英语词汇学——反义词

1、Gradable等级性
——the members of a pair differ in terms of degree. The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of the other.
excellent good bad
terrible
（1）The assertion of one is the denial of the other 非此即彼
（2）Nongradable无等级性
1）The assertion of one is the denial of the other 非此即彼.
there is no middle ground between them.
• Verb
Love
hate
attachment liking indifference antipathy
依恋
喜欢 漠不关心 反感
Converse是什么？
匡 威？ 鞋 子？
Converse 不仅仅是匡威
更是……
逆反反义词
III. Converses 逆反反义词
Two kinds
（1）Relational opposites关系反义词 （2）Reverse terms 逆反词
主观上Mary觉得房子更大了，因为住的 人少了。
3.Middle ground中间状态
• Adj.
old
middle-aged
open ajar半掩
rich
well-to-do小康
hot
warm
beautiful good-looking
young
close
poor
cool
cold
plain平常 ugly
2）Nongradable无等级
• cannot be used in comparative比较级 or superlative最高级 degrees
e.g. He is more dead. (×) He is the most single. (×)
• cannot be modified by adverbs of intensity 程度副词 like very e.g. He is very/extremely single (×)
• So, these words can be
ed in comparative and superlative degrees 2.modified by adverbs of intensity like very
e.g. A man is very rich. A man is richer than the other.
e.g. parent—child husband—wife predecessor前任—successor继任 employer—employee guest—host …
Antonymy 反义词
Complementaries 互补反义
Contraries 相对反义
Converses 逆反反义
I. Complementaries互补反义词
• Definition
——truly represent oppositeness of meaning. 意义的对立
• Two Characteristics
II. Contraries 相对反义词 （gradable antonymys 等级性反义词）
—— a scale running between two poles or extremes在两极中间游动的标尺
• Three characteristics
⑴ Gradable等级性 ⑵ Relative相对 & Subjective主观 ⑶ Middle ground中间状态
2.Relative & Subjective
•Relative相对
Sue Mary
Anne
e.g. Sue’s house is big and Mary’s house is small . Sue’s house is bigger than Mary’s. Anne’s house is big and Sue’s house is small . Anne’s Байду номын сангаасouse is bigger than Sue’s.
e.g. Alive—dead
He is alive = He is not dead He is dead =He is not alive
A
B
半死不活？
male—female present—absent same—different
boy—girl true—false imperfect—perfect
反义词 Antonymy [æ n'tɔnɪmɪ]
11级师范二班 向越
Antonymy
• ——deals with semantic opposition语义 对立
• Definition ——Words that are opposite in meaning
（P131，para 2，line1）
2.Relative & Subjective
•Subjective主观
However, we can also say that “Mary’s house is relatively big now
than before, considering the fact that that there are fewer people living with her.”
1.Relational opposites关系反义词
➢ The pairs of words indicate such a reciprocal social relationship社会关系 that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other. 相互依存
• Six Classes
1）contradictory terms矛盾=complementaries 互补反义词 2）contrary terms对立 3）relative terms关系 4）reverse terms逆反=converses逆反反义词 5）contrasted terms对比 6）incompatibles互斥