成本与管理会计第13版 英文版课件
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成本与管理会计-亨格瑞-第13版-英文版-CA07
A static-budget variance is : (Actual result - Budgeted amount in the static budget).
A favourable (F) variance is a variance that increases operating profit relative to the budgeted amount.
An unfavourable (U) variance is a variance that decreases operating profit relative to the budgeted amount.
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Static-Budget Variance
Level 0 analysis compares actual operating profit with budgeted operating profit.
$120 × 10,000 = $1,200,000
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Steps in Developing Flexible Budgets
Step 3: Determine the flexible budget for costs
based on budgeted variable costs per output unit,
Step 1: Determine the actual output. In April 2008, 10,000 suits were produced and
sold.
Step 2: Determine the flexible budget for revenues based on budgeted selling price and actual output.
A favourable (F) variance is a variance that increases operating profit relative to the budgeted amount.
An unfavourable (U) variance is a variance that decreases operating profit relative to the budgeted amount.
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14
Static-Budget Variance
Level 0 analysis compares actual operating profit with budgeted operating profit.
$120 × 10,000 = $1,200,000
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23
23
Steps in Developing Flexible Budgets
Step 3: Determine the flexible budget for costs
based on budgeted variable costs per output unit,
Step 1: Determine the actual output. In April 2008, 10,000 suits were produced and
sold.
Step 2: Determine the flexible budget for revenues based on budgeted selling price and actual output.
成本与管理会计亨格瑞第13版英文版CA07
TOTAL VARIABLE COST
VARIABLE COST PER JACKET
$60 16 12
$88
BUDGETED FIXED COSTS FOR PRODUCTION(0-12 000UNITS)
BUGETED SELLING PRICE BUDGETED PRODUCTION AND SALES ACTUAL PRODUCTION AND SALES
Level 1 analysis provides more detailed information on the operating profit static- budget variance.
Level 1 gives the user a little more information: it shows which line-items led to the total Level 0 variance.
Actual Vs Standard
2019/12/27
Variance
2
2
Basic Concepts
Variance – difference between an actual and an expected (budgeted) amount
Purpose of variance
Management by exception Performance evaluation Motivate managers Prompt strategy change
of the budget period. The master budget is an example of a static budget.
Flexible budget
VARIABLE COST PER JACKET
$60 16 12
$88
BUDGETED FIXED COSTS FOR PRODUCTION(0-12 000UNITS)
BUGETED SELLING PRICE BUDGETED PRODUCTION AND SALES ACTUAL PRODUCTION AND SALES
Level 1 analysis provides more detailed information on the operating profit static- budget variance.
Level 1 gives the user a little more information: it shows which line-items led to the total Level 0 variance.
Actual Vs Standard
2019/12/27
Variance
2
2
Basic Concepts
Variance – difference between an actual and an expected (budgeted) amount
Purpose of variance
Management by exception Performance evaluation Motivate managers Prompt strategy change
of the budget period. The master budget is an example of a static budget.
Flexible budget
成本与管理会计亨格瑞第13版英文版CA06
Operating budgets include budgets reflecting the planned operational aspects of the business, including revenues, production, manufacturing costs, and other expenses for the period. It culminates in a budgeted income statement.
The master budget is actually a series of budgets including a set of budgeted financial statements (sometimes called pro forma statements).
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Advantages of Budgets
Despite the fact that budgets are advantageous, there are a number of challenges in properly administering budgets.
It is a time consuming process that involves all levels of management.
The path to effective strategies include asking questions such as:
What are our objectives? How do we create value for the customer while
distinguishing ourselves from our competitors?
The master budget is actually a series of budgets including a set of budgeted financial statements (sometimes called pro forma statements).
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Advantages of Budgets
Despite the fact that budgets are advantageous, there are a number of challenges in properly administering budgets.
It is a time consuming process that involves all levels of management.
The path to effective strategies include asking questions such as:
What are our objectives? How do we create value for the customer while
distinguishing ourselves from our competitors?
成本与管理会计亨格瑞第13版英文版CA
The development of management accounting emerged in the 1920s, when the focus shifted from mere cost measurement to cost analysis and control, emphasizing the role of accounting in decision-making and management control.
It involves the identification, measurement, and allocation of costs, as well as the preparation of cost reports and other management information to assist management in making decisions about product pricing, production, and resource allocation.
Direct and indirect costs
Activity Identification
The first step in the activity-based costing method involves identifying the various activities that take place within the organization.
Cost allocation and collection
Cost Allocation
Allocating costs to specific departments, projects, or products is essential for accurate financial reporting and decision-making.
成本与管理会计-亨格瑞-第13版-英文版-CA07共75页文档
2020/6/8
10
Static Budget
What was the actual operating profit?
Revenues (10,000 × $125) $1,250,000
Less Expenses:
Variable (10,000 × $95.01)
950,100
Fixed
285,000
TOTAL VARIABLE COST
VARIABLE COST PER JACKET
$60 16 12
$88
BUDGETED FIXED COSTS FOR PRODUCTION(0-12 000UNITS) BUGETED SELLING PRICE BUDGETED PRODUCTION AND SALES ACTUAL PRODUCTION AND SALES
Purpose of variance
➢ Management by exception ➢ Performance evaluation ➢ Motivate managers ➢ Prompt strategy change
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2
Basic Concepts
Management by Exception – the practice of focusing attention on areas not operating as expected (budgeted)
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$276 000 $120/JACKET 12 000JACKETS 10 000JACKETS
6
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Static Budget
es and sells jackets.
成本与管理会计 亨格瑞 第13版 英文版 CA18PPT课件
CHAPTER 18
Spoilage, Rework, and Scrap
Terminology
Spoilage, rework, and scrap have distinctive definitions in cost accounting that may not be the definition commonly used. P510（639） It is important that these terms be used properly, as each receives a different accounting treatment.
Normal spoilage is spoilage inherent in the production process.
It is viewed arising even in an efficient manufacturing process.
Typically, normal spoilage is included as a part of the cost of good units manufactured.
Scrap is residual material that results from manufacturing a product.
It has low or zero sales value.
Spoilage
Different types of Spoilage P511（639）
Spoilage is divided into two types: normal spoilage and abnormal spoilage.
the remaining 100 units are spoiled because of machine breakdown and operation errors.
Spoilage, Rework, and Scrap
Terminology
Spoilage, rework, and scrap have distinctive definitions in cost accounting that may not be the definition commonly used. P510（639） It is important that these terms be used properly, as each receives a different accounting treatment.
Normal spoilage is spoilage inherent in the production process.
It is viewed arising even in an efficient manufacturing process.
Typically, normal spoilage is included as a part of the cost of good units manufactured.
Scrap is residual material that results from manufacturing a product.
It has low or zero sales value.
Spoilage
Different types of Spoilage P511（639）
Spoilage is divided into two types: normal spoilage and abnormal spoilage.
the remaining 100 units are spoiled because of machine breakdown and operation errors.
成本与管理会计 亨格瑞 第13版 英文版 CA05
8
2012-10-5
Broad Averaging and Cross-subsidization,conts.
When a company has a situation in which
undercosting or overcosting of products occurs, this is referred to as product-cost cross-subsidization. P110
costing system
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Rationale for Refining Costing System
Increase in product diversity •Customized products
•Differentiate from competitors
Guidelines for Refining
2012-10-5
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Background
Easy to trace Direct materials and direct labor costs
Overhead cannot be traced easily and must be allocated with estimates.
Recall that Factory Overhead is applied to production in a
rational and systematic manner, using some type of averaging. There are a variety of methods to accomplish this goal.
Simple Methods Unrealistic
2012-10-5
Broad Averaging and Cross-subsidization,conts.
When a company has a situation in which
undercosting or overcosting of products occurs, this is referred to as product-cost cross-subsidization. P110
costing system
2012-10-5
11
Rationale for Refining Costing System
Increase in product diversity •Customized products
•Differentiate from competitors
Guidelines for Refining
2012-10-5
4
Background
Easy to trace Direct materials and direct labor costs
Overhead cannot be traced easily and must be allocated with estimates.
Recall that Factory Overhead is applied to production in a
rational and systematic manner, using some type of averaging. There are a variety of methods to accomplish this goal.
Simple Methods Unrealistic
成本与管理会计-亨格瑞-第13版-英文版-CA08_图文_图文
Commit more resources to develop appropriate standards
15
Variable overhead spending variance
=($29/machine hour－$30 /machine hour) ×4 500 machine-hours =(-1machine hour) ×4 500 machine-hours =$4 500F
=1 728 000/57 600=30/hour
Budgeted variable overhead cost rate per output unit
5
=0.4hour/unit×30=12/jacket
Variable overhead cost variances（P208 ）
6
Flexible-budget analysis
The variable overhead efficiency variance measures the efficiency with which the costallocation base is used.
11
Variable Overhead Variances
Actual Variable Overhead Incurred
Step 3:
Identify the variable overhead costs associated with each costallocation base.
Step 4:
Compute the rate per unit of each cost-allocation base used to allocate variable overhead costs to output produced.
15
Variable overhead spending variance
=($29/machine hour－$30 /machine hour) ×4 500 machine-hours =(-1machine hour) ×4 500 machine-hours =$4 500F
=1 728 000/57 600=30/hour
Budgeted variable overhead cost rate per output unit
5
=0.4hour/unit×30=12/jacket
Variable overhead cost variances（P208 ）
6
Flexible-budget analysis
The variable overhead efficiency variance measures the efficiency with which the costallocation base is used.
11
Variable Overhead Variances
Actual Variable Overhead Incurred
Step 3:
Identify the variable overhead costs associated with each costallocation base.
Step 4:
Compute the rate per unit of each cost-allocation base used to allocate variable overhead costs to output produced.
成本和管理会计亨格瑞第13版英文版CA04
Distinguish job costing from process costing
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Basic Costing Terminology,conts.
Cost Assignment
Direct Costs Indirect Costs
Cost Tracing
materials and labor
Cost Allocation
overhead
Cost Object
items. A cost-allocation base is the driver or activity that is used to allocate indirect costs from the cost pool to the cost object.
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Learning objective 2
tracing and cost allocation. Two new terms related to costing systems are introduced in this chapter p78
A cost pool is a grouping of individual indirect cost
Financial Accounting
Product costs are used to value inventory and to compute cost of goods sold.
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Managerial Accounting and Cost Management
Product costs are used for planning, control, directing, and management decision making.
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6
Basic Costing Terminology,conts.
Cost Assignment
Direct Costs Indirect Costs
Cost Tracing
materials and labor
Cost Allocation
overhead
Cost Object
items. A cost-allocation base is the driver or activity that is used to allocate indirect costs from the cost pool to the cost object.
2018/11/21
8
Learning objective 2
tracing and cost allocation. Two new terms related to costing systems are introduced in this chapter p78
A cost pool is a grouping of individual indirect cost
Financial Accounting
Product costs are used to value inventory and to compute cost of goods sold.
2018/11/21 2
Managerial Accounting and Cost Management
Product costs are used for planning, control, directing, and management decision making.
成本与管理会计-亨格瑞-第13版-英文版-CA08
Flexible Budget for Variable Overhead at Actual Hours
AH × SVR
Flexible Budget for Variable Overhead at
Standard Hours
SH × SVR
Spending Variance
Efficiency Variance
Workers were less skilled than expected in using machines?
Webb spend more on variable overhead costs , such as maintenance?
8
2019/10/7
Variable Overhead Variances
=$15 000U
14
2019/10/7
4500 HOURS VS 4000 HOURS
Possible causes for exceeding budget
Workers were less skilled than expected in using machines
Production scheduler inefficiently scheduled jobs ,resulting in more machinehours used than budgeted
overhead cost
Efficiency
cost-alocation base alocation based alowed
per unit of
Variance
used for actual output for actual output
成本与管理会计-亨格瑞-第13版-英文版-CA05
effective
base for each indirect-cost pool.
•Strategic decision
•Provide more data
•Price decision
•Multiple cost driver pools
•Market decision
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Refining a Costing System
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Structure of Lecture
Under- and over-costing – why it happens? Activity Based Costing (ABC) Indicators of need for ABC ABC system Difference between ABC and Traditional Product
Peanut-butter costing uses broad averages to assign (or spread) costs uniformly to cost objects.
The result can be undercosting or overcosting of products.
Increase in indirect costs. With modern technology, companies have experienced a decrease in direct costs with a resulting increase in indirect costs.
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Background
Easy to trace Direct materials and direct labor costs Overhead cannot be traced easily and must be
成本与管理会计-亨格瑞-第13版-英文版-CA02
If a product takes 5 pounds of materials each, it stays the same per unit regardless of whether one, ten, or a thousand units are produced.
Fixed costs
for different purposes
Describe a framework for cost accounting and cost management
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Learning objective 1 Define and illustrate a cost object
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Ⅲ Cost behavior and Classifications
Cost behavior means how a cost will react to changes in the level of business activity.
Total variable costs change when activity changes.
2-12
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Direct and Indirect Costs,conts.
several factors that affect the classification of costs as direct or indirect.P25
Materiality of the cost. The smaller the amount of the cost, the less likely that it is economically feasible to trace that cost to a particular cost object.
成本与管理会计亨格瑞第13版英文版CA05
based management Compare activity-based costing systems and department costing
systems Evaluate the costs and benefits of implementing activity-based
CHAPTER 5
Activity-Based Costing and
Activity-Based Management
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Explain how broad averaging undercosts and overcosts products or services
1. Direct-cost tracing
classify as many of the total costs as
direct costs as is economically feasible.
2. Indirect-cost pools
expand the number of cost pools until
Advances in IT
each of these pools is homogeneous. Competition in markets
3. Cost-allocation basis
•Make trace more cost- identify the preferred cost-allocation
Competition in product markets. Markets have become more competitive, forcing managers to obtain more accurate cost information to help them make strategic decisions.
systems Evaluate the costs and benefits of implementing activity-based
CHAPTER 5
Activity-Based Costing and
Activity-Based Management
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Explain how broad averaging undercosts and overcosts products or services
1. Direct-cost tracing
classify as many of the total costs as
direct costs as is economically feasible.
2. Indirect-cost pools
expand the number of cost pools until
Advances in IT
each of these pools is homogeneous. Competition in markets
3. Cost-allocation basis
•Make trace more cost- identify the preferred cost-allocation
Competition in product markets. Markets have become more competitive, forcing managers to obtain more accurate cost information to help them make strategic decisions.
成本与管理会计 亨格瑞 第13版 英文版 CA02
管理分析的方法与指标
添加 标题
财务比率分析：通过计算各种财务比率，如 流动比率、速动比率、存货周转率等，来评 估企业的偿债能力、营运能力和盈利能力。
添加 标题
结构分析：通过分析财务报表中各项目的构 成比例，了解企业各项业务的比重和结构特 点。
添加 标题
因素分析：通过分析影响企业财务状况的各 种因素，如市场环境、政策变化等，预测未 来的发展趋势。
间接成本法
定义：间接成本法是一种将间接成本分配到产品或服务中的成本计算方法
特点：将间接成本与直接成本一起分配到产品或服务中，以计算产品的总成本
适用范围：适用于生产过程中存在大量间接成本的情况
计算方法：根据不同的分配标准，如人工小时、机器工时等，将间接成本分配到产品或 服务中
作业成本法
定义：作业成本法是一种基于作业的成本核算方法，通过对作业进行成本分配，计算出产品或服 务的成本。
提供支持
现代管理会计： 进入21世纪，管 理会计更加注重 战略决策、风险 管理、绩效评价 等方面，成为企 业核心竞争力的
重要组成部分
管理会计的未来 发展：随着科技 的不断进步和全 球化的趋势，管 理会计将更加注 重数据分析和预 测，为企业提供 更加全面、精准
的支持
管理会计的基本原则和概念
管理会计的定义和目的 管理会计的基本原则 管理会计的概念框架 管理会计与财务会计的区别和联系
添加标题
成本会计的基本内容：成本会计主要包括成本核算、成本分析、成本控制等方面。其中，成本核算是对企业 生产经营过程中的各种成本进行分类、归集和分配的过程；成本分析是对企业成本进行比较、分析和评价的 过程；成本控制则是通过制定一系列措施，对企业生产经营过程中的成本进行监督和控制的过程。
成本与管理会计亨格瑞第13版英文版CA16
Product – any output with a positive sales value, or an output that enables a firm to avoid incurring costs
Value can be high or low
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Joint Cost Terminology ，conts.
Separable Costs – all costs incurred beyond the splitoff point that are assignable to each of the nowidentifiable specific products
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Example of Joint Cost stituation
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Physical-Measure Method
Allocates joint costs to joint products on the basis of the relative weight, volume, or other physical measure at the splitoff point of total production of the products p455(577)
220000 580000
condensed milk : 400000
220000
290000
220000 580000ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
(3) production cost per gallon
buttercream : (110000 280000) 20000 19.50
Value can be high or low
2020/2/10
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Joint Cost Terminology ，conts.
Separable Costs – all costs incurred beyond the splitoff point that are assignable to each of the nowidentifiable specific products
2020/2/10
3
Example of Joint Cost stituation
2020/2/10
15
Physical-Measure Method
Allocates joint costs to joint products on the basis of the relative weight, volume, or other physical measure at the splitoff point of total production of the products p455(577)
220000 580000
condensed milk : 400000
220000
290000
220000 580000ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
(3) production cost per gallon
buttercream : (110000 280000) 20000 19.50
成本与管理会计亨格瑞第13版英文版CA07
Purpose of variance
➢ Management by exception ➢ Performance evaluation ➢ Motivate managers ➢ Prompt strategy change
2021/1/13
3
3
Basic Concepts
Management by Exception – the practice of focusing attention on areas not operating as expected (budgeted)
Key difference is the use of the actual output level in the flexible budget.
2021/1/13
6
6
COST CATEGORY
DIRECT MATERIAL COST DIRECT MANUFACTURING LABOR COST VARIABLE MANUFACTURING OVERHEAD COSTS
Direct Material
Standard
Type of Product Cost
5
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5
Static and Flexible Budgets
Static budget
➢ Prepared for only one level of activity. ➢ It is based on the level of output planned at the start of
成本与管理会计亨 格瑞第13版英文版
CA07
Controlling Costs
Predetermined or Set Standard
➢ Management by exception ➢ Performance evaluation ➢ Motivate managers ➢ Prompt strategy change
2021/1/13
3
3
Basic Concepts
Management by Exception – the practice of focusing attention on areas not operating as expected (budgeted)
Key difference is the use of the actual output level in the flexible budget.
2021/1/13
6
6
COST CATEGORY
DIRECT MATERIAL COST DIRECT MANUFACTURING LABOR COST VARIABLE MANUFACTURING OVERHEAD COSTS
Direct Material
Standard
Type of Product Cost
5
2021/1/13
5
Static and Flexible Budgets
Static budget
➢ Prepared for only one level of activity. ➢ It is based on the level of output planned at the start of
成本与管理会计亨 格瑞第13版英文版
CA07
Controlling Costs
Predetermined or Set Standard
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different purposes Describe a framework for cost accounting and cost management
2
Learning objective 1 Define and illustrate a cost object
2-3
3
Ⅰ Basic Cost Terminology
2-4
4
Ⅰ Basic Cost Terminology Actual Cost
➢ A cost that has occurred, (a historical cost)
Budgeted Cost
➢ A predicted cost
Opportunity Cost
➢ The next best choice foregone.
companies, and service-sector companies Describe the three categories of inventories commonly found in
manufacturing companies Distinguish inventoriable costs from period costs Explain why product costs are computed in different ways for
Cost Object
Cost Object
Tracing
Allocating
2-7
7
BASIC COST TERMINOLOGY,CONTS.
Cost Accumulation describes the process of accumulating costs in some organized manner through the accounting system.
Activity Department
Setting up production machines Environmental, Health & Safety
6
Cost And Cost Terminology
Cost Accumulation
Cost Assignment via
Cost Object
2-5Cost Object
➢ Anything for which a separate measurement of costsbject Examples at BMW
Cost Object Product Service Project
Customer
Illustration BMW X 5 sports activity vehicle Dealer-support telephone hotline R&D project on DVD system enhancement Herb Chambers Motors, a dealer that purchases a broad range of BMW vehicles
2-9
9
Ⅱ Direct Costs and Indirect Costs
Direct costs of a cost object are those that are related to a given cost object (product, department, etc.) and that can be traced to it in an economically feasible way.
Includes: ➢Parts ➢Assembly line wages
Cost-Tracing describes the assignment of direct costs to the particular cost object.
10
Indirect Costs
Indirect Costs
✓ Allocating：accumulated costs with an indirect relationship to the cost object
8
Learning objective 2
Distinguish between direct costs and indirect costs
Following accumulation, costs are assigned to the chosen cost object. involves tracing and allocating costs
✓ Tracing：accumulated costs with a direct relationship to the cost object
CHAPTER 2
An Introduction to Cost Terms and Purposes
1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Define and illustrate a cost object Distinguish between direct costs and indirect costs Explain variable costs and fixed costs Interpret unit costs cautiously Distinguish among manufacturing companies, merchandising
➢ Cannot be conveniently or economically traced (tracked) to a cost object. Instead of being traced, these costs are allocated to a cost object in a rational and systematic manner
Cost
➢ Sacrificed resource to achieve a specific objective ➢ It is usually measured as the monetary amount that must
be paid to acquire goods and services.
2
Learning objective 1 Define and illustrate a cost object
2-3
3
Ⅰ Basic Cost Terminology
2-4
4
Ⅰ Basic Cost Terminology Actual Cost
➢ A cost that has occurred, (a historical cost)
Budgeted Cost
➢ A predicted cost
Opportunity Cost
➢ The next best choice foregone.
companies, and service-sector companies Describe the three categories of inventories commonly found in
manufacturing companies Distinguish inventoriable costs from period costs Explain why product costs are computed in different ways for
Cost Object
Cost Object
Tracing
Allocating
2-7
7
BASIC COST TERMINOLOGY,CONTS.
Cost Accumulation describes the process of accumulating costs in some organized manner through the accounting system.
Activity Department
Setting up production machines Environmental, Health & Safety
6
Cost And Cost Terminology
Cost Accumulation
Cost Assignment via
Cost Object
2-5Cost Object
➢ Anything for which a separate measurement of costsbject Examples at BMW
Cost Object Product Service Project
Customer
Illustration BMW X 5 sports activity vehicle Dealer-support telephone hotline R&D project on DVD system enhancement Herb Chambers Motors, a dealer that purchases a broad range of BMW vehicles
2-9
9
Ⅱ Direct Costs and Indirect Costs
Direct costs of a cost object are those that are related to a given cost object (product, department, etc.) and that can be traced to it in an economically feasible way.
Includes: ➢Parts ➢Assembly line wages
Cost-Tracing describes the assignment of direct costs to the particular cost object.
10
Indirect Costs
Indirect Costs
✓ Allocating：accumulated costs with an indirect relationship to the cost object
8
Learning objective 2
Distinguish between direct costs and indirect costs
Following accumulation, costs are assigned to the chosen cost object. involves tracing and allocating costs
✓ Tracing：accumulated costs with a direct relationship to the cost object
CHAPTER 2
An Introduction to Cost Terms and Purposes
1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Define and illustrate a cost object Distinguish between direct costs and indirect costs Explain variable costs and fixed costs Interpret unit costs cautiously Distinguish among manufacturing companies, merchandising
➢ Cannot be conveniently or economically traced (tracked) to a cost object. Instead of being traced, these costs are allocated to a cost object in a rational and systematic manner
Cost
➢ Sacrificed resource to achieve a specific objective ➢ It is usually measured as the monetary amount that must
be paid to acquire goods and services.