Argumentation

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1. introduction: death of Benny Paret
investigation into the death 2. body: medical evidence mores of the crowd
3. conclusion:
prevailing mores : the culprit
How does the writer develop his argument?
a. narration
To narration
b. argument
To argument
1.
My job: first-hand information, hence trustworthy 2. Mr. Jacobs: inside the truth, hence authoritaห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ive
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• Para 1-2 The writer had an interview with Mike Jacobs, who was ( the prizefight promoter ) Number One in the boxing world. • Para 3-5 The only important element in successful boxing promoting is ( to please the crowd) . People come out to see the knockout ) . ( • Para 6-8 Benny Paret was killed in (the ring ) . The direct cause of his death was ( massive a ) hemorrhage in the brain.
Argumentation
Nature of argumentative essay
• • • 1. 2. 3. Exposition: inform Argumentation: convince steps of Persuasion To present an opinion to the reader. To explain, clarify, and illustrate that opinion. To persuade the reader that your opinion is valid.
• To be successful, your argument /position paper should present: • A thorough understanding of the issue; • A clear, specific thesis; • A focused argument that effectively supports your thesis;
A debatable point
• • • • the following are not good thesis statements. Mere statements of facts Statements of personal taste Viewpoints that can be readily verified
The emotional appeal
• An effective emotional appeal can be made in four common ways: • Showing empathy: • => Identify with the reader’s feelings and express real interest in their interest. • [Note] empathy: Identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings, and motives.
How to write an argumentation:
• • • • • • • Argumentation ≠ Quarrel A debatable point Sufficient evidence The logical appeal The emotional appeal Outline of a proposition argument Fallacies in argumentative writing
Happy Every Day!
The emotional appeal
• Showing respect for views other than yours: • => The purpose is to win readers to your side. By showing respect for the merit in their position, you are decreasing readers’ resistance to your own position. Besides, it also proves that you understand that no arguable position is absolutely right.
Fallacies in argumentative writings
• • • False analogy Circular argument A loose argument
Example:
• Who Killed Benny Paret?
Development of the Argument: Narration and argument
The emotional appeal
• Maintaining a moderate tone: • => The purpose of doing this is to ease any potential attack on your argument. • Using vivid examples: • => The purpose is to attract the attention of readers to the issue you are discussing.
Deductive Reasoning
• The process is just the opposite of inductive reasoning – it moves from a general statement to a specific conclusion. It works on the model of syllogism ([逻]三段论 法, 推论法, 演绎)– a three-part argument in which there are two statements, known as the major premise and the minor premise, and a conclusion. • All human beings make mistakes. • X is a human being. • Therefore, X makes mistakes.
• Clear topic sentences which state exactly what body paragraphs intend to accomplish; • Credible, relevant source material which supplements and assists your argument; • Parenthetical documentation which clearly cites all quotes, summaries, and paraphrases from your source material; • No logical fallacies.
a. to move the reader to action; b. to convince the reader that the opinion is correct or c. to persuade the reader that your opinion is at least worth considering.
Sufficient evidence
• Examples: concrete, illustrative, representative • Facts: readily accepted, be based on personal observation • Statistics: avoid presenting a long list of figures • Authorities: those who are experienced and knowledgeable in certain fields
The logical appeal
• From the least important to the most important • From the most familiar to the least familiar • From the easiest for the reader to accept or comprehend to the most difficult
The logical appeal
• • Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
• When you use induction, you start with facts and proceed from facts to a general conclusion. In other words, you move from specific examples to a general statement.
• Para 9 The prime responsibility for Paret’s death lies with the people who pay to see ( a man hurt. ) • Para 10 The blame should be put on (the prevailing mores that regard prizefighting as a perfectly proper enterprise and vehicle of entertainment. )