名词和代词

名词和代词

英语高考专题复习讲与练（1）

名词

一、考点聚焦

1.可数名词单、复数变化形式

（1）规则变化。

①单数名词词尾直接加-s。如：boy — boys, pen — pens。

②以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。如：glass — glasses, box— boxes, watch — watches, brush — brushes。

特例：stomach — stomachs。

③以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。如：

baby — babies, lady — ladies, fly — flies。

④以“o”结尾的多数加-es。如：tomato —tomatoes, potato —potatoes, hero —heroes。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。如：radio —radios, zoo —zoos, photo —photos, piano —pianos, kilo —kilos, tobacco —tobaccos。

⑤以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”，之后再加-es。如：wife —wives, life — lives, knife — knives, wolf— wolves, self — selves, leaf — leaves等。特例：handkerchief— handkerchiefs, roof — roofs, chief — chiefs, gulf — gulfs, belief —beliefs, cliff — cliffs。

⑥改变元音字母的。如：man —men, mouse —mice, foot —feet, woman —women, tooth — teeth, goose — geese, ox — oxen。特例：child — children。

⑦复合名词的复数形式。

（A）在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。如：armchair —armchairs, bookcase —bookcases, bookstore — bookstores。

（B）man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时，前后两个名词都要变成复数。如：man doctor — men doctors, woman driver — women drivers。

（C）与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。如：brother-in-law — brothers-in-law, passer-by — passers-by。

⑧有的名词有两种复数形式。如：zero — zeros 、zeroes, deer —deers 、deer。penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同。如：pence（便士的钱数），pennies(便士的枚数)。

（2）不规则变化。

①单、复数同形。如：means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese, sheep, works （工厂,著作）,cattle。

精典名题导解

He gained his ______ by printing ______ of famous writers. (1995 N)

A. wealth … work

B. wealths … works

C. wealths … work

D. wealth … works

②合成名词的复数。如：boy-friend — boy-friends, go-between— go-betweens(中

间人)，grown-up — grown-ups。

③有些名词通常只用作复数。如：glasses眼镜，clothes衣服，goods货物，trousers

裤子，belongings所有物,wages工资，riches财富, surroundings环境，ashes灰尘, campasses圆规，cattle家畜，congratulations祝贺，have words with sb. 同某人吵架，in high spirits以很高热情地，give one’s regar ds to sb.向某人问侯，in rags衣衫破烂，It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。

④集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people,

cattle, police; 有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看做整体，复数看做集体的各个成员。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多（指整体）；The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了（个体）。

2、不可数名词的数

（1）一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：

①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如：

抽象名词（不可数）具体化（个体名词，可数名词）

in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事

win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)

win honor赢得荣誉an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)

Failure(失败)is the mother of success a failure失败者

失败是成功之母。

by experience靠经验an experience一次经历

youth青春 a youth一个青年人

have pity on sb.怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情

with pleasure乐意 a pleasure乐事

②抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如：

A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.

It is a waste of time reading such a novel.

She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.

Many people agree that knowledge of English is a must in international trade today.

A. a; 不填

B. the; an

C. the; the

D. 不填; the

③of +抽象名词表达形容词意义，通常做表语、定语或宾补等

我发现打羽毛球对减肥很有帮助.

那位作家在小说中提到了和此事有关的一些重要信息.

精典名题导解

You'll find this map of great _____in helping you to get round London.

A. price

B. cost

C. value

D. usefulness

(2)物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类之多时，可以用作可数名词。如：

①物质名词有形或数的相应物体，有单、复数。如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee 一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡，some drink一些饮料, a drink一杯饮料，three drinks 三杯饮料，his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发，glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。

②物质名词有前置后置修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。

have breakfast

have a wonderful breakfast They have a heavy snow every year.

Time and tide wait for no man.

We had a wonderful time last night.

(3)有复数形式的不可数名词

①有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现，起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。如：

Use your brains, please.

She has brains, so he worked out the problem.

They have smoothed away the difficulties.

Have you made preparations for tomorrow’s meeting?

Many thanks for your kindness.

No pains, no gains.

After many failures, they finally succeeded.

②有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。如：

The boy burst into tears at the bad news.

The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.

The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.

3.名词所有格

（1）“’s”所有格的特殊表示形式有：

①用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：today’s newspaper, five

minutes’ walk(drive), five pounds’ weight , ten dollars’ worth of coffee。

②用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如：the earth’s planet, the word’s

population, China’s industry, New York’s parks。

（2）“of”所有格的特殊表示方式有：

①表示“部分”时，一般在所修饰的名词前有一个表示数量的词（a、two、several、some、no、many等），如：Some students of Mister Zhang’s have gone to college.

张老师的一些学生已经上大学了。

②表示“其中之一，其中一部分”的意思时，用：a friend of Tom’s

汤姆的一个朋友（许多朋友中的一位）。

③表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时，应该用：that/this/these/

those + 名词（单、复数）of Mary’s/yours/his/hers。如：

That invention of hers belongs to the world. 她的那项发明是属于全世界的（表赞赏）。

4、名词作定语

英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。

（1）分类意义。

air pollution 空气污染boy friend 男朋友

coffee cup咖啡杯income tax所得税

tennis ball网球song writer歌曲作家

body language身体语言road accident交通事故

Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖

（2）时间、地点、称呼等。

Doctor Jack杰克医生Professor Li李教授

evening school夜校winter sleep冬眠

street dance 街舞country music乡村音乐

village people村民school education学校教育

China problem中国问题

（3）表目的、手段、来源，所属意义。

reception desk接待台sports field田径场

stone table石桌color TV彩电

weather report天气预报

（4）但在个别情况下，也有需用复数的。

e.g. sports meet（运动会）；the United States government（美国政府）；students reading-room（学生阅览室）；goods train（货车）；two men doctors（两个男医生）。

精典名题导解

He dropped the _______ and broke it. (N 1993)

A. cup of coffee

B. coffee’s cup

C. cup for coffee

D. coffee cup

The ____________ is just around the corner and you won’t miss it. (01北京春季)

A. bicycl e’s shop

B. bicycle shop

C. bicycles shop

D. bicycles’ shop

（一）名词

1．To the sea captain’s surprise，he found that travel could also be quite peasant．A．earth B．1and C．ground D．plain 2．Some famous singers live on the from their record sales．

A．salary B．value C．bill D．income 3．Many countries are increasing their use of nature gas，wind and other forms of ．

A．energy B．source C．power D．material 4．You can take as many as you like because they are free of ．

A．fare B．charge C．money D．pay 5．George always wants things done quickly．He’s got to .

A．idea B．means C．patience D．decision 6．Do you know the of the saying I just quoted?

A．source B．resource C．course D．cause 7．—Why did you refuse to move in the house?

—Because it was really in a poor and dirty ．

A．form B．kind C．shape D．state

8．His name was on the of my tongue，but I just couldn’t remember it．A．end B．edge C．tip D．side

9．You shouldn’t let children play with．It’s dangerous!

A．football B．watches C．matches D．chess 10．We’ll have PE this afternoon but I forgot to bring my .

A．sports clothes B．sport clothes C．clothes of sports D．sport’s clothes 11．Dark clouds are a of rain while a smile is a of friendship A．gesture；sign B. mark；sign C. sign；gesture D. sign；mark 12．—Is the house very expensive，Dick?

—I don’t think it’s worth the they are asking．

A．price B．cost C．value D．money 13．These days I hire two in my house．

A．man servants B．men servant C．man servant D．men servants 14．The editor to1d the newsman to write report．

A．a two-thousand-words B．a two-thousands-words

C．a two thousand Word D．a two-thousand-word

15．The brook lies within of the train station．

A．ten-minute-ride B．ten minutes ride

C．ten minute’s ride D．ten minutes’ ride

16．Though I spoke to him many times，he never took any of what I said．A．remark B．observation C．attention D．notice 17．came that his should be kept secret．

A．A word；words B．The word；word C．Word：words D．Words；Word

18．We’ve missed the last bus．I’m af raid we have no but to take a taxi．A．way B．choice C．possibility D．selection 19．—How was your recent Visit to Qingdao?

—It was great．We visited some friends，and spent the days at the seaside．A．few 1ast sunny B．1ast few sunny C．few sunny list D．1ast sunny few

20．We climbed higher up the mountain so that We could get a better ．A．view B．idea C．point D．opinion 21．We have worked out a plan．But I’m not sure whether it will do in ．A．fact B．practice C．deed D．time 22．—I’ve got an “A” in the examination．

——T11at’s a good .You’ll surely win a second．

A．result B．start C．news D．idea 23．The makes me feel sick．

A．sign B．sight C．scene D．look 24．— What a pleasant these trees give us!

——Why not stop here and have a rest in it?

A．shade B．shadow C．peace D．scene 25．They can never make good nurses，not having the necessary .

A．practice B．education C．exercise D．training 26．Mr Tong couldn’t keep pace with the others as they

marched along．He often stood out of ．

A．order B．sight C．mind D．line 27．I’m afraid that there is no for you in my car, because there are already five people．

A．place B．room C．need D．position 28．it is to go swimming on sueh a hot day!

A．What fun B．How fun C．What a fun D．How a fun 29．—Heavy trucks which run day and night are doing damage to our houses and shops of historical .

A．scene B．period C．interest D．sense

30．The dress is nic e but she doesn’t like the on the material．

A．sharp B．size C．model D．pattern 31．It is foolish to go to the of taking music lessons if you never practice．A．expense B．sense C．pay D．money 32．For twenty years Gandhi p1ayed an important in working for equal rights fbr Indians．

A．action B．ro1e C．figure D．position 33．Last night the president made a speech on TV to the .

A. country

B. state

C.1and

D. nation 34．The old house belongs to ．

A．Jac k’s and his brother B．Jack’s and his brother’s

C．Jack and h is brother’s D．Jack and his brother

35．will make a trip to China during the summer holidays．

A．The Evens B．The Even’s C．The Evenses D．The Evenses' 36．I’d lik e you to meet David’a cowboy．

A．dark，handsome and tall B．tall，handsome and dark

C．dark，tall and handsome D．tall，dark and handsome

37.The young student is as a writer．It’s to all his teachers．

A．success；surprise B．a success；surprise

C．success；a surprise D．a success；a surprise

38.My mother’s is getting grey，but my father has only a few grey ．

A．hairs；hair B．hair：hair C．hair；hairs D．hair：hairs

39. uncle is going to pick them up at the airport this afternoon．

A．Jac k’s and Joan’s B．Jack’s and Joan

C．Jack and Joan’s D．Jack and Joan

40.Many old houses are being pulled down to make for the apartment buildings．

A．room B．ground C．space D．area

41.Enough of it! Nobody here thinks what you are saying makes any ．

A．excuse B．sense C．use D．value

名词

1-5 BDABC 6-10 ADCCA 11-15 CADDD 16-20 DCBBA

21-25 BABAD 26-30 DBAC 31-35 ABDDC 36-40 DDCCA 41 B

名词强化训练

1. It won’t make much ________ whether you agree or not.

A. difficulty

B. trouble

C. difference

D. matter

2. No one has yet succeeded in explaining the ________ of how life began.

A. cause

B. problem

C. reason

D. puzzle

3. You must get there within an hour. There should be no ___ in sending this information to him.

A. question

B. problem

C. quarrel

D. delay

4. I can’t give you the card without Smith’s ________.

A. agreement

B. allowing

C. permission

D. performance

5. What impressed me most was that they never lost ________.

A. hearts

B. heart

C. their heart

D. their hearts

6. Though I spoke to him many times, he never took any ________ of what I said.

A. remark

B. observation

C. attention

D. notice

7. I went to buy a ________ of China Daily.

A. piece

B. sheet

C. lot

D. copy

8. Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of

passing it on her first ________.

A. intention

B. purpose

C. attempt

D. desire

9. There are usually at least two ________ of looking at every question.

A. means

B. directions

C. views

D. ways

10. We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into ________.

A. fact

B. reality

C. practice

D. deed

11. She is young for the job, but on the other ________, she is well trained.

A. way

B. situation

C. chance

D. hand

12. The most important________ of his speech was that we should all work

whole-heartedly for the people.

A. point

B. sense

C. spot

D. view

13. --- I’d like ________ information about the management of your hotel, please.

--- Well, you could have ________ word with the manager. He might be helpful.

A. some; a

B. an; some

C. some; some

D. an; a

14. He told me he had been offered a very well-paid ________.

A. business

B. service

C. work

D. position

15. Each player must obey ________, who is the leader of the team.

A. captain

B. a captain

C. the captain

D. captains

16. It was ________ that he had to ask for help.

A. such big a work

B. a so big job

C. a so big work

D. such a big job

17. He dropped the ________ and broke it.

A. cup of coffee

B. coffee’s cup

C. cup for coffee

D. coffee cup

18. What ________! Where did you get them?

A. big fish

B. a big fish

C. a piece of big fish

D. big a fish

19. He left ________ with my secretary that he would call again in the afternoon. He said

he would keep ________.

A. words; his words

B. word; his word

C. word; word

D. the word; his words

20. The new law will come into ________ on the day it is passed.

A. effect

B. use

C. service

D. existence

21. We held a party in ________ of our Australian teacher, Meggi.

A. prize

B. honor

C. praise

D. pride

22. --- Tom, will you boys play soldiers outside? There’s not enough ________ for you

boys here.

--- But we can play in the next ________, can’t we?

A. places; place

B. room; room

C. rooms; space

D. house; rooms

23. --- Is this bridge made of ________?

--- Yes, it is made of 2300 huge ________.

A. stone; stone

B. stones; stones

C. stone; stones

D. stones; stone

24. --- Mum, I’m going to visit my aunt. What about a week?

--- A week is too long. Try to be back in a ________ of days.

A. number

B. dozen

C. few

D. couple

25. Mrs. Green tried hard to find a job but she had no ________.

A. luck

B. time

C. hope

D. chance

26. His daughter is always shy in ________ and she never dares to make a speech to ________.

A. the public; the public

B. public; the public

C. the public; public

D. public; public

27. Fast-food restaurants are ________ to us all.

A. of many helps

B. a great help

C. great helps

D. much help

28. These young people are now making an active ________ to beautify (美化) our city.

A. part

B. effort

C. decision

D. plan

29. --- What you like may not be what I like.

--- Yes, one man’s meal is another man’s ________.

A. poison

B. medicine

C. meal

D. food

30. He said that two ________ would come to our school the next day.

A. woman scientist

B. women scientist

C. woman scientists

D. women scientists

31. My ________ all ________ hard for the people.

A. family; work

B. family; works

C. families; work

D. families; works

32. Dr. Jones ordered ________ for the laboratory.

A. two equipments

B. two pieces of equipments

C. two pieces of equipment

D. two equipment pieces

33. --- Where have you been?

--- I’ve been to________.

A. the Turners

B. the Turner's

C. Mr. Turners'

D. the Turners'

34. Many children have to see the films for________．

A. grown-up

B. growns-up

C. grown-ups

D. growns-ups

35. I told about some of the terrible ________ I had had in the war.

A. experience

B. experiences

C. experiencing

D. experienced things

36. The table is only ________ high.

A. two-foot

B. two foot

C. two-feet

D. two feet

37. These days I employed two ________ in my house.

A. man-servants

B. men-servant

C. man-servant

D. men-servants

38. That' s________.

A. James and Charles father

B. James and Charles's father

C. James's and Charles's father

D. James's and Charles father

39. ________ is published daily.

A. Time

B. Times

C. The Time

D. The Times

40. There are many ________ in big ________.

A. ladies driver; citys

B. lady drivers; cities

C. ladies drivers, cities

D. ladies driver; city

1~20: CADCB DDCDC DAADC DDABA

21~40: BBCDA BBBAD ACDCB DABDB

语法复习专题（1）名词

一、考点聚焦

1.可数名词单、复数变化形式

（1）规则变化。

①单数名词词尾直接加-s。如：boy —boys, pen —pens。

②以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。如：glass —glasses,box—boxes, watch —watches, brush —brushes。

特例：stomach —stomaches。

③以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。如：

baby —babies, lady —ladies, fly —flies。

④以“o”结尾的多数加-es。如：tomato —tomatoes, potato —potatoes, hero —heroes。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。如：radio —radios, zoo —zoos, photo —photos, piano —pianos, kilo —kilos, tobacco —tobaccos。

⑤以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”，之后再加-es。如：wife —wives, life —lives, knife —knives, wolf—wolves, self —selves, leaf —leaves等。特例：handkerchief—handkerchiefs, roof —roofs, chief —chiefs, gulf —gulfs, belief —beliefs, cl iff —cliffs。

⑥改变元音字母的。如：man —men, mouse —mice, foot —feet,

woman —women, tooth —teeth, goose —geese, ox —oxen。特例：child —children。

⑦复合名词的复数形式。（A）在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。如：armchair —armchairs, bookcase —bookcases, bookstore —book-

stores。（B）man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时，前后两个名词都要变成复数。如：man doctor —men doctors, woman driver —women dri-

vers。（C）与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。如：brother-in-law —brothers-in-law, passer-by —passers-by。

⑧有的名词有两种复数形式。如：zero —zeros 、zeroes, deer —

deers 、deer。penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同。如：pence（便士的钱数），pennies(便士的枚数)。

（2）不规则变化。

①单、复数同形。如：means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese,

Japanese, sheep, works（工厂）,cattle。

②合成名词的复数。如：boy-friend —boy-friends, go-between—go-betweens(中

间人)，grown-up —grown-ups。

③有些名词通常只用作复数。如：glasses眼镜，clothes衣服，goods

货物，trousers裤子，belongings所有物,wages工资，riches财富, surrounding s环境，ashes灰尘, campasses圆规，cattle家畜，congratulations祝贺，have words with sb. 同某人吵架，in high spirits以很高热情地，give one’s regards to sb.向某人问侯，in rags 衣衫破烂，It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。

④集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people,

cattle, police; 有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery, furnitur e, mankind, jewellery;有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看做整体，复数看做集体的各个成员。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多（指整体）；The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了（个体）。

2、不可数名词的数

（1）一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：

①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如：

抽象名词（不可数）具体化（个体名词，可数名词）

in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事

win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)

win honor赢得荣誉an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)

Failure(失败)is the mother of success a failure失败者

失败是成功之母。

by experience靠经验an experience一次经历

youth青春 a youth一个青年人

have pity on sb.怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情

with pleasure乐意 a pleasure乐事

②抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如：

A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.

Would you like to have a walk(swim, bath, talk)with me?

It is waste of time reading such a novel.

She made an apology to her mother f or her wrong doings.

(2)物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类之多时，可以用作可数名词。如：

①物质名词有形或数的相应物体，有单、复数。如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee 一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡，some drink一些饮料, a drink一杯饮料，three drinks 三杯饮料，his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发，glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。

②物质名词有前置后置修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。

have breakfast The road is covered with snow.

have a wonderful breakfast They have a heavy snow every year.

Time and tide wait for no man.

We had a wonderful time last night.

(3)有复数形式的不可数名词

①有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现，起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。如：

Use your brains, please.

They have smoothed away the difficulties.

Have you made preparations for tomorrow’s meet ing?

Many thanks for your kindness.

No pains, no gains.

After ma ny failures, they finally succeeded.

②有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。如：

The boy burst into tears at the bad news.

The rising waters did a lot o f harm to the crops.

The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.

3.名词所有格

（1）“’s”所有格的特殊表示形式有：

②用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：today’s newspaper,five minutes’walk(drive),fi ve pounds’weight, tend

ollars’worth of coffee。

②用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如：the earth’s planet, the word’s population, China’s industry, New York’s par ks。

（2）“of”所有格的特殊表示方式有：

①表示“部分”时，一般在所修饰的名词前有一个表示数量的词（a、two、several、some、no、many等），如：Some students of Mister Zhang’s have gone to college.

张老师的一些学生已经上大学了。

②表示“其中之一，其中一部分”的意思时，用：a friend of Tom’s

汤姆的一个朋友（许多朋友中的一位）。

③表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时，应该用：that/this/these/

those + 名词（单、复数）of Mary’s/yours/his/hers。如：

That invention of hers belongs to the world. 她的那项发明是属于全世界的（表赞赏）。

4、名词作定语

英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。

（1）分类意义。

air pollution 空气污染boy friend 男朋友

coffee cup咖啡杯income tax所得税

tennis ball网球song writer歌曲作家

body language身体语言road accident交通事故

Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖

（2）时间、地点、称呼等。

Doctor Jack杰克医生Professor Li李教授

evening school夜校winter sleep冬眠

street dance 街舞country music乡村音乐

village people村民school education学校教育

China problem中国问题

（3）表目的、手段、来源，所属意义。

reception desk接待台sports field田径场

stone table石桌color TV彩电

weather report天气预报

★二、精典名题导解

选择填空

1. It is generally believed that teaching is ___________it is a science.

(NMET 2001)

A.an art much as

B.much an art as

C.as an art much as

D.as much an art as

解析：答案为D。当名词前有what、so、as、too、quite等词修饰时，其形容词被这些词修饰，组成下列结构，如：What a nice book! This is too heavy a box for me to carry. He is not as honest a boy as Mike.等，应采取too/how + 形容词（副词）+ a(an) + 名词的形式。要记住一些类似的特殊结构，并加以分析。

2. The police are offering a __________to anyone who can give information about the lost key.（NMET 1999）

A.price

B.prize

C.reward

D.money

解析：答案为C。price 价格，价钱；prize奖金。Ｄ项是钱，属不可数名词，题中所要填的是“酬金，报酬”。注意正确理解名词的含义及其搭配是活用语言的基础，在复习备考中要熟练掌握考纲中一些名词的词义、搭配、习惯等，才能更好辨析名词，从而选择最符合句意的选项。

3.Y ou’ll find this map of great _____________in helping you to get round London.（NMET 1998）

A.price

B.cost

C.value

https://www.360docs.net/doc/9315348724.html,efulness

解析：答案为C。本题考查特定语境中名词的词义及“be of + 抽象名词”结构。Price (价格)，cost（价钱，费用，成本）不符合题意，value作“quality of being useful or desirable”解时，常与of搭配，在句中作表语或补语，意为“有用，有价值”。故选择value。注意名词词义辨异及惯用法表达，题中“of + 抽象名词”相当于该名词的形容词形式。

4.If you buy more than ten, they knock 20 pence off .

A. a price

B. price

C. the price

D. price

解析：答案为C。本题考冠词和名词。全句合理句意应是：如果你买超过10个，他们从（现在标出的）价格上减价20便士。此处价格是特指的定价，所以C项最佳。

5.The journey around the world took the old sailor nine moths, the sailing time was 226 days.

A. of which

B. d uring which

C. from which

D. for which

解析：答案为B。辨析名词语义, a distance of +数字“……距离”。

6.I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the children’s.

A. reach

B. hand

C. hold

D. place

解析：答案为A。“out of reach”是“超出某人够得着的范围”，即“够不着”的意思，药品应放到孩子够不到的地方。

语法复习专题（3）代词

一、考点聚焦

代词分为九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词\疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词、关系代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。

1、人称代词

（1）人称代词作主语用主格，作宾语、表语用宾格，但应注意以下4中情况：

①作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中，或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用，常用宾格。

—Does any of you know where Tom lives?

—Me.

What! Me (to)play him at chess? No!

②句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时，与所替代的名词在人称、数、格在意义上一般要保持前后一致。

The thief was thought to be he.(the thief是主格，故用he代替)

They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。（me是宾格，故用her

替代）

③作表语人称代词一般用宾格，但在强调句型中，被强调部分代词的格不变。

I met her in the hospital.→It was her who I met in the hospital.

④在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。如：He is taller than me(I).但在下列句中有区别。

I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.

I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him, too.

(2)两个以上的人称代词并列，其次序排列原则：

①在并列主语中，“I”总是放在最后，排列顺序为：二三一（人称）。宾格me也一样。

You ,she and I will be in charge of the case.

Mr.Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.

②第三人称，男女两性并用，男先女后。

He and she still don’t agree to the plan.

(3)几个人称代词的特殊用法。

①we/you(口语)常用来泛指一般人。

②she可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。

The “Titanic”was the largest, wasn’t she?

2.物主代词

（1）名词和形容词性物主代词各自的语法功能。

（2）one’s own…=...of one’s own句式的转换。

（3）某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。

如：take sb. by the arm, be wounded in the leg.

3.反身代词

（1）反身代词的语法功能：宾语、表语、主语或宾语的同位语。

（2）反身代词和某些动词连有，构成固定短语。

enjoy oneself, feel oneself, make oneself at home, make oneself understood

（3）反身代词还可用于某些成语中。

for oneself为自己或独立地，of oneself自然地，自动地

by oneself独自地，in oneself本身性质，beside oneself喜怒哀愁至极

This problem gets a chapter to itself.这个问题占了一章（独有）。

Just between ourselves, I don’t th ink much of him.私下地说我并不怎么看重他。

They were discussing about it among themselves.（相互共同）

Left to himself he began to write.别人走后只留下他，他写了起来。

I’m very angry with myself.生自己的气。

4.相互代词（each other, one another）

相互代词无人称、数和格的区别，在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为each other’s 、one another’s ,作定语。

一般来说，each other指两者之间，one another指三者或三者以上之间，但现在区分已不明显。

5.指示代词（this, that , these, those, such, sam e）

指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性，在句子中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。

（1）指示代词this和that的区别。

①this (these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物；that(those)常指时间或空间较远的人或物。

This is my desk and that is yours.

In those days they could not go to school.

②this常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用；that则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用。

I want to tell you this:the En glish party will be held on Saturday

afternoon.

He hurt his leg yesterday. That’s why he didn’t come.

③为了避免重复，常用that或those代替前面已提过的名词。

The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing.

The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.

④this在电话用语中作自我介绍，that询问对方；this和that可以当副词用，意

思相当于副词so。

（2）such和same的用法。

①such指“这样的”人或事，在句中作主语和定语。

Such was the story.

We have never seen such a tall building.

②same指“同样的”人或事，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语，same的前面

要用定冠词the.

The same can be said of the other article.

另一篇文章也是同样的情况。（主语）

Whether he can do it or not,it is all the same to me.

他是否能做这事，对我来说都一样。（表语）

6、疑问代词（who,whom,which,what,whose）

疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语。

（1）who/what

①询问姓名或关系。——Who is he? ——He is my brother./He is

Henry.询问职业或地位。——What is he？——He is a lawyer/teacher.

②What/who 作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于说话人的视点，可单数也可复数。

What is /are on the table?

Who is/are in the library?

(2)which与who、what

which表示在一定范围内，而who、what则无此限制。

I found two books on the desk.Which is yours?

7.连接代词和关系代词

连接代词与疑问代词的形式相同，主要有who、whom、whose、what、which 以及它们与ever合成的代词whoever、whomever、whatever、whichever等。它们用来引导主语从句，宾语从句和表语从句，即连接复合句中的主句和从句，并在从句中担任一定的句子成分，以连接代词引起的名词性从句前不能再加that.

关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词，它们包括who、whom、whose、which、that等。这两类代词的用法详见“名词性从句”和“定语从句”部分。

8、不定代词

不定代词主要有：all、each、every、both、either、neither、one、none、little、few、many、much、other、another、some、any、no等。还有由some、any、no和every构成合成代词，不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质，并有可数和不可数之分，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等（every、no只能作定语）。下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与区别。

（1）some与any

一般用法：some、any可与单、复数可数名词及不可数名词连有。some一般用于肯定句，any多用于疑问、否定或条件句。

He has some Chinese paintings.(定语)

Some like sports,others like music.(主语)

Ask me if you have any que stions.(定语)

Do you have any questions to ask?(定语)

I don’t know any of the students.（宾语）

特殊用法：

①any用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。

Any child can do that.（定语）

You may take any of them.（宾语）

②some用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。

Smith went to some place in England.（定语）

③在期待对方回答yes 时，some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。

Would you like some bananas?（邀请）

Mum,could you give me some money?(请求)

④some 用于否定句表示部分否定。

I don’t know some of the students.（宾语）

some和any在句中还可作状语，作副词。some意为“大约”相当于“about”,而any则表示程度，意为“稍，丝毫”。如：

There are some 300 workers on strike.

Do you feel any better today?

(2)one,both,all

①one作定语、表语、主语或宾语，可以指人或物，表示“一个”的意思，其复数为ones,指人时，其所有格是one’s，反身代词是oneself.

One sh ould try one’s best to serve the people.(主语、定语)

This is not the one I want.(表语)

one、ones可以代替上文提到过的名词，以免重复，one、ones前面分别可以用this、that、these、those或the、which等词修饰。如：

These books are more interesting than those ones.

Here are three pens.Which one is yours,this one or that one or the one in the pencil-box?

②both用作定语、宾语、主语和同位语，可以指人或指物，表示“两者都”的意思。

This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.(定语)

Both of the boys are here.(主语)

We both are students.(同位语)

注意：both用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定时，用neither。如：Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。

Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。

both不能放在the、these、those、my等之后，而应放在它们的前面。如：Both my parents like this film.

Both the /these boys are tall.

③all用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语，指“全部的”、“整个的”，可与可数或不可数名词连用，除少数情况外，一般不与单数可数名词连用，与复数名词连用时，表示“所有的”、“全部的”，指三个或三个以上的人或物。

He gave me all the money.他把全部的钱给了我。

All the schools are flooded.所有的学校都被淹了。

I told him all about it. 我把一切都告诉了他。

That’s all for today.今天就在这儿。

They have all been to Xi’an.他们都去过西安。

注意：all 用于否定句，表示部分否定，完全否定用none。如：

Not all the ants go out for food.(or:All the ants don’t go out for food.)并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。

None of the money is mine.这钱一分也不是我的。

（3）many和much

many和much都表示“许多”，但many修饰或代替复数可数名词，much修饰或代替不可数名词。它们在句中可作主语、宾语、定语。much有时用作状语。

（4）few, little; a few, a little

few和little表示没有多少，含否定意义；而a few 和a little表示有一些，有几个，含肯定意义。另外，few、a few 修饰可数名词；little、a little修饰不可数名词。它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。

（5）no和none

no=not any,表示“没有”，用来修饰可数名词或不可数名词，通常作定语，none 代替不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形式。none还可以在句中作宾语。

注意：none既可以指人又可以指物，no one只能指人。

（6）each和every

each（各个），指两个或两个以上的人或物，侧重个体，在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。every（每个），指三个或三个以上的人或物，侧重整体，在句中只能作定语。

Every student it our class has a dictionary.(定语，强调班上“所有的人”)

Each student in our class has a dictionary.（定语，强调各个个体）

Each of them has been there.（主语）

The teacher gave each of the students a new textbo ok.（宾语）

We each got a ticket.（同位语）

（7）either和neither

either是“两者中任何一个”的意思，可修饰或代替单数可数名词，neither是“两者中没有一个”的意思，可以修饰或代替单数可数名词，它们可在句在作主语、宾语或定语。如：

Here are two pens. You may take either of them.(宾语)

Neither boy knows French.(定语)

注意：①either也作副词，其意为“也”，用于否定句的句末。He doesn’like tea, and I don’t either.（状语）②either与or构成连词，意为“不是……就是……”或“要么……要么……”。He is either Japanese or Chinese. ③neither用作副词，意为“也不”，即“not…either”。He can’t do it, neither can I. ④neither可与nor构成连词，意为“既不……也不”。Neither he nor you are a student.

（8）other和another, the others 和others

the other表示“两者中的另一个”；“the other + 复数可数名词”

表示“其余（他）的……”；the others表示“其他的人或物”。“others及other + 复数名词”泛指“其他的（别的）人或物”。这些词语在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。如：

He got two books; one is textbook, the other is a novel.

Five of the pencils are red, the others(the other pens)are yellow.

Some are singing, others are dancing.

another修饰或代替单数可数名词，意为“（三个或三个以上的）另一个”，不能指两者中的另一个，在句中可作宾语和定语。

This coat is too dark. Please show me another.(宾语)

Please give me another book.（定语）

注意：another修饰复数名词时，意为“再，又”。如：Please give me another ten minutes. one … another(a second)… a third…the other…意为“一个……一个……一个……一个”用于三者或三者以上的排列。some…others…others…，意为“一些……一些……一些”。

二、精典名题导解

选择填空

1. The Parkers bought a new house but__________will need a lot of work before they can move in.(NMET 2001)

A.they

B.it

C.one

D.which

解析：答案为B。分析题意可知，they显然不合，which多引导从句，从此为并列句式，one表示泛指，而此处空格内容指代前面提到的the new house。要仔细区别代词的所指范围，是人还是物，单数还是复数，另应注意句式。