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塑胶材料物性表中英文对照表

塑胶材料物性表中英文对照表
特性
塑胶材料物性表中英文对照表
Test Item Properties
Unit Test method Physical Properties Specific gravity Melt Flow Index Moisture absorption Mold Shrinkage Mechanical Properties Tensile Strength Tensile Elongation Flexural Strength Flexural Modulus Izod Impact Strength Rockwell Hardness Thermal Properties Melting Point Heat Deflection Temperature(HDT) Vicat Softening Temperature Flame Characteristics Flammability Glow Wire Test Electrical Properties Dielectric constant Dielectric dissipation factor Volume resistivity Surface resistivity Dielectric Strength Arc resistance Dielectric Constant Dielectric Losses Characteristics
测试项目 成型收缩率 机械性能 拉伸强度 拉伸伸长率 弯曲强度(挠曲强度) 弯曲模量(挠曲弹性率) Izod冲击强度 洛氏表面硬度 热学性能
熔点 热变形温度 维卡软化点 阻燃性能 阻燃等级(耐燃性) 灼热丝测试 电气性能
诱电率 诱电正接 体积抵抗率 表面抵抗率 绝缘破坏强度 耐电弧性 介电常数 介电损耗

考博英语面试自我介绍范文(精选12篇)

考博英语面试自我介绍范文(精选12篇)

考博英语面试自我介绍考博英语面试自我介绍范文(精选12篇)参加外企的面试中,准备一段吸引人的自我介绍很有必要,那么你的`英文自我介绍准备好了吗?求职前的准备和英文自我介绍是非常重要的,那你会怎么介绍自己呢?下面是小编我为您准备的考博英语面试自我介绍范文,欢迎参考,希望能对您有所作用。

考博英语面试自我介绍篇1Good afternoon, profe ssors! It’s really a great pleasure for me to have this opportunity for the interview, and I hope I can make a good impression today and finally enroll in Huazhong University of Science and Technology as a PhD student. Now I will make a brief introduction about myself to you.My name is XXX. I was born in 1986 in Yichang City, a world renowned hydraulicxelectricity town where the Three Gorges Dam stands.Iam learning in Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, majoring in Chemical Process Machinery, and will get my master’s degree in June. Three years ago, I obtained a bachelor’s degree inChina Three Gorges University in the major of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering.In daily lives, I am quiet but not dull. I have many hobbies, such as listening music, reading and playing basketball with friends.These are good ways of relaxing myself in spare time. In learning, I am serious, steady and persistent. Sometimes I concentrate on some tough problems to get them well solved, though it takes much time.I stil l feel it’s worthy. In the past three years, Ihave studied hard and strived for excellence in my research work. I obtained the Scholarship for Postxgraduatesin TUST last year and published four papers as the first authorin some core journals.Mechanical engineering is an extensive and profound subject and I deeply feel that what I have learned is very limited. So I am longing for further study and looking forward to improving my selfxvalue in the next few years. No pains,no gains. Only with greater efforts can I get closer to success. I will make good use of my time and do my best to reach my goals if I am lucky to be a PhD student in HUST.That’s all. Thank you!考博英语面试自我介绍篇2Respected Professor:It is my great honor to introduce myself.My name is Jim ,I come from Zaozhuang ,Shandong Province.My major is mechanical design,and I received my Master’s degree from Dalian University of Technology in 2014.As you may know ,students from Shandong Province are always hardxworking, I am no exception.While obtaining m y Master’s degree,I devoted myself to mechanical design,especially in structure calculation and optimization fields. As a result,I have published several relevant theses and patents independently. These academic experiences have made me more openxminded,agile in thought and also very fond of scientific research.After graduation,I worked at XCMG,which is the biggest construction machinery manufacturer in China. We developed the most advanced scooptram in China,and I worked as one of its engineers. work experiences such as this have urged me develop an active and responsible work ethic.As time went on, I found that most companies utilise existing technologies exclusively,performing little new research. But I believe our society need us to develop moreinnovations .Furthermore,I really want to do some research work and study futher in my major.That is why I am eager to be a Doctoral student .Above all,I am sincerely looking forward to studying here, and I will do my very best. Thank you!考博英语面试自我介绍篇3Good morning, Dear Professors:it is my pleasure to introduce myself to you. My name is MSJ.I major in Pesticide Science and I will graduate from the Research and Development Center of Biorational Pesticide Northwest A&F University in July ,20XX. Hope a chance to work and develop myself in your department.I passed the CET band 6 test in20XX, after that, I tried my best to learn Medical English and mastered a lot of professional vocabulary. I can manipulate computer proficiently and master Microsoft Office software,also be familiar with SPSS and Photoshop.During the past three years, under the strict guidance of my tutor, professor MA.I have learned systematically the theory of profession and got the basic manipulative skills about Phytochemistry. With the help of my supervisor,I have successfully finished the subject “Agricultural Activity of Alkaloids from Cephalotaxus sinensis ” and grasped some experimental skill , such as abstraction, separation.I am looking forward to working in your department. If I am admitted, I will be thankful and try my best to work for you.That’s all.SKS.考博英语面试自我介绍篇4Good morning, Dear Professors:It’s my honor to introduce myself. My name is XXX, I amfromXXCountyXXProvince, December XXXX I was born in a poor family, and my parents are peasants。

药品检验报告英语001

药品检验报告英语001

【分享】药品检验报告中的一些词语的英文翻译检验报告Certificate of analysis化工有限公司chemical CO. , LTD制药(药业)有限公司Pharmaceutical co. ,Ltd.化工厂CHEMICAL PLANT精细化工有限公司FINE CHEMICAL CO., LTD品名PRODUCT //title批号batch NO.生产日期manufacturing date // manu. Date检验日期Analysis date有效期Exp date // expiry date检验标准quality standard //inspecting basis //Specification数量QUANTITY 报告日期report date 包装规格package企业标准Company Standard//enterprise standard检查项目test items//analytical items性状appearance // characteristics//description//Character分子式molecular formula 分子量molecular wt化学式Chemical formula鉴别identification溶液外观appearance of solution澄清度&颜色clarity & color白色或类白色结晶粉末white or almost white crystalline powder味微苦 a little bitter taste无色无味odorless,smelless酸碱度acidity and alkalinity铅盐Plumbum salts 砷盐Arsonium salts有关物质related substances 分为:individual impurity substance NMT….;total impurity substance NMT。

信息新技术前沿讲座心得体会(五篇)

信息新技术前沿讲座心得体会(五篇)

信息新技术前沿讲座心得体会(五篇)第一篇:信息新技术前沿讲座心得体会信息新技术前沿讲座心得体会当我们对人生或者事物有了新的思考时,常常可以将它们写成一篇心得体会,这样我们可以养成良好的总结方法。

一起来学习心得体会是如何写的吧,以下是小编为大家收集的信息新技术前沿讲座心得体会,仅供参考,欢迎大家阅读。

20xx年4月24日,借助网络平台,聆听了解月光教授对义务教育阶段信息科技课程标准解读。

通过专家的解读,对信息科技课程的概况、变化、核心以及需要重点关注的地方,有了更深的了解。

一、概括首先,解教授对于信息科技课程作了总的概括,信息科技教育是全民都要接受的教育,数字素养是未来公民必备修养。

《义务教育信息科技课程标准(20xx年版)》的发布,全新定位了课程性质,从“信息技术”调整为“信息科技”,将信息科技及其所占课时从综合实践活动课程中独立出来,更清晰地凸显“科技创新”的重要价值。

强调“信息科技课程”对“促进科技创新自主可控、维护国家安全”的重要“基础性意义”。

解教授也指出信息科技课程的宗旨是培养学生科学精神和科技伦理,提升自主可控意识,培育社会主义核心价值观,树立国家安全观,提升国民数字素养与技能。

了解了信息科技课程的概括,才能为接下来的课程调整打好基础。

二、变化接着,解教授讲了本次信息科技课程标准与之前的不同,一是课程属性的更改:课程目标、内容和实施都具有显著的变化;二是课程总目标定位从信息素养变为数字素养;三是“跨学科主题”作为课程内容的重要组成部分,比如说信息科技和语文学科教学的整合,不仅可以丰富教学课堂的内容,增加语文课堂的趣味性,还能够在一定程度上吸引学生注意力,促进学生情感升华;四是更加强调自主可控、原始创新和原创精神,在日常教学中,我们会忽视学生面临问题时“窥测方向”的过程,也就是忽视了学生思维的最初方向――原创思维,苏霍姆林斯基认为:“在学生的心灵深处,都有一种根深蒂固的需要,那就是希望自己是一个发现者、探究者和成功者。

水解氯英文版检测方法的附件英文

水解氯英文版检测方法的附件英文

水解氯英文版检测方法的附件英文Attachment for the English version of the testing method for Chloride hydrolysis:1. IntroductionThe chloride hydrolysis test method is used to determine the level of chloride content in a sample by measuring its hydrolysis. This attachment provides additional information and guidelines to conduct this test in an English version.2. Equipment and Materials- Sample container- Deionized water- Pipettes- pH meter- Burette- Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution- Indicator (e.g., phenolphthalein)- Glass beakers- Heating source (e.g., Bunsen burner)- Filter paper- Analytical balance3. Procedure3.1 Sample Preparation- Weigh an appropriate amount of the sample using an analytical balance.- Transfer the sample into a sample container.3.2 Hydrolysis- Add deionized water to the sample container, ensuring that the sample is completely submerged.- Allow the sample to hydrolyze for a predetermined period (e.g., 24 hours) at room temperature.3.3 Measurement- Take a pH measurement of the hydrolyzed sample using a pH meter.- Record the pH value obtained.3.4 Titration- Transfer a known volume of the hydrolyzed sample (e.g., 50 mL) into a glass beaker.- Add a few drops of the indicator to the beaker.- Titrate the sample with sodium hydroxide solution until the pH reaches the desired endpoint (e.g., pH 8.3). Record the volume of NaOH solution used.4. Calculation- Calculate the chloride content in the sample using the volume of NaOH solution used, the concentration of the NaOH solution, and the initial mass of the sample.5. ReportingReport the chloride content of the sample in the appropriate unit (e.g., ppm) along with the testing conditions, including the sample preparation method, hydrolysis time, pH measurement, and titration procedure.Please note that this is a general guidance for the English versionof the testing method for chloride hydrolysis. Specific details and procedure may vary depending on the laboratory's protocols and requirements.。

J2EE最佳实践总结[5篇范文]

J2EE最佳实践总结[5篇范文]

J2EE最佳实践总结[5篇范文]第一篇:J2EE最佳实践总结J2EE最佳实践总结1、始终使用 MVC 框架。

2、在每一层都应用自动单元测试和测试管理。

3、按照规范来进行开发,而不是按照应用服务器来进行开发。

4、从一开始就计划使用 J2EE 安全性。

5、创建您所知道的。

6、当使用 EJB 组件时,始终使用会话 Facades.7、使用无状态会话 bean,而不是有状态会话 bean.8、使用容器管理的事务。

9、将 JSP 作为表示层的首选。

10、当使用HttpSession 时,尽量只将当前事务所需要的状态保存其中,其他内容不要保存在 HttpSession 中。

11、在WebSphere 中,启动动态缓存,并使用WebSphere servlet 缓存机制。

12、为了提高程序员的工作效率,将 CMP 实体 bean 作为 O/R 映射的首选解决方案。

1.始终使用 MVC 框架。

MVC 框架可以将业务逻辑(Java beans 和EJB 组件)、控制器逻辑(Servlets/Struts 动作)、表示层(JSP、XML/XSLT)清晰地分离开来。

良好的分层可以带来许多好处。

MVC 框架对于成功使用J2EE 是如此重要,以致没有其他最佳实践可以与其相提并论。

模型-视图-控制器(MVC)是设计 J2EE 应用程序的基础。

MVC 将您的程序代码简单地划分下面几个部分:负责业务逻辑的代码(即模型——通常使用 EJB 或者普通的 Java 对象来实现)。

负责用户界面显示的代码(即视图——通常通过JSP 及标记库来实现,有时也使用 XML 和 XSLT 来实现)。

负责应用程序流程的代码(即控制器——通常使用Java Servlet或像 Struts 控制器这样的类来实现)。

如果您不遵循基本的 MVC 框架,在开发过程中就会出现许多的问题。

最常见的问题就是在视图部分添加了太多的成分,例如,可能存在使用 JSP 标记来执行数据库访问,或者在 JSP 中进行应用程序的流程控制,这在小规模的应用程序中是比较常见的,但是,随着后期的开发,这样做将会带来问题,因为JSP 逐步变得越来越难以维护和调试。

职称职务头衔名称的英文翻译

职称职务头衔名称的英文翻译

职称职务头衔名称的英文翻译1. Chief Executive Officer (CEO) 首席执行官2. Managing Director (MD) 总经理3. Chief Operating Officer (COO) 首席运营官4. Chief Financial Officer (CFO) 首席财务官5. Chief Information Officer (CIO) 首席信息官6. Chief Marketing Officer (CMO) 首席营销官7. Chief Technology Officer (CTO) 首席技术官8. Vice President (VP) 副总裁9. Director of Operations 运营总监10. Director of Marketing 市场总监11. Director of Finance 财务总监12. Director of Human Resources 人力资源总监13. Director of Sales 销售总监14. Project Manager 项目经理15. Senior Manager 高级经理16. General Manager (GM) 总经理17. Operations Manager 运营经理18. Marketing Manager 市场经理19. Finance Manager 财务经理20. Human Resources Manager 人力资源经理21. Sales Manager 销售经理22. Account Manager 客户经理23. Business Development Manager 业务发展经理24. Product Manager 产品经理25. Purchasing Manager 采购经理26. Supply Chain Manager 供应链经理27. Public Relations Manager 公关经理28. Brand Manager 品牌经理29. Communications Manager 通讯经理30. Social Media Manager 社交媒体经理31. Content Manager 内容经理32. Web Developer 网站开发人员33. Software Engineer 软件工程师34. Database Administrator 数据库管理员35. Network Administrator 网络管理员36. Information Security Analyst 信息安全分析师37. Data Scientist 数据科学家38. IT Manager IT经理39. Customer Service Representative 客服代表40. Sales Representative 销售代表41. Account Executive 客户主管42. Business Analyst 业务分析师43. Financial Analyst 财务分析师44. Market Research Analyst 市场研究分析师45. Public Accountant 注册会计师46. Human Resources Coordinator 人力资源协调员47. Recruiter 招聘专员48. Administrative Assistant 行政助理49. Executive Assistant 行政助理50. Receptionist 接待员51. Office Manager 办公室经理52. Operations Coordinator 运营协调员53. Marketing Coordinator 市场协调员54. Financial Coordinator 财务协调员55. Sales Coordinator 销售协调员56. Project Coordinator 项目协调员57. Quality Control Manager 质量控制经理58. Safety Manager 安全经理59. Environmental Manager 环境经理60. Compliance Manager 合规经理61. Legal Counsel 律师62. Regulatory Affairs Manager 法规事务经理63. Government Relations Manager 政府关系经理64. Lobbyist 游说者65. Public Affairs Manager 公共事务经理66. Event Planner 活动策划师67. Travel Coordinator 行程协调员68. Education Coordinator 教育协调员69. Communications Coordinator 通讯协调员70. Social Media Coordinator 社交媒体协调员71. Public Relations Coordinator 公共关系协调员72. Brand Coordinator 品牌协调员73. Content Coordinator 内容协调员74. Customer Service Manager 客服经理75. Sales Trainer 销售培训师76. Learning and Development Manager 学习和发展经理77. Performance Management Manager 绩效管理经理78. Compensation and Benefits Manager 薪资和福利经理79. Talent Acquisition Manager 人才招聘经理80. Human Resources Information Systems (HRIS) Manager 人力资源信息系统经理81. Diversity and Inclusion Manager 多元化和包容性经理82. Health and Wellness Manager 健康与福利经理83. Sports Marketing Manager 运动营销经理84. Talent Agent 艺人经纪人85. Studio Executive 制片商高层86. Production Assistant 制片助理87. Film Director 电影导演88. Screenwriter 编剧89. Cinematographer 摄影师90. Film Editor 影片编辑91. Set Designer 布景设计师92. Sound Designer 音效设计师93. Composer 作曲家94. Musician 音乐家95. Record Producer 音乐制作人96. Recording Engineer 音乐录制工程师97. Radio Host 电台主持人98. Television Producer 电视制片人99. Broadcast Engineer 广播工程师100. Advertising Account Executive 广告客户主管101. Creative Director 创意总监102. Art Director 美术指导103. Copywriter 文案撰稿人104. Media Planner 媒体策划师105. Market Research Manager 市场研究经理106. Public Relations Specialist 公共关系专家107. Brand Strategist 品牌策略师108. Marketing Analyst 市场分析师109. Digital Marketing Specialist 数字营销专员110. Content Strategist 内容策略师111. Social Media Specialist 社交媒体专员112. Graphic Designer 平面设计师113. Web Designer 网页设计师114. Multimedia Designer 多媒体设计师115. Animator 动画师116. Game Designer 游戏设计师117. User Experience (UX) Designer 用户体验设计师118. User Interface (UI) Designer 用户界面设计师119. Information Architect 信息架构师120. Interaction Designer 互动设计师121. Mobile Developer 移动应用开发人员122. Web Developer 网站开发人员123. Software Developer 软件开发人员124. Database Developer 数据库开发人员125. Front-End Developer 前端开发人员126. Back-End Developer 后端开发人员127. Full-Stack Developer 全栈开发人员128. Quality Assurance (QA) Engineer 质量控制工程师129. Test Engineer 测试工程师130. Systems Administrator 系统管理员131. Network Engineer 网络工程师132. Technical Support Engineer 技术支持工程师133. Help Desk Technician 帮助台技术人员134. Cybersecurity Analyst 网络安全分析师135. Penetration Tester 渗透测试人员136. Malware Analyst 恶意软件分析师137. Information Security Consultant 信息安全顾问138. IT Auditor IT审计员139. Computer Forensic Analyst 计算机取证分析师140. Network Security Engineer 网络安全工程师141. Cloud Architect 云架构师142. Cloud Engineer 云工程师143. Cloud Administrator 云管理员144. DevOps Engineer DevOps工程师145. Agile Coach 敏捷教练146. Scrum Master Scrum主管147. Product Owner 产品负责人148. Agile Project Manager 敏捷项目经理149. Business Process Analyst 业务流程分析师150. Business Process Manager 业务流程经理151. Lean Six Sigma Black Belt 质量管理师152. Business Transformation Manager 业务转型经理153. Change Management Specialist 变革管理专家154. Continuous Improvement Manager 持续改进经理155. Enterprise Architect 企业架构师156. Solution Architect 解决方案架构师157. Technical Architect 技术架构师158. Infrastructure Architect 基础架构师159. Network Architect 网络架构师160. Data Architect 数据架构师161. Data Analyst 数据分析师162. Database Administrator 数据库管理员163. Data Engineer 数据工程师164. Business Intelligence (BI) Analyst 业务智能分析师165. Data Scientist 数据科学家166. Machine Learning Engineer 机器学习工程师167. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Engineer 人工智能工程师168. Robotic Process Automation (RPA) Developer 机器人流程自动化开发人员169. Virtual Reality (VR) Developer 虚拟现实开发人员170. Augmented Reality (AR) Developer 增强现实开发人员171. Blockchain Developer 区块链开发人员172. Cryptocurrency Trader 加密货币交易员173. Cryptocurrency Analyst 加密货币分析师174. Data Entry Clerk 数据录入员175. File Clerk 档案员176. Office Assistant 办公室助理177. Secretary 秘书178. Paralegal 律师助理179. Legal Assistant 法律助理180. Court Reporter 法院记录员181. Translator 翻译182. Interpreter 口译员183. Tour Guide 导游184. Flight Attendant 空乘人员185. Hotel Manager 酒店经理186. Restaurant Manager 餐厅经理187. Chef 主厨188. Waiter 服务员189. Bartender 酒保190. Retail Store Manager 零售店经理191. Sales Associate 销售顾问192. Visual Merchandiser 视觉陈列师193. Supply Chain Analyst 供应链分析师194. Logistics Coordinator 物流协调员195. Warehouse Manager 仓库经理196. Distribution Manager 分销经理197. Import/Export Manager 进出口经理198. Freight Broker 货运经纪人199. Customs Broker 海关经纪人200. Transportation Manager 运输经理。

美国洗涤试验仪器 DT 2说明书

美国洗涤试验仪器 DT 2说明书

DT 2Manual Disintegration TesterFlexible basket assembly with two independent stationsAutomatic lift-in / lift-out optionManual determination of individual disintegration end-pointsPrecise temperature controlComplete reporting including statisticsFlexible basket assemblyThe user-friendly DT 2 unit is equipped with two inde-pendent basket assemblies allowing each position to be controlled, started and stopped individually. Methods can be stored and used individually on each station. The DT 2 is fully compliant with USP / EP / JP requirements and can run apparatus A methods (6-tube baskets) and apparatus B methods (3-tube baskets for dosage forms > 18 mm).Automatic lift-in / lift-out optionThe lifting mechanism lowers the basket assembly auto-matically into the beaker at test start. Baskets can be lifted out either at test end (pre-set test time), at a user deter-mined end-point (test hold time is recorded), or after a pre-set run-time for pH change. An acoustic signal indicates completion of each pre-set run-time.Manual determination of individual disintegration end-pointsThe device allows the user to manually take either a“single” test (disintegration time of each tube individually) or an “all” test determining only the complete disintegra-tion time of all tubes.Precise temperature controlAn integrated heating system guarantees a precise temper-ature of the test medium at all times. The temperature of the test media is shown on the display in real-time. During the test, the media temperature is constantly monitored and recorded by a temperature probe on the basket rack assembly. The integrated double temperature control system provides the most precise results. Temperature setting and calibration are controlled by the firmware.Complete reportingA print-out of the test report includes:• test device information(device type, firmware version, serial number)• method data(method number , test time, temp, and specifications)• test protocol(test date and time, test hold times, temperature statistics)• test results (end-points)• end-point statisticsValidation and qualificationThe DT 2 is manufactured from high quality materials and requires minimal maintenance. The relevant qualification documentation (IQ / OQ) can be supplied with the device. Complete system validation and qualification can also be provided by the SOTAX Global Service Network.Technical SpecificationsBasket-rack assemblies 2Strokes per minute 31 +/-1Height of stroke 55 mmTemperature 20 – 45˚C +/-0.2˚CPower 230 V / 50 Hz or 110 V / 60 Hz InterfacesRS-232-C, Parallel Width / depth / height 370 x 410 x 550 mm Weightca. 23 kgSOTAX AG | Nordring 1 | 4147 Aesch | SwitzerlandP+41614875454|F+41614821331|**************→Basket rack assemblies for apparatus A and apparatus B methods→Manual determination of individual disintegration end-pointsM B 20005E N -01_08/06-2015。

Oracle_Agile_PLM_A9_Install_Guide_V1.0

Oracle_Agile_PLM_A9_Install_Guide_V1.0

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Oracle Agile PLM A9 Install Guide
参 考资 料
安装和文档参考了如下资料

Copyright 2005-2009, All rights reserved
24 ongChun
Oracle Agile PLM A9 Install Guide
Copyright 2005-2009, All rights reserved
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Zhu LongChun
Oracle Agile PLM A9 Install Guide
Agile PLM 安装
Oracle Agile PLM Install Guide
Author: Version:
Zhu LongChun 1.0
Creation Date : 2009.05.01
Copy Number_____
Zhu LongChun
Oracle Agile PLM A9 Install Guide
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Zhu LongChun
Oracle Agile PLM A9 Install Guide
Copyright 2005-2009, All rights reserved
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Zhu LongChun
Oracle Agile PLM A9 Install Guide
File Server configration
Note To Holders: If you receive an electronic copy of this document and print it out, please write your name on the equivalent of the cover page, for document control purposes. If you receive a hard copy of this document, please write your name on the front cover, for document control purposes.

美国FDA分析方法验证指南中英文对照--6

美国FDA分析方法验证指南中英文对照--6

美国FDA分析⽅法验证指南中英⽂对照--6XI. METHODOLOGYSections II through IX provide general information on the submission of analytical procedures and methods validation information, including validation characteristics. Additional information on certain methodologies is provided below.XI.⽅法学II章到第IX章提供了分析⽅法和分析⽅法验证资料⽅⾯的基本信息,包括验证项⽬。

下⽂就⼀些具体的⽅法给出了说明:A. High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)The widespread use of HPLC analytical procedures and the multitude of commercial sources of columns and packings frequently have created problems in assessing comparability. Many of the following points may also apply to other chromatographic analytical procedures.⾊谱(HPLC)⾼效液相⾊谱A.⾼效液相HPLC分析⽅法的⼴泛应⽤及⾊谱柱和柱填充的众多来源都经常会给可⽐性评估带来很多问题。

如下这些要点中,很多都适⽤于其它⾊谱分析⽅法。

1. ColumnThe following characteristics are useful for defining a particular column and, if known, should be included in the analytical procedure description. If method development has indicated that columns from only one commercial source are suitable, this information should be included as part of the analytical procedure. If more than one column is suitable, a listing of columns found to be equivalent should be included.1.⾊谱柱在定义某⼀⾊谱柱时,如下这些性质是很有⽤的,也应当要包括在分析⽅法描述中。

纺织品测试中英文对应表

纺织品测试中英文对应表
Color fastness to Non-Chlorine Bleach 氧化漂白损伤牢度测试 Color fastness to Oxidative Bleach 水洗牢度测试 Color fastness to Washing/accelerated washing 家庭水洗色牢度测试 Color fastness to Home /actual /Domestic Laundering 汗渍色牢度测试 Color fastness to Perspiration 水渍色牢度测试 Color fastness to Water 摩擦牢度测试 Color fastness to Crocking/Rubbing 干洗色牢度测试 Color fastness to Dry Cleaning 氯漂色牢度测试 Color fastness to Chlorine Bleach 氯水色牢度 Color fastness to Chlorinated water 氯敏色牢度 Color fastness to Chlorine Sensitivity 干热色牢度测试 Color fastness to Dry Heat(Excluding Pressing) 热压烫色牢度测试 Color fastness to Heat:Hot Pressing 耐汗渍日晒牢度测试 Color fastness to Light and Perspiration 日晒牢度测试 Color fastness to Light 渗色(bleeding)测试 Bleeding 酸碱色牢度测试 Color fastness to Acids and Alkaline 臭氧色牢度 Color fastness to Ozone 活性染料的水解测试 Color fastness to Hydrolysis of Reactive Dyes 海水色牢度 Color fastness to Sea Water 泳池水色牢度 Color fastness to Pool Water

finaltest翻译

finaltest翻译

finaltest翻译【精选】
final test
英/ˈfaɪnl test
美/[ˈfaɪnl test]
最后试验
1、Again, as you see on your course outline, grading is determined by your performance on a midterm and final test, periodic quizzes, a research project, and classroom participation.
再次,您在您的课程提要看见,分级在一个期中和最后试验取决于您的表现,周期性测验,研究计划,并且教室参与。

2、"Now there remains only one final test, and it is just as important: the taste test."
"现在只剩下最后一项重要的测试:味觉测试。

"
3、The final test system software was integrated by all function blocks.
最后将各功能模块整合起来,构造成完整的测试系统软件。

4、Scheduling Study for Semiconductor Final Test Based on Reinforcement Learning
基于增强学习的半导体测试调度研究
5、Methods Discussion on How to Improve Final Test Yield of Power MCM
提高功率多芯片模块终测成品率的方法探讨。

服装跟单知识大全_英语

服装跟单知识大全_英语

1.)验货英语成品检验Checking of finished products检验,检查inspection,check商检commodity inspection领面松wrinkles at top collar领面紧top collar appears tight底领缩进c ollar band is shorter than collar领外口松collar edge appears loose领外口紧collar edge appears tight底领伸出collar band is longer than collar领面起泡crumples at top collar驳口不直lapel roll line is uneven串口不直gorge line is uneven倘领偏斜collar deviates from front center line领离脖collar stand away from neck小肩起皱puckers at shoulders塌肩wrinkles at shoulder袖隆起皱creases at underarm止口下部搭叠过多crossing at front edge底边起皱wrinkles at hem后身起吊back of coat rides up边缘缺棉empty hem袖子偏前sleeve leans to front袖子偏后sleeve leans to back前袖缝外翻inseam leans to front袖口起皱wrinkles at sleeve opening袖里拧diagonal wrinkles at sleeve lining袋盖反翘top flap appears tight腰头探出end of waistband is uneven腰缝起皱wrinkles at waistband facing里襟里起皱creases at right fly腰缝下口涌bunches below waistline seam裤脚前后two legs are uneven脚口不齐leg opening is uneven吊脚pulling at outseam or inseam烫迹线外撇crease line leans to outside烫迹线内撇crease line leans to inside双轨接线stitch seam is uneven绱袖不圆顺diagonal wrinkles at sleeve cap缝制不良stitching quality is not good洗水不良washing quality is not good毛头raw edge leans out of seam色差color shade,off shade,color deviation袋口角起皱creases on two ends of pocket mouth 绣花不良embroidery design out line is uncovered 底领里起皱wrinkles at collar band facing底领外露collar band lean out of collar 领卡脖tight neckline领窝不平creases below neckline后领窝起涌bunches below back neckline 驳头起皱wrinkles at top lapel驳头反翘top lapel appears tight驳头外口松lapel edge appears loose驳头外口紧lapel edge appears tight袖隆缝起皱puckers at underarm seam塌胸lack of fullness at chest省尖起泡crumples at dart point拉链起皱wrinkles at zip fly止口不直front edge is uneven止口缩角front edge is out of square 止口反翘front edge is upturned止口反吐facing leans out of front edge 止口豁split at front edge背衩豁开split at back vent背衩搭叠过多crossing at back vent绗棉起皱puckers at quilting絮棉不均padded cotton is uneven跳针 skipping袋盖反吐flap lining leans out of edge 袋盖不直flap edge is uneven袋口裂split at pocket mouth夹裆tight crotch后裆下垂slack seat前浪不平wrinkles at front rise裆缝断线bursting of crotch seam短裆short seat裙裥豁开split at lower part of skirt 裙身吊split hem line rides up裙浪不匀skirt flare is uneven线路偏移stitch seam leans out line熨烫不良pressing quality is not good 极光iron-shine水渍water stain锈迹rust污渍spot褪色fading,fugitive color线头thread residue尺码不符off size107 / 692.)品质控制(QC)approved swatch已批的布办art. no./style no.款号autolock zipper自动锁拉链back stitches回针/返针bad joined stitches驳线不良broken hole破洞broken stitches断线broken yarn断纱bump at placket edge筒边钮门位不顺直bubbling起泡center back rides up 后幅起吊color shading色差checks / stripes not match 格仔/条子不对称fluo.=fluorescence 荧光fabric too closed to zipper 面布车得太贴近拉链flap stricking up 袋盖反翘flying up 飞起,翘起fty.sticker 工厂的贴纸gapping 藏木虱(烫工)glaze mark (熨烫)起镜hem not leveled高低脚hi / low pocket高低袋hiking at bottom of placket前筒吊脚hiking up起吊horizontal seam not leveled 水平缝骨不对称inner cuff visible介英反光match color配色material defect物料疵点minor defect小疵mixed color yarn色纱neck drop pucker筒顶起皱needle damage针损坏布料needle hole针孔off grain布纹歪pleated sewing打褶pocket opening spray open口袋“笑口”poor back-stitches回针不佳poor ironing烫工不良pressing mark压痕previous shipment以前走的货production status生产情况pucker起皱qc sticker qc贴纸,“鸡纸”raw edge散口shading garment to garment衫与衫之间色差color fading褪色collar points hi / low领尖高低color fastness problem褪色问题color fibre woven in杂色纤维织入color thread left inside 藏色线color too dull / bright颜色太哑/闪color yarn 色纱combi program配色组合contrast color撞色crease mark 折痕crocking test摩擦测试crossed back vent背叉搅cuff edge not leveled 鸡英边高低dirty dot (较小的)污点dirty mark 污渍dirty spot (较大的)污点drop test 跌落测试dry rub干擦excess extension 突咀fabric defect 布疵iron mark烫痕knot结头lastest size specification最新的尺寸表major defect大疵lining too full / tight里布太多/太紧oil stain油渍open seam爆口overpress熨烫过度overlapped collar叠领,踏领overlapped lips叠唇overwash洗水过度placket wavy前筒起蛇(皱)placket bottom spread open筒脚张开run off stitches (车缝)落坑printing scrimp印花裂痕seam overturn 止口反骨sewn in waste车缝时混有杂物shipment under consignment寄卖skipped stitches跳线slanting pocket歪袋slub毛粒smiling pochet袋“笑口”sticker贴纸short shipment短装sub-contractor外发厂shading within 1pcs garment衣服裁片色差stitches not in seam shadow缝线没被盖住fabric swatch布办tension张力thick yarn粗纱toppest placket pucker筒顶起皱total different color颜色完全不同trapped color thread藏色线twist扭twist leg扭髀uncut thread ends线头under stitches visible底线露出underply turn out反光underply visible outside反光underpress熨烫不够yarn drawn out抽纱zipper not movable拉链不能拉woven 梭织balling up起球lint ball起球pilling起球ballooning布面小圈flaw织疵、疵点flying threads布面拖纱loose edge/ selvedge松边dog-legged selvedge弯曲布边(由纬纱退绕张力引起)tight list/selvedge紧边cut listing/ selvedge破边rowdy布面不匀wavy face波浪形布面thick and thin places厚薄段thick filling粗经thread out断经tight end/thread紧经、急经tight filling/pick紧纬、急经ridgy cloth起伏不平的布slack selvedge起伏不平的布边double skeins双片丝(生丝疵点)break-mark灰点(绸缎疵点)broken course断纬(丝)cut ends切丝corkscrews螺旋类(生丝疵点)heavy filling/pick粗纬improper making of book打把不正improper skein lacking扣丝失当improper skein twisting打绞不正irregular traverse络交不正irregular twist streak松紧捻档knots长结stripes/checks not matching不对条/格substitute fabric代用布support sitches visible辅助线外露undesireable odor臭味,不可接受的气味uneven collar歪领uneven color深浅色uneven length of placket长短筒uneven length of sleeve长短袖uneven lips大小唇uneven stitching density针步密度不均匀unmeet back vent背叉豁unmatched crotch cross下裆十字骨错位wet rub湿擦wrong combo颜色组合错误wrong pattern图案错误wrong size indicated错码float loop蛛网entering draft蛛网excessive lift多起bore破洞duck eye小洞(针织疵点)holes破洞、破孔cut across开匹(疵布)curling selvedge卷边rolled selvedge卷边baggy selvedge松边broken selvedge破边ripped selvedge破边torn selvedge破边edge end break坏边pilled-in selvedge缩边uneven selvedge宽窄不匀布边rough selvedge毛边hang pick三角形破洞narrow width布幅不足uneven cover布面不匀selvedge float布边浮经gum knots胶着类(生丝疵点)gummed books丝把发硬gummed skeins丝胶发硬double flat双经/纬(生丝疵点)corkscrew twist螺旋疵(捻丝疵点)corkscrews yarn螺旋线(并线疵点)hairiness毛羽类heavy end粗经irregular pick纬疵irregular pile bar长短绒档irregular skeins丝绞不正knub缫丝下脚,小糙疵frosting霜白疵、起霜花(印染引起)blur剪毛不良barring条痕、条花bare cloth稀布broken figures错花crack稀弄hard size浆斑joining stencil mark搭头印(手工印花疵点)keel红印色marking off搭色mildew霉、生霉minor defects普通瑕疵、中类major defects次要瑕疵、大类super major defects主要瑕疵、特大类mispick错纬starch lump浆斑start-up marks开车痕stripy defects条花疵点reed mark筘痕loops环结marriages双丝nap绒毛、拉绒pin hole针洞raised threads浮丝cracked ends筘痕defective lift夹起darts and steels刀线decating mark布头纬向皱横duvet小环结fag粗粒facing拖浆、罩色(印花疵点)felter跳花、跳纱harness skip跳花、跳纱gout飞花织入loom fly飞花织入stain warp渍经snap/snappers拖浆staining斑点染色、染斑weaving under花纹少织(多梭箱织机的换纬运动不良造成)shuttle mark局部纹路不明(主要由于开口运动或投梭失常所致)3.)综合英语“ J ” shaped pocket J形袋24 button 24号钮6 feed pique 6模珠地accessory辅料,附件,从犯assembling of front & back part前后幅合并across measure横量approved sample with signing name签名批办adhesive/fusible interlining粘衬(粘合夹层) antique brass coating镀青古铜antistatic finish防静电处理back cover front 后搭前back mid-armhole 后背宽back stitch返针,回针backless dress露背装bar coded sticker/paster条形码贴纸bargaining讨价还价,议价,计价,交涉bar-tack打枣baste假缝(粗缝)batilk蜡染binding tape包边binding/bound滚条blanket毛毯,地毯(覆盖)bleach漂白(变白)blind stitch挑脚线步appealing look吸引人的外表approval sample批办acrylic睛纶back across后背宽armhole夹圈,袖孔assembling section 合并部分(断片) attach collar上领attach label 上商标attachment (车缝)附件,附加装置,配属apparel成衣,衣服,装饰bearer袋衬(送信人,搬运者)bearer & facing 袋衬袋贴bedford cord. 坑纹布,经条灯心绒bell bottom喇叭裤脚bellows pocket 风琴袋belt腰带(带子)belt-loop裤耳bias cut斜纹裁,纵纹裁bifurcate分叉binder包边蝴蝶,滚边蝴蝶binding包边(装订,捆绑,粘合物)binding of top vent面叉包边bleach spot漂白污渍bleeding洗水后褪色(出血,流血)blouse女装衬衫body pressing衫身熨烫body rise直浪bottom衫脚,下摆bottom vent of sleeve细侧bottoms下装box-pleated 外工字褶bubbling 起泡buckle皮带扣buckle-loop皮带扣bulk production大量生产bundle code扎号buttoning with button sewer用钉钮机钉钮button钮扣button stand 钮门搭位button-hole钮门 / 扣眼canvas马尾衬,帆布cardboard纸板carded粗疏care label洗水唛cartonning装箱,入箱case pack label外箱贴纸cash pocket表袋casual wear便装catching facing钮子circular knit 圆筒针织布classic look经典款式classification分类clean finish还口clean finish of top vent 面叉还口collar point领尖collar stand 下级领collar stay领插竹collection系列color shading色差combed 精梳constructed specification结构细节crease & wrinkly resistant finish防皱处理crease line 折线crepe de-chine皱布cross crotch 十字缝cross cut横纹裁crotch point浪顶点ctn. no. 箱号cuff鸡英,介英cuff attaching to sleeve车鸡英到袖子上damage caused by needle 针孔decorative stitching装饰间线delivery date 落货期blend fibre混纺纤维blends混纺boy's style fly / left fly男装钮牌,左钮牌braid织锦,织带branch 分公司break stitches断线briefs 男装紧身内裤brocade织锦,织带broken stitching断线button-holing开钮门buttoning钉钮bundling执扎c/b vent后中叉calico / gray clothes胚布center back 后中center crease fold 中骨对折center crease line中骨线center front 前中certified sub-contractor认可加工厂chain stitch m/c锁链车chain stitches锁链线步champray 皱布chemise 宽松服装chest/bust胸围chic 时髦的,流行的close fitting贴身close side seam 埋侧骨coating外套大衣coin pocket 表袋collar领子collar band 下级领collar fall 上级领collar notch领扼位corduroy灯心绒cost sheet成本单cotton string 棉绳covering stitching拉冚线步(600类)control of labor turnover 劳工流失控制cuff vent/cuff opening 袖侧cuffed bottom hem反脚,假反脚,脚级cuffless bottom 平脚curved pocket弯袋cut & sewn 切驳cutting piece裁片cutting piece numbering 给裁片编号d.k. jacquard双面提花(针织)denim牛仔density密度denier 旦尼尔discount/sales off 打折dobby 织花布double cuff 双层鸡英double end双经double jetted pocket 双唇袋double needle fell seam双针埋夹dress coat 礼服drilling 钻孔位dry-cleaned 干洗duck 帆布dyeing染色easing容位edge stitching间边线edge-stitching w/ 1/16" 宽1/16"的边线export carton出口箱extension of waistband 裤头搭咀eyelet凤眼fabric 布料fabric construction布料结构fabric defects 布疵fabric runs走纱fabric shading布料色差facing贴facing to out-side折向侧骨false fly暗钮牌false placket假明筒,假反筒fashion时装fell seam埋夹figure-clinging 紧身的,贴身胸围filament长纤丝final appearance最终外观finished appearance完成后的外观fold back hidden placket原身双层钮筒fold front edge 折前幅边fold line折线fold pants 折裤子fold pocket mouth 折反袋口form and fold garment定型折衫fur皮草fur garment裘皮服装furry毛皮制品fuse interlining粘衬fusible interlining粘朴garment sewing technology 成衣工艺garment wash成衣洗水,普洗girl's style fly / right fly女装钮牌,右钮牌gathering 碎褶glaced finish 压光加工design sketch设计图designed feature 设计特征dimension 尺寸、尺码dinner jacket晚礼服dirt stains after washing 洗水后有污迹dirty spot 污点double pick 双纬doubling 并线dressing room试衣间edge trimmer 修边器edge-finishing边脚处理edge-stitch dart 边线褶elastic橡筋elbow width肘宽embroidery patch绣花章epaulet肩章evening gown set晚睡袍excellent style漂亮的款式excessive thread ends 多余的线头executive wear行政装expiry date有效期fabric swatch 布办fabric width布封fabrication / fabric布料fitting 试身flameproof fabric防火布flannel 法兰绒flare skirt喇叭裙flat machine平车flat seam平缝flax亚麻flow chart流程图fold and pack 折叠包装,折装fold back facing原身出贴frocks礼服front edge前幅边front mid-armhole前胸宽front opening 前开口front panel前幅fully fashion sweater全成型毛衫fully opening全开口fuzz balls起球gabardine 斜纹呢garment 成衣garment dye成衣染色garment finish成衣后处理good taste高品味gr. wt.=gross weight毛重grading放码gray cloth 胚布grown-on sleeve原身出袖half opening半开口handbag手袋hanger衣架heavy fabric厚重面料hem 衫脚,下摆hem cuff反脚hemming卷边,还口high-waisted skirt高腰裙hip坐围hip pocket 后袋hood height帽高horizontal plaid水平格incorrect linking 错误的连接initial sample原办,初办inner extension 搭咀内层inverted pleat 内工字褶invoice 发票jacquard 提花jeans牛仔裤jersey 平纹单面针织布join crotch埋小浪jute黄麻l/c=letter of credit 信用证l/g=letter of guarantee担保证labour cost劳工成本lace花边lacoste双珠地lapel 襟贴laundry干洗layout排唛,排料leather 皮革left cover right 左搭右lustrous 光泽machine maintenance 机械保养magic tape魔术贴major defect大疵marking mid-point of neck 定领围中位mass production大批量生产match color配色material物料measurement尺寸melton领底绒nail-button 钉脚钮扣natural fibre天然纤维neck across/neck width领宽neck drop 领深off pressing 终烫grain布纹grommet凤眼handfeel 手感handling执手hangdling time执手时间hemming with folder用拉筒卷边hemp 大麻herringbone twill人字斜纹布hexagonal pocket六角袋hidden placket双层钮筒hidden bartack隐形枣in-seam内骨inspection 检查inspiration灵感interlacing 交织interlining 衬,朴interlining for facing贴粘衬interlock 双面布(针织)iron overall body 熨烫衫身iron spot烫痕khaki 卡其knit针织knitted rib collar针织罗纹领knots结头knowledge of material材料学leggings开裆裤leisure style 休闲款式leisure wear休闲服leisure wear show休闲装展示会license 许可证light curved pocket微弯袋linen 亚麻lining里布linking & cup seaming缝盆lock stitch平车线步looped fabric毛圈布looping 起耳仔(疵点)loose button钮扣松散man-made fibre人造纤维manufacturer制造商marker唛架mildrew resistant finish防霉处理missing parts漏裁片moth resistant finish防虫处理neck seam颈圈net wt.净重non-fusible interlining 非粘朴non-woven fabric非织布 / 无纺布notch 扼位oil stain油污out-seam pkt. 侧骨袋overall工作服overalls 吊带裤overlap重叠overlapping a few stitching驳线overlock & blind-stitch折挑panel knitting 针织裁片pattern纸样payment 付款peach pocket杏形袋piece rate记件pieced on placket面车明筒pieced placket 一片钮筒pile fabric毛圈布piping 嵌边pique 单珠地placket明筒point shape belt-loop三尖裤耳polybag 胶袋position collar定领位post-wash handfeel 洗水后手感preshrinking预缩press & opening seam 烫开骨press open 烫开骨pressing work in progress烫半成品quality control / qc质量控制quilting 打缆,间棉raglan sleeve 牛角袖raw edge 散口ready-to-wear成衣regenerated fibre再生纤维rined 脱水rivet 撞钉rough yarn 粗纱round cornered cuff圆角介英round cornered extension圆形裤头搭咀round cornered pocket圆角袋satin / sateen色丁seam缝骨seam allowance止口,子口,缝头seam broken缝骨爆裂seam construction 缝型结构seam pucker缝骨起皱s eam slippage散口seam twist缝骨扭selvedge / self-edge布边selvege布边serge / overlock 及骨,锁边one-piece dress 连衣裙open seam开骨operation break down 分工序out-seam外骨overlock w/ 5 threads 五线锁边overlock with 5 threads 五线锁边overtime working加班工作packing list 包装单packing method包装方法pastel颜料patch pocket贴袋plaid matching对格plaids / checks格仔布plain weave平纹梭织plants layout厂房布置pleat with single needle单针车褶pleats 活褶pocket cover袋盖pocket creasing machine 烫袋机pocket facing袋贴pocket flap袋盖pocket flasher 袋卡pocket mouth 袋口pocket opening 袋口pocket-bag (裁好的)袋布pocketing (成卷的)袋布print fabric印花布printing 印花procedure程序production sketch生产图puckering 沿缝线的皱褶resin finish树脂处理reverse side反面re-washing返洗rib 罗纹ribbing罗纹right side of under-cuff 下层鸡英的正面rib tape扁带条rug 地毯ruler shaped pocket 曲尺袋run off stitching 落坑线run-stitching运线s.k. jacquard 单面提花(针织)set in shoulder pad 上肩垫set in sleeve上袖,绱袖sew buttonhole / buttonholing 开钮门sew welt pocket 车唇袋sewing cuff车鸡英sewing sequence车缝工序shipping carton出口箱shipping date落货期shipping marks箱唛shorts 短裤should point肩点shoulder肩宽single needle lockstitch m/c 单针平车size assortment尺码分配size specification / size spec. 尺码表sizing上浆skipped stitches跳线slacks松身裤slant cornered cuff 斜角介英slant pocket斜插袋slit叉snip notch 剪扼位solid color单色solid color & solid size单色单码sorting 分床分码special machine特殊机器,特种车straight pocket直插袋strap 带条stripe matching 对条striped (fabric) 条子布stuffing填充物style 款式suiting 套装sweep 下摆swimsuit 泳装tab 袢扣taffeta塔夫绸tape带条taper bottom 萝卜裤脚taping镶边TBA = to be advise待复terry cloth 毛巾布textured yarn 光亮纱线thigh 脾围thread clips纱剪(剪线用)three pointed catching facing三尖钮子three pointed cuff三尖介英trim front edge修剪前幅边缘trim thread 剪线trimmings 部件,衣服上的点缀物top-stitching with double needle双针间面线trim or snip along curved seam 沿弯位修剪trousers裤子turn cuff out to the right side 反出鸡英正面turned finish卷边tuxedo无尾燕尾服sewn self fabric waistband原身出裤头shell fabric面料shiny (烫)起镜shoulder point肩点shrinkage缩水shrink-proof防缩shrink-resistant防缩处理side mark侧唛side panel 侧幅,小身side seam侧骨silhouette轮廓single jetted pocket 单唇袋slashing pocket mouth 开袋口sleeve衣袖sleeve length袖长sleeve opening袖口slim waist line修腰线splotches污迹spreading 拉布spun yarn 纺纱squared shaped pocket 方角袋steam pressing stand 蒸汽烫台stitch线步stitch down with pkt-bag车线连袋布stitch overlapping 驳线stitch per inch / s.p.i. 每英寸针数stitch type 针步类型stitching & turning collar out车线后反领straight bottom直筒裤脚straight cut 直纹裁three pointed extension三尖裤头搭咀three points pocket 三尖袋tipping 镶边,唧边top collar面领top sleeve 大袖top stitching间面线top vent 叉的面层top vent of sleeve大侧tops 上装top-stitching 间面线total price总价towel 毛圈布tricot 经向斜纹毛织布twist leg扭脾扭脚under pressing中烫under sleeve小袖under vent/bottom vent叉的底层underarm seam袖底骨tweed毛绒布twill斜纹布vent 叉(有叠位)viscose rayon 人造丝v-neck v形领窝vogue 流行的,风尚的waist 腰围waist tag腰卡waistband 腰头underlap placket 下层明筒,三尖折的小袖叉waistband is extension of body原身裤头water repellent防水处理waterproof fabric 防水布wave stitching 线步起波浪web网状物weft / picks纬纱weft-knitting纬编织物welt pocket 西装袋,手巾袋woven label织唛wrong type seam 错误的缝骨类型clean finish with 1/4" single needle 1/4" 单针还口elastic waistband is extension of body原身出橡筋裤头loosed thread causing grinning 线太松导致起珠mark pocket position with template用纸板点袋位one piece double folded belt-loop一片双折裤耳pocket bag caught in bartack 袋布被枣打到(疵点)underwea r 内衣uneven dying染色不均匀uneven hem 衫脚不平均uneven plaids格仔不均匀unit price单价velcro魔术贴velvet天鹅绒velveteen 仿天鹅绒venetian 缩绒呢wales 纵向线圈wardrobe某一季节那一类型的服装warehouse仓库warp / ends 经纱warp knitted fabric经向针织布warp-knitting 经编织物washing initial load头缸洗水washing instruction 洗水指示washing streaks洗水痕wrapseam包缝wrinkles起皱woolen粗纺羊毛work ticket 工票workmanship手工worsted 精纺羊毛yarn纱线zig-zag 人字zig-zag stitches 人字线步zipper fastener 拉链系结物mark buttonhole & button position标出钮门与钮扣的位置sew together bodice and its lining缝合衫身与里布,拼里three pointed pkt. with two curved sides两边微弯三尖袋4.)度尺部位armhole(curve/straight)夹圈(弯度/直度)bust width胸阔front cross 前胸阔back cross后胸阔waist width腰阔bottom 脚阔shoulder across肩阔small shoulder 小肩长c/b length后中长sleeve length袖长waist(stretched)腰围(拉度)sleeve opening袖口阔cuff width 介英宽jandy 整理neck width颈阔sleeve crown height袖山高upper arm width袖脾阔collar length领长front neck drop前领深upper collar height上级领高collar band height 下级领高collar point领尖长collar point spread 领尖距hip 坐围high hip上坐围thigh(under crotch)脾围leg opening裤脚围front rise 前浪back rise后浪knee 膝围sweep(half)裙阔(裙底半度)fly width 钮牌阔fly length钮牌长beltloop裤耳body length 身长cuff width 袖口阔half sleeve width半袖阔cuff length 袖咀高neck width 领阔front neck drop 前领深back neck drop 后领深belt position from underarm 腰带位置(夹下度)pocket high point袋尖高(袋最长的高度)placket width前筒宽waist(relax)腰围(松度)inseam length 内长outseam length外长waistband裤头高chest胸阔shoulder 膊阔across front前上胸阔across back 后上胸阔bottom width 脚阔bottom heigth脚贴高sleeve length 袖长armhole 夹阔sleeve width袖阔belt length 腰带长belt width 腰带阔neck trim 领高5.)部位部件名称terms of position&parts衣前身front body/front裁片/片料cutted pieces/cut衣大身 bodice/body大身衣片 body piece前身里子front lining全/半衬里 full/half lining活动里detachable lining拉练脱卸里 zip-out lining防缩衬里shrink-proof lining衣肩shoulder腰节waistline前过肩front yoke假门襟 mock fly门襟里打袢fly tongue里襟under/right fly挂面front facing前搭门front overlap门襟止口front edge腰身waist下摆/衣裾 bottom/hem/lap平下摆square-cut hem/plain hem/flat hem 斜下摆 slant-cut bottom扣眼/钮孔 buttonhole圆头钮孔/凤眼eyelet buttonhole平头钮孔/直扣眼straight/flat buttonhole 领嘴notch胸部chest/breast/bosom硬衬胸front stiff前襟/前片/前幅forepart/front panel开襟opening/placket/cardigan front 长开襟 deep placket半开襟placket front/neckline placket 对襟front opening偏襟slanting front/side opening曲襟 crank opening门襟 top/front fly明门襟 front strap/band//top center 贴门襟facing strap弧形下摆curve bottom圆下摆round bottom罗纹下摆 rib bottom底边/折边hem反折边 turnup hem贴边 facing/welt滚边piped/welted edge滚条welt嵌条panel包边 covered edge假封边tack edge毛边 fringe花式扣眼 fancy buttonhole假扣眼mock/decoration buttonhole滚边扣眼/滚眼welt buttonhole扣位button stand扣眼档 buttonhole distance省dart前肩省front shoulder dart曲线省/刀背缝 french dar t后片/后幅back panel后身里back lining小肩 shoulder line后身半衬里half back lining单衩center vent明单衩hook vent阴衩/暗衩inverted vent边衩/双开衩 side vent/split钩形衩hook vent裤裙部位部件trousers & skirts前/后片front/back leg外长outseam内长 inseam裤里襟right/under fly//button pabel/catch里襟里子 right facing里襟尖嘴button tab at right fly裤裆/裤衩/裤底十字骨crutch/crotch裤裆深crutch depth股上 crotch length裤直裆/裤立裆 rise短直裆high rise前直裆/小裆front rise后直裆/落裆back rise下落裆 inside leg裤前褶/裤裥trouser/waist/front pleat卷边脚口turn-up bottom/bottom with cuff裤腰省waistline dart贴脚条bottom binding/tape//heel stay裤腿折线/裤线front crease裙裥skirt pleat裙衩 placket裙开口处腰袋 placket口袋 pocket挖袋 insert/slit/slash/set-in ~有盖贴袋patch ~ with flap//flap jetted side明贴袋outline/out ~开贴袋post ~内贴袋sandwich ~压片贴袋out pleat patch ~ 皱襞 jabot领串口 gorge line领驳口fold line for lapel扣眼位buttonhole position前腰省front waist dart驳口省lapel dart肋省underarm/side dart肚省stomach dart衣后身back body总肩across back shoulders后过肩 back yoke后开襟 back opening后搭门 back overlap后半腰带 half back belt后摆tail/sweep/coattail后摆省back waist dart后肩省back shoulder dart衩vent/slit/slash/umanoir(F)背衩back vent腰头waistband腰头侧topside左/右腰头left/right topside腰头上口 upper end of waistband腰间门襟front waistband腰头搭袢button catch裤耳/裤带袢belt loop/keep裤门袢left fly/fly横裆thigh上裆 seat中裆leg width小后裆 front back crutch小/大裤底front/back crutch stay裤衩布 crutch gusse t裤裆里子 crutch lining膝盖绸 reinforcement for knee脚口leg opening/bottom平脚口plain bottom贴袋 patch ~大贴袋 roomy ~袋鼠袋kangaroo ~一字嵌袋 wide welt ~双嵌里袋double welt inside ~直袋vertical ~插袋/斜袋slash/angle/insert/set-in/side有盖斜袋 hacking ~有盖袋flap ~平盖袋flat ~带纽扣的有盖带flap and button down ~嵌袋 welt/piping ~细嵌线袋slender welt风箱袋/老虎袋bellows ~缘饰袋fringed ~滚边袋piped/tambour ~夹层袋 bound ~上/下袋 upper/lower ~后袋 back ~裤插袋 side ~/sidekick摆缝袋 seam ~侧缝斜袋 slant side ~零钱袋change ~袋盖pocket flap/flap袋布~ piece/lining//pocketing垫袋料~ stay袖头衬cuff ~挂面衬front facing ~袋口衬pocket-mouth ~袋盖衬 flap ~腰头衬 waistband ~下腰节衬~ below waistline下摆衬 bottom ~襟门襟衬 left fly ~襟里襟衬right fly ~裙边衬skirt hem ~皱褶wrinkle/ruffle/pucker/goffer/crinkle 弧形褶curved ~波形褶襞peplum阳光褶襞sun burst ~折缝/折痕crease中折缝center crease假折缝 false crease领袢 collar tab斜布滚条bias binding/strip/tape 扇型袋scarap ~褶裥袋pleated ~明/阴裥袋box/inverted pleated ~风琴袋/立体袋accordion ~暗袋concealed/hidden ~里袋 inside/lining ~锯齿形内袋 zigzag inside ~裤后袋 hip ~侧缝直袋side ~侧缝横袋horizontal side ~袋口牵布 ~ facing口袋挂袢 ~ bearer衬布interlining前身衬front ~滚条/帮胸衬bias strip胸衬条stay tape盖肩衬~ domett领衬 collar ~驳头衬lapel ~褶裥/袢 pleat/tab/crease/drape/plait 风琴褶 accordion pleats活动褶action/bellows ~死褶stayed ~//gather横褶 tuck领口袢neck tab扣袢button tab挂衣袢hanger loop//tag线袢 french tack//thread eye耳朵皮 flange滚条binding/rouleau嵌条panel压条 stitched piping暗门襟 French front/plain front//wrap over front/ button panel/cover placket 6.)衣袖袖型sleeve shape ,sleeve style, sleeve modeling 大(小)袖里top(under) sleeve lining假袖头imitation cuff袖山sleeve cap,sleeve cuff,cuff opening袖里sleeve lining单袖头single cuff大袖衩sleeve facing小袖衩sleeve under facing 袖窿armhole, scye两用袖头convertible cuff松紧袖口elstic cuff罗纹袖口rib-knit cuff防风袖头storm cuff活动袖头detachable cuff假翻袖头cuff band, cuff strap 紧袖口bracelet cuff束带袖头strpped cuff袖衩搭边sleeve overlap袖衩条sleeve placket腋部吸汗垫布shield腋下镶布underarm gusset裁片cutted pieces, cut pieces, cut parts 肘部垫布elbow patch单(双)扣袖头one(two) –button cuff 扇型袖头scalloped cuff 褶裥泡状袖头bead cuff 无卷边袖头cuffless衬衫袖头wristband袖头里子cuff lining双袖头double cuff, french cuff, turn-up cuff, fold back cuff袖衩cuff opening, cuff vent, sleeve placket, sleeve slit, sleeve vent 7.)衫裤部件armhole 夹圈back 后幅back rise 后浪beltloop 裤耳bottom 裤脚button hole 钮门button stand 钮子/钮门搭位cash pocket 表袋double layer cuff 双层介英double layered fly双层钮牌facing 贴fly 钮牌fold line折线front 前幅front opening 前开口front pleat 前褶front rise 前浪side seam 侧骨slant pocket斜插袋sleeve袖子sleeve crown袖山sleeve head袖头sleeve opening袖口sleeve slit袖叉(无搭位)sleeve placket袖叉(有搭位)center back 后中center front 前中chest 胸collar 领子collar fall 上级领collar notch 领扼位collar point领尖collar stand 下级领crotch 小浪cuff 介英dart 死折hem/bottom 衫脚in seam 内浪骨jetted pocket 唇袋neck 领窝opening 开口patch pocket贴袋placket明筒pocket bag袋布pocket flap袋盖princess line公主线shoulder肩side panel侧幅under arm seam夹底线waist band裤头8.)内衣裤Classic pants丁字型衬裤,传统式样的内裤Band brassiere束带文胸Drawers 1.内裤2.女人用的短裤3.衬裤Knitted underpants 针织内裤Band briefs有松紧带的三角裤briefs 紧身裤,三角裤Garter briefs吊裤带三角裤Cotton drawers 男汗裤,男内裤Garter brassiere吊带文胸Lace brassiere花边文胸lacy brassiere蕾丝文胸Maternity brassiere孕妇用文胸underskirt内衣underwear, underclothes内衣裤bra(=brassiere)文胸Backless brassiere无背式文胸knickers女半短内裤,男用灯笼短裤underpants, pants内衣裤 (美作:shorts) panties女短内裤9.)衣前身衣大身bodice, body大身衣片body piece前过肩front yoke领嘴notch衣胸chest, breast, bosom前幅,前襟forepart, front, front panel 硬衬胸(衬衫)front stiff左(右)前襟left (right) forepart单(双)襟single ( double) breast全襟full open front长开襟deep placket半开襟placket front, neckline placket 对襟front opening偏襟slanting front, side opening曲襟crank opening假门襟mock fly贴门襟facing strap里襟under fly, right fly, right front 圆角前摆front round cut止口圆角front cut止口圆角点线front cut point衣边edge下摆折边bottom hem袖口折边cuff hem口袋折边pocket hem下卷边roll-down hem假缝边tack edge缝头seam allowance, seam, balance毛边fringe领串口gorge line领驳口fold line for lapel扣眼buttonhole圆锁眼eyelet buttonhole前肩省front shoulder dart前腰省front waist dart胸省chest dart, breast dart领省neck dart领口省neckline dart, gorge dart暗褶blind pleat复褶,对裥,和合裥[左右对折的褶裥]box pleats 弹带形褶裥,管形褶裥cartridge pleats曲形形褶裥curved pleat 前身里子front lining全(半)衬里full(half) lining活动里detachable lining脱卸里zip-out lining防缩里shrink-proof lining衣肩shoulder腰节waistline门襟里搭袢fly tongue挂面front facing, facing前搭门front overlap门襟止口front edge腰waist斜下摆slant-cut bottom弧形下摆curve bottom圆下摆round bottom衬衣下摆shirttail hem, shirttail罗纹下摆rib bottom大圆角前摆front cut away方角前摆front square cut, square front 反折边turn up hem贴边facing, welt滚边piped edge, welted edge滚条welt嵌条panel中心嵌条centre panel左右嵌条left (right) side panel包边covered edge花式扣眼fancy buttonhole滚眼welt buttonhole扣位button stand扣眼位button position扣眼档button distance省dart驳头省lapel dart肋省underarm dart, side dart横省side dart袖窿省armhole dart肘省elbow dart肚省stomach dart曲线省french dart鱼型省(褶)fish dart管形褶裥barrel pleating。

常见的纺织品检测项目及其英语对照

常见的纺织品检测项目及其英语对照

常见的纺织品检测项目及其英语对照纤维与纱线Fibers and Yarns1.纤维鉴别Fiber Identification2.纤维含量Fiber Content3.纱线细度Yarn fineness4.纤维长度Fiber length5.纱线强力Yarn strength6.纱线捻度Yarn Twist7.回潮率Moisture Regain8.化纤长丝分析Synthetic filament Analysis物理性能Physical properties1.经纬密度(Fabric Density)2.针织物线圈密度(Knitted fabric coil density)3.纱支(Yarn count)4.起毛起球(Pilling resistance)5.质量/克重量(Fabric Weight)6.厚度(Fabric thickness)7.水洗缩率(Washing shrinkage)8.气蒸缩率(Gas Steam shrinkage)9.干洗缩率(Dry shrinkage)10.洗后外观(appearance after laundering)11.拉伸强力(Tensile strength)12.撕破强力(Tearing strength)13.胀破强力(Bursting strength)14.接缝滑移(Seam slippage)15.折痕回复性(Crease recoverability)16.起毛起球(Pilling)17.荧光分析(Fluorescence Analysis)18.棉结杂质(Nep impurity)19.护理标签/水洗建议(care labeling recommendation)色牢度Color Fastness Test1.耐洗色牢度(Color fastness to washing )2.耐摩擦色牢度(Color fastness to rubbing)3.耐汗渍色牢度(Color fastness to perspiration)4.耐水色牢度(Color fastness to water)5.耐日晒色牢度(Color fastness to light)6.耐唾液色牢度(Color fastness to saliva)7.耐干洗色牢度(Color fastness to drycleaning)8.耐熨烫色牢度(Color fastness to Ironing)9.耐刷洗色牢度(Color fastness to scrubbing)10.耐漂白色牢度(Color fastness to Bleaching)11.耐干热色牢度(Color fastness to dry heat)12.耐甲醛色牢度(Color fastness to Formaldehyde)生态纺织品Eco-textile1. PH值(PH value)2. 甲醛含量(Formaldehyde content)3. 禁用偶氮染料(AZO Dyes content)4. 致癌染料(Carcinogenic dye)5. 致敏染料(Sensitized dye)6. 含氯苯酚(Chlorinated Phenols)7. 邻苯基苯酚(O-phenylphenol)8. 有机锡化合物(Organic Tin Compounds)9. 可萃取重金属(Extractable Metal Content)10. 六价铬(Chromium VI)11. 总铅/总镉(Total Lead/Cadmium)12. 镍释放量(Nickel release)13. 邻苯二甲酸盐(Phthalates)14. 富马酸二甲酯(DMF,Dimethyl Fumarate)15. 二甲苯(Xylene)16. 有机氯载体(chlorinated Organic carriers)17. 禁用纤维(Disable Fiber)18. 气味(Peculiar smell)功能性检测Textile Functional Property Test1. 燃烧性能(Flammability)2. 耐磨性(Abrasion Resistance)3. 静水压(Hydrostatic pressure)4. 表面抗湿性(Resistance to surface wetting)5. 透气性(Air permeability)6. 防水性(Water Repellency)7. 防油性(Oil Repellency)产品测试Product Tests1.国家纺织基本安全技术规(GB 18401)National general safety technical specification for textile products2.羽毛羽绒检测Feather & Down Test3.棉花品质检验Cotton Test4.衬衫Shirts5.棉服装Cotton wadded clothes6.婴幼儿服装Knitted garment and adornment for infant7.袜子Hosiery纺织专业词汇A色牢度试验项目COLOUR FASTNESS TESTS皂洗牢度washing摩擦牢度rubbing/crocking汗渍牢度perspiration干洗牢度drycleaning光照牢度light水渍牢度water氯漂白chlorine bleach spotting非氯漂白non-chlorine bleach漂白bleaching实际洗涤(水洗一次)actual laundering (one wash)氯化水chlorinated water含氯泳池水chlorinated pool water海水sea-water酸斑acid spotting碱斑alkaline spotting水斑water spotting有机溶剂organic solvent煮呢potting湿态光牢度wet light染料转移dye transfer热(干态)dry heat热压hot pressing印花牢度print durability臭氧ozone烟熏burnt gas fumes由酚类引起的黄化phenolic yellowing唾液及汗液saliva and perspirationB尺寸稳定性(缩水率)及有关试验项目(织物和成衣)DIMENSIONAL STABILITY (SHRINKAGE) AND RELATED TESTS (FABRIC & GARMENT)皂洗尺寸稳定性dimensional stability to washing (washing shrinkage)洗涤/手洗后的外观appearance after laundering / hand wash热尺寸稳定性dimensional stability to heating熨烫后外观appearance after ironing商业干洗稳定性dimensional stability to commercial drycleaning (drycleaning shrinkage)商业干洗后外观(外观保持性)appearance after commercial drycleaning (appearance retention) 蒸汽尺寸稳定性dimensional stability to steaming松弛及毡化dimensional stabilty to relaxation and felting缝纫线形稳定性dimensional stability for sewing threadC强力试验项目STRENGTH TESTS拉伸强力tensile strength撕破强力tear strength顶破强力bursting strength接缝性能seam properties双层织物的结合强力bonding strength of laminated fabric涂层织物的粘合强力adhesion strength of coated fabric单纱强力single thread strength缕纱强力lea strength钩接强力loop strength纤维和纱的韧性tenacity of fibres and yarnD织物机构测试项目FABRIC CONSTRUCTION TESTS织物密度(机织物) threads per unit length (woven fabric construction)织物密度(针织物) stitch density (knittted fabric)纱线支数counts of yarn纱线纤度(原样)denier counts as received织物幅宽fabric width织物克重fabric weight针织物线圈长度loop length of knitted fabric纱线卷曲或织缩率crimp or take-up of yarn割绒种类type of cut pile织造种类type of weave梭织物纬向歪斜度distortion in bowed and skewed fabrics (report as received and after one wash)圈长比terry to ground ratio织物厚度fabric thicknessE成分和其他分析试验项目COMPOSITION AND OTHER ANALYTICAL TESTS纤维成分fibre composition染料识别dyestuff identification靛蓝染料纯度purity of indigo含水率moisture content可萃取物质extractable matter填充料和杂质含量filling and foreign matter content淀粉含量starch content甲醛含量formaldehyde content甲醛树脂presence of formaldehyde resin棉丝光度mercerisation in cottonPH值PH value吸水性absorbanceF可燃性试验项目FLAMMABILITY TESTS普通织物的燃烧性能flammability of general clothing textiles 布料的燃烧速率(45。

major revision是什么意思

major revision是什么意思

majorrevision是什么意思major,revision的意思是:重大修改。

相关例句:1.NOTE:AmajorrevisionoftheNIVwasreleasedinearly2011.注:NIV一个重大修订在2011年初发布。

2.Ingeneral,theconceptofcomparativeriskassessmentneedss omemajorrevision。

总的来讲,比较性风险评估的概念需要某些重大修改。

3.Thenewresultisamajorrevisionandafullthreetimeslargert hananotherteam'srecentestimate。

这个结果是个很大的改动,而且是另一个团队估计的整整四倍。

4.ThoughtWorksStudiosrecentlyreleasedthelatestversionan dsecondmajorrevisionofTwist,itsAgiletestautomationtool。

ThoughtWorks工作室最近发布了最新版的敏捷测试自动化工具—twist,该版本是第二个重大修改版本。

5.Version2.00isthefirstversionofthedesignwhereamajorrev isionhasbeenmadenowthatmuchmoreisknownaboutthegame。

00版本是第一个完成了大量修改的版本,在非常了解游戏的前提条件下。

扩展资料:如果投稿一篇SCI论文收到需要大修(major,revision)的审稿意见,先不要慌,只要不是直接拒稿那就说明编辑和审稿人觉得你的文章还是很有魅力的。

Agile针对流程制造的配方与合规管理

Agile针对流程制造的配方与合规管理
管理样品
利用产品质量记分卡,用户可以管理和跟踪质量样品,以便进 行鉴定和追溯到供应商。如有必要,用户还可以存储任何有关样品 的文档。
跟踪产品合格情况
产品质量记分卡使用户可以针对任意数量的产品样品为一个或 多个评估人创建评估会话。用户可将具体的检测方案与这些样品相 连,以确定检测方法。然后,用户可以使用由检测方案自动创建的 记分卡对产品进行评估。各属性的得分和对其做出的注释以及各部 分的得分和总分都存储在产品质量记分卡数据库中。
• 过敏原及其浓度、添加剂和不耐性 • 一般规定,如犹太食品、有机和非转基因 • 营养成分 • 规格属性 • 已知的使用限制,如业务部门和国家 • 定制属性
计算机辅助合规性审查允许用户嵌入屏幕,从而以模块化方式 支持复杂的合规方案。
获得即时合规情况反馈
借助计算机辅助合规性审查,用户能够通过合规性屏幕上显示
分析产品合格情况
产品质量记分卡提供了对各种配料和成品质量不合格情况的实 时可视性,因此用户可以跨多个采购或使用地快速访问产品合格信 息。用户还可以将产品质量记分卡数据配置到定制报表中,如评估 会话结果、Pareto图、样品比较、供应商基准和供应商趋势。作为 质量基准评估基础,产品质量记分卡为用户在整个产品生命周期内 确定趋势和评估质量合格情况提供了一个重要工具。
设计工作台模块 • 电子实验室记录维护 • 多标准优化 • 对产品、营养及合规数 据进行实时分析 • 提供实验性假设分析 方案 • 制定配料说明 • 替代品和配料重用 • 规格和配方比较
计算机辅助合规性审查模 块
• 用户定义的合规屏幕 和规则
• 嵌入用于模拟合规情 况的屏幕
• 适用于产品结构中任 何层级的屏幕
史上最快最全的网络文档批量下载、上传、处理,O/r" acle产品介绍

Test strategy for agile testing

Test strategy for agile testing

Test strategy for agile testingYour team’s success with testing depends on several factors, which include the size of your team, your team’s methods, and your team's management tools. You can use agile methods to continuously improve test results. By applying this method, not only can you start to test with very limited resources, but also you can adjust your practice as appropriate throughout your project. What to consider when introducing agile testingWhen introducing agile testing to an existing application, your team can start by thinking of your testing strategy at both the sprint level and the project level. At the sprint level, you can include a set of acceptance tests to cover each user story of the current sprint. At the project level, you can have tests that span the entire project, such as end-to-end testing. This is useful if you want to verify functionality that spans two or more sprints. You can create all kinds of tests while your team builds code during a sprint. These tests include unit tests, acceptance tests, and nonfunctional tests, such as performance tests, security tests, and usability tests.To apply agile testing methods, you first should consider the history of your application and the system that your team uses. You can apply agile testing methods to both new and existing applications. You can use Microsoft Test Manager to create a test plan for your entire project and a test plan for each sprint in your project. These test plans allow your team to organize test cases into test suites that help prioritize running tests and help understand test results. For more information, see Creating a Test Plan Using Product Backlog Items, User Stories, or Requirements. Your team can use Visual Studio ALM to group test cases into test suites through several methods: ∙Creating and managing a static group of test cases.∙Using a query to create and manage a dynamic group of test cases (that is, find test cases based on priority).∙Adding a user story or a requirement to a test plan, where test cases have a link to the requirement.∙Copying an existing test suite from another test plan.For more information, see Organizing Test Cases Using Test Suites.Second, you must consider the testability of your code. To learn this, you need to understand the architecture and patterns of your application. If you use patterns such as Model View Controller (MVC), Model View ViewModel (MVVM), or Model View Presenter (MVP), you can isolate certainfunctions and run functional tests without the negative impact of user interface testing. However, this does not always represent the real case. For example, you cannot isolate functionality for the refactoring parts of your application, and you can reach certain areas of code only through the user interface or networking event handlers. If you want to significantly improve test quality, you must increase the percentage of testable code. For more information about these patterns, see MVC 2.Third, you must consider the capabilities of your team before you implement agile testing. Some team members should be able to create unit tests when you implement functionalities. Some team members should be able to create and define manual use cases and workflow tests if they are familiar with the business rules of your application. Additionally, other team members should be able to create automated and more detailed tests that are based on these manual tests if they have necessary technical skills.How to manage the testing lifecycleTesting is an iterative process throughout your project. Refer to the following steps:1. Make clear testing objectives, and make sure that your entire team agrees to them.Based on these objectives, determine your test strategy. For example, your strategymight be "Tests will be run before every check-in, unit tests will have 70% code coverage,and every user story will have at least one automated test."2. Define your test plan based on project user stories, design assumptions, andnonfunctional requirements in the current sprint.1. You can add user stories to the backlog and plan them for future sprints. Youshould match each test plan to at least one sprint and, therefore, should have testcases for all user stories in the sprint.3. Define and build test cases, such as acceptance tests, unit tests, functional tests, andperformance tests.4. Group test cases into test suites. You can fit these test suites into defined test plans thathelp guide your testing effort.5. Run test suites and contained test cases repeatedly throughout a sprint. Start to run testsearly in a sprint, and continue to add test cases to the test suites. If you want to identifyimportant test conditions and situations, you can apply exploratory testing and havefrequent conversations inside your team.6. Ensure that all the acceptance tests for a user story have passed before you set its statusto complete.Although the workflow can be much more involved depending on the breakdown of software, the previous illustration captures the essence of a workflow among main components.∙Code generates builds.∙Code is influenced by the defined work, test plans, and the quality of builds.∙Test plans, test suites, and test cases are influenced by planned goals and other aspects of the project that this illustration does not show.∙Changes in code can affect test cases.Fixing Bugs1. You must deal with bugs as early as possible. A severe bug means that the user storiesthat it affects have not been completed.2. Create bug work items for bugs that are found through either testing or other activities.Set the severity of the bug to indicate the degree to which it affects user stories. A highseverity, such as 0 or 1, indicates that important user stories are not implemented or thatusers must perform significant workarounds to achieve the story. A low severity, such as3, indicates that users can still achieve their main objectives without extra work.3. Work with others on your team to decide on an action plan for each bug.4. Resolve bugs as soon as you fix them. The bug should be assigned to another person toverify. Verify and close bugs as soon as possible.5. Track the status of bugs. In the retrospective meeting at the end of each iteration, look atthe Bug Trends report, and discuss the reasons for any unusual increases. For more information, see Bug Trends Report.。

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Agile testing(敏捷测试)基本上是伴随着敏捷开发的概念成长起来的,但在受关注程度上,远远不及敏捷开发本身。

自然,开发队伍从数量和活跃度上来讲大于测试队伍,是其中的一个原因;除了这个原因之外,“敏捷测试究竟如何在项目中发挥作用”这个问题可能也是导致敏捷测试概念的流行度远远不如敏捷开发的原因之一。

敏捷测试和传统测试观点最大的不同在这几个地方:
1.敏捷测试并不倾向于严格区分开发和测试角色,全体工程师对于质量具有同等的责任,
测试任务由开发和测试工程师共同完成;
2.敏捷测试的迭代周期很短,为了在很短的迭代周期中完成测试任务,要求建立“足够好”
的验收测试,建立足够的自动化测试;
3.敏捷测试不严格依赖于文档(需求,设计等),测试角色必须和其他成员以及客户有
良好的沟通,以保证建立的质量标准符合用户的需求,以及能够使用项目中的相关知识建立合理的测试框架;
4.关于底层测试和关于代码质量是敏捷测试中的一个非常好的实践。

其中,对传统测试观点最大的冲击是第1和第3点,打破测试角色和开发角色之间的严格限定,用沟通而不是文档作为建立测试的基础,这些的确会让一个熟悉传统测试环境的测试工程师骤然间不知所措。

敏捷测试的要点之一就是,不依据于角色而是依据于任务来考虑整个开发过程中的测试。

但是,对一个开发组织来说,组织中一定存在开发工程师和测试工程师的角色划分,作为一个敏捷团队中的测试工程师,他的主要工作职责是什么呢?或者说,他可以在哪些工作上发挥自己的作用呢?
敏捷过程中与测试相关的任务很多,概括说来有如下一些:
1.建立不同级别的测试验收标准(也就是test suite),包括单元测试、集成测试、系
统测试等各个层面的验收标准;
2.推动整个组织的质量文化,保证整个组织的成员在质量责任与目标方面达成一致;
3.通过技术或是管理的手段,保证产品、代码具有良好的可测试性;
4.通过自动化测试手段缩短每个产品发布周期中测试所需的时间;
5.与客户沟通确认客户可接受的软件质量标准,并建立针对此标准的验收测试;
6.深入了解应用系统和业务需求,通过探索性测试方法设计有效的测试用例,发现产品
中的缺陷;
7.建立对整个团队可见的质量度量体系,保证整个团队能够随时看到产品的质量度量值。

这些工作都可以是敏捷团队中测试工程师角色的工作任务,但显然,在现实中,不太可能要求所有这些工作都由测试工程师来承担─同时,让测试工程师承担全部这些工作任务也并不合理,某些工作由开发工程师角色,或是由开发工程师和测试工程师共同承担更为合理。

接下来,把列出的这7项工作更详细的划分成“测试工程师必须完成的工作”,“测试工程师需要去推进的工作”,以及“能为项目带来巨大价值的工作”。

1.测试工程师必须完成的工作:
1.与客户沟通确认客户可接受的软件质量标准,并建立针对此标准的验收测试;
2.深入了解应用系统和业务需求,通过探索性测试方法设计有效的测试用例,发现
产品中的缺陷;
3.建立系统和用户验收级别的测试验收标准;
4.通过自动化测试手段缩短每个产品发布周期中测试所需的时间;
2.测试工程师需要去推进的工作:
0.推动低层次测试(单元测试和接口级别的测试)的进行。

低层次是测试对于需要
快速发布的敏捷开发来说至关重要,但在大部分国内的软件组织中,开发测试都
需要经过不断的推动才能被最终执行下去,测试工程师具有相关的测试技巧,
并且能够用翔实的统计数据表明低层次测试的必要性,是最好的推动低层次测试
的人选;
1.推动整个组织的质量文化,保证整个组织的成员在质量责任与目标方面达成一致。

这一点对于敏捷组织来说也是至关重要的;在许多传统的软件开发组织中,经常
能看到开发和测试之间的扯皮,针对一个遗漏的缺陷,大家考虑第一件事不是
如何去修复,如何去防止,而是首先“追究责任”─在敏捷过程中,需要一个非常
不同的环境:也即,质量责任是由所有工程师共同承担的,对于出现的问题,
重要的是解决和预防。

3.能为项目带来巨大价值的工作
0.建立对整个团队可见的质量度量体系,保证整个团队能够随时看到产品的质量度
量值。

保证产品质量度量的可见可以让整个团队清楚的看到我们现在正在工作的
产品与我们期望交付的产品在质量上还有多大的差距,这样整个团队可以以质
量度量作为指示,集中精力工作在这些差距上,从而可以尽快的发布“可工作”
的产品。

“验收测试的通过度”,“单元测试的通过率”,“功能完成情况”等等项
目都可以是质量度量中的度量项。

1.通过技术或是管理的手段,保证产品、代码具有良好的可测试性。

良好的可测试
性对于产品的维护,自动化测试的进行都是非常有利的─我觉得,甚至可以武断
的说,如果一个应用系统没有良好的可测试性,就很难期望可以在该项目上设
置良好的测试框架。

测试工程师一般不参与具体的设计工作和代码实施工作,但
测试工程师可以推动开发工程师在设计和实现时尽可能的考虑可测试性设计,
另一方面,测试工程师也可以通过测试覆盖率这个质量及时发现应用中可测试性
不强的地方,推动开发工程师的改进。

当然,要完成这些工作,和传统的QA工程师相比,敏捷过程对测试工程师提出了更好的技能上的要求。

一个敏捷项目中的测试工程师应该具有这样一些技能:
1.良好的沟通和协作能力;
2.良好的设计和代码能力,至少可以和开发工程师在同一水平上讨论具体的设计和代码
实现;
3.快速学习和总结的能力(运用探索性测试发现缺陷);
4.对自动化测试有深刻的理解(至少要能清楚的认识到自动化测试不等于UI自动化测
试,也不等于用自动化测试工具进行录制和回放);
5.快速的风险分析和判断能力(在许多情况下都不会有足够的时间开展full regression,
如何判断风险和决定相应的对策至关重要)。

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