并列与从属

二、从属连词
a）简单从属连词（单词从属连词）
e.g. after，although, as, because, before…
b）复杂从属连词（两个或两个以上单词构成）
e.g. but that, in order that, now (that)…
c）关联从属连词（两个关联词构成）
e.g. as…as, as…so, no sooner… than …
并列结构中的插入语
• 不论是由两个或两个以上项目构成的并列结构， 都可在最后一个项目之前插入一个词语，从而使 这个项目处于更加突出的地位。 • eg . The conference on nuclear energy was attended by students from Stanford and , predictably , teachers from Berkeley.
• 除了逗号，分号和冒号也能起并列连词的作用。 • 分号连接两个并列分句，通常表示对比关系。 • Golf demands the best of time and space; tennis, the best of personal energy.
• 用冒号连接两个并列分句，通常表示下文是对上文 的解释和发挥。 • Hijackers and kidnappers offer two equally impossible alternatives: a refusal to meet their terms may mean death for their victims; meeting their terms may mean more victims in the future.
常用的并列连词
• 主要的并列连词：and, or, but • 关联并列连词：both…and, either…or, not…but, not…nor, neither…nor, not only…but also • 近似并列连词：as well as, as much as, rather than, more than
• 两个以上项目全用连词连接起来的并列结构，在修 辞色彩上给人以悠闲缓慢、延续持久的感觉。 • Raising vegetables presents endless opportunities for weeding and thinning and hoeing and watering. • 有时也可全用逗号，在修辞色彩上给人以紧张、急 促、明快、利落的感觉。
2. 以or 为代表的表示选择的并列连词or, either…or • You have to do it one way or the other. • There are only two possibilities: either you know or you don’t know.
3. 以but为代表的表示语义转折和对比的并列连词 but, not…but, while, whereas, only, yet • He said that he was busy today but that he would be free tomorrow. • This coat is not mine but yours. • Jane is slender, while Mary is stout. • He very much wanted to buy the house, only he could not afford it.
Coordinate Construction and Subordinate Construction 并列与从属
Coordinate Construction 并列结构
并列结构的定义
• 两个或两个以上意义相关、层次相同、句法功能 相同、由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来的语 法结构序列叫做“并列结构” (Coordinate Construction), 或者“平行结构”(Parallel Construction)。
a). 同时性（same time）
A. 两个同时发生的事件，不是一次性和重复性，既 过去或现在的习惯动作，用when，whenever。 B. 两个同时发生的事件，如果都有延续性，而且延 续时间大致相等，用when，while。
C. 两个同时发生的事件，如果都无延续性，连词可 用when，the moment，directly，immediately等 。
carefully outlined
Subordinate Construction 从属结构
一、并列与从属
1.并列与从属是两种不同的连接手段。 e.g. The rain stopped, and the sun came out.
When the rain stopped, the sun came out.
d）原因状语分句还可由on the ground（s） that，for the reason that ，by reason that， for fear (that)等边际从属连词引导
3、关于so that与so…that结构
a）两种结构中that在非正式语体中可以省略
b）so…(that)结构只能表示“结果”，而so（ that）结构可表示“结果”和“目的” e.g. We all arrived at eight, so (that) the meeting began promptly. (结果)
e.g. This machine differs from the other one in that it is more powerful. Now that John is poor and unfortunate, his friends left him in the lurch. （在口语中，seeing that和now that中的that 可以省略） seeing that 的含义相当于in the view of the fact that，有时可与since/as/now that互换使 用
d）边际从属连词（随意结构）
e.g. even if, if only, just as…
名词性分句 限 定 从 属 分 句
作主语 作主语补语 作同位语 作介词补足成分
形容词性分句（关系分词 ）
时间状语分词 地点状语分词
原因状语分词
副词性分句
结果状语分词 目的状语分词
条件状语分词 让步状语分词
三、状语分句补充说明 1.When, while, as, before, after, until的用法
We hurried because/for it was getting dark.
也可表示“间接原因”，即对说话人为何持此看法
说明原因：
It must be very late, because/for the streets are equal deserted.
c) 原因状语分句还可以由in that，now that， seeing that等复杂连词引导。
并列结构的标点符号
• 由两个以上项目构成的并列结构通常只在最后一 个项目之前用并列连词，其他 five types of discharge from military service: honorable, general, undesirable, bad conduct, and dishonorable.
• 在某些连接性副词如accordingly, furthermore, hence, however, nevertheless, therefore 等之 前通常要用分号，而不用逗号。 • He had worked in the foreign service for two years without leave; hence he was tired almost beyond endurance. • From a running start Pedro launched his body into a vigorous racing drive; however, he was about thirty feet from the pool at the time.
并列结构的构成
• 并列结构分为不同的层次，它可以是词和词的并 列 • buy or sell • good but expensive • 也可以是词组和词组的并列 • a teacher and a student • one way or the other
并列结构的构成
• 也可以是分句和分句的并列 • She was walking down the street and he was running through an alley • The children can go with us or they can stay at home. • Compound Sentence 并列句/复合句 • Mary is a nurse , her brother is a doctor, and her parents are both famous writers.
并列结构中的对称组合
• 如果一个并列结构由四个或四个以上项目构成，常用成对 组合的办法使整个结构更加紧凑。例如： Only a few cities are known as “good baseball towns”--- Cincinnati , Detroit , Chicago , Boston , Los Angeles , and New York. • 上述六个并列项目可以重新组合为三个平行的并列结构： Only a few cities are known as “good baseball towns”----Cincinnati and Detroit , Chicago and Boston , Los Angeles and New York.
b）先时性和后实行（before，after， until，when…）
由before和after表示甲事件先于乙事件或者 后于乙事件的用法，通常可以改用when表示 。
2、because, for, since, as, now that等用法
a）because与for都可以引导原因状语从句，既可表 示“直接原因”，即对某一情况说明原因：
1. 以and为代表的表示语义引申的并列连词and, both…and, not only… but (also), not…nor, neither…nor • Not only is he himself interested in the subject, but all his student are beginning to show an interest in it. • Alf is not going to the movies, nor am I. • Neither has Pauline wanted to rent a house, nor has her husband.
• She’s a funny girl, yet you can’t help liking her. • It’s only a little shop and yet it always has such lovely decorations.
Error Correction
• 1. A college education was both necessary and I could afford it. inexpensive • 2. Both Mary will do it and her husband will do it too. • 3. You can either write a thesis or a short essay on the subject. • 4. Her lectures are witty, interesting, and she outlines them carefully.