新译林8B-unit1-past-and-present知识总结

8B unit1 past and present
一.词汇拓展
1.marry v. →married (adj.) 已婚的
2. communicate v. →communication (n.)
3. north n. →northern (adj.)
4. wife n. →wives(复数)
5. interview v. →interviewer (n.) 采访者
6.recent adj. →recently (adv.)
7.exact adj. →exactly (adv.)
8.pollute v. →pollution(n.)
二.重点短语
1.和…玩play with sb
2.不再…not …any more=no more
3.不同时期的交通工具transport at different times
4.阳光镇的变化the changes to Sunshine Town
5.非常了解这个地方know the place well
6.从那时起since then自从2005年以来since 2005自从去年以来since last year
自从三个星期前以来since three weeks ago
7.搬家move house搬到南京move to Nanjing搬走move away 搬出move out of
搬进一座新公寓move to/ into a new flat
8.在…南部in the southern part of
9.结婚get married 已经结婚…have been married for
和某人结婚be/ get married to sb/ marry sb 把某人嫁给某人marry sb. to sb.
10.变化很大change a lot change into 变成
change n.改变（可数）找零，零钱（不可数）
11.在过去in the past 在现在at present
12.这些年以来over/ during the years
13.把…变成…turn …into…翻到turn to
14.打牌play cards 下中国象棋play Chinese chess
15.愉快的假期pleasant holiday
16.玩得很开心have a pleasant time
17.水污染water pollution 噪音污染noise pollution减少污染reduce the pollution
18.过去经常做某事used to do sth
19.像以前一样经常地…as often as before
20.把…排进/ 倒进…dump…into…
21.一个很严重的问题a very serious problem
22.采取行动做某事take action to do sth
23.在某种程度上in some ways 顺便问一下by the way
在去…的路上on the way to…挡路in the way
24.开阔的空间/ 户外活动场所open space
25.不时地，偶尔from time to time
26. 一处自然景点地方a place of natural beauty
27.从…借…borrow sth from sb借给某人…/把…借给…lend sb sth= lend sth to sb
28.在使用中be in use= be in service
29.带…去…take sb to …
30.独自地on one’s own= by oneself= alone
31.有同感have the same feeling
32.青山环绕green hills around
33.清新的空气fresh air
34.良好的环境a good environment
35.发展缓慢less development
36.离…远be far (away) from 两个街区远two blocks away 离…近be close to…
37.给…造成许多麻烦cause many problems for…
38.近期照片recent photos 在近几年中in recent years
39. …的反义词the opposite of…
40. 有好运have good luck
41.把…扔掉throw sth away
42.写一篇有关阳光镇的文章write an article on Sunshine Town
43.在过去的一个世纪over the past century
44.关于北京的过去和现在about Beijing’s past and present
45.感冒have a cold 患重感冒have a bad cold
46.受到某人的来信hear from sb= receive a letter from
47.乘飞机旅行travel by plane/ by air
48.享受阳光和沙滩enjoy the sun and the beach
49.走遍城市go around the city
50.返回return =get back return to 回到，归还
51.出国go abroad 国内外at home and abroad
52.和…保持联系keep in touch with
三.重点句子
1. ----Eddie，have you seen my food ? ----Yes. I’ve just eaten it.
“埃迪，你看到我的食物了吗？”
“是的，我刚刚把它吃完。

”
2.The factory used to dump its waste into the river.（didn’t use to do/used
not to do）
工厂过去常常把废物倒进河里。

3.I have known the place since I was very young.
自从我很小时我就知道了这个地方。

4.China has changed a lot. = Great changes have happened to China.= There
have been gr eat changes in China.
5.Many of them have moved to other areas and I feel a bit lonely from time to time.
他们中的许多人已经搬到其他地方了，我时不时的感到有点孤独。

6.The government realized it was a very serious problem and took action
to reduce the pollution.
后来政府意识到了这个问题，并采取行动改善了这种情况。

7.They have gone to the cinema already. John has been to the USA a few
times.他们已经去了电影院。

约翰去过美国几次。

8.I come to school by bus on my own.
9.He thinks he is unlucky enough to see the changes to Sunshine Town. 他认为他不足够幸运看到阳光镇的改变。

10. It no longer provides a good environment for wildlife. = It doesn’t
provide a good environment for wildlife any longer.
四.词句解析
1.just adv. 刚才
[点拨] just 意为“刚刚，刚才”，强调最近刚发生的事情。

It doesn't matter. We've just begun our class.
没关系。

我们刚开始上课。

[拓展] (1)just 还可译为“正好；仅仅；就是”，用来加强语气。

It's just half past nine now. 现在正好九点半。

(2)just意为“刚刚”，与现在完成时连用；just now意为“刚才”，与一般过去
时连用。

The sheep have just eaten the grass up.
那些绵羊刚刚将草吃光。

Amy finished her homework just now.
埃米刚才完成了家庭作业。

2.married adj. 已婚的
[点拨] a married woman已婚妇女
a married man已婚男子
be/get married to…与……结婚
They have been married for five years.
他们结婚已经5年了。

[拓展] marry v. 结婚marriage n. 结婚，婚礼
My sister's marriage will take place at ten o'clock today. 我姐姐的婚礼将于今天10点举行。

[搭配] marry sb 嫁给某人，娶了某人，与某人结婚
marry sb to…把某人嫁给……
I am going to marry John. 我要和约翰结婚了。

3.waste n. 废品，废料
[点拨] (1)vt.& vi. 浪费
Don't waste the money. There isn't much left.
不要浪费那些钱。

没有多少了。

(2)adj. 无用的；废弃的
waste paper 废纸
(3)n. 浪费；废品，废料
It's a waste of time. 这是浪费时间。

It is a waste to throw away good food.
把好的食物扔掉是浪费。

The waste from the factory was taken away in trucks. 工厂的废料被装上大卡车运走了。

4.interview n. 采访
[点拨] interview作名词时，意为“面试，会谈”；作动词时，意为“采访，会见”。

interview sb＝have an interview with sb，意为“采访某人”。

The reporter had an interview with the winner of the competition.
那位记者对这次竞赛的获胜者进行了采访。

Peter interviewed Mr White yesterday.
彼得昨天会见了怀特先生。

She became a member of the company after the job interview.
工作面试结束之后，她成了公司的一员。

5.lonely和alone
(1)lonely 为形容词，意为“孤独的；寂寞的；无人烟的，荒凉的”。

live a lonely life 过着孤单的生活
a lonely old man 一位孤独的老人
feel lonely 感到孤独a lonely island 一座荒岛
After his wife and two children left him, he was very lonely.
他的妻子和两个孩子离他而去后，他很孤独。

(2)alone 作形容词，意为“单独的，独自的；独一无二的”，只作表语。

He was alone in the house. 他独自在家里。

I am not alone in thinking so.
并非只有我这样想。

(3)alone 还可作副词，意为“单独地，独自地”。

He went home alone. 他独自回家了。

She lived alone. 她独居。

6.happen和take place
happen与take place两者都作“发生”讲，都不能用于被动语态，但它们之间也有差别。

(1)happen指“碰巧发生”，强调偶然性，常指事情在人们无意识、无准备的情况下发生。

The accident happened yesterday.
这起事故发生在昨天。

What has happened to his family?
他家出什么事了？
(2)take place 是不及物动词词组，意为“发生”，指事情按照计划发生。

Many great changes took place in our village last year.
去年我们村发生了许多巨大变化。

In 1919, the May 4th Movement took place in China.
一九一九年，中国爆发了五四运动。

(3)take place 还可作“举行”讲，相当于hold。

但take place 没有被动语态，而hold 有被动语态。

The Olympic Games take place every four years.
奥运会每四年举行一次。

When will the wedding take place?
＝When will the wedding be held?
婚礼将什么时候举行？
ed to do sth, be/get used to (doing) sth, be used to do sth和be used as
(1)used to do sth 意为“过去常常做某事”，暗含现在不再这样做了，其中to为不定式符号。

She used to teach history in that school.
她过去在那所学校教历史。

(2)be/get used to (doing) sth意为“习惯于(做)某事”，其中to为介词。

She has got used to the country life.
她已经习惯了乡村生活。

(3)be used to do sth＝be used for doing sth，意为“被用来做某事”。

Stamps are used to send letters.
＝Stamps are used for sending letters.
邮票被用来寄信。

(4)be used as…意为“被用作……”。

The building is used as a teaching centre.
这栋楼被用作教学中心。

8.I’ve lived here since I was born. 自从我出生以来，我就住在这儿。

[点拨] since 表示“自从……以来”，常与现在完成时连用。

具体用法如下：(1)since＋表过去的时间点
Jack has lived in London since 1999.
自从1999年以来，杰克就一直住在伦敦。

(2)“since＋一段时间＋ago”，表示“自从……前”。

David has been famous as a writer since three years ago.
自从三年前，戴维作为一名作家就已经出名了。

(3)since＋从句(从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时)
Great changes have taken place in our school since you left.
自从你离开后，我们学校发生了很大变化。

[拓展] (1)since作连词，意为“因为，既然，鉴于”。

Since the rain has stopped, let's go for a walk.
既然雨停了，那我们出去散散步吧。

(2)“It is＋时间段＋since…/It has been＋时间段＋since…”表示“从……起已经有多长时间了”。

It is three years since he began to smoke.
自从他开始吸烟已经有三年了。

五.语法
现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”
1.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。

例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。

(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。

)
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever，once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning ／month ／year...，today等)连用。

例如：Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？
2.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。

例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。

(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。

)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。

(动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。

)
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导)，或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now，so far到目前为止)等。

例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。

注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。

如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。

即时自测
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
1. David and Mary got ________ (marry) three months ago.
2. There is less air ________ (pollute) in the countryside than in big cities.
3. My problem is that I have no ______________ (commute) with my parents.
4. Now the rivers in my hometown are much ________ (clean) than before.
5. Linda lives in the ________ (north) part of London.
单项选择
()1. How many English words ________ you ________ since last year?
A．did; learn B．have; learned C．are; learning D．do; learn
()2.—Does your aunt live ________？
—Yes. But she never feels ________．
A．lonely; alone B．alone; alone C．alone; lonely D．lonely; lonely ()3. Millie has seen the TV ________. Have you seen it ________？
A．yet; already B．already; already C．yet; yet D．already; yet ()4. Jack has worked here since he ________school.
A．leaves B．left C．has left D．was leaving ()5. —How does your uncle usually go to work?
—He ________ drive a car, but now he ________ a bike to lose weight.
A．used to; is used to ride
B．was used to; is used to riding
C．was used to; is used to ride
D．used to; is used to riding。