全双工无线通信Full Duplex Wireless
全双工与半双工知识
全双工与半双工知识半双工定义半双工(Half Duplex)数据传输指数据可以在一个信号载体的两个方向上传输，但是不能同时传输。
例如，在一个局域网上使用具有半双工传输的技术，一个工作站可以在线上发送数据，然后立即在线上接收数据，这些数据来自数据刚刚传输的方向。
像全双工传输一样，半双工包含一个双向线路(线路可以在两个方向上传递数据)。
数据通信中，数据在线路上的传送方式可以分为单工通信、半双工通信和全双工通信三种。
半双工通信：半双工通信是指数据可以沿两个方向传送，但同一时刻一个信道只允许单方向传送，因此又被称为双向交替通信。
若要改变传输方向，需由开关进行切换。
半双工方式要求收发两端都有发送装置和接收装置。
由于这种方式要频繁变换信道方向，故效率低，但可以节约传输线路。
半双工方式适用于终端与终端之间的会话式通信。
半双工即Half duplex Communication，是指在通信过程的任意时刻，信息既可由A传到B，又能由B传A，但只能由一个方向上的传输存在。
采用半双工方式时，通信系统每一端的发送器和接收器，通过收/发开关转接到通信线上，进行方向的切换，因此，会产生时间延迟。
收/发开关实际上是由软件控制的电子开关。
当计算机主机用串行接口连接显示终端时，在半双工方式中，输入过程和输出过程使用同一通路。
有些计算机和显示终端之间采用半双工方式工作，这时，从键盘打入的字符在发送到主机的同时就被送到终端上显示出来，而不是用回送的办法，所以避免了接收过程和发送过程同时进行的情况。
编辑本段半双工解析半双工传输是指接收与发送共用一个载波信道，但同一时刻只能发送或只能接收数据的传输方式。
例如，局域网中的半双工数据传输方式是指：一个工作站发送数据，然后立即在同一信道上接收来自相同方向上的数据。
另一方面，全双工传输（Full Duplex Transmission）指同时发生在两个方向上的一种数据传输方式。
例如：无线电话机就是一种半双工设备，在同一时间内只允许一方讲话。
一种全双工系统中非线性数字自干扰消除算法
一种全双工系统中非线性数字自干扰消除算法单信道全双工无线通信在同一频带同时发送和接收信号，由于期望信号和自干扰信号的功率相差较大，系统的非线性成为了制约自干扰抑制能力的主要因素之一。
本文利用非线性模型对全双工系统进行描述，采用非线性滤波器对非线性失真进行处理，提升自干扰消除的能力。
标签：全双工；无线通信；信号1 引言在全双工系统中，由于系统存在的不完美性，特别是射频电路的缺陷，完全消除自干扰是不可能的。
为了了解系统的局限性，文献[1]中考虑了全双工传输中存在的这种局限性，探讨了无线电电路缺陷对于系统性能的影响和系统的瓶颈。
文献[2]的研究结果表明，由于期望信号和自干扰信号的功率相差较大，系统的非线性成为了制约自干扰抑制能力的主要因素之一。
现有的大多数自干扰消除方案都忽略了非线性效应，所采用的LMS或RLS等线性自适应滤波器，都是基于以下假设：在整个全双工收发系统，包括放大器、混频器、振荡器、模数转换器、空间耦合信道，都是完全线性的，并且可以用自适应滤波器模拟全双工系统的信号路径[3]。
一般情况下，系统的非线性将带来发射和接收信号的非线性失真。
因此，当非线性失真超过一定程度时，传统的滤波器就不能达到很好的自干扰消除性能。
本文将整个全双工系统看做一个非线性系统，并通过Wiener模型对其非线性进行描述，然后采用非线性模型的滤波器对全双工非线性系统的非线性及线性特征进行学习和模拟，并利用自适应算法对滤波器系数进行实时更新，有效的解决了全双工系统中非线性失真问题，提升自干扰消除的能力。
2 系统模型在CCFD单入单出（single-input single-output，SISO）无线通信系统中，以本地收发信机为例，数字发送信号经过数模转换器DAC等射频处理后，变成射频发送信号，并通过发射天线进行发射。
在接收端，由于发射机和接收机同时、同频进行工作，接收天线接收到的信号不仅包括来自远端设备的期望信号，还包括来自本地发射机的自干扰信号。
全双工无线通信中射频自干扰抑制的凸优化分析
全双工无线通信中射频自干扰抑制的凸优化分析作者：周娟刘岚陈超何梦沈莹来源：《现代电子技术》2020年第11期摘; 要：全双工无线通信网络中，通过有效的自干扰抑制手段，终端设备可以采用同时同频收发的全双工模式工作。
文中主要研究的是有用信号对射频域自干扰抑制性能的影响。
通过对射频自干扰抑制性能的分析，可以看出，在不存在有用信号的情况下，射频自干扰抑制是一个凸优化问题，可以得到最优估计参数及最佳射频干扰抑制性能。
当有用信号存在且信道时变，射频自干扰抑制不再是凸优化问题，自干扰抑制能力下降。
实验仿真验证了理论分析结果，进一步表明有用信号的信道条件是限制射频域自干扰抑制性能的重要因素，且在非凸优化情况下，干扰抑制性能恶化。
关键词：凸优化分析; 无线通信; 全双工模式; 射频域自干扰抑制; 理论分析; 仿真验证中图分类号： TN92⁃34; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 文献标识码： A; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;文章编号：1004⁃373X（2020）11⁃0029⁃04Convex optimization analysis of radio frequency self⁃interference suppressionin full⁃duplex wireless communicationZHOU Juan1， LIU Lan1， CHEN Chao1， HE Meng2， SHEN Ying2（1. College of Communication Engineering， Chengdu University of Information Technology， Chengdu 610225， China;2. Lab of Anti⁃interference Communication， University of Electronic Science and Technology of China， Chengdu 611731， China）Abstract： With the efficient means of self⁃interference suppression， the terminal equipment in full⁃duplex wireless communication network is allowed to transmit and receive signals infull⁃duplex pattern simultaneously in the same frequency band. The effect of useful signals on the self⁃interference suppression performance of the radio frequency （RF） domain is studied mainly in this paper. By analyzing the performance of RF self⁃interference suppression， it can be found that， in the absence of useful signals， RF self⁃interference suppression belongs to a convex optimization category， and the optimal estimation parameters and optimal RF interference cancellation performance can be obtained. However， when the useful signal exists and the channel is time⁃variant， the RF self⁃interference suppression is no longer a convex optimization problem，and the self⁃interference suppression capability is degraded. The theoretical analysis results were verified by both the simulation and the experiment， which further show that the channel condition of the useful signal is an important factor limiting the self⁃interference suppression performance of the RF domain， and the interference suppression performance is degraded under the condition ofnon⁃convex optimization.Keywords： convex optimization analysis; wireless communication; full?duplex pattern; RF self⁃interference suppression; theoretical analysis; simulation verification0; 引; 言同时同频全双工通信系统中，无线终端在相同时间、相同频率进行信号收发，产生很强的自干扰。
开启网络双工模式有什么用
开启网络双工模式有什么用我们使用电脑过程中可能遇到网络缓慢或设备不兼容的情况，其实不一定是硬件原因，还有可能是网卡工作模式不对造成的，我们只要设置成网络双工模式即可解决。
双工两种模式有什么区别全双工：指可以同时(瞬时)进行信号的双向传输(A→B且B→A)。
指A→B的同时B→A，是瞬时同步的。
半双工：指一个时间内只有一个方向的信号传输(A→B或B→A)。
方法一：1、在开始菜单上单击右键，选择设备管理器 ;2、在设备管理器左侧展开：网络适配器;3、在下面的网卡上单击右键，选择属性;4、切换到【高级】选卡中，在属性框中选择速度和双工，在右侧值下拉菜单选择需要设置的模式即可;注：若是英文界面则在左侧点击speed&duplex，在右侧值中选择需要设置的模式即可，full duplex即全双工方式，half duplex即半双式方式。
方法二：1、在任务栏的网络图标上单击右键，选择打开网络和共享中心 ;2、在访问类型下面点击以太网或wlan(当前已连接的无线);3、在打开的状态界面，点击属性;4、然后点击配置按钮同样可进行设置!补充：常见网络故障解决方法ip地址冲突：ip地址冲突是局域网中经常出现的问题，有的用户可能重做系统或其他原因丢失自己的IP地址，在重新写IP的时候和其他人的IP地址一样导致ip地址出错，此时电脑右下角就会有个提示框提示你IP地址已经有人用。
部门网管应该统计好部门人员的IP地址，当出现问题时可有资料可循，避免IP地址冲突。
计算机网卡故障，一般的主机网卡都带有网卡指示灯，网卡灯有两种类型，一种是只有单灯，一种是双灯。
一般来说，单灯是绿色，而双灯一个是绿色，一个是橙色(1000M网络，如黄色则是100MM网络)。
单灯显示的意思是，绿色灯亮表示网线物理连接正常。
是常亮状态，在有数据交换时单灯情况下绿色灯会明暗闪烁。
双灯情况下，绿色灯亮同样表示网线物理连接正常，是常亮状态，在有数据交换时橙色或黄色灯闪烁，而绿灯不变。
子带全双工 时隙
子带全双工时隙
子带全双工时隙（Subband Full Duplex Time Slot）是一种通信技术，主要用于子带全双工时隙（Subband Full Duplex Time Slot）是一种通信技术，主要用于无线通信系统。
它结合了子带分割多址（SSMA）和全双工技术，以提高频谱利用率和系统性能。
1. 子带分割多址（SSMA）：这是一种将整个频带划分为多个子带的技术，每个子带可以分配给一个用户进行通信。
这样，多个用户可以在同一时间、同一频率上进行通信，从而提高了频谱利用率。
2. 全双工技术：全双工技术允许设备同时发送和接收数据，而不需要在不同的频率上进行收发切换。
这样可以提高通信效率，减少通信延迟。
在子带全双工时隙系统中，每个用户被分配一个或多个子带进行通信。
这些子带可以是时分复用（TDM）或频分复用（FDM）的。
用户在每个子带上使用全双工技术进行通信，即在同一子带上同时发送和接收数据。
这种技术的优点包括：
1. 高频谱利用率：通过将整个频带划分为多个子带，并允许多个用户在同一时间、同一频率上进行通信，可以提高频谱利用率。
2. 低延迟：由于用户在同一子带上同时发送和接收数据，不需要在不同频率上进行收发切换，因此可以减少通信延迟。
3. 灵活性：子带全双工时隙系统可以根据用户需求动态调整子
带分配，以满足不同用户的通信需求。
然而，这种技术也存在一些挑战，如信道估计、干扰管理等。
为了解决这些问题，研究人员提出了许多算法和技术，如基于导频的信道估计、基于功率控制和干扰抑制的干扰管理等。
无线全双工对讲机系统Beltpack FDI-PT320用户手册说明书
Wireless Full Duplex Intercom System Beltpack FDI-PT320User’s Manual Please read the manual carefully before operationItem ListThe set includes following items.Please contact the dealer for any damage or loss.Component DescriptionPreparationsCharge the Batterya.Plug the power adapter's plug into a power outlet.b.Insert the USB cable into the Mini USB interface at bottom of the beltpack.c.When the red indicator lights up,it indicates that charging is started;when the green indicator lights up,it indicates that charging is complete.Install antennaScrew the antenna clockwise until it is tight.Install headsetAlign the headphone connector at the interface and and plug in.Press the connector button before pulling it out.Basic operationsPower On/OffScrew the Power/Volume button clockwise until you hear a“click”to turn on the device. Screw counterclockwise to turn off.The device screen will display its own ID,channel and battery power after being turned on.Volume AdjustmentScrew the Power/Volume button clockwise continuously to enlarge the volume and counterclockwise to lower.SettingsTurn on the device and press Confirm button and Exit button to enter the menu according to the screen prompt.Then select the following9settings by pressing the left and right option button.Channel Setting,Scene Voice Level,Sound Control Setting, Headset Type Setting,Beltpack ID setting,TALLY Setting,Noise Suppression Level, Group Setting,Language Setting.Channel SettingEnter the menu and choose“Channel Setting”.Then press“Confirm”button to enter the setting.Choose channel by pressing“Left Option”and“Right Option”button.The channel range is2-99.Press“Exit”button to return to the previous menu after setting.It is advised to set a long channel interval(30channels or more)if two or more channels are used for different teams on site.Each channel represents a certain frequency.Scene Voice LevelEnter the menu and choose“Scene Voice Level”.Then press“Confirm”button to enter the setting.Choose suitable level by pressing“Left Option”and“Right Option”button.There are5levels,namely0,1,2,3,4.Select the suitable level according to the scene voice level.Press“Exit”button to return to the previous menu after setting.The factory default setting is level0,which is suitable for most situation.Level3and4are suitable for relatively noisy situation,just speak with very loud voice. (Note:No need to change the setting in general.The voice may be intermittent if the level is too high in a relatively quiet situation)Sound Control SettingEnter the menu and choose“Sound Control Setting”.Then press“Confirm”button to enter the setting.Choose suitable mode by pressing“Left Option”and“Right Option”button.There are2modes,namely PTT Mode and Continuously Talk Mode. Select the suitable mode as required.Press“Exit”button to return to the previous menu after setting.PTT Mode means press the“PTT”button and keep holding to turn on microphone and speak.Release the button to turn off microphone.Continuously Talk Mode means press the“PTT”button only once to turn on microphone and speak,press again to turn off microphone.Headset Type SettingEnter the menu and choose“Headset Type”.Then press“Confirm”button to enter the setting.Choose suitable headset type by pressing“Left Option”and“Right Option”button.There are2headset types,namely headphone and earphone.Choose the suitable headset type as required.Press“Exit”button to return to the previous menu after setting.Headphone is suitable for noisy situation.You’d better choose Continuously Talk Mode.Earphone is suitable for quiet situation.Beltpack ID settingEnter the menu and choose“Beltpack ID Setting”.Then press“Confirm”button to enter the setting.Set different beltpack ID for each beltpack by pressing“Left Option”and“Right Option”button.There are99ID from1to99.Press“Exit”button to return to the previous menu after setting.Tally SettingEnter the menu and choose“Tally Setting”.Then press“Confirm”button to enter the setting.Choose to turn on or turn off the function by pressing“Left Option”and “Right Option”button.Press“Exit”button to return to the previous menu after setting.Turn on the Tally function,the2indicators at the top of the beltpack display red or green colors continuously according to the switcher signal.Now the2indicators are unable to flicker to display transferring or receiving signals.Noise Suppression LevelEnter the menu and choose“Noise Suppression Level”.Then press“Confirm”button to enter the setting.Choose suitable level by pressing“Left Option”and “Right Option”button.There are6levels,namely0,1%,2%,3%,4%,5%.Choose the suitable level as required.Press“Exit”button to return to the previous menu aftersetting.The setting allows the headset to suppress a certain level of the background noise received from other belt-packs or the base station.The default setting is level5. (Suppress the noise lower than2%.Only those voice volume surpass2%will be heard.)Grouping ID settingEnter the menu and choose“Group ID Setting”.Then press“Confirm”button to enter the setting.Set group ID for each beltpack by pressing“Left Option”and “Right Option”button.There are8ID from1to8.The beltpacks with the samegroup ID will form a group just by pressing the button on the base station panel. Press“Exit”button to return to the previous menu after setting.Language settingEnter the menu and choose“Language Setting”.Then press“Confirm”button to enter the setting.Switch between Chinese and English by pressing“Left Option”and “Right Option”button.Press“Exit”button to return to the previous menu after setting..Calling ProcessPress PTT button on the headset cable to initiate a call,and release to finish talk.●Calling process in situation of no more than8beltpacksAll beltpacks and base station could initial a call at any time and hear each other.●Calling process in situation of more than8beltpacksThe system supports up to8beltpacks and a base station to initiate calls simultaneously.Everyone could hear each other clearly.When there are8beltpacks calling at the same time,the9th beltpack must wait until one of them release PTT button.The base station has the privilege to initiate a call at any time,and all beltpacks could hear it.Calling Status PromptWhen a beltpack initiates a call,a microphone icon will be displayed at the upper right corner of the screen.It indicates that the beltpack is transmitting audio signal.Receiving voice signalsWhen a beltpack is transmitting audio signal,other beltpacks will display the caller beltpack ID at the bottom of the screens.The speaker icon at the upper right corner of the screen indicates that the beltpack is receiving audio signal.TALLY FunctionWhen a beltpack receives PGM or PVW tally signal from video switcher,the screen will thrn red or green to remind cameraman of the broadcast status of his or her camera. The screen will turn red to indicate the camera is on broadcast state.The screen will turn green to indicate the camera is on pre-broadcast state.The screen will keep blue without tally signalMaintenance and CleaningPlease read the following contents carefully in order for smoothly operation,longservice life,better daily maintenance and cleaning.MaintenanceDo not use hard material to puncture or scrape device.Do not put device in hard corrosive environment that may damage circuits.Do not break the antenna.CleaningPlease wipe the dust on the device with clean dry towel or brush.If the device is dirty,please clean with neutral detergent and non-woven fabric,do not use detergent,alcohol,spray and other chemical agents to avoid the damage of the device.Make sure that the device is dry thoroughly before using.Quality Commitment and Maintenance TermsWe promises warranty services for material and manufacturing process defect under normal operation since purchase date.Warranty Scope and Duration12months for the base station and beltpacks6months for headphonesWarranty ClaimYou have to provide product warranty card or valid purchase invoice to apply repair. The product mark should be kept clean and intact during the warranty period. Warranty CardIn order to protect your benefits,please fill in the following table carefully and keep it properly as a evidence for maintenance.11NAYAWeChat Subscription NumberShanghai NAYA Intelligence Technology Co.Ltd.。
无线全双工对讲系统基站 HDI-BS 180 用户手册说明书
Wireless Full Duplex Intercom System Base Station HDI-BS180Users’Manual Please read the manual carefully before operationChapter1Check the Contents of the PackageThe package contains the following items.If there is any damage or loss,pleaseChapter2Indicators and Interfaces3.1Front Panel3.2Rear PanelChapter3Operation3.1Power on or offAlign the headphone connector at the interface and and plug in.Screw the Power/ Volume knob clockwise until you hear a“click”to power on the device.You will hear the channel prompt.Screw counterclockwise to power off.3.2Volume adjustmentScrew the Power/Volume knob clockwise continuously to enlarge the volume and counterclockwise to lower.3.3Channel SettingThe base station includes15channels,namely channel4,10,16,22,28,34,40,46, 52,58,64,70,76,82,88.Press the Call button and hold on for about3seconds to enter the channel setting as per the headphone prompt.Then click the call button to change channel circularly.The set will be valid after about4seconds with the headphone prompt.3.4Calling ProcessClick the Call button to light the indicator.Now the headset microphone is turnedon,the base station could transfer and receive signal.Click again to turn off the indicator.Now the headset microphone is turned off,the base station could only receive signal.3.5Tally FunctionChoose suitable tally cable for different switchers to connect with the base station. Our base station is able to be connected with common brands video switchers to transfer tally signal.The wireless tally lights are usually attached to video cameras. It is available to receive tally signal and turn red or green to indicate cameraman that his or her video camera status is PGM(Programm)or PVW(Preview).It is widely used on live broadcast sites such as performances,parties,shows, interviews,etc.The durable period of tally light amounts to10hours or more.Chapter4Maintenance and CleaningIn order to ensure that the equipment can play its good performance and extend its service life,please familiarize yourself with the following contents for better daily maintenance and cleaning.Maintenance●Do not use hard material to puncture or scrape equipment●Do not store equipment in an environment containing corrosive electroniccircuits.●Do not break the antennaCleaning●Please clean the equipment regularly,use clean dry towel or brush to wipe thedust on the equipment surface.If the equipment is dirty,clean with neutral detergent and non-woven fabric,do not use detergent,alcohol,spray and other chemical agents to avoid the damage of the equipment.Be sure to make sure that the equipment is dry thoroughly.Otherwise,do not use it.Chapter5Quality Commitment and Maintenance TermsThe company promises that,from the day of purchase,the equipment produced by our company may have defects in the material or production process under the normal operation and maintenance conditions from the date of purchase,and may enjoy the following warranty service.1.Warranty Scope and Duration12months for the base station and belt-pack6months for other accessories2.Warranty ClaimIf you apply for product repair,please be sure to provide the company's product warranty card or valid purchase invoice as a certificate.During the warranty period, the relevant mark of the product should be kept clean and intact.Warranty CardIn order to safeguard your rights and interests,please fill in carefully and keep it properly as a voucher for maintenance.Dealer’s informationProduct model Date of saleDealer’s name Contact numberUser’s informationUser’s name Contact numberAddress E-mailNAYAWeChat SubscriptionNumberShanghai Naya Intelligence Technology Co.,Ltd.。
Eartec Simultalk 24G 全双工无线通信系统说明书
6 months
Lightweight
30 days
Simultalk 24G
6 months
Rechargeable batteries
60 days
What is Covered If you require warranty service for your product within the warranty period ship your product pre-paid only to Eartec. The end user is responsible for the initial shipping charges to our facility. Eartec will pay the return ground shipping charges if the product is covered under the warranty.
2. REMOTE radios will be programmed to CONTINUOUS RECEIVE. -Press TALK button to power ON radio -Left light: red indicates power ON -Right light: red indicates receive only, mic muted -Right light: amber indicates transmitting and receiving
NOTE: To communicate properly, all radios in the group must be set to the same frequency. The dip switch channel programming feature is located inside the battery compartment. See page 5 for channel combinations.
通信英语(第四版)张筱华_石方文_北京邮电大学出版社【课后习题答案】
1.PCM原理抽样量化与编码:sampling,quantizing and coding话路:speech channel幅值: amplitude value抽样频率: sampling frequency抽样速率: sampling rate脉冲流: stream of pulses重复率: repetition rate编码过程: coding process模拟信号: analog signal传输质量: transmission quality数字通信: digital communication数字传输: digital transmission含噪声的环境: noisy environment传输路由: transmission path信噪比 :signal-to-noise ratio信号电平 :signal levels噪声功率: noise power地面系统: terrestrial system二进制传输: binary transmission反向操作: reverse operation8-位码序列: 8-digit sequence接受端: receiving terminal帧格式 :frame format同步字 :synchronization word实现这三项功能的方案 :the schemes for performing these three functions一串幅值: a series of amplitude values电话质量的话路 a speech channel of telephone quality一个8位二进制码的序列: a sequence of 8-binary digits理论上的最小抽样频率 :a minimum theoretical sampling frequency占据着300Hz到3.4kHz频率范围的话路: a voice channel occupying the range 300Hz to 3.4kHz 每个样值8-位码: 8-digits per sample value汽车点火系统的打火: the sparking of a car ignition system重复率为64kHz的脉冲流: the stream of the pulses with a repetition rate of 64kHz真实信号与噪声信号的关系: relationship of the true signal to the noise signal由卫星上接受到的信号 :the signal received from a satellite一条特定消息中的全部信息 :the complete informatian about a particular message被传信号的波形 :the shape of the transmitted signal由传输路由引入的衰减: the attenuation introduced by transmission path将抽样的幅值转换成一串脉冲的单元 :the unit that converts sampled amplitude value to a set of pulses涉及到第一路，第二路及其他各路的序列: a sequence relating to channel 1,2 and so on被称为同步字的独特码序列: a unique sequence of pulses called synchronization word地面系统 :terrestrial system脉冲的“有”或“无” : the presence or absence of the pulses高速的电子开关: a high-speed electronic switch时分多路复用器 :the time division multiplexer时分多路复用 :Time Division Multiplexer2.异步串行数据传输串行接口 serial interface显示终端 CRT terminal发送器与接收器 transmitter and receiver数据传输 data transmission数据流 data stream闲置状态 the idle state传号电平 mark level空号电位 space level起始位 start bit停止位 stop bitT秒的持续时间 duration of T seconds奇偶校检位 parity bit错误标志 error flag传输错误 transmission error下降沿 fallinf edge符号间的空格 intersymbol space接收机的定时 receiver timing本地时钟 local clock磁带 magnetic tape控制比特 control bit逻辑1电平 logical 1 level二进制数据 binary data明显的缺点 obvious disadvantage异步串行数据传输 asynchronous serial data transmission最为流行的串行接口 the most popular serial interface所传送的数据 the transmitted data发送器与接收器的时钟 the clocks at the transmitter and receiver电传机的时代 the era of teleprinter一个字符的点和划 the dots and dashs of a character符号间空格持续时间的三倍 three times the duration of intersymbol space被称为字符的比特组 the group of bits called characters由7或8个比特的信息组成的固定单元 the invariable units comprising 7 or 8 bits of information 由接收机本地产生的时钟 a clock generated locally by the receiver在字符后所收到的奇偶校检位 the received parity bit following the character起始位的下降沿 the falling edge of the start bit数据链路面向字符的特性 the character-oriented nature of the data link3.数据通信地下电缆 underground cable通信卫星 communication satellite微波设备 microwave facilities调制器与解调器 modulator and demodulator缓冲器 buffer定时信号 timing signals同步脉冲 synchronization pulses时隙 time slot移位寄存器 shift register传输媒体 transmission medium线形衰弱 linear attenuation信息安全 information security键盘 keyboard数据终端 data terminals某种类型的数据转换设备 some type of data conversion equipment视频显示终端 visual display terminal称为数据调制解调器的双向数据发送接收机 two-way data transmistter-receiver called a data modem 全双工的数据传输系统 full-duplex data trandmission system由数据处理器的运算速率所决定的速率 the rate determined by the operating speed of the data processor由接口部件来的定时信号 timing signals from the interface assembly磁心存储器 magnetic core memories线性衰减和时延特性 linear attenuation and delay characteristics传输损伤 transmission impairments语音中的冗余特性 the redundant nature of speech在数据发送器中的编码过程 coding process in the data transmitter二进制的不归零信号 binary nonreturn-to-zero signal4.互联网网络资源：network resource信息服务：information services远程终端：remote terminals互联的系统：interconnected systems命令：command电子邮件：electronic mail主机：host无线信道：wireless channels搜索工具：searching tools用户界面：user interface存取：access文本信息：textual messages协议：protocol超文本协议：hypertext protocol分布在全世界的计算机的巨大网络：gaint network of computers located all over the world主干系统：backbone system全国范围的网络：nationwild network电子会议：electronic conferences实时对话：live conversation最大的信息库the largest repository of the computers on the net网络设备资源：network facilities resources在网上的绝大多数计算机：the vast majority of the computer on the netUNIX操作系统：the UNIX operating system在因特网和你的PC机之间传送数据的方法：a way to move data between the internet and your PC 方便的搜索工具：the convenient searching tools联网的超文本协议：the network hypertext protocol5.光纤通信介绍光纤通信:optical fiber communications光源：light source波长：wavelength激光器：laser色散：dispersion传输介质：transmission medium多模光纤：multi-mode fiber长途干线：long-houl trunks单模光纤：singer-mode fiber带宽：bandwidth带宽用户：wideband subscriber纤维光学：fiber-optics商用技术：commercial technologe门限电流：threshod current光检测器：photodetector波分复用：wavelength multiplexing纤维光网络：fiber-optic network视频带宽：video bandwidth长途传输：long distance transmission中继距离：repeater spacing已装光纤的总长度：the total length of installed fiber长途通信系统：long-haul telecommunication system低衰减的石英纤维：the low-loss silica fiber衰减接近瑞利极限的光纤：fibers with losses approaching the Rayleigh limit室温下的门限电流：room temperature threshold currents较长波长区：the longer wavelength region用户接入工程：subscriber access project部件性能和可靠性的改进：improvements in component performance and reliability已安装的光纤系统的数据速率：data rates for installed fibre optic system每秒吉比特：gigabit per second range波分复用：wavelength multiplexing带宽用户环路系统：widebend subscriber loop system多纤连接器：multifibre connectors设计寿命：projected lifetime光源：light source单模光纤：single-mode fibre分布反馈式激光器：distributed-feedback laser信息容量：information capacity交换体系：switching hierarchy带宽业务：broadband services6.同步数字系列同步数字系统：synchronous digital hierarchy国际标准：international standard信号格式：signal format网络节点接口：network node interface支路信号：tributary signals数字交叉连接：digital cross-connection网络管理：network management网络维护：network maintenance网络运营者：network operators传输速率：transmission rate支路映射：tributary mapping灵活性：flexibility用户业务：subscriber services覆盖层：overlay levels制造商：manufacturer同步传输帧：synchronous transmission frame线路终端复用器：line terminal multiplexer分插复用器：add-drop multiplexer再生中继器：regenerator灵敏度：sensitivity虚容器：virtual container成帧字节：framing bytes段开销：section overhead端到端传输：end-to-end transmission误码监视：error monitoring信号处理节点：signal processing nodes净负荷：payload指针：pointer同步传输系统：synchronous transmission system覆盖nni的标准：the standard covering the NNI国际标准接口：the international standard interface直接同步复用：direct synchronous multiplexing灵活的通信联网：flexible telecommunication networking点对点的传输技术：point-to-point transmission technology先进的网络管理：advanced network management不同厂家提供的设备：the equipment supplied by different manmufacturers SDH提供的灵活性：the flexibility provided by SDH同步复用设备的运营者：operator of synchronous multiplexers电信联网：telecommunication networking支路信号：tributary signals维护能力：maintenance capabilities统一的电信网络基础结构：unified telecommunication network infrastructure 组件：building blocks终端复用器：terminal multiplexer贯通方式：through-mode fashion同步数字交叉链接：synchronous DXC可变带宽：arying bandwidth各个支路信号：individual tributary signals传输系统：transport system光载体：optical carrier二维图形：2-dimensional map传输次序：the order of transmission7.波分复用对光特性的理解：the understanding of the property of light基本重要性：the fundamental important想象今天的通信系统：to imagine the communication system of today光的高速公路：the highway of light巨量的信息：the massive amount of information采用通信新技术：to adopt new communication technology大量的视频信息：the large amounts of video information波分复用：the wave divide multiplexing只发送单个波长：to send only one wavelength传输大量的波长：to transmit a large amount of wavelength无差错传输：the error-free transmission自愈特性：the self-healing propertys直接接入光网络：to access directly to the optial network视频信息：the video information导致WDM革命的主要进展：the major advance that led to the revolution光放大器的发明：the invention of the optical amplifier下一段光纤：the next span of fiber提高所有波长信号的功率：to boost the signal power of all wavelength在光放大器方面的进展：the advances in optical amplifier增益均衡技术的发展：the development of gain equalization techniques多波长传输：the multiple-wavelength transmission无线系统的增长：the growth of various application各种各样的业务：the wide various application处理各种业务类型：to handle various types of traffic全光交叉连接：the all-optical cross-connect8.寻呼系统的发展通信手段：communication means被叫人：called person紧急通信：urgent communications移动电话网：mobile telephone network电话交换台：telephone switchboard寻呼业务：paging service电子电路：electronic circuitry无线传输：wireless transmission无线发射机：wireless transmitter个人代码：personal codes服务区：service area单向通信：one-way communication寻呼用户：paging users顾客：customer技术进步：technological progress系统的效率：efficiency of the system专用的无线网络：dedicated wireless network终端设备：terminal equipment全球覆盖：global coverage无线增益：gain of the antenna空间站：space station通信网络的运行：the operation of a communication network有线的和移动的电话网络：the wired and mobile telephone network光和声音的信号装置：optical and acoustical signaling devices本地电话交换台的接线员：the operator of a local telephone switchboard 第一代寻呼系统：the first generation of paging system利用无线传输的寻呼系统：the paging system using wireless transmission 专用的无线接收机：the dedicated radio receiver社会和经济效益：social and economic advantages电子电路的小型化：the miniaturization of electronic circuitry价格效率比：cost efficiency小型无线电接收机：the miniature radio receiver显示能力：display capability全球覆盖：global coverage空间站的天线增益：the space station antenna gain地球同步轨道卫星：geostationary orbit satellite用户终端：user terminal9.蜂窝式移动电话系统蜂窝式移动电话：cellular mobile telephone服务性能：services performance频谱：frequency spectrum频带：frequency band微处理器：microprocessor移动手机：mobile unit广播业务：broadcast servise天线：antenna子系统：subsystems移动用户：mobile subscriber服务能力：service capability利用率：utilization带宽：bandwidth单边带：single-sideband扩频：spread spectrum大规模集成电路：large scale integrated circuits蜂窝点：cellular site蜂窝交换机：cellular switch无线机架：radio cabinet呼叫处理：call processing频谱利用率：frequency spectrum utilization有限的指定频带：the limited assigend ferquency band 服务区：servise area复杂的特性和功能：complicated features and functions大规模集成电路技术：large-scale integraesd circuit technology试验性的蜂窝系统：developmental cellular system中央协调单元：central coordinating element蜂窝管理：cellular administration传统移动电话的运行限制：operational limitiation of conventional mobile telephone system 有限的服务能力：limitied service capability无线通信行业：radio communcation industry可用的无线电频谱：available radio frequency spectrum所分配的频带：the allocated frequency band移动收发信机：mobile transceiver技术上的可行性：techological feasibility严格的频谱限制：severe spectrum limitations调频广播业务：FM broadcasting services传播路径衰耗：propagration path loss多径衰耗：multipath fading电话公司地方局:telephone company zone offices10.全球移动通信系统个人通信 personal communcation通信标准 communcation standrads固定电话业务 fixed telephone services网络容量 network capability移动交换中心 mobile switching center国际漫游 international roaming宽带业务 broadband services接口转换 interface conversion频谱分配 frequency allocation模拟方式 analogue mode蜂窝通信原理 cellular communcation principe拥塞 jamming蜂窝裂变 cellular splitting基站 base station寄存器 register收费功能 billing function接入方法 access method突发脉冲传输方式 brusty transimission mode开销信息 overhead information切换算法 handover algorithms短消息服务 short message services技术规范 technical specificationtotal access communcation system 全接入的通信系统global mobile communcation system 全球移动通信系统time division multiple access 时分多址facsimile and short message services 传真和短消息服务fixed communcation networks 固定通信网络a more personalized system 更加个性化的系统the cost and quality of the link 链路的价格和质量market growth 市场的发展fixed telephone service 固定电话服务coxial cable 同轴电缆interface convision 接口转换cellular communcation priciple 蜂窝通信原则frequency reuse and cell splitting 频率复用和蜂窝裂变cochannel interference 共信道干扰theoretical spectual capability 理论上的频谱容量micro-cellular system 微蜂窝系统base station transceiver 基站收发信机subscriber register 用户寄存器burst transmission mode 突发脉冲传输模式overhead information 开销信息advanced handover algorithms 先进的切换算法facsimile and short message services 传真和短消息服务the GSM technique specications GSM技术规范说明11.电路交换和分组交换电路交换 circuit switching分组交换 packet switching报文交换 message switching子网 subnet信头 header目的地址 destination address误差控制 error control存储转发方式 store-and-forward manner突发性 bursty传输时延 transimission delay中间交换设备 intermediate switching equipment交换技术 switching technique返回信号 return signal报文处理机 message processor给定最大长度 given maximum length信息转移 information transfer随机性 random专用电路 dedicated circuit电路利用率 channel ultilizationthe capability of soring or manipulating user's data 存储和处理用户数据的能力the special signaling message 特定的信令信息a well defined block df data callde amessage 被精心定义的称为报文的数据块the information regarding the source and destination address 涉及源和目的地址的信息the computer referred to a message processor 叫做报文处理器的计算机the store-and-forward transmission technique 存储转发传输技术the dynamic allocation of bandwith 带宽的动态分配the overall transmission delay of message 报文整个的传输时延switching technique 交换技术ciruit switching 电路交换message switching 报文交换packet switching 分组交换total path of connected lines 连线的整个通路source-destination pair 源到目的地的一对communication parties 通信各方transmission unit 传输单元intial connection cost incurred in setting up the circuit 在建立电路时的起初连接成本low delay constraint required by the user 用户所需的最短时延的限制the fixed dedicateded end-to-end circuit 固定专用的端到端电路low channel ultization 低的电路利用率12.ATM异步转移模式异步转移模式 asynchronous逻辑信道 logical channel虚电路 virtual circuits虚路径 virtual paths建议 recommendation网络层network level业务与应用层 service and application虚连接 virtual connection信息高速公路 information superhigh way点播电视 video-on-demand统计复用 statistical multiplexing数字化的信息 digital information标识符 identifer协议 protocols网络节点 network node宽带网 broadband networkATM论坛 ATM forum面向未来 future-proofed图象编码 image encodeing虚拟专用网 virtual private network数据处理 data processing被叫做信元的短的分组 short packets called cells每秒几百兆比特的速率 bit rates of several hundred megabits a second独特的复用方法 unique multiplexing method任何两个终端之间的物理连接 the physical connection between any two terminals交互式的视频业务 interactive video services多媒体业务的自然载体 a nature vehicle for multimedia services运营者和用户当前和未来的要求 the current and future requirement of both perators and users 高比特率信道的交换技术 the technique for switching high bit rate channel异步转换模式 asychornous transfer mode复用和交换技术 multiplexing and switching technique所承载的传输类型 the underlying type of transmission双重标识 dual identification虚电路 virtual circuit虚路径 virtual path信元在网络节点上的转移 the transfer of cells to the network nodes每秒几百爪比特 hundreds megabits a secondI.121建议 recommendation I.121服务质量 the quality of service与实际需求成比例 in proportion to the exact requirement网络所传送的应用和业务 the applications and service transported over a network构成虚网络的能力 the ability to construct virtual networks低价高效的利用网络设施 cost-effective use of infrastructure面向未来的 future-proofed协调传送不同业务的不同网络 coordinating different networks carrying different services未来的信息高速公路的基本部件 essential components of future information superhighways统计复用 statistical multiplexing资源的最佳使用 optimum use of resources虚拟专用网 virtual private networks13.多媒体多媒体 multimedia交互环境 interactive enviornment视频压缩 video compressin高清晰度电视 high definition television数字信号处理器 digital signal processor点播业务 on-demand services视频服务器 video servers硬件、软件和应用 hardware,software and applications存储 storage彩显 colour moniter全活动图象 full motion picture视频编码器 vision encoder字节 bytemixture of hardware,software and applications 硬件、软件和应用层interactive environment 交互环境personal desk top computers 个人桌面电脑video compression 视频压缩the vision encoder 视频编码器video-on-demand interactive services 交互式视频点播业务multimedia enviroment 多媒体环境visual images 视频图象hard disk storage 硬盘存储colour monitor 彩显the standards of multimedia 多媒体标准motion pictures 活动图象consumer quality of video and audio 顾客质量的视频和音频broadcast images 广播图象high definition television 高清晰度电视coding algorithms 编码算法digital signals processor 数字信号处理器14.公用电信网公用电信网 public telecommunication network本地环路 local loop交换节点 switching node双绞线 twisted pair外部呼叫 external call端局 end office数字数据系统 digital data systems二线连接 two wire connection收费中心 toll center电路交换网 circuit-switching network电话用户 telephone subscriber数据流量 data traffic链路 link中继线 trunk半双工的 half-duplex全双工的 full-duplex中间交换节点 intermediate switching node音频电路 voice-frequency circuit汇接交换机 tandem switch拓扑 topology接点间的 internode路由 route全双工的连接 full-duplex connection集中话务量的功能 the funcion of concentrating traffic被称为汇接交换机的交换节点 the switching node called tandem switch一小部分用户 a fraction of subscribers在站和网络之间的接口 the interface between the station and the network 发送数字信号的用户 the subscriber that transmit digital signal国家网络 national network结构部件 architectural components接点间的支路 the branches between nodes树状拓扑 tree topology传输设备 transmission facilities多条音频电路 multiple voice-frequency circuits同步时分复用 synchronous TDM相邻的端局 adjacent end offices全连通性 full connectivity被分离开的子网 isolated subnetworks高效中继线 high-usage trunks路由选择的基本次序 basic order of selection主干体系网络 backbone hierarchical network连到不同端局的俩个用户 two subscribers attached todifferent office交换区 exchange area15.综合业务数字网全球通信 global communications灵活性 flexibility端到端的数字连接 end-to-end digital connectivity开放网络 open network语声编码 voice encoding综合业务数字网 integrated services digital network系统结构 infrastructure国际标准化组织International Organization for Standardization通信载体 communication carriers传输媒体 transmission medium接口设备 interface equipment带宽限制 bandwidth limitation交换设备 switching equipment语音编码 voice encoding脉码调制 pulse code modulation基本接入 basic access综合业务数字网 the integrated services digital network国际标准化组织 the International Organization for Standardization由于传输媒体导致的质量下降 degradation due to the transmission medium4kHz话路中所固有的带宽限制 bandwidth limitations inherent in a 4kHz voice channel标准化的接口 standardized ports脉（冲编）码调制 pulse code modulation数字通信 digital communicationISDN的标准和系统结构 ISDN standards and system architecture全球通信 global communication数字技术的逐步应用 progressive application of digital technology共同通信载体 public communication carriers高质量 enhanced quality大量的接口设备 substantial quantity of interface equipment在传送话音、数据、视频和其他业务上的灵活性 flexibility in the transmission of voice , data , video and other services带宽的限制 bandwidth limitations端到端的数字连接 end-to-end digital connectivity语音编码技术 voice encoding techniques基本接入信令速率 basic access signaling rate统一的接入 universal access试验性的技术 experimental technology16.电信世界的业务和未来X.25协议 X.25 protocol电视信号 television signals宽带业务 narrowband services基本接入 basic access电信业务 teleservice用户电报 telex无线电波 radio waves地面天线 ground antenna同轴的 coaxial直接广播系统 direct broadcast system端到端的时延 end-to-end delay抖动 jitter繁忙小时 peak hours芯片技术 chip technology高清晰度电视 high definition television运行也维护 operations and maintenance现有的公用网络 the existing public network传统的双向对话 classical two-way voice conversation基于X.25协议的分组交换数据网络 packet switched data network based onX.25 porotocols对网络的拥护接入 the user access to the network对网络的用户接入 the user access to the network信道速率为70 Mbit/s的电路交换业务 a circuit switched service with a channel rate of 70 Mbit/S 与业务无关的网络 the service-independent network对资源的最佳统计共享 the optimal statistical sharing of the resources电信业务 telecommunication service用户电报网 telex network文字报 messages of characters双向对话 two-way voice conversation同轴树状网络 coaxial tree network公用天线的电视网络 community antenna TV network直接广播系统 16 direct broadcast system以太网 Ethernet令牌总线网和令牌环网 token bus and token ring network全球范围的独立网络 world-wide independent networks电话网络的繁忙小时 the peak hours in the telephone network资源共享 resource pooling繁忙小时流量 23 peak hour traffic窄带业务的综合 integration of narrow-band services在语声编码和芯片技术方面的进步 the progress in speech coding and chip technology新的电信业务 a new teleservice对新业务要求的适配 adapting to new service requirements移动电话：the mobile telephone第三代移动业务：the third generation mobile service无线通信：the wireless communication手机：the handset 全球漫游：the global roaming 无线标准：the wireless standard 蜂窝点：the cell sate 峰值数据速率：the peak data rate平均吞吐量：the average throughput 下载：the download多址接入：the multiple access扩频：the spread spectrum technology时隙：the timeslot To comebine high speed mobile access with internet protocol-based service将高速移动接入与基本IP的服务结合起来To standardized future digital wireless communication对未来的数字无线通信标准化theinternet protocol –based services基于互联协议的服务the single global wireless standard但与全球无线标准to accommodation the continuing growth of voice services as well as new wireless internet services容纳语音服务的持续增长及新的无线因特网服务 the spectrum allocation flexibility频谱分配的灵活性 the international telecommunication union国际电信联盟the boundaries between communication ，information，media and entertainment在通信，信息，媒体，娱乐之间的分界线。
无线全双工对讲系统基站AFDI-BS450用户手册说明书
Wireless Full Duplex Intercom System Base StationAFDI-BS450User’s ManualPlease read the manual carefully before operationInterface DescriptionNo. Item Description1 Power button Press the Power button, the button light is on and the device isstarted. Press again the device is turned off.2 Headset interface External cannon-type headset3 MIC interface External gooseneck shaped microphone4Use headphone to speak and listen.Use gooseneck shaped microphone to speakBelt-packs isolated mode. Turn on the button light, all belt-packs areunable to talk with each other except base station.Group mode. Turn on the button light, now the digital keypad numbersindicate group numbers. Each group could talk internally, but unable totalk with other groups.Base station notices belt-packs. The selected belt-packs screen willflash when pressing the key continuously.Base station speaker button. The speaker is turned on when thebutton light is on.Digital keypad（1-8）You can talk to any person or groups no more than 8 at the same timeby pressing certain digital buttons.5 LCD Screen Display related data6 “Confirm” button. Press to enter menu “Up” button. Move left to change data “Down” button. Move right to change data “Exit” button. Exit menu7 VOLUME Adjust volume of the headset/speaker. Screw clockwise to enlargevolume.8 SPEAKER When using a gooseneck shaped or handhold microphone, soundcould be played by SPEAKER.PreparationsStep 1Antenna installation. Install the antenna on the base, then plug the connector into the ANT interface of the base station.Step 2Power cable connection. Plug one end of the power cable connector into the base station power interface, and another end into AC 110/220V power socket.Step 3Headset and microphone installation. Plug connectors of headset and microphone into corresponding interface as required.Step 4 (Please ignore this step if you don’t need tally function)Base station and switcher connection. Plug one end of the tally cable connector into the base station tally interface, and another end into video switcher tally interface.Step 5Turn on the base station. The lights of digital keypad (1-8) will be lit up. Then press or button to speak by headphone or microphone. Press button to turn on the speaker. Adjust the VOLUME knob to a certain level.Step 6Speak by headphone microphone or goose-neck shaped microphone.Topological diagramIntercom SystemNo limit for belt-pack quantity. It supports 8 belt-packs to talk simultaneously.Tally SystemIt supports 12 red and 12 green tally signals. It could support 15 red and 15 green or 32 red tally signals in special situation.Headphone Interface is XLR Male, which connected with headphone.Microphone Interface is XLR Female, which connected with Goose-neck shaped Microphone.Tally Interface is DB25 Male, which connected with common tally cable to receive tally signal from video switcher. It supports 12 red and 12 green tally signals.RS232 Interface is DB9 Female, which connected with RS232 cable to receive RS232 tally signal.UART Interface is 3.5mm socket, which connected with special cable to receive UART tally signal.2W Interface is 3 wire XLR Male for audio signal.Interface Description4W Interface is XLR internet socket for 4 wire audio signal or RS485 communication.AUX IN Interface is 3 wire XLR Female for analog audio input.AUX OUT Interface is 3 wire XLR Male for analog audio signal output.Screen Prompt DescriptionChannelDisplay base station channel. The channel range is 25 - 110.InternetDisplay Internet status. It will be lit up when connected internet.Group ModeDisplay the status of group mode. It will be lit up when group mode is turned on. In this situation, the numbers on digital keypad indicate Group ID. Group mode and belt-pack isolation mode can’t be turned on at the same time.Turn on group mode, one group can’t talk with another group. Each member of group could talk within his group. Base station could talk with all member of any group.If a group ID on digital pad is turned off, the group can’t communicate with the base station. But the member of group could talk within group.Belt-pack Isolation ModeDisplay the status of belt-pack isolation mode. It will be lit up when belt-pack isolation mode is turned on. In this situation, all belt-packs are unable to communicate with each other. Belt-pack isolation mode and group mode can’t be turned on at the same time.Common ModeIt will be lit up if group mode and belt-pack isolation mode are turned off. In this situation, the numbers on digital keypad indicate belt-pack ID. All belt-packs and base station are able to communicate with each other.If a belt-pack ID on digital pad is turned off. The belt-pack can’t communicate with each other. Belt-pack / Group IDDisplay belt-pack ID or group ID that are sending audio signal. It indicates group ID if group mode is turned on. It indicates belt-pack ID if group mode is turned off.If group mode is turned off and a belt-pack microphone is turned on, the belt-pack ID will be lit up. If a belt-pack ID is turned off and the belt-pack microphone is turned on, the belt-pack ID will also be lit up. In this situation, the base station and the belt-pack couldn’t communicate with each other.If group mode is turned on and any belt-pack microphone in the group is turned on, the group ID will be lit up. If a group ID is turned off and any belt-pack microphone in the group is turned on, the group ID will also be lit up. In this situation, the base station and the group couldn’t communicate with each other.SettingsPress the button, the screen will prompt “Press Return Key into menu”. Then press thebutton to enter the menu. Select the following settings by pressing and buttons. Includes Channel Setting, Background Sound Level, Noise Suppression Level, MIC Return, TALLY Setting, two wire setting, Language Setting, Preload configuration, etc. Press button to enter a setting. Press button to return to the previous menu after setting. Press button again to exit menu.Channel SettingEnter the menu and choose “Channel Setting”. Then press “Confirm” button to enter the setting. Choose channel by pressing “Up” and “Down” button. The channel range is 25-110. Press “Exit” button to return to the previous menu after setting.It is advised to set a big channel spacing (30 channels or more) if two or more channels are used for different teams at same place.Each channel represents a certain frequency. Product type 400-470Mhz as below, other type is not same.Channel 25 (412.5MHz)Channel 26 (413MHz)...Channel 109 (454.5MHz)Channel 110(455MHz)Background Sound LevelEnter the menu and choose “Background Sound Level”. Then press “Confirm” button to enter the setting. Choose suitable level by pressing “Up” and “Down” button. There are 3 levels, namely 0, 1, 2. Select the suitable level according to the background noise level. Press “Exit” button to return to the previous menu after setting.The factory default setting is level 1, which is suitable for most situation.Level 0 is suitable for a silent situation, just speak with a low voice.Level 1 is suitable for most situation, you should speak with a loud voice. (Factory default setting) Level 2 is suitable for a noisy situation, you should speak with a roar.(Note: No need to change the setting in general. The voice may be intermittent if the level is too high in a relatively quiet situation)Noise Suppression LevelEnter the menu and choose “Noise Suppression Level”. Then press “Confirm” button to enter the setting. Choose suitable level by pressing “Up” and “Down” button. There are 6 levels, namely 0, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%. Choose the suitable level as required. Press “Exit” button to return to the previous menu after setting.The setting allows the headset or speaker to suppress a certain level of the background noise received from other belt-packs or the base station. The default setting is level 5. (Suppress the noise lower than 5%. Only those voice volume surpass 5% will be heard.)MIC ReturnEnter the menu and choose “MIC Return”. Then press “Confirm” button to enter the setting. Choose suitable level by pressing “Up” and “Down” button. There are 10 levels from 0 to 100%. Choose the suitable level as required. Press “Exit” button to return to the previous menu after setting.Turn on the MIC Return function, you can hear your own voice returned by the microphone. Your return voice will be higher with a higher level.It is usually advised to turn off the “MIC Return function”, otherwise it may influence acoustic echo cancellation function.Tally SettingEnter the menu and choose “Tally Setting”. Then press “Confirm” button to enter the setting. Choose switcher brand by pressing “Up” and “Down” button. Then press “Confirm” button to enter video switcher model option. Choose video switcher model by pressing “Up” and “Down” button. Press “Exit” button to return to the previous menu after setting.You should set the right video switcher brand and model, and choose the right switcher cable for the base station to receive switcher tally signal as required. Otherwise the base station may receive the wrong tally signal or even unable to receive tally signal.2 wire SettingEnter the menu and choose “2 wire Setting”. Then press “Confirm” button to enter the setting. Turn on / off the setting by pressing “Up” and “Down” button. Press “Exit” button to return to the previous menu after setting.The default setting is turned off “2 wire Setting”. In this situation, the 2-wire interface is unavailable, and the 4-wire interface is available. If you turn on “2 wire Setting”, the 2-wire interface is available, and the 4-wire interface is unavailable.Language SettingEnter the menu and choose “Language Setting”. Then press “Confirm” button to enter the setting. Switch between Chinese and English by pressing “Up” and “Down” button. Press “Exit” button to return to the previous menu after setting.Quick SettingEnter the menu and choose “Quick Setting”. Then press “Confirm” button to enter the setting. Change the setting by pressing “Up” and “Down” button. Press “Exit” button to return to the previous menu after setting.Keep current Settings: Keep all the current setting data.Restore Factory Settings: Restore all factory data.Quiet Background Settings: All the data will be set automatically to match quiet background. Noisy Background Settings: All the data will be set automatically to match noisy background.Attention1.Router port mapping function is specially designed for Wan connection. The mapping port number is 23458. Please contact network engineer to configure router port mapping.2.Public network IP address must be fixed.Don't use dynamic IP address.3. Please contact the dealer to config proxy server IP address of the base station.Quality Commitment and Maintenance TermsWarranty services for material and manufacturing process defect under normal operation since purchase date.Warranty Scope and Duration12 months for the base station and belt-packs6 months for headphonesWarranty ClaimYou should provide product warranty card or valid purchase invoice to apply repair. The product mark should be kept clean and intact during the warranty period.Warranty CardIn order to protect your benefits, please fill in the following table carefully and keep it properly as a evidence for maintenance.WeChat SubscriptionNumberShanghai NAYA Intelligence T echnologyCo. Ltd.。
同时同频全双工的成功的启示
同时同频全双工的成功的启示在无线通信领域，同时同频全双工技术（Simultaneous Full Duplex，SFD）是一项重要的创新，它具有极大的潜力和广阔的应用前景。
该技术的成功给我们带来了许多有益的启示，不仅对无线通信领域有着重要的意义，也为其他领域的发展提供了有力的借鉴。
同时同频全双工技术的成功启示我们，只要我们敢于挑战现有的技术极限，不断探索创新，就有可能实现看似不可能的目标。
在传统的无线通信中，由于收发信号在同一频段发生冲突，导致无法同时进行双向通信。
然而，通过巧妙的信号处理和干扰消除算法，同时同频全双工技术成功实现了一个信道同时传输和接收两个不同方向的信号，充分利用了频谱资源，大大提高了无线通信的效率。
这一突破性的技术创新鼓舞着我们，告诉我们只要我们勇于尝试，不断创新，就有可能攻克一些看似不可能的技术难题。
同时同频全双工技术的成功还启示我们，在解决复杂问题时，可以借鉴不同领域的经验和思路。
同时同频全双工技术的实现离不开多领域的交叉融合，包括信号处理、电路设计、射频工程等多个专业领域的知识。
这种跨学科的合作和思维碰撞，为技术的突破提供了宝贵的经验。
因此，我们在解决其他复杂问题时，也可以借鉴这种跨学科的思维方式，吸取不同领域的优秀经验，寻找解决问题的新思路。
同时同频全双工技术的成功还告诉我们，在技术发展中，关注用户需求并提供更好的用户体验是至关重要的。
在无线通信中，用户通常需要同时进行双向的语音通话、视频通话等应用。
传统的半双工通信无法满足用户的需求，而同时同频全双工技术的出现，则为用户提供了更好的通信体验。
这也提醒我们，在技术研发过程中，要始终以用户为中心，关注用户需求，不断改进技术，提供更好的产品和服务。
同时同频全双工技术的成功还启示我们，在技术创新中注重合作和团队精神的重要性。
同时同频全双工技术的实现需要多个团队的协同合作，各个团队之间需要紧密配合，共同解决技术难题。
这样的协作模式不仅提高了工作效率，还促进了技术的创新和突破。
串行通讯简单认识(单工、半双工和全双工的定义)
串行通讯简单认识单工、半双工和全双工的定义串行通讯的基本概念：与外界的信息交换称为通讯。
基本的通讯方式有并行通讯和串行通讯两种。
一条信息的各位数据被同时传送的通讯方式称为并行通讯。
并行通讯的特点是：各数据位同时传送，传送速度快、效率高，但有多少数据位就需多少根数据线，因此传送成本高，且只适用于近距离（相距数米）的通讯。
一条信息的各位数据被逐位按顺序传送的通讯方式称为串行通讯。
串行通讯的特点是：数据位传送，传按位顺序进行，最少只需一根传输线即可完成，成本低但送速度慢。
串行通讯的距离可以从几米到几千米。
根据信息的传送方向，串行通讯可以进一步分为单工、半双工和全双工三种。
信息只能单向传送为单工；信息能双向传送但不能同时双向传送称为半双工；信息能够同时双向传送则称为全双工。
串行通讯又分为异步通讯和同步通讯两种方式。
在单片机中，主要使用异步通讯方式。
MCS_51单片机有一个全双工串行口。
全双工的串行通讯只需要一根输出线和一根输入线。
数据的输出又称发送数据（TXD），数据的输入又称接收数据（RXD）。
串行通讯中主要有两个技术问题，一个是数据传送、另一个是数据转换。
数据传送主要解决传送中的标准、格式及工作方式等问题。
数据转换是指数据的串并行转换。
具体说，在发送端，要把并行数据转换为串行数据；而在接收端，却要把接收到的串行数据转换为并行数据。
单工、半双工和全双工的定义如果在通信过程的任意时刻，信息只能由一方A传到另一方B，则称为单工。
如果在任意时刻，信息既可由A传到B，又能由B传A，但只能由一个方向上的传输存在，称为半双工传输。
如果在任意时刻，线路上存在A到B和B到A的双向信号传输，则称为全双工。
电话线就是二线全双工信道。
由于采用了回波抵消技术，双向的传输信号不致混淆不清。
双工信道有时也将收、发信道分开，采用分离的线路或频带传输相反方向的信号，如回线传输。
串口通讯—全双工和半双工方式在串行通信中，数据通常是在两个站（如终端和微机）之间进行传送，按照数据流的方向可分成三种基本的传送方式：全双工、半双工、和单工。
单工和双工通讯意义差异
单工和双工通讯意义差异
1.单工（Simplex）
单工通讯是指数据信号一向沿着一个方向传输，只能从发送端传输到接纳端，发送方只能发送不能接纳，接纳方只能接纳而不能发送。
例如，播送、电视、寻呼机便是单工传输办法，收音机、电视机只能别离承受来自电台、电视台的信号，不能进行相反方向的信息传输。
2.半双工（Half-Duplex）
半双工通讯是指数据信号能够双向传输，但两个方向不能一同发送数据，有必要替换进行，同一时间一个信道只容许单向传送。
半双工通讯央求A端、B端都有发送设备和承受设备，切换开关K1与K2，改动信息的传输方向。
因为通讯中要一再的互换信道的方向，所以功率较底。
例如差人运用的对讲机和戎行运用的步话机便是典型的半双工通讯办法，在一方说话的时分另一方不能说话，但经过开切换能够切换能够改动通话办法。
3.全双工通讯（Full-Duplex）
全双工通讯是指数据信号能够一同进行二个方向的通讯，既二个信道，可一同进行双向的数据传输，恰当于把二个相反方向的单工通讯办法组合起来。
全双工通讯功率高，操控简略。
例如通常电
话、手机是一种典型的全双工通讯。
单工半双工全双工的含义及区别
单工半双工全双工的含义及区别This manuscript was revised on November 28, 20201、单工单工就是指A只能发信号，而B只能接收信号，通信是单向的，就象灯塔之于航船——灯塔发出光信号而航船只能接收信号以确保自己行驶在正确的航线上。
2、半双工半双工就是指A能发信号给B，B也能发信号给A，但这两个过程不能同时进行。
最典型的例子就象我们在影视作品中看到的对讲机一样：007：呼叫总部，请求支援，OVER总部：收到，增援人员将在5分钟内赶到，OVER007：要5分钟这么久！要快呀！OVER总部：……GAME OVER在这里，每方说完一句话后都要说个OVER，然后切换到接收状态，同时也告之对方——你可以发言了。
如果双方同时处于收状态，或同时处于发状态，便不能正常通信了。
3、全双工全双工比半双工又进了一步。
在A给B发信号的同时，B也可以给A发信号。
典型的例子就是打电话。
A：我跟你说呀……B：你先听我说，情况是这样的……A和B在说的同时也能听到对方说的内容，这就是全双工。
对于全双工以太，IEEE制订了全双工/流控制标准，该标准对全双工方式下的流控制机制做了具体的规定。
在各以太标准（10/100/1000 Base）中，除100 Base T4之外，均具有全双工能力，但在实际应用中，似乎只有Gb以太（即千兆以太）才使用全双工方式。
以太网的MAC协议是CSMA/CD，但在全双工以太中是不需要冲突检测（CD）的。
这能使Gb以太突破40余米的段长限制（更准确地说是41.2m，这个数据可以根据IEEE定时规则的限制计算出来，这里就不详细介绍了）。
在实际应用中如果需要网络中的某个站点能工作在全双工方式下，则必须在该站点安装支持全双工的网卡，并要求与全双工站点连接的HUB/路由器等连网设备配备有全双工端口。
这样看来，如果希望工作在全双工方式下，首先要有硬件的支持。
全双工以太的主要优势在于它能够在二个独立的信道上同时实现二个方向上的数据传输，借以提高链路的总带宽，所以它只适用于文件服务器一类的需要同时进行双向数据传输的站点。
单工-半双工-全双工的含义及区别
1、单工单工就是指A只能发信号，而B只能接收信号，通信是单向的，就象灯塔之于航船——灯塔发出光信号而航船只能接收信号以确保自己行驶在正确的航线上。
2、半双工半双工就是指A能发信号给B，B也能发信号给A，但这两个过程不能同时进行。
最典型的例子就象我们在影视作品中看到的对讲机一样：007：呼叫总部，请求支援，OVER总部：收到，增援人员将在5分钟内赶到，OVER007：要5分钟这么久？！要快呀！OVER总部：……GAME OVER在这里，每方说完一句话后都要说个OVER，然后切换到接收状态，同时也告之对方——你可以发言了。
如果双方同时处于收状态，或同时处于发状态，便不能正常通信了。
3、全双工全双工比半双工又进了一步。
在A给B发信号的同时，B也可以给A发信号。
典型的例子就是打。
A：我跟你说呀……B：你先听我说，情况是这样的……A和B在说的同时也能听到对方说的内容，这就是全双工。
对于全双工以太，IEEE制订了802.3x全双工/流控制标准，该标准对全双工方式下的流控制机制做了具体的规定。
在各以太标准〔10/100/1000 Base〕中，除100 Base T4之外，均具有全双工能力，但在实际应用中，似乎只有Gb以太〔即千兆以太〕才使用全双工方式。
以太网的MAC协议是CSMA/CD，但在全双工以太中是不需要冲突检测〔CD〕的。
这能使Gb以太突破40余米的段长限制〔更准确地说是，这个数据可以根据IEEE定时规则的限制计算出来，这里就不详细介绍了〕。
在实际应用中如果需要网络中的某个站点能工作在全双工方式下，则必须在该站点安装支持全双工的网卡，并要求与全双工站点连接的HUB/路由器等连网设备配备有全双工端口。
这样看来，如果希望工作在全双工方式下，首先要有硬件的支持。
全双工以太的主要优势在于它能够在二个独立的信道上同时实现二个方向上的数据传输，借以提高链路的总带宽，所以它只适用于文件服务器一类的需要同时进行双向数据传输的站点。
全双工的工作原理
全双工的工作原理
全双工（Full Duplex）是通讯传输的一个术语，是指在通信的任意时刻，线路上存在A到B和B到A的双向信号传输。
在全双工方式下，通信系统的每一端都设置了发送器和接收器，因此，能控制数据同时在两个方向上传送。
其工作原理主要有：
1.均衡和消除自干扰：在同时发送和接收信号时，发送和接收端会互相干扰，导致信号质量下降。
为了解决这个问题，同时同频全双工使用了多种技术来均衡和消除自干扰。
2.时分复用（TDM）：同时同频全双工使用TDM技术，允许不同的用户在同一频率上使用不同的时间片进行通信。
这使得多个用户可以同时进行通信，而不会互相干扰。
3.频率重叠技术：同时同频全双工还使用了频率重叠技术，这种技术可以在同一频率上同时使用两个正交信号，以实现同时发送和接收数据。
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Can wireless nodes transmit and receive at the same time and on the same channel?
• Facilitating global LTE roaming by enabling cellular infrastructure and mobile phones to support multiple frequencies and carrier aggregation
High Capacity Dense WiFi
Future work
• "The bigger change will be developing new wireless standards for full-duplex. I expect people may start seeing this when carriers upgrade to 4.5G or 5G networks in just a few years.“-----Ashu Sabharwal
Full Duplex Wireless cellular
• Full Duplex Wireless doubles wireless capacity and reduces spectrum requirements for wireless solutions
Global Spectrum Harmonization
How to do?
We send two signals such that they cancel each other at the receiving antenna - the device ears. The canceling effect is purely local, so the other node can still hear what we're sending.
Wireless network
The Challenge in Achieving Full-Duplex
• The main challenge in achieving full-duplex is canceling the strong interference at the receive interface from the transmit interface of a node. Digital cancellation techniques fail in trying to cancel this self-interference as the strength of the interference saturates the analog-to-digital converters.
RF model of a full-duplex system
Why Is This Important?
Revolutionize the wireless world Double the spectral efficiency of every radio in the world An economic value of trillions of Simplifiy spectrum management
Full-Duplex Wireless communication
王亚飞 1130349096 陈思维 1130349076 上海交大无线通信技术研究所
Faster
Introduction
• "It is generally not possible for radios to receive and transmit on the same frequency band because of the interference that results. Thus, bidirectional systems must separate the uplink and downlink channels into orthogonal signaling dimensions, typically using time or frequency dimensions."
Full Duplex Wireless increases WiFi throughput and resiliency in dense and crowded environments without any change to existing clients
•
Thank you!
Can you hear me, boy?
TD
No, let’s speak inrequency resources
Hi, girl!
On the same frequency band In the same time slot
Computer network