英汉翻译：单词的理解及翻译

英汉词语的词义对应情况
部分对应。有许多英汉语词语在词义上只是部分对 应。它们的意义范围有广狭之分、抽象与具体之分、 一般与个别之分。 Uncle（广义）-叔叔， 叔父，伯父，姑父，姨父，舅父（狭义） milk 奶（抽象）； 人奶，牛奶，羊奶（具体）； film胶片（一般）， 电影（个别） 概念意义上对应，内涵意义上不对应： vinegar： 有"不高兴，坏脾气"的内涵意义 醋 ： 有"妒忌"的内涵意义
如何正确选择词义
这是一位举止得体的姑娘。 这些都被标为新鲜的鸡蛋。 狗经常被认为是人们的忠实朋友。 一位规规矩矩的穆斯林 她需要一双结实的跑鞋。 吃豆子有益于健康。 她儿子一直很乖。
如何正确选择词义
…yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of the praises the stone-cutter carves over his bones; who is a good Christian, a good parent, a good child, a good wife or a good husband; who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his loss;… …不过偶尔也有几个死人当得起石匠刻在他们朽 骨上的好话。真的是虔诚的教徒，慈爱的父母， 孝顺的儿女，贤良的妻子，尽职的丈夫，他们家 里的人也的确哀思绵绵的追悼他们。……
词义 Meaning of words
概念意义 Conceptual meaning
词典给词下的定义
关联意义 Associative meaning
词的附带意义
内涵意义 Connotative meaning
文体意义 Stylistic meaning
感情意义 Affective meaning
搭配意义 （Collocative meaning)
根据上下文及逻辑关系确定词义
Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government , I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.
根据词性确定词义 雨后空气新鲜。 别老是诉苦。 在机器投入运行前，要先进行试车。 电子计算机系统的复杂网络管理着这个现 代化的炼油厂。 他们正在把走私物品装进船舱。
1）I want my martini dry. 2) There are still some dry states in the United States. 3）She prefers dry bread. 4）The cows are dry. 5）He gave us a dry lecture yesterday. 6）I am sure what he presented was a dry fact.
Unit Three Translation of Words
——词的翻译
请试译下列句子
1) The play is really a love story. 2) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. 3) Some reporters who were not included in the meeting broke the story. 4) The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV. 5) Don't tell stories again, Tom. I don ' t believe your stories. 6) It is quite another story now.
Diction(词义选择） 词义选择） 词义选择 Diction means the proper choice of words and phrases in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. A word is capable of being used in more than five or ten senses depending on the different collocations or context.
如何正确选择词义
这个将军被指控犯了叛国罪。 委员会决定让亨利教授负责这项研究工 作。 总攻时间一到，战士们勇猛地向敌人的 阵地冲去。 这家商店将你所买的东西记入账内，让 你以后付款。 电池充电后，他启动了马达。
如何正确选择词义
It was a girl with good manners. These were all labeled as good eggs. Dogs are often regarded as man’s good friends. A good Muslim She need good shoes for running. Beans are good for your health. Her son is always a good boy.
根据词性确定词义
The rain had cleaned the air. Don‘t air your troubles too often. A trial run is needed before the machine is put into operation. An intricate network of the computer system runs this modern petroleum factory. They are loading the run goods into the hold.
英汉词语的词义对应情况
交叉对应(一词多义） light music轻音乐（light=intended chiefly to entertain）； light loss轻微的损失（light=not heavy）； light heart轻松的心情（light=relaxed）； light car轻便汽车（light=having little weight）； light step轻快的步伐（light=gentle） ； light manners轻浮的举止（light=frivolous）； light outfit轻巧的设备（light=handy）； light work轻松的工作（light=requiring little effort）；
根据上下文及逻辑关系确定词义
We can make out the meaning of the word from the context. 我们可以从上下文判断出这个词的意思。 We should settle the disputes in the context of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. 我们应当在和平共处五项原则的基础上解决这些争端。 It is in this context that the tragedy of Sahara was born. 撒拉悲剧正是在这种情况下发生的。 We must operate within the context of the Olympian Spirit. 我们必须按照奥林匹克精神办事。
内涵意义
词的概念意义的属性。 如比喻意义，象征意义，联想意义等
Woman Gold Moon Dragon Dog…
文体意义 中性文体意义 特定文体意义 正式 非正式 标准 口语词 次标准
俚语、俗语、 俚语、俗语、行业用语
感情意义
中性意义
褒义
贬义
英汉词语的词义对应情况
完全对应。这类英汉词语多为专有名词、术语或普通名词， 数量有限。 ICU 重症监护病房 carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 sociolinguistics 社会语言学 neurosis 神经官能症 ……
词义的概念
（二）从词义角度来看 词义如从社会符号学的角度来看，可分为指称意义、 言内意义和语用意义；如从传统的词汇学角度来讲， 词义包括概念意义和关联意义。所谓概念意义，也叫 外延意义（denotative Meaning）或认知意义 （cognitive Meaning），就是词汇的最基本意义， 是语言符号所代表的事物的基本特征的抽象概括，常 视为词语在字典中的定义或释义。所谓关联意义 (associative meaning)，是隐含于或附加在概念意 义上的意义。社会、群体或个人都可以使一个词具有 关联意义，有时还是很不相同的关联意义。这种差异 既可以存在于两种语言、两种文化之间，也可以存在 于一种语言和一种文化的亚文化之间。
red 语义场
红的语义场
rust pink ruby cognac tiger lily rosy mahogany
洋红 橙红 褐红 淡红 嫣红 深红 粉红
刘宓庆《新编当代翻译理论》
如何正确选择词义
This general was charged with treason.. The Committee decided to put Professor Henry in charge of the research work. As soon as the moment for the general offensive arrived, the soldiers charged the enemy position bravely. This store will charge things you buy, and let you pay for them later. Having charged the battery, he set the engine in motion.
根据词性确定词义
Your account of what happened is not quite right. 你对于发生的事情的叙述不太正确。 Go right on until you reach the church. 一直往前走，直到你到达教堂为止。 It’s my right of way, so that lorry must stop or slow down until I’ve passed it. 我有优先通行权，所以那货车必须停驶或 减慢 车速 直到我走过去为止。 She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery. 她尽力为她丈夫被控抢劫一案申冤。
如果让我决定我们是要一个没有言论自由的 政府,还是要一个只有自由而无政府的国家,我 会毫不犹豫地选择后者。
根据上下文及逻辑关系确定词义（练习） 根据上下文及逻辑关系确定词义（练习）
Who’s going to perform this delicate operation on the patient’s eye? She is in delicate health. He has a delicate ear for music. That’s a delicate diplomatic question. We have been working all day. We must have a break. Suddenly the line went limp. “I am going back.” Said Smith. “We must have a break somewhere. Wait for me. I’ll be back in five minutes.”
英汉词语的词义对应情况
无对应。由于文化差异，英语有些词语所表达的 意义在汉语中尚无确切的对应词来表达。它们主 要是一些具有文化含义的词语，翻译时多用加注 或释义。 Beefcake （肌肉发达的）健美男子 eager beaver 卖力的河狸 （急于做成某事而特别卖力，但有些 急躁的人） to wear one’s birthday suit 一丝不挂