高中英语-非谓语动词经典用法讲解

非谓语动词经典用法讲解

★分词、不定式作宾补用法要点

首先牢记：宾语和宾补之间是主谓关系，然后掌握以下要点：一、分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别

1．感官动词see, watch, observe, look at, notice，hear, listen to, 等和使役动词have (let\make)后面的宾补有三种形式，即原形动词（不带to 的不定式）、现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表主动或正在进行，过去分词表被动或完成，动词原形表主动和完成的全过程。如：I heard her sing an English song just now.

刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。

I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.

昨天经过她房间时，我听见她在唱英文歌。

I heard the English song sung many times.

我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。

2.注意在主动语态中用不带to 的不定式作补语，但在被动语态中要加上to.

3.以上动词除let, make 外都可以用现在分词作宾语补足语. 此外find, catch, keep,也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。如：At that time, I found him crying in the street.

He was caught stealing.

I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.

4.不及物动词的过去分词作宾补只表完成和状态。如：

I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone. (状态)

I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much. (完成)

5．leave 后接三种形式作宾补时，保留了原来之义“留下”，但表达的确切之义是“使……处于某种状态

leave sb. doing sth.让某人一直做某事（表示动作正在进行。）

leave sth. undone留下某事未做（表示被动和完成，一般以undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched 为多）

leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事

leave sth. to be done留下某事要做（不定式表示将来的动作。）

如：It’s wrong of you to leave the machine running.

你让机器一直开着是不对的。（主动，正在进行）

The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn’t taste delicious.

客人们没有动大部分菜，因为它们尝起来不可口。（被动，完成）

He left, leaving me to do all the rest work.

他走了，留下我一人去做剩余的工所有工作。（主动，将来）We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled.

我们匆匆忙忙地结束了会议，留下了很多问题等待解决。（被动，将来）

★不定式、分词作定语用法要点

一、不定式作定语

1.被修饰的名词或代词就是不定式的逻辑主语，在时间上一般表将来动作：通常用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any 等限定的中心词，以及不定代词。如：

I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.

He is the best man to do the job.

We will have nothing to eat if we waste our rice field.

She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.

Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboats.

另外，常用来修饰抽象名词。常见的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time 等。如：

Do you have the ability to read and write English ?

I have a chance to go sight –seeing.

注意事项：

1.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须搭配相应的介词。如：

The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.

There is nothing to worry about.

Please give me a knife to cut with.

Here is some paper for you to write on.

但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place 或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。如：He had no money and no place to live (in).

We found a way to solve this problem (in).

2．当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词与该不定式是被动关系时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：

Have you anything to send ? 你有什么东西要寄吗？（不定式to send 的动作执行者是“你”）

Have you anything to be sent ? 你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？

（不定式to be sent 的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”）