的第一字母要大写。
如:my name is li ping.
2.国家、城市、乡、镇等名称的首字母要大写。
如:china(中国)shanghai (上海)
3.表示语言、某国人等首字母要大写。
如:chinese(中国人,汉语)english(英语)
4.姓名中指姓的词和名的词首字母要大写。
如:john smith(约翰。
史密斯)wu hongjun(吴洪军)
5.一些专有名词的首字母要大写。
如:grade two(二年级),marx(马克思)
6.文章的标题、书名、报刊的名称等,第一个单词及每个实词的第一个字母一般要大写。
如:lesson two(第二课),an express way to english
7.表示节日、星期、月份的第一个字母要大写。
如:tuesday(星期二),january(一月),children’s day(儿童节)
8.表示职务或称呼的词首字母要大写。
如:mr green(格林先生)dr.wang(王大夫,王博士)
9.直接引语中,开头字母须大写。
如:polly says,sit down.波莉说:坐下。
10.表示我的字母i和ok等,永远大写。
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怎么样?记住了吗?没记住?那么记住下面的口诀吧:句子开头首字母,文章标题虚词除。
专有名词要记住,节日月份星期几。
报刊杂志和书籍,职业头衔和称谓。
i我无论在哪里,总是大写没问题。
你也许已经发现英语的标点符号和汉语的标点不一样,用时千万别想当然呀!来看看它们的区别吧!
1.英语的句号是实心点,而汉语句号是小圆圈。
2.英语的省略号是3个点,汉语则是6个点。
3.英语中无顿号。
要表示句中较短词语之间的停顿,汉语习惯用顿号,而英语只能用逗号。
在汉语中连词和及等之前不能用顿号,而英语中连接一系列并列项目的and或or之前往往可以用逗号。
4.汉语中直接引语前某某说等词语后一律用冒号,而英语既可用逗号,也可用冒号。
当某某说等词语直接引语后时,汉语的引语末尾用句号,而英语一般用逗号。
如:
excuse me,madam,said the farmer.
5.英语中无书名号,书名号一般用引号。
6.连字符不能写得太长,其长度相当于一个字母的宽度。
同学们在写作文的过程中,经常会碰到这种情况:在一行的末尾只剩
下一点空间,不能写完一个单词,不写又太空,这时就须移行了。
移行有什么规矩吗?
1.移行处要用连字符,并放在该行的末尾。
2.单音节词不论长短都不能移行。
3.缩略词不可移行。
如u.s.a(美国)aren’t等。
4.双音节词和多音节词须在分节处移行,如 mem-ber.但若一个音节只有一个字母时须同其它音节在一行内写完,如study,able不能分别移行为stud-y,a-ble.
5.合成词的名词是单音节词,移行按单词划分,如classroom移行为class-room.派生词应在词缀和原词的划分处分开,如careful移行为care-ful,retell移行为re-tell.
6.不论音节多少,头衔、职称、人名不宜分开。
如:professor lee,green等。
7.时间、度量衡及货币单位应视为一整体,不能分开移行。
如:8:00a.m.,$100.250c等均应写在一行,不得拆开。
8.由年、月、日表示的日期,如需要移行,可将月、日与年分开。
如:may 5,XX,不能将may与5分开移行,只能把april 5与XX分成两行。
以上说的是移行问题。
另外在写作时还要正确运用语法知识,还有习惯用语也需正确运用。
至于如何写好句子以及列提纲等,我们会在以后的辅导中讲到。
好了,这次就到这吧,下次再谈。
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党员年终工作总结范文
回顾一年来的经历,有收获也有不足。
思想上有了一定的进步,学习上也比较刻苦努力,现将我一年来的思想、工作和学习等方面的情况作一个总结性的汇报。
一、自觉加强理论学习,组织纪律性强
加强理论学习,首先是从思想上重视。
理论源于实践,又高于实践。
在过去的一年中,我主动加强对政治理论知识的学习,主要包括继续深入领会“三个代表”重要思想并配合支部的组织生活计划,切实地提高了自己的思想认识,同时注重加强对外界时政的了解,通过学习,提高了自己的政治敏锐性和鉴别能力,坚定了立场,坚定了信念,在大是大非问题面前,能够始终保持清醒的头脑。
今年我顺利转正,成为一名中共正式党员,这给了我无限的信心的同时也有更多的压力。
时刻提醒着我注意,什么是一个党员该做的,什么是不该做的,更促进了我的进步。
首先,我深刻而清楚地认识到自己的缺点和不足,并在生活中循序渐进地改善,一个人改正错误和缺点的过程我想不会再一朝一夕。
所以我做好了充分的心理准备。
尤其,在组织生活会上,同志们再次提出了我的不足之处,这使我感到自己还有很多路要走还有很多是要学,当然自己的努力是少不了的。
我有信心明年总结的时候可以完全改正一些不足和缺点。
因为我是一名党员了,就应该拿出吃苦耐劳的精神,如果连自己的缺点都不能克服还谈什么先锋模范作用。
这一年里,我积极响应学校组织的多次党员活动,配合当前的理论前沿,为自己补充新鲜血液。
当然,加强理论学习仍将是今后工作和生活中的一项主要的内容。
不断加强学习,以适应社会发展的需要,不断的提高自己的政治理论素质,以适应社会经济发展的客观要求。
二、学习刻苦,积极参加各种活动
作为新世纪的高等学府的学子,我很骄傲,当然压力也从来没有离开过。
研究生的课程学习并不是很重,但是老师的宽松对我来说就像是无形的压力。
突然感觉自己好像有好多东西需要学习,所以我不敢放松学习,希望在有限的学生生涯中更多地学到点东西,为将来能更好地为人民服务作准备。
所以,我从来不旷课,课上也是认真听讲,当然学习之余也应该劳逸结合。
在今年学校的运动会上,我报名参加了舞蹈队的表演,从这次活动中,不但认识了不少同学,也给了我一个锻炼自己交际能力的场所,增加了自己的群众基础。
自己从这次活动中收获不少,就是从这次活动中,我知道了,只要有决心,没有做不到的事。
三、严格要求自己,养成良好的生活习惯
进入研究生的学习和生活,相对来说环境比较宽松,我刚开始也放松了对自己的要求,直接的表现就是早上起床经常不叠被了。
在一次学习马祖光院士的活动中,我受到了深深的震撼,一位院士有着如此节俭的生活,对一件事可以几十
年如一日的坚持完成,多么伟大的人格啊!这使我反省自己,连起码的生活礼仪都不注意,在关键时刻也许想注意都难了。
从那一天起,我就再也没有不叠被,感觉自己从那时起,就有了生活原则,有了自我监督机制,每天都会想想今天还有什么没有干好,或是还有什么原定计划没有完成。
我深刻地感到,一个好习惯一生受益。
注意将工作、学习、娱乐、休息有机的结合起来,将8小时以外的时间合理的利用起来,养成良好的生活习惯。