专业英语作业
电气工程及其自动化专业英语作业
专业英语作业（C2S3—P40）alog-DigitalConversionAnMany quantities have continuous values, including temperature, pressure,许多变量都有连续的量值，如温度，压力，displacement, rotation, voltage, current, and intensity of light and sound.位移，旋转角，电压，电流以及光和声音的强度。
The task of quantizing the continuous values into a binary scale is called analog-to-digital conversion (ADC).将连续量化为二进制数字的工作称为模数转换（ADC）Digital-to-analog conversion (DAC) is the inverse process,in which data in discrete values, are converted or restored to a continuously variable form.数模转换是一个相反的过程，它将离散的数据转化或恢复为一个连续可变的形式。
The transducer is the name of the device that produces a voltage or a current proportional to the physical phenomenon to which it responds.传感器是一种装置，它能产生与所反映的实际现象成比例的电压或者电流Analog-to-digital conversion模数转换Only two basic techniques exist for analog-to-digital conversion (ADC).ADC有两种基本方法One is to compare the analog voltage amplitude to a binary voltage scale in which the match yield the binary number that corresponds to the amplitude.一种方法是将模拟电压幅值和二进制电压作比较，在此比较过程中产生与幅值相对应的二进制数。
专业英语作业Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry
Lesson 6N omenclature of Inorganic Chemistry（无机命名法则）The IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry is a systematic method of naming inorganic chemical compounds, as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Ideally, every inorganic compound should have a name from which an unambiguous formula can be determined.译文：无机化学国际纯粹与应用化学联合会命名法是国际纯粹与应用化学联合会（IUPAC）推荐的系统命名无机化合物。
理想上，每一个无机化合物都应该有一个从中可确定的名称的明确的法则。
The names "caffeine" and "3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione" both signify the same chemical. The systematic name encodes the structure and composition of the caffeine molecule in some detail, and provides an unambiguous reference to this compound, whereas the name "caffeine" just names it. These advantages make the systematic name far superior to the common name when absolute clarity and precision are required. However, for the sake of brevity, even professional chemists will use the non-systematic name almost all of the time, because caffeine is a well-known common chemical with a unique structure. Similarly, H2O is most often simply called water in English, though other chemical names do exist.译文：名称“咖啡因”和“3,7 -二氢- 1 ,3,7 -三甲基氢嘌呤- 2 ,6 -二酮”描述着同样的化学物质。
西交《专业英语》在线作业
B. best
C. well
D. very much
满分：2 分
18. We are going to have a dancing party tonight. Would you like to join us? ---- (_______) .
A. I'm afraid not. Because I have an appointment with my dentist tonight
A. worth
B. worthy
C. worthwhile
D. worthing
满分：2 分
28. There ________ a dolphin show in the zoo tomorrow evening.
A. was
B. is going to have
B. 不填, 不填, the
C. the, the, the
D. the, 不填, 不填
满分：2 分
35. So far is known, the original manuscripts of Shakespeare’s plays are no longer (_______) .
A. payable
B. respectful
C. grateful
D. rewarding
满分：2 分
34. In ___class, Mr. Chen talks about___Chinese history and___art of China.
A. 不填, the, 不填
满分：2 分
14. (_______) the interruption, he was able to finish his exercises before the class was over.
机械专业英语作业5
1. He was 75, but he carried his years lightly.他虽然75岁了，但并不显老。
2. Appearances are deceptive.外表是靠不住的。
3. No real structure is absolutely rigid.没有绝对刚性的结构物。
4. You cannot be too careful in performing experiments.你做实验越仔细越好。
5. The notions of energy thermodynamics emphasizes.能的概念为热力学所强调。
6. Different metals do differ in their conductivity.不同的导体一定具有不同的导电性。
7. It is only through a great deal of practice that we shall be able to operate this machine tool.就是要通过大量地实践，我们才能操作这台机床。
8. Now, there is more uniform temperature distribution, which has been achieved by an improved thermal design.如今，因为改善了热功设计，温度分布更为均匀。
9. Ultrasonic sounds produce pulsed signals, by means of which various defects in metals can be detected.超声波产生脉冲信号，用这些信号能检测出金属中各种缺陷。
10. Many centuries had passed before man learned to make fire.过了很多个世纪之后，人类才学会了生火。
17秋西南大学 [0089]《专业英语》作业
![17秋西南大学 [0089]《专业英语》作业](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/7ce4dd2f67ec102de2bd89d6.png)
1、A VPN is physicallybut virtually√此题回答正确. A. public; private. B. private; public. C. public; hybrid. D. none of the above2、1.is a secure protocol jointly designed by Mastercard and Visa with the backing of Microsoft, Netscape, IBM, GTE, SAIC, and other companies.√此题回答正确. A. SET. B. SSL. C. TCP. D. IP3、The physical components of a computer are collectively called _________.×此题回答错误，你可以重新选择再提交！. A. memory. B. boards. C. software. D. hardware4、2.The term payment card refers to×此题回答错误，你可以重新选择再提交！. A. Credit card. B. Charge card. C. Charge card. D. A and B only5、The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence,______ and perfected now.×此题回答错误，你可以重新选择再提交！. A. developed. B. have developed. C. are being developed. D. will have been developed6、In the future, we may eliminate the needs for physical money.Indeed ,we would exchange For goods and services.×此题回答错误，你可以重新选择再提交！. A. teeth. B. seashells. C. love. D. digital cash7、The basic input device on a small computer is a ________.×此题回答错误，你可以重新选择再提交！. A. A display screen. B. keyboard. C. printer. D. card reader8、You ______ her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks. ×此题回答错误，你可以重新选择再提交！. A. needn't have seen. B. must have seen. C. might have seen. D. can't have seen9、The ability to store knowledge makes computers different from every other machine ______ invented.A) ever B) thus C) yet D) as<br×此题回答错误，你可以重新选择再提交！. A. thus. B. yet. C. as. D. ever10、The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence,______ and perfected now.×此题回答错误，你可以重新选择再提交！. A. developed. B. have developed. C. are being developed. D. will have been developed11、 is an electronic payment system developed by Dr.David Chaum, who is widely regarded as an inventor of digital cash.×此题回答错误，你可以重新选择再提交！. A. DigiCash. B. E-cash. C. A or B. D. A and B12、Transaction changed to your telephone bill are called×此题回答错误，你可以重新选择再提交！. A. credit card payments. B. virtual pin payments. C. E-charge payments. D. Internet-bill payments.13、are cards that look like credit cards, but store information on a microprocessor chip instead of magnetic strips.×此题回答错误，你可以重新选择再提交！. A. Credit cards. B. Small cards. C. Smart cards. D. Magnetic cards.14、 is a free service that earns a profit on the, which is money that is deposited in PayPal accounts.×此题回答错误，你可以重新选择再提交！. A. scrip. B. commission. C. transaction cost. D. Float15、7. This ticket ______ you to a free meal in our new restaurant.√此题回答正确. A. gives. B. grants. C. entitles. D. credits16、2. Program that can destroy another computer's programs are called______.×此题回答错误，你可以重新选择再提交！. A. games. B. viruses. C. bugs. D. bugs17、Data and program instructions are stored in_________×此题回答错误，你可以重新选择再提交！. A. the processor. B. storage. C. program. D. output18、 that store digital certificates are particularyly handy when you shop at a site that requests user authentication information.A. Electronic CashB. Electronic checksC.Electronic walletsD. None of the above×此题回答错误，你可以重新选择再提交！. A. Electronic Cash. B. Electronic checks. C. Electronic wallets. D. None of the above19、The percentage of times an ad is clicked on based on the number of times it's viewed is called×此题回答错误，你可以重新选择再提交！. A. hits. B. impressions. C. CPM. D. CTR20、The purpose of input device is __________.A. to enter commandsB. to hold instructionsC. to input dataD. both a and c×此题回答错误，你可以重新选择再提交！. A. to enter commands. B. to hold instructions. C. to input data. D. both a and c21、A computer system includes a computer, peripheral devices, and software. The electric, electronic, and mechanical devices used for processing data are referred to as hardware. In addition to the computer itself, the term "hardware" refers to components called peripheral devices that expand the computer's input, output, and storage capabilities. Computer hardware in and of itself does not provide a particularly useful mind tool. To be useful, a computer requires a set of instructions, called software or a computer program, which tells the computer how to perform a particular task. Computers become even more effective when connected to other computers in a network so users can share information.本题参考答案：答案见教材每课后的翻译练习答案。
计算机专业英语作业
计算机专业英语作业：1、请将视频“什么是电脑硬件”中所述内容用英文表示。
2、请将以下英文翻译为中文。
1）Plug and Play, sometimes, abbreviated(简略的、缩写) PnP, is a catchy(动人的、易记住的) phrase( [freiz] 短语、习语) used to describe devices(设备、装备) that work with a computer system as soon as（与……一样）they are connected(链接的、有关系的). The user does not have to manually(手动的、用手) install drivers(驱动) for the device(装置、策略) or even tell the computer that a new device has been added. Instead the computer automatically(自动的、机械的) recognizes the device, loads new drivers for the hardware if needed, and begins to work with the newly connected device(链接设备)，即插即用，缩写为PnP，这是一个容易记住的短语，它用来描述与计算机操作系统连接工作有关的设备。
用户不需要为设备手动安装驱动，甚至于不需要告诉计算机已经添加了饿一个新的设备。
计算机自动识别设备，如果需要为硬件加载一个新的驱动，并且开始工作在新的连接设备上。
For example, if you connect a Plug-and-Play mouse to the USB port on your computer, it will begin to work within a few seconds of being plugged(拥塞的、接通电源) in. A non plug-and-play device would require you to go through several steps of installing drivers and setting up the device before it would work.例如，如果你在你的电脑上的USB接口连接了一个即插即用的鼠标，它开始工作时接通电源只需要几秒钟。
英语专业作业
UNIT NINE 911 SHOCK T HE WORLD（911震惊世界）Lesson 1 Another Pearl Harbor (又一珍珠港事件)I. Learn the following ten expressions and fill them in the sentences while listening.A. biography [♌♋♓♈❒☜♐♓] n.. 传记B. rubble [ ❒✈♌●] n. 碎石, 乱石C. fatality [♐☜♦✌●♓♦♓] n.不幸, 灾祸D. aftermath [ ♐♦☜❍✌] n.结果, 后果E. casualt ies[ ✌✞◆☜●♦♓] n.人员伤亡F. debris [ ♎♏♌❒♓ ♎♏♓♌] n碎片, 残骸H. caution s [ ☞☜⏹] vt.警告J. preliminary [☐❒♓●♓❍♓⏹☜❒♓] a.预备的, 初步的1. He came to Washington's George Washington University hospital to __________ blood.2. And hospital officials thanked the __________historian and told him the donation would not be needed at this time.3. Mr. McCullough also __________ against reacting with blame against the law enforcement and intelligence community.4. His latest book is a __________ of founding father John Adams.5. Pentagon officials say their __________ count of the number of people killed in Tuesday's terrorist attack on the defense department is 190.6. That estimate comes as recovery teams continue to remove bodies from the __________.7. Both the army and navy suffered dozens of __________ while the air force and marine corps report no deaths among their personnel.8. The highest-ranking __________ is understood to be a three-star army general.9. Recovery crews are still in the process of removing bodies from the __________.10. Meanwhile, authorities have reopened a portion of the Pentagon closed in the __________ of the terrorist attack.II. Listen to PASSAGE ONE and choose the best answer to each question.1-1. Historian Compares Terror Attacks to Pearl Harbor1. To whom the historian’s viewp oint on the attacks provides?A. John Adams.B. Two victims.C. David McCullough.D. Greg Flakus2. Where were two victims being treated?A. In Pentagon.B. Outside the hospitalC. In George Washington University Hospital.D. In Washington University.3. What tragedy did Mr. McCullough compare to Pearl Harbor Attack?A. Hawaii tragedy in 1941.B. The bombing of the federal building in 1995.C. The atom bombing in Japan in 1945.D. The Tuesday’s attacks.4. What did the 69-year-old man emphasize?A. Taking a reaction to these acts of terrorism.B. Avoiding a reaction to these acts of terrorism.C. Changing the very nature of the democratic system.D. Writing a biography of John Adams.5. What is not true to David McCullough?A. He is a historian.B. He is a Pulitzer Prize winning author.C. He donated blood needed at this time.D. He has written a book about John Adams.III. Listen to PASSAGE TWO and tick T or F for each statement.1-2. Preliminary Number of People Killed at Pentagon Stands at 1901. 126 people died. They were military and civilian Pentagon staff.2. 64 people died aboard the hijacked plane.3. The process of removing bodies was suspended because of receiving a bomb threat.4. The bomb was located at the gate of the building.5. After two hours the work crews were allowed back home.IV. Listen to PASSAGE THREE and fill in the blanks.1-3. Eyewitnesses Describe Pentagon AttackThe crash of a passenger jet into the Pentagon was witnessed by many people in a nearby U.S. military building.Workers in the Naval Annex building, which (1) __________from the Pentagon, (2) __________ by the roar of the jet's engines as it (3) __________ on its approach to the Pentagon. One man says the aircraft was flying so low that it (4) __________ on a nearby highway.After roaring past the Naval Annex, the aircraft(5) __________ the south side of the Pentagon, erupting into a massive fireball and (6) __________ into the sky. One eyewitness says the plane's impact (7) __________ in the Pentagon very close to the building's heliport control tower.Several eyewitnesses say the plane (8) __________ of the Pentagon that was recently renovated. None of the eyewitnesses could tell VOA how many people (9) __________ in that section of the building Tuesday.In the aftermath of the attack, the scene (10) __________ as controlled chaos, with police, fire trucks and ambulances streaming towards the Pentagon, while thousands of civilians and non-essential military personnel (11) __________ the other way.Authorities have (12) __________ a tight security cordon on the roads approaching the south side of the Pentagon and at least one F-16 fighter jet (13) __________ around the area for nearly an hour.V. Homework:1-4. Terrorists Attack US Military Symbol1. Learn the ten expressions chosen from PASSAGE FOUR.(1) complex [ ❍☐●♏♦] n. 联合体(2) headquarter [ ♒♏♎♦♦☜] n.司令部, 指挥部, 总部(3) tarnish [ ♦⏹♓☞] v. 失去光泽(4) civilian [♦♓♓●☜⏹] adj. 民间的, 民用的(5) evacuate [♓✌◆♏♓♦] v.疏散, 撤出; 排泄(6) alert [☜●☜♦] n.警惕, 警报(7) eyewitness [ ♋✋♦✋♦⏹✋♦] n.目击者, 见证人(8) billow [ ♌♓●☜◆] v. 翻腾，翻滚(9) airborne [ ☪☜♌⏹] adj.空降的，空运的(10) virtually [ ♦☺☜●✋] adv.事实上, 实质上2. Listen to PASSAGE FOUR and answer the following questions.(1) What could the Pentagon symbolize?(2) How many military and civilian workers at Pentagon were safe?(3) What plane was it that struck the Pentagon?.(4) When would the building reopen?.(5) What place does the Pentagon locate close to?。
专业英语作业习题
由张学炳整理，仅供参考，如有问题还请见谅电路作业(英译汉)：1、passive/ active network 无源/有源网络2、the rate of change with time of the current 电流随时间的变化率3、passive circuit elements无源电路元件4、proportionality constant 比例常数5、voltage /current source电压/电流源6、voltage drop/rise电压降/升7、loop analysis/current回路分析法/回路电流8、Note that conventional current flow is used;hence the currentin each element is shown in the direction of decreasing voltage.注意：电流的参考方向为惯用的参考方向，因此流过每一个元件的电流与电压降的方向一致9、In their ideal form,voltage sources generate a constant voltage independent of the current drawn from the source. The aforemetioned battery and generator are regarded as voltage sources since their voltage is essentially constant with load .这理想状态为电压源两端的电压恒定，与从电压中流出的电流无关。
因此负载发生变化时电压基本恒定，因此上述电池和发电机被认为电压源三相电路作业(英译汉)：1、armature coil 电枢线圈2、three-wire or four-wire three-phase system三线或四线三相系统3、wye-connection /delta-connectionY形联结/△形联结4、phase/line voltage 相/线电压5、phase sequence 相序6、phasor diagram相量图7、positive half-cycle 正半周期8、Three-phase machinery and control equipment are smaller ,lighter in weight,and more efficient than single-phase equipment of the same rated capacity.in addition to the above-mentioned advantages offered by a three-phase system, the distribution of three-phase power requires only three-fourths as much line copper as dose the single-phase distribution of the same amount of power .三相供电的机械和控制设备与相同额定容量的单相供电设备相比：体积小、重量轻、效率高，除了三项系统提供的上述优点，三相电的传输需要的铜线仅仅是同样功率大小单相电传输所需铜线的3/49、A three-phase electric circuit is energized by three alternating emfs of the same frequency and differing in time phase by 120 electrical degrees.三相电路可由三个频率相同在时间在相位相差120°电度角的电动势供电计算机的结构与功能翻译作业：1、internal architecture of a computer计算机内部体系结构2、instruction execution cycle指令执行周期3、binary-coded instruction二进制编码指令4、memory存储器5、central processing unit(CPU)中央处理(单元)器6、external processor bus外部处理器总线7、input/output system输入/输出系统8、word length字长9、program branches程序分支10、machine-language instruction机器语言指令11、operation code操作码12、operand address操作地址13、immediate operands立即操作数14、Branch address转移地址15、addressing range of the microprocessor微处理器的寻址范围16、variable instruction fields可变的指令域(变指令段)17、multiword instructions多字指令18、memory space存储空间19、data types数据类型20、binary-coded decimal digit二进制编码十进制数21、single-precision floating-point data types(32bits)单精度浮点数据类型22、double-precision floating-point data types(64bits)双精度浮点数据类型23、computer terminal key计算机终端键24、American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)美国信息交换标准码25、digital control system数字控制系统26、primary memory主内存27、random-access memory(RAM)随机访问存储器28、read-only memory(ROM)只读存储器29、programmable read-only memory(PROM)可编程只读存储器30、erasable programmable read-only memory(EPROM)可擦可编程只读存储器31、electronically erasable PROM is abbreviated EEPROM电子可擦除PROM（可擦可编程只读存储器）缩写为EEPROM32、arithmetic and logical unit(ALU)逻辑运算单元33、registers寄存器34、internal processor bus内部处理器总线35、Instruction register指令寄存器36、programmer’s model of the CPU CPU程序员模型37、instruction set指令集38、Flag register标志寄存器39、status register状态寄存器40、condition register条件寄存器41、program counter(instruction pointer)程序计数器42、register addressing寄存器寻址43、register indirect addressing寄存器间接寻址44、control lines控制线45、”read” command读指令46、data bus 数据总线47、address bus地址总线48、instruction processing sequence指令处理顺序49、reset request复位请求50、unrecoverable error不可恢复错误51、interrupt request中断请求52、service subroutine服务子程序53、bus request总线请求54、terminal interface终端接口55、carriage return回车56、data source device数据源设备57、data destination数据目的地58、bus buffers总线缓冲59、microprocessor integrated circuit位处理器集成电路60、I/O-mapped input/outputI/O映射的输入/输出61、I/O port I/O端口62、memory-mapped I/O存储器映射的输入/输出63、The CPU reads and interprets the instructions, reads the data required by each instruction, executes the action required by the instruction, and stores the results back in memory.CPU读取并解释指令，读取每一条指令所需的数据，执行指令所需的动作并将结果存储回内存64、The “number” of a location is called its address.单元的编号为地址65、To carry out a fetch, the processor places(enables)the binary-coded address of the desired location onto the address lines of the external processor bus.为了完成这次读取，处理器把所需单元的二进制码地址放到外部处理器地址总线的地址线上66、The ALU provides a wide arithmetic operations, including add, subtract, multiply, and divide. ALU提供很广泛的算数操作，包括加、减、乘和除67、Decoding means that the operation code is examined.译码意味着检查操作代码68、A bus is a set of closely grouped electric conductors that transfers data, address, and control information between functional blocks the CPU.总线是一套分组的电导线，它能在CPU的功能模块间传递数据、地址和控制信息69、A total program cycle comprises many instruction cycles, each instruction cycle can be divided up into its component machine cycles, and each machine cycle comprises a number of clock cycles.一个总程序周期是由许多指令周期组成，每个指令周期分为它部件的机器周期，每个机器周期由许多时钟周期组成A Industrial Robot翻译作业：1、single-purpose machines 单一用途（专用）的机器2、the RotbotIstitute of America 美国机器人研究所3、the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission 美国原子能委员会4、Numerical control（NC）technology 数字控制技术5、Remote manipulation techonolgy远程控制技术6、The term “reprogrammable”implies two things:the robot operates according to a written program,and this program can be rewritten to accommodate a variety of manufacturing tasks.“可编程”一词意味着两件事：机器人操作根据写好的程序作业，这个程序可以被重写以适应各种生产任务7、The “multifuctional”means that the robot can,through reprogramming and the use of different end-effectors perform a number of different manufacturing tasks.“多功能”意味着机器人可以通过重新编程和使用不同的末端执行器执行许多不同的生产任务8、Numerical control technology provide a form of machine control ideally suited to robots.It allowed for the control of motion by stored programs.数字控制技术提供一种控制机器人的理想选择，它允许通过存储程序控制运动9、Remote manipulation technology allowed a machine to be more than just another NC machine.It allowed such machines to become robots that can perform a variety of manufacturing tasks in both inaccessible and unsafe environment.远程控制技术允许机器不仅仅是一个数控机器，它允许这样的机器成为机器人可以执行各种任务无法接近和不安全的环境。
专业英语大作业优选10篇(英文原文)
杜孟远PILOTING THE SMART GRIDAhmad Faruqui, Ryan Hledik and Sanem Sergici1The transformative power of the smart grid is enormous. It is receiving much consideration frutilities and commissions across North America. Several members of the European UniChina, Japan and other nations are also engaged in the same endeavor.The smart grid has the potential for revolutionizing the way we produce and consume electric but because it contains so many new elements; its core value proposition remains untested.The unanswered questions include:What new services will the smart grid provide customers?Do customers want these new services?Will they respond by changing their energy use patterns?The answers to these questions will help policymakers in federal and state government determine whether the benefits of the smart grid will cover its costs.It is widely understood that the new services enabled by the smart grid will include different rate designs that encourage curtailment of peak loads and make more efficient use of energy. Examples include dynamic pricing and inclining block rates.2These innovative rate designs will be enhanced by various automating technologies such as Energy Orbs, programmable communicating thermostats (PCTs), whole building energy management systems (Auto DR), and in-home displays (IHDs).The smart grid will of course go beyond smart meters and rate design and enable renewable energy resources to be connected to the grid. This will allow optimal use of intermittent resources, such as wind, which often reach their peak generating capacity during off-peak hours. New off-peak loads, such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, which reduce overall energy consumption and improve the carbon footprint, will be energized by the smart grid.To address the likely impact of the smart grid on customers, utilities, and society as a whole, it may be necessary to conduct a pilot. When should a pilot be conducted and how should it be conducted? To be useful, a pilot must yield credible results. This requires that the pilot satisfy various validity criteria. These issues form the focus of this paper. We provide examples from several recent pilots that involved dynamic pricing, a key element of the smart gird. The concluding section discusses how a hypothetical company, SMART POWER, should go about designing its own pilot. Should a Pilot be Conducted?3Policymakers should consider implementing a pilot if there is much uncertainty in the cost-benefit analysis of proceeding with full-scale deployment. A powerful method for resolving uncertainty is to assess the value of information that would be generated from a pilot. This point is best illustrated with a case study.California suffered the worst energy crisis in its history in 2001. Most analysts attributed the crisis in part to the lack of demand response in the market design. When prices rose in wholesale markets, there was no incentive for retail customers to lower demand. In the summer of 2002, the California Public Utilities Commission initiated proceedings on demand response, advanced metering, and dynamic pricing. Early in the proceedings, it became clear that the decision to deploy advanced metering was fraught with risk. The deployment would be costly and the benefits uncertain, as they depended on the customers’ price elasticity of demand.龚畅Electricity from the Oceans: Will It Really HappenAnytime Soon?By Doug PeeplesSGN News EditorGovernments and private industry have been casting a wide net to find alternative sources of sustainable power to meet accelerating demand and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. And electric power from ocean waves, tides and currents has been getting a lot more attention —and money — than ever before.But what are the chances that marine and hydrokinetic technologies (let's just call it ocean power to keep it short and sweet) are really going to take their place alongside more mature and relatively well-funded renewable energy sources such as wind and solar to feed the need for more greener power?We can't answer that question to a certainty, but we can round up a lot of the big issues: What's good about it, what's bad and what needs to happen to make ocean power a reality?The Good∙Oceans cover about 70% of the planet, and waves and tides offer a more predictable, reliable source of energy than wind and solar. And energy storage isn't an issue. The oceans are always on.∙ A British company built a large-scale tidal turbine in 2008 that's since been getting good reviews, and several countries have jumped onto the ocean power bandwagon.Globally, according to Pike Research, there are more than 300 ocean power projects"in the works." A New Jersey company has big plans for a pilot buoy project off theOregon coast and much bigger plans for a commercial-scale wave project there.∙ A January report from Pike said ocean power could generate 200 GW of electricity by 2025. A new analysis from Frost & Sullivan pegs global resources at more like2,000 to 4,000 TWh annually. The Frost & Sullivan analysis also anticipates thecommercialization of ocean power within the next 5-10 years as technology improves and production costs drop.∙In the U.S., attitudes of the federal government and private industry are taking a positive tack, too. The DOE and the Interior Department in June signed amemorandum of understanding to collaborate on commercial-scale development of offshore renewable energy projects, including wave power. The DOE has pouredmillions of dollars into hydrokinetic R&D and has put the technological and strategic muscle of its national laboratories behind it.The Bad∙Ocean power is still in the proof-of-concept phase, and initial deployments require unimaginably massive investments. Will investors bet on technologies with nosignificant track record and sky high upfront costs?∙While wave power is more reliable than wind and solar, the actual power in waves fluctuates a lot, as does the state of the oceans in general. Durability is a big issue.Pelamis Wave Power, which operated a highly regarded commercial-scale wave farm in Portugal, shut down its operations last year because of persistent technicalproblems and dwindling financing.∙How will regulations to protect aquatic ecosystems and fisheries evolve? The permitting and siting process for land-based renewable energy projects is complicated enough. The marine environment is more complex, so it seems reasonable thatpermitting and siting for ocean projects will be even more complicated.∙Standardizing technologies, connecting wave power to the electric grid and transmission also present obstacles.That Said, What's It All Mean?Who wouldn’t want to see a new, reliable, secure and green energy source? But even the most optimistic reports and analyses come with heavy disclaimers, most of them pointing at exceptionally high upfront costs and technological nightmares similar to those facing the new deepwater wind farm sector. While the future of ocean power looks a little brighter, it still looks like a long slog to the light at the end of the tunnel.What do YOU think? Will be generating significant amounts of electricity from ocean waves anytime soon ... if ever?甘凯元Radioactive Water Leaking From Crippled Japan Plantby The Associated PressWorkers spray resin on the ground near the reactor buildings to prevent the spread of radioactive substances at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant.April 2, 2011Highly radioactive water was leaking into the sea Saturday from a crack discovered at a nuclear power plant destabilized by last month's earthquake and tsunami, a new setback as frustrated survivors of the disasters complained that Japan's government was paying too much attention to the nuclear crisis.The contaminated water will quickly dissipate into the sea and is not expected to cause any health hazard. Nevertheless, the disturbing discovery points at the unexpected problems that can crop up and continue to hamper technicians trying to control the crisis.Word of the leak came as Prime Minister Naoto Kan toured the town of Rikuzentakata, his first trip to survey damage in one of the dozens of villages, towns and cities slammed by the March 11 tsunami that followed a magnitude 9.0 earthquake."The government has been too focused on the Fukushima power plant rather than the tsunami victims. Both deserve attention," said 35-year-old Megumi Shimanuki, who was visiting her family at a community center converted into a shelter in hard-hit Natori, about 100 miles from Rikuzentakata.The double disaster is believed to have left nearly 25,000 dead — 11,800 confirmed. More than 165,000 are still living in shelters, and tens of thousands more still do not have electricity or running water.Although the government had rushed to provide relief, its attention has been divided by the efforts to stabilize the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear plant, which suffered heavy damage and has dragged the country to its worst nuclear crisis since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II.The plant's reactors overheated to dangerous levels after electrical pumps — deprived of electricity — failed to circulate water to keep the reactors cool. A series of almost daily problems have led to substantial amount of radiation leaking in the atmosphere, ground and sea.On Saturday, workers discovered an 8-inch long crack in a maintenance pit that was leaking highly radioactive water into the Pacific Ocean, said Japan Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency spokesman Hidehiko Nishiyama.He said the water contaminated with levels of radioactive iodine far above the legal limit found inside the pit could be one of the sources of recent spikes in radioactivity in sea water."There could be other similar cracks in the area, and we must find them as quickly as possible," he told reporters.Soon after the discovery, the plant's operator, Tokyo Electric Power Co., started filling the pit with cement to seal the crack and prevent more contaminated water from seeping into the ocean.Nuclear safety officials said the crack was likely caused by the quake and may be the source of radioactive iodine that started showing up in the ocean more than a week ago.People living within 12 miles of the plant have been evacuated and the radioactive water will quickly dissipate in the sea, but it was unclear if the leak posed any new danger to workers. People have been uneasy about seafood from the area despite official reassurances that the risk of contamination is low.The cracked pit houses cables for one of the six nuclear reactors, and the concentration of radioactive iodine was the same as in a puddle of contaminated water found outside the reactor earlier in the week. Because of that, officials believe the contaminated water is coming from the same place, though they are not sure where.A nuclear plant worker who fell into the ocean Friday while trying to board a barge carrying water to help cool the plant did not show any immediate signs of being exposed to unsafe levels of radiation, nuclear safety officials said Saturday, but they were waiting for test results to be sure.Radiation worries have compounded the misery for people trying to recover from the tsunami. Kan's visit Saturday to Rikuzentakata did little to alleviate their worries."The government fully supports you until the end," Kan told 250 people at an elementary school serving as an evacuation center. He earlier met with the mayor, whose 38-year-old wife was swept away.He bowed his head for a moment of silence in front of the town hall, one of the few buildings still standing, though its windows are blown out and metal and debris sit tangled out front.Kan also stopped at the sports complex being used as a base camp for nuclear plant workers, who have been hailed as heroes for laboring in dangerous conditions. He had visited the nuclear crisis zone once before, soon after the quake.Workers have been reluctant to talk to the media about what they are experiencing, but one who spent several days at the plant described difficult conditions in an anonymous interview published Saturday in the national Mainichi newspaper.When he was called in mid-March to help restore power at the plant, he said he did not tell his family because he did not want them to worry. But he did tell a friend to notify his parents if he did not return in two weeks."I feel very strongly that there is nobody but us to do this job, and we cannot go home until we finish the work," he said.Early on, the company ran out of full radiation suits, forcing workers to create improvised versions of items such as nylon booties they were supposed to pull over their shoes."But we only put something like plastic garbage bags you can buy at a convenience store and sealed them with masking tape," he said.He said the tsunami littered the area around the plant with dead fish and sharks, and the quake opened holes in the ground that tripped up some workers who could not see through large gas masks. They had to yell at one another to be heard through the masks."It's hard to move while wearing a gas mask," he said. "While working, the gas mask came off several times. Maybe I must have inhaled much radiation."Radiation is also a concern for people living around the plant. In the city of Koriyama, Tadashi and Ritsuko Yanai and their 1-month-old baby have spent the past three weeks in a sports arena converted into a shelter. Baby Kaon, born a week before the quake, has grown accustomed to life there, including frequent radiation screenings, but his parents have not. Their home is fine, but they had to leave because it is six miles from the nuclear plant.Asked if he had anything he would like to say to the prime minister, Tadashi, a32-year-old father, paused to think and then replied: "We want to go home. That's all, we just want to go home."In Natori, where about 1,700 people are living in shelters, others had stronger words for Kan. Toru Sato, 57, lost both his wife and his house in the tsunami and said he was bothered that Kan's visit to the quake zone was so brief about a half day."He's just showing up for an appearance," Sato said. "He should spend time to talk to various people, and listen to what they need."黄松强AEP, ITC Transmission to perform technical study on expanding 765-kV transmission into MichiganCOLUMBUS, Ohio, Nov. 6, 2006 – American Electric Power (NYSE: AEP) has signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with ITC Transmission, a subsidiary of ITC Holdings Corp. (ITC), to perform a technical study to evaluate the feasibilityof extending AEP’s 765-kilovolt (kV) transmission infrastructure through Michigan to enhance reliability and support a competitive market of generation supply.The study will explore the merit and benefits of building a 765-kV transmission network in Michigan’s Lower Peninsula that would link to AEP’s 765-kV transmission system in the Midwest. The study will be shared with the Midwest ISO (MISO) and the Michigan Public Servic e Commission’s (MPSC) 21st Century Energy Planning team.The study is projected to be complete in late 2006, in time for it to be shared with the MPSC 21st Century Planning team before they complete their deliberations. The MOU signed with ITC Transmission does not include provisions to build or operate transmission. Any future activities regarding Michigan transmission will be determined after the completion of the study.―Through this agreement, we will work with ITC Transmission to determine the benefits of enhancing the Michigan transmission grid by introducing 765-kV lines, the most robust transmission in the U.S., and linking it to AEP’s 2,100-mile 765-kV transmission network in the Midwest. After the completion of the study, we will provide our analysis to the Michigan Public Service Commission, Midwest ISO and other parties to help them determine the best way to serve Michigan’s future electric reliability needs and support a successful competitive marketplace,‖ said Michael G. Morris, AEP’s chairm an, president and chief executive officer.―ITC Transmission continues in its mission to invest in the transmission infrastructure as a means to improve electric reliability for its customers and lower the overall cost of delivered energy,‖ said Joseph L. Welch, president and chief executive officer of ITC Transmission. ―The transmission grid in Michigan has suffered after a 30-year trend of underinvestment, and we must begin actively looking to implement a long-term solution that will address Michigan’s current electric reliability needs now and for years to come.‖―ITC Transmission, a subsidiary of ITC Holdings Corp. (NYSE: ITC), is the first independently-owned and operated electricity transmission company in the United States. ITC Holdings Corp. is in the business of investing in electricity transmission infrastructure improvements as a means to improve electric reliability, reduce congestion and lower the overall cost of delivered energy. Through its operating subsidiaries, ITC Transmission and METC, it is the only publicly traded company engaged exclusively in the transmission of electricity in the United States. ITC is also the largest independent electric transmission company and the tenth largest electric transmission company in the country based on transmission load served. ITC Transmission and METC operate contiguous, fully regulated, high-voltage systems in Michigan´s Lower Peninsula, an area with a population of approximately 9.8 million people, that transmit electricity to local electricity distribution facilities fromgenerating stations throughout Michigan and surrounding areas. For more information on ITC Holdings Corp., please visit . For more information on ITC Transmission or METC, please visit or , respectively.American Electric Power is one of the largest electric utilities in the United States, delivering electricity to more than 5 million customers in 11 states. AEP ranks among the nation’s largest generators of electricity, owning nearly 36,000 megawatts of generating capacity in the U.S. AEP also owns the nation’s largest electricity transmission system, a nearly 39,000-mile network that includes more 765 kilovolt extra-high voltage transmission lines than all other U.S. transmission systems combined. AEP’s utility units operate as AEP Ohio, AEP Texas, Appalachian Power (in Virginia and West Virginia), AEP Appalachian Power (in Tennessee), Indiana Michigan Power, Kentucky Power, Public Service Company of Oklahoma, and Southwestern Electric Power Company (in Arkansas, Louisiana and east Texas). American Electric Power, based in Columbus, Ohio, is celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2006.杨萌Siemens Residential Surge Protection —Implementing the Right Line of Defense on the Home FrontUnexpected voltage spikes, surges and other electrical disturbances can ruin or severely damage computers, VCRs, televisions, fax machines, scanners and copiers, disrupt satellite signals, degrade the performance of audio/video components, and wreak havoc with telecommunications systems.Because no single device can protect an entire home or office against all electrical surges, the best way to prevent damage is by implementing a systematic, tiered surge protection plan that monitors every possible incoming signal path and protects against internally generated power fluctuations, providing protection at the service entrance and at the point of use.Protection at the point of entryThe first line of defense is protection at the point of entry where electricity,surges and voltage spikes from lightning hits can enter the electrical system. This requires an electrician-installed secondary surge arrestor or transient voltage surge suppressor installed at the service entrance to limit surge voltage by diverting and conducting large surge currents safely to ground. If an AC surge arrestor does its job right, it shields motor-driven appliances like refrigerators, dishwashers, electric washers, and dryers from damage. Additional specialized service entrance protectors can be added to protect cable TV and telephone lines, and minimize damage to TVs and modems. Homeowners also can arrange for installation of branch circuit feeder devices or trips in circuit breaker panels to prevent surges from damaging equipment on specific circuit branches.Protection at the point of useThe second line of defense is the point of use. Here, homeowners can reinforce point-of-entry protection by installing plug-in surge protectors (strips) into grounded wall receptacles where sensitive electronic equipment is located. These plug-in protectors, which generally have much lower limiting voltages than entry protectors, defend against externally and internally generated surges that travel through power, phone, data, and coaxial lines. Plug-in power strips should minimally include AC power protection and appropriate signal line protection and should protect against both catastrophic and small surges. These devices should be installed wherever expensive or sensitive electronic equipment like computers, VCRs, fax machines, PCs with modems, satellite systems, stereo systems, copiers and scanners are located. All types of equipment with signal lines, such as phones, cable TV, and satellites should be equipped with multi-port protectors, which protect signal and AC lines.If you have any questions or are interested in purchasing our surge protection products, please contact us via e-mail or call 1-800-964-4114.胡嘉滨Energy Storage: Can It Replace Transmission?Grid-scale storage offers potential benefits to transmission and distribution systems of utilities in regulated and market environments. These benefits derive from cost reductions due to the time and location shifting of energy for congestion relief, reliability via enhanced stability and outage response, and incremental voltage support—once the storage device and its power electronics are in place. .Between the transmission and distribution systems, at the subtransmission or distribution substation, storage can defer capital expenditures for power transformer upgrades to meet peak load conditions. In remote areas served by radial subtransmission, storage can also be a vehicle for reliability improvement as a way to ride through un-cleared faults on the transmission line(s) that serve the substation.The potential T&D CapEx deferral angle is an interesting area to explore. One example for a substation application is to support power transformer contingency operations during peak load periods that have grown in excess of the N-1 contingency capacity of the station.This potential application, however, suffers from the same barriers today as the transmission congestion relief application:•The planning and operational methodologies are not established•The regulatory process for approval is nonexistent•It, again, crosses the boundary between transmission and distribution regulated functionality and merchant functionality, because it potentially shifts off-peak energy to on-peak delivery.In addition, as this typical substation application is likely to be in the range of 1-10 MW, it may not require centralized storage systems, but rather distributed or utility-scale devices. As previously noted, these could be portable or semi-portable in nature.One More Hurdle … For Now, At LeastAn additional hurdle that needs to be mentioned is costs. One reason multiple roles are applied to a storage device is for a means to create additional revenue that can defer initial cost for the technologies. However, this hurdle needs to be evaluated in the context of an emerging technology and not ―set‖ at current levels.Advanced energy storage technologies are still in a rapid state of evolution and development. Hence, when comparing options, solutions for areas such as CapEx deferral need to be weighed not only against today’s current options, but also with expected prices of future technologies. The intent isn’t to mask cost as a hurdle; rather, there are a number of diffe rent technologies nearing demonstration stages that have potential to alter the current cost of devices. This perceived ―cost‖ hurdle may become a moot point in the near future.Storage is not yet in widespread use to the point that it could serve as a consistent application to defer new transmission. As challenges of siting new transmission continue though, additional modeling of energy storage going forward can help to understand its benefits for a given capacity challenge better.梁诗密A secure energy future requires that we use energy more efficiently and responsibly and improve the performance of the energy delivery system. We launched gridSMART® in 2007 to give customers greater control over their energy usage, increase the efficiency of the electric grid, improve service to our customers and lead us to a new era of energy delivery.From a technology standpoint, gridSMART® incorporates a two-way communications system between AEP and our customers that facilitates the more efficient use of electricity. For example, gridSMART® may allow us to send price signals to customers so they can decide when to run home appliances. It can also allow us to adjust customer thermostats automatically, with their pre-approval, when demand is high and we need to lessen the stress on the electric grid.AEP Ohio is pursuing a comprehensive gridSMART® project involving 110,000 smart meters and distributed grid management technologies on 70 circuits. The $150 million project was funded with a $75 million grant from the DOE, in-kind contributions from vendors and regulatory recovery support from Ohio regulators. The project features smart meters,time-of-use tariffs, home energy use display devices, smart grid-enabled appliances, plug-in electric vehicles, distributed automation equipment, community energy storage devices and a cyber security center.Our most extensive smart meter deployment project is in Texas, where we are installing close to 1 million smart meters. In addition, Indiana Michigan Power Co. (I&M) and Public Service Company of Oklahoma (PSO) are deploying smart grid technology pilots in their states.Our initial goal was to install 5 million smart meters by 2015 throughout the AEP system. Through our early deployments we hope to determine if the expense of the meters is offset by the benefits. We will continue to pursue the deployment of these smart grid technologies where regulators are supportive and there is a proven business case. We believe modernizing the grid is critical to reducing demand and energy consumption, contributing to energy reliability and security, and preparing for the future needs of customers.Get a state-by-state breakdown of gridSMART initiativesWe believe gridSMART® will transform our relationship with our customers and through our current projects we are learning more about how that will occur. For example, we have learned that:The technology that allows us to manage the grid from our back office systems, such as remote operation of the meter and distribution automation equipment, works asexpected. The technology that goes beyond the meter, into the customers’ home, is still evolving.A significant number of customers who participated in the time-of-day rate plan didshift their demand to different times. In a larger scale deployment, this program could provide relief to the distribution systems during peak times.Better system management, fewer crew trips, reduced fuel consumption, better energy theft detection and streamlined billing can create cost savings.When customers agree to the program, we can directly control electric use through wireless technology (e.g. a two-way communicating thermostat) which allows us to raise the temperature in homes to ease stress on the grid and help customers save energy during the cooling season.More education of consumers will be needed in future projects.For more data, please see indicators EU1 through EU12 of AEP's Global Reporting Initiative Electric Utility Sector Supplement.吕思颖Are geothermal power plants safe?For all our hand-wringing over the oil supply, it might shock you to realize that the solution to our dependence on fossil fuels lies right under our feet. In Western states like California, Nevada, Idaho, Alaska and Hawaii, underground pockets of geothermal energy — hot rock, superheated water and steam — can be tapped to generate electricity. According to backers of geothermal technology like Google, this carbon-neutral, inexhaustible energy source could meet 15 percent of America's electricity needs by 2030.Harnessing SteamIn the simplest geothermal power plant, called a dry steam plant, a well is drilled into the rock to tap a steam reservoir. The steam escapes the well under great pressure, which is used to turn a turbine and generate electricity.Since steam deposits aren't as common as hot water and hot rock reserves, the most promising geothermal technology is called a binary-cycle power plant. In this system, hot water from a deep well circulates through a heat exchanger. There, the。
专业英语作业1
《专业英语》作业global corporation全球公司economic boom 经济繁荣Ownership 所有权joint-venture合资企业headquarters 总部Competitive Advantage 竞争优势Entrepreneur企业家equity股权Insurance costs 保险费用bargaining power 议价能力overhead开销Insurance Company 保险公司stock options股票期权consumer appliance 家电消费Insurance contract 保险合同performance-based pay 基础薪酬policy-holder 投保人Commission 佣金personal effects 个人财物natural calamities 自然灾害Decision 决策insurance amount 保险金额insurance coverage 保险保障Venture Capital 风险资本marine coverage 海险salvage charge 救助费用Food chain 食物链general average 共同海损mass production 大规模生产containerization 集装箱distributor 经销商Chain stores 连锁商店phone interview 电话面试vending machine 自动售货机Selling point 卖点billboard 广告牌cinema commercials 影院广告Promotions 促销leaflet 传单poster 海报Search engine 搜索引擎stock prices股票价格Financial crisis 金融危机intellectual capital 智力资本national asset 国家资产Business Model 商业模式Electronic commerce 电子商务Globalization 全球化1、The multinational is big and rich. It often operates in industries which are difficult to enter and of vital national importance, e.g. the computer, chemical and automobile industries. Most important of all, the main objective of the multinational is to organize its activities around the world so as to maximize global profits and global market shares. Each subsidiary is part of an international network of affiliates. These all interact with each other. Each part serves the whole. The center controlling the network—the multinationals’ headquarters—is not under the control of the host government. It is frequently thousands of miles away from these subsidiaries.跨国公司不仅大而且富有。
大三专业英语作业(微生物翻译)
微生物的范围难以界定促使罗杰Dtanier提议，这个领域不仅要从它研究对象的
大小，而且要从它研究的方法技巧等方面来定义。
Add you title
一个微生物学家首先 把一个特定的微生物
A microbiologist usually first isolates a specific microoorganism from a population and then cultures it.
不清楚地生物体的研究，也就是研究微小生物。
Add you title
Its subjects are
viruses,bacteria,many
它研究的对象有病毒，细 菌，各种藻类，菌类和原 生动物。
algae and fungi,and
protozoa.
Add you title
Yet other members of these groups,particularly some of the algae and fungi,are larger and quite visible.
text
text text
余的显微镜使用者----荷
兰的列文虎克
Part one
Add Your Text Leeuwenhoek earned his living as a draper and haberdasher ,but spent much of his spare time
constructing simple microscopes lamo Fracastoro 认为疾病是由看不见得生活生
disease was caused by
invisible living creatures.
专业英语结课作业
专业英语结课作业通信与信息工程学院专业英语结课作业班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：作业时间：成绩：评语：通信与信息工程学院二〇一五年Passage B Binary System and Logic Systems1.Binary SystemA digital system functions in a binary manner.It employs devices which exist only in two possible states.A transistor is allowed to operate at cutoff or in saturation, but not in its active region.A node may be at high voltage of, say, 4±1V or at a low voltage of, say, 0.2±0.2V, but no values are allowed.Various designations are used for these two quantized states, and the most common are listed in Table 3.1.In logic,a statement is characterized as true or false, and this is the first binary classification listed in the table. A switch may be closed or open, which is the notation under 9, etc.Binary arithmetic and mathematical manipulation of switching or logic functions are best carried out with classification 3, which involves two symbols, 0(zero) and 1 (one).The binary system of representing numbers will now be explained by making reference to the familiar decimal system.Inthe latter the base is 10(ten), and ten numerals,0,1,2,3···,9, are required to express an arbitrary number.To write numbers larger than 9, we assign a meaning to the position of numerals in an array of numerals.For example, the number 1264 (one thousand two hundred sixty four) has the meaning1264=1×103＋2×102＋6×101＋4×100Thus the individual digits in the number represent the coefficients in an expansion of the number in powers of 10.The digit which is farthest to the right is the coefficient of the zeroth power; the next is the coefficient of the firth power.and so on.In the binary system of representation the base is 2, and only two numerals 0 and 1are required to represent a number.The numerals 0 and 1 have the same meaning as in the decimal system ,but a different interpretation is placed on the position occupied by a digit.In the binary system the two rather than ten as in the decimal system.For example, the decimal number 19 is written in the binary representation as 10011 since10011=1×24＋0×23＋0×22＋1×21＋1×20 =16＋0＋0＋2＋1=19A short list of equivalent numbers in decimal and binary notations is given in Table3.2.A general method for converting from a decimal to a binary number is indicated in Table 3.3.The procedure is the following.Place the decimal number (in this illustration,19) on the extreme right.Next divide by 2 and place the quotient (9) to the left and indicate the remember (1) directly below it.Repeat this process (for the next column 9÷2=4 and a remainder of 1) until a quotient of 0 is obtained.The array of 1’s and 0’s in the second row is the binary representation of the origin decimalnumber.In this example, decimal 19=10011 binary.A binary digit (a 1 or a 0) is called a bit.A group of bits that has the same significance is called a byte, word, or code.For example, to represent the 10 numerals (0,1,2,3···,9) and the 26 letters of the English alphabet would require 36 different combinations of 1’s and 0’s.Since 25<36<26, then a minimum of 6 bits per bit arerequired in order to accommodate all the alphanumeric characters.In this sense a bit is sometimes referred to as a character and a group of one or more characters as a word.2. Logic SystemsIn a DC, or level-logic, system a bit is implemented as one of two voltage levels.If, as in Figure 3.6(a), the more positive voltage is the 1 level and the other is the 0 level, the system is said to employ DC positive logic.On the other hand, a DC negative-logic system,as in Figure 3.6(b),i s one which designates the more negative voltage state of the bit as the 1 level and the more positive as the 0 level.It should be emphasized that the absolute values of the two voltages are of no significance in these definitions.In particular, the 0 state need not represent a zero voltage level (although in some systems it might).The parameters of a physical device (for example,VCE·sat of a transistor) are not identical from sample to sample,and they also vary with temperature.Furthermore, ripple or voltage spikes may exist in the power supply or ground leads, and other sources of unwanted signals, called noise,may be present in the circuit.For these reasons the digital levels are not specified precisely, but as indicated by the shaded region in Figure 3.6,each state is defined by a voltage range about a designated level, such as 4±1V and 0.2±0.2V.In a dynamic,or pulse-logic,system a bit is recognized by the present or absence of a pulse.At 1 signifies the existence of a positive pulse in a dynamic positive-logic system; a negative pulse denotes a 1 in a dynamic negative-logic system a 0 at a particular input (or output) at a given instant of time designates that no pulse is present at that particular moment.B篇二进制系统和逻辑系统1.二进制系统一个数字系统作用以二进制方式。
机械专业英语作业4
1. As is known to air, air is a mixture of gases.大家知道，空气是多种气体的混合物。
2. Mercury is by no means abundant nor widely distributed.水银的贮藏量并不丰富，分布也不广。
3. It is known to all that acids turn blue litmus red.众所周知，酸类能使蓝色石蕊变红。
4. Solids expand and contract as liquids and gases do.跟液体和气体一样，固体也能膨胀和收缩。
5. They have fulfilled their work ahead of schedule, so have we.他们提前完成了他们的工作，我们也提前完成了我们的工作。
6. Now, radar is a commonly used technique by which people can see the things beyond their visibility.现今，雷达是一种常用的技术，利用雷达人们可以看到视线以外的东西。
7. There are two approaches to stabilization of the operating currents and voltages.要稳定工作电流和电压有两种方法。
8. The laser is able to amplify light, where necessary, millions of times.激光可以放大光线，必要的时候可以放大数百万倍。
9. The result of the check indicated that actual error probabilities were of the order of one percent. 检查的结果表明，实际的误差概率大约是1%。
西南大学《专业英语》网上作业及参考答案
===================================================================================================参考答案：1、数字（激光）视盘，DVD2. （文）字处理程序3. 存储（器）芯片，内存芯片===================================================================================================4. 密码电报5. 蜂窝电话，移动电话，手机6. 集成电路7. 电子邮件网规，电子邮件网络礼节8. 电子邮件常规9. 点击图标10. 密件，秘密文件11. 密级信息12. 签名文件13. 主存储器14. 虚拟存储器，虚拟内存15. 分时段的多任务处理16. 桌面操作系统17. 电子游戏机18. 电子数据表程序，电子制表程序19. 存储寄存器20. 函数语句21. 关系（型）语言22. 面向对象语言23. 汇编语言24. 中间语言，中级语言25. 人工智能1£º[ÂÛÊöÌâ]Ç뽫ÏÂÁÐÓ¢ÎÄÒëΪÖÐÎÄ£º1£®A computer system includes a computer, peripheral devices, and software. The electric,electronic, and mechanical devices used for processing data are referred to as hardware. In additionto the computer itself, the term "hardware¡±refers to components called peripheral devices thatexpand the computer's input, output, and storage capabilities. Computer hardware in and of itselfdoes not provide a particularly useful mind tool. To be useful, a computer requires a set ofinstructions, called software or a computer program, which tells the computer how to perform aparticular task. Computers become even more effective when connected to other computers in anetwork so users can share information.2. Many schools and businesses have established e-mail privacy policies, which explain the=================================================================================================== condition under which you can and cannot expect your e-mail to remain private. These policies aresometimes displayed when the computer boots or a new user logs in. Court decisions, however,seem to support the notion that because an organization owns and operates an e-mail system, thee-mail message on that system are also the property of the organization. The individual who authorsan e-mail message does not own all rights related to it. The company or school that supplies youre-mail account can, therefore, legally monitor your messages. You should use your e-mail accountwith the expectation that some of your mail will be read from time to time. Think of your e-mail asa postcard, rather than a letter, and save your controversial comments for face-to-faceconversations.3£®Multitasking, in computer science, is a mode of operation offered by an operating system inwhich a computer works on more than one task at a time. There are several types of multitasking.Context switching is a very simple type of multitasking in which two or more applications areloaded at the same time but only the foreground application is given processing time; to activate abackground task, the user must bring the window or screen containing that application to the front.In cooperative multitasking, background tasks are given processing time during idle times in theforeground task (such as when the application waits for a keystroke), and only if the applicationallows it. In time-slice multitasking, each task is given the microprocessor's attention for a fractionof a second. To maintain order, tasks are either assigned priority levels or processed in sequentialorder. Because the user's sense of time is much slower than the processing speed of the computer,time-slice multitasking operations seem to be simultaneous.4. One especially powerful feature of OOP (objected-oriented programming) languages is aproperty which is known as inheritance. Inheritance allows an object to take on the characteristicsand functions of other objects to which it is functionally connected. Programmers connect objectsby grouping them together in different classes and by grouping the classes into hierarchies. Theseclasses and hierarchies allow programmers to define the characteristics and functions of objectswithout needing to repeat source code, the coded instructions in a program. Thus, using OOPlanguages can greatly reduce the time it takes for a programmer to write an application, and alsoreduce the size of the program. OOP languages are flexible and adaptable, so programs or parts ofprograms can be used for more than one task. Programs written with OOP languages are generallyshorter in length and contain fewer bugs, or mistakes, than those written with non-OOP languages.5. In software, a bug is an error in coding or logic that causes a program to malfunction or toproduce incorrect results. Minor bugs-for example, a cursor that does not behave as expected-canbe inconvenient or frustrating, but not damaging to information. More severe bugs can cause aprogram to "hang¡± (stop responding to commands) and might leave the user with no alternativebut to restart the program, losing any previous work that has not been saved. In either case, theprogrammer must find and correct the error by the process known as debugging. Because of thepotential risk to important data, commercial application programs are tested and debugged ascompletely as possible before release. Minor bugs found after the program becomes available arecorrected in the nest update; more severe bugs can sometimes be fixed with special software, called=================================================================================================== patches, that circumvents the problem or otherwise reduces its effects.²Î¿¼´ð°¸£º´ð°¸¼û½Ì²Äÿ¿ÎºïµÄ²ÒëÁ²Ï°´ð°¸¡£1：[论述题]请选择下列一个题目写一篇不低于150个词的英文短文.1. The advantages of computer2. How to work with computer?3. How computers change our life?4. My view on chat on the Internet5. My view on computer security参考答案：要求文章用词简单，拼写正确，语法无大的错误，不偏题。
专业英语作业答案
Solutions 1Question 1-5C BD D AQuestion 6(1) Accounting is not the same as bookkeeping.Accounting is a service activity that includes the measurement, recording,summarization, and reporting of economic information to assist financialinformation users to make decisions. Accounting is also described as aninformation system, which measures business activities, processes information into reports and communicates these findings to decision makers. Actually,Accounting covers a broader scope of activities than bookkeeping. Accounting includes the analysis and interpretation of accounting information intended to be used by external and internal decision makers, while bookkeeping only records transactions and events.(2) Financial accounting is the area of accounting aimed at serving external users byproviding them with financial statements. These statements are known asgeneral-purpose financial statements, because external users rely on thesestatements with a broad range of purposes. The activities involved in financial accounting include statement preparation, statement analysis, auditing, accounting regulatory, accounting consulting, accounting planning, and forensic accounting.Managerial accounting is the area of accounting that serves the decision-making needs of internal users. Internal reports are not subject to the same rules asexternal reports and are designed with the special needs of internal users in mind.The activities included are general accounting, cost accounting, budgeting,internal auditing, and management consulting.Question 7。
本科教育专业英语考察作业
一、把下列英语词汇译成中文（共30分）1.spoken language：英语口语munication mechanism：通信机构3.interdisciplinary：跨学科cational resources教育资源5.on-the-job trainin：岗位培训6.cognitive development：认知发展7.director of education：教育局长8.resource room：资源教室9.social education：公共教育10.teaching staff：教育工作者二、把下列中文词汇译成英文（共30分）1.教学任务：teaching task2.普通教育：liberal education3.生涯指导：career guidance4.个人交往：personal communication5.抽象思维：abstract thinking6.行为准则：standard of behavior7.批判意识：critical consciousness8.班级规模：class size9.人力资源：human resources10.高中：senior school三、把下列英语段落译成中文（25分）A learning society will require that learners become resource personnel as they assume responsibility for their own education and as they “teach”other learners. Many additional individuals, often volunteers ,will play important roles as teachers and planners; although many of the roles of teachers will change, they will not lose importance. A number of instructional tasks, particularly in subject fields, will continue to be the teacher’s responsibility augmented by educational technology. Skilled teachers will provide activities leading to socialization. A major task of teachers will be to assist learners to become self-directed. As children and youth become self-directed, teachers can serve as guide and counselors. There will be no shortage of need for human resource in learning society ; the challenge will be to make the best use of human talents.翻译：一个学习型社会将要求学习者成为资源人员，因为他们对自己的教育承担责任，并“教育”其他学习者。
计算机专业英语作业答案(供参考)
计算机专业英语作业答案（供参考）计算机专业英语作业1第1－3章作业一．Vocabulary( 词汇)(一)．Translate the following words and expressions into Chinese(写出下列词组的汉语。
)1．central processing unit（CPU）中央处理器 2.title bar 标题栏3．operating system 操作系统4．personal computer 个人计算机5．menu bar 菜单栏6．desk publishing 桌面排版7．electronic spreadsheet 电子表格8．hard disk 硬盘9．database 数据库10．Cursor 光标(二)．Fill in the blanks with the corresponding English abbreviations.(根据汉语写出相应的英语缩写。
) 1．随机存储器RAM 2．只读存储器ROM3．传输控制协议TC P 4．数字视频光盘DVD5．通用串行总线USB 6．计算机辅助设计CAD7．计算机辅助制造CAM 8．中央处理器CPU(三)．Translate the following Chinese into English.(根据汉语写出相应的英语。
)1．键盘keybord 2．鼠标mouse 3．扫描仪scanner4．打印机printer 5．输入input 6．输出output7．显示器monitor 8．存储器storage 9．数据库database10．操作系统operating system 11．应用软件application software12．字处理器word processor 13．网络浏览器web browser二．Tell whether the following statements are true(T) or false(F).(判断正误。
专业英语作业和答案
一、请将下列英文句子翻译成汉语（1）The recrystallized grain size at the instant of recrystallization is inversely proportional to the degree of deformation .再结晶瞬间的再结晶的晶粒度大小和变形程度成反比。
（2）A mechanism or linkage is a constrained kinematic chain , and is a mechanical device that has the purpose of transferring motion and/or force form a source to an output .机构或连杆是一个约束运动链，并且是一个机械装置，这个装置可以把输入端的运动或是力传输到输出端（3）In the United States material removal is a big business---in excess of $36×109 per year , including material , labor , overhead , and machine-tool shipments , is spent .在美国，机加工是一个很大的市场------每年的花费超过36×109 美元，包括：原材料费用，劳务费用，管理费用，机床运输费用。
（4）The basic tool—work relationship in cutting is adequately described by means of four factors ：tool geometry , cutting speed , feed , and depth of cut .切削加工中，基本的刀具—工件的关系可以从四个方面来描述：刀具的几何外形，切削速度，吃刀量，切削深度。
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• 1单元：
• 备用发电机 • 燃烧室 • 核反应堆 • 励磁机 • 配电系统 • 汽轮机 • 动能 • 势能 • 原子核 • 煤气管道 • 蒸汽驱动的工厂 • 水力发电厂 • 核裂变反应
2、汉译英
• 2单元：
• 能量载体 • 联合开发 • 太阳能电池 • 照明 • 制冷 • 热机 • 太阳炉 • 采集光束 • 熵增过程 • 核聚变反应 • 二氧化氮 • 二氧化碳 • 半导体
2.It is impossible to cool a body to absolute zero by any finite process. Although one can approach absolute zero as closely as one possible, one cannot actually reach this limit.
《热能动力专业英语》作业
1、英译汉（1） （1） Fundamental of Fluid Mechanics
Fluid motions manifest themselves in many different ways. Some can be described very easily, while others require a thorough understanding of physical laws. In engineering applications, it is important to describe the fluid motions as simply as can be justified. This usually depends on the required accuracy. Often, accuracies of ±10% are acceptable, although in some applications higher accuracies have to be achieved. The general equations of motion are very difficult to solve; consequently, it is the engineer's responsibility to know which simplifying assumptions can be made. This, of course, requires experience and, more important, an understanding of the physics involved.
1、英译汉 （2）The 3rd Law of Thermodynamics
There are several alternate but equivalent ways to describe the 3rd Law:
1.The entropy of any pure substance in thermodynamic equilibrium approaches zero as the absolute temperature approaches zero
Some common assumptions used to simplify a flow situation are related to fluid properties. For example, under certain conditions, the viscosity can affect the flow significantly; in others, viscous effects can be neglected greatly simplifying the equations without significantly altering the predictions. It is well known that the compressibility of a gas in motion should be taken into account if the velocities are very high. But compressibility effects do not have to be taken into account to predict wind forces on buildings or to predict any other physical quantity that is a direct effect of wind. After our study of fluid motions, the appropriate assumptions used should become more obvious. Here we introduce some important general approaches used to analyze fluid mechanics problems and give a brief overview of different types of flow.
• 3单元：
• 可持续发展战略 • 能源生产率 • 能源密集型工业 • 电厂 • 汽油发电机 • 温室效应 • 专家系统包 • 食品加工厂 • 可再生资源 • 三氧化硫 • 石油危机 • 节能设备
3、课后作业
• Unit 1: Exercises 2(任选2题英文形式回答) • Uni