最新环境工程与科学专业英语

Unit 2

The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environmental problems: their causes, why they are of concern, and how we can control them.

这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题：它们的起因，为什么它们受到关注，以及我们怎样控制它们。

Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the air, water, or land that can harmfully affect the health，survival，or activities of humans or other living organisms.

污染可以被定义为有害影响健康，生存，活动的人或其它生物体的空气，水，或土地的物理，化学或生物特性的不应该有的变化。

A current example is the acid rain problem stemming from the emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide gases into the atmosphere from the stacks of generating stations, smelters, and automobile exhausts.

目前的一个例子是酸雨问题，根源是许多发电站，冶炼，汽车排出的废气中进入大气的二氧化硫和氮氧化物气体。

These gases are then transported by air currents over wide regions, Rainfall “washes them out”, creating acid rain which is harmful to aquatic life, forests, and agricultural crops.

然后这些气体被气流运送到广阔的区域。雨水“将它们洗去”，产生了对水生生物，森林和农作物有害的酸雨。

Both phenomena, urbanization and industrialization, were and are fundamental cause of water and air pollution which the cities of that time were unable to handle.

城市化和工业化的现象，在过去和现在都是引起水和空气污染的根本原因，这在当时的城市还不能够处理。

This led to a dramatic decrease in the incidence of waterborne diseases. Note that all wastes discharge into environment, and thus pollute our water, air, and land system.

这导致水传染疾病的发生率大量地减少。注意，所有的废物排放到环境中都会污染我们的水、空气和土地系统。

Unit 8

Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentrations to harm humans, other animals, vegetation or materials.

空气污染通常是指那种包含一种或多种化学物质富集到高浓度并足以伤害人类、其他动物、植物或材料的空气。

By themselves, measured concentrations tell us nothing about the danger caused by pollutants, because threshold levels, synergy, and biological magnification are also determining factors.

通过测出的浓度自身并不能告知我们有关污染物所带来的危险的信息，因为临界浓度、协同作用还有生物放大效应都是决定因素。

Unit 10

The concept of using microorganisms for the removal of environmentally undesirable compounds by biodegradation has been well established in the area of

wastewater treatment for several decades.

这种利用微生物的生物降解作用去除环境中非期望的化合物的观念在数十年前已经非常好地建立在废水处理方面。

Moreover, while bioremediation techniques are now being applied successfully for the treatment of soil and groundwater contaminated by synthetic organics, at present there is very little practical experience with biological systems for the control of air contaminants among environmental professionals in the US.

而且，尽管生物治理技术在处理被人工合成化合物污染的土壤和地下水得到了成功的应用，现在，在美国环保专业人员中，生物学系统在控制大气污染物方面只有很少的实践经验。

The principal reasons why biofiltration is not presently well recognized in the US, and has been applied in only a few cases,appear to be a lack of regulatory programs, little governmental support for research and development, and lack of descriptions written in the English language.

对于那些为什么生物过滤法如今在美国还不是很好地被认识和只应用于仅仅很少的一些情况的主要原因，可以认为是缺少控制的计划、来自政府对此技术研究和发展支持，更是缺少用英语写成的有关这些技术的文献。

The major objective of the present paper is to provide a comprehensive review of important aspects of biofiltration in order to more widely disseminate about this innovative APC technology, and to encourage its implementation where appropriate in the US.

现在这篇论文的主要目的是提供一个关于生物过滤的重要方面的全面综述来更广泛传播这种APC创新技术，并且鼓励它在美国适合的地方的实施。

Their work included the successful installation of several soil filters at a wastewater treatment plant near Seattle and demonstrated that biodegradation rather than sorption accounted for the odor removal.

他们的工作包括在西雅图附近的废水处理工厂中成功地安装几个固体过滤器并证明了生物降解对气味的去除作用比吸附作用更优越。

While soil beds have been shown to control certain types of odors and VOC efficiently and at fairly low capital and operating cost, their use in the US has been limited by the low biodegradation capacity of soils and the correspondingly large space requirements for the beds.

虽然已经证实土壤床可用相当低的投资和操作费用来有效的控制某些类型的臭味和挥发性有机化合物，但是，土壤的低生物降解能力和相对大的占地要求限制了土壤床在美国的应用。

Unit 11

All of the examples identify local, observable, or measurable impacts, because it is very difficult to develop direct relationships between specific pollutants and effects for exposures over the longer term or at great distances.

这部分例子被认为是局部的，可见的或可测量的影响，因为去建立特定污染物及其长期、大面积的暴露所造成的影响之间的直接关系是很困难的。

Damage to vegetation due to chronic exposure to atmospheric pollutants may be one of the more apparent precursor symptoms leading to identification of chronic air pollution.