英美文学选读完美中英对照版

英美文学选读复习要点中英文对照Part one: English Literature Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴
的核心。

2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。

3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.
人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。

4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特
拉克的十四行诗引进英国。

6. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。

7. The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，
而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即
将格律，韵脚（式），组织结构，
意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合
起来勾画出情感主题，并将其极为
鲜明生动的表现出来。

8. The most famous dramatists in the
Renaissance England are Christopher
Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and
Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著
名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛，威
廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。

9. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the
first important English essayist.费兰
西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的
散文家。

(I)Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞
10. the theme of Redcrosse is not
“Arms and the man,” but something
more romantic-“Fierce wars and
faithful loves.”《仙后》的主题并非
“男人与武器”，而是更富浪漫色彩
的“残酷战争与忠贞爱情”。

11. It is Spenser’s idealism, his love
of beauty, and his exquisite melody
that make him known as “the poets’
poet.”正是斯宾塞的理想主义，对美
的热爱以及精美优雅的诗文韵律是
他成为“诗人中的诗人”。

(II)Christopher Marlowe克利斯朵
夫.马洛
12. As the most gifted of the
“University Wits,” M arlowe
composed six plays within his short
lifetime. Among them the most
important are: Tamburlaine, Parts I
& II, Dr.Faustus, The Jew of Malta
and Edward II.马洛是当时“大学才
子”中最富才华的人，在他短暂的一
生中，他完成了六部剧本的创作。

其中最负盛名的是：《帖木尔》，
《浮士德博士的悲剧》，《马耳他
岛的犹太人》以及《爱德华二世》。

13. Marlowe’s greatest achievement
lies in that he perfected the blank
verse and made it the principal
medium of English drama.马洛的艺
术成就在于他完善了无韵体诗，并
使之成为英国戏剧中最重要的文体
形式。

14. Marlowe’s second achievement
is his creation of the Renaissance
hero for English drama.马洛的第二
项贡献是他创造了文艺复兴时期的
英雄形象。

15. His brilliant achievement as a
whole raised him to an eminence as
the pioneer of English drama.他对戏
剧发展的贡献是不可磨灭的，为此，
它被后世尊为英国戏剧的先驱。

16. The passionate shepherd to his
love激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘
This short poem is considered to be
one of the most beautiful lyrics in
English literature.这首短诗是英国
文学诗中最优美的抒情诗。

(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士
比亚
17. The first period of his dramatic
career, he wrote five history plays:
Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard
III, and Titus Andronicus; and four
comedies: The Comedy of Errors,
The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The
Taming of the Shrew, and Love’s
Labour’s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的
第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：
《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰
托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错
误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，
《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。

18. In the second period, he wrote
five histories: Richard II, King John,
Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry
V; six comedies: A Midsummer
Night’s Dream, The Merchant of
Venice, Much Ado About Nothing,
As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and
The Merry Wives of Windsor; and
two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and
Julius Caesar.在第二阶段，他写了
五部历史剧：《理查三世》，《约
翰王》，《亨利四世》，《亨利五
世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》，
《威尼斯商人》，《无事生非》，
《皆大欢喜》，《第十二夜》，《温
莎的风流娘儿们》，还有两部悲剧：
《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.
凯撒》。

19. Shakespeare’s third period
includes his greatest tragedies and
his so-called dark comedies. The
tragedies of this period are Hamlet,
Othello, King Lear, Macbeth,
Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and
Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two
comedies are All’s Well That Ends
and Measure for Measure.第三阶段
诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称
的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：
《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李
尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利
奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西
达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。

两部喜
剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。

20. The last period of Shakespeare’s
work includes his principle romantic
tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline,
The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest;
and his two plays: Henry VIII and
The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个
时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧：
《伯
里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》
与《暴风雨》。

他最后两部剧是《亨
利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。

21. Shakespeare’s sonnets are the
only direct expression of the poet’s
own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎
翁直抒胸臆的成果。

22. Shakespeare’s history plays are
mainly written under the principle
that national unity under a mighty
and just sovereign is a necessity.莎
翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题：在
一个强大英明的君主统领下的国
家，统一是非常必要的。

23. In his romantic comedies,
Shakespeare takes an optimistic
attitude toward love and youth, and
the romantic elements are brought
into full play.在他的浪漫喜剧中，莎
士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情与青
春，并将浪漫色彩渲染到极致。

24. The successful romantic tragedy
is Romeo and Juliet, which eulogizes
the faithfulness of love and the spirit
of pursuing happiness.莎翁在其成
功的浪漫主义悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽
叶》，颂扬了对爱的忠贞及对幸福
的追求。

25. Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays some noble hero.莎士比亚的四大悲剧是：《哈姆雷特》《奥赛罗》《李尔王》《麦克白》26. “The King’s government must be carried on”—but carried on for the good of the nation, not for the pleasure of the king.“国王的统治一定要万古不变”----但是这种流传百世万古不变的统治是有利于国家利益的，而不是只为国王自己服务。

27. Thus, he finds no way to solve the social problems. In the end, the only thing he can do as a humanist is to escape from the reality to seek comfort in his dream.正因如此，他才无力寻求到医治各种社会痼疾的灵丹妙药，最后，他作为人文主义所能做的唯一事情便是逃避现实，从梦幻中找安慰。

28. He holds that literature should be
a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality.他认为文学应该是真善美的结合，应该反映天性与现实。

29. Shakespeare is above all writers in the past and in the present time.古往今来，没有一个作家能与莎士比亚媲美，他对后世文学家的潜移默化也是无可估量的。

30. Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point of view, in literary form or in language.在他之后几乎所有的英国文学家都在艺术观点，文学形式及语言技巧方面受到他的影响。

31. Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare.十四行诗第十八首诗莎翁最出色的十四行诗。

(IV)Francis Bacon弗兰西斯.培根32. The most import works of his first group include The Advancement of Learning, Written in English; Novum Organum , an enlarged Latin version of The Advancement of Learning.培根的作品可分为三类：
第一类中最重要的作品有《学术的
进展》（用英文著述）《新工具》
（是《学术的进展》的拉丁文增补
版）
33. One is the knowledge obtained
from the Divine Revelation, the other
is the knowledge from the workings
of human mind.他将知识分为两种：
一种是通过神的启示获得的知识，
另一种是通过人类用脑思考而获得
的知识。

34. According to Bacon, man’s
understanding consists of three parts:
history to man’s memory, po etry to
man’s imagination and creation, and
philosophy to man’s reason.培根认
为，人类的认识与学问分为三部分：
基于人类回忆的历史学，基于人类
想象力创造力的诗歌与基于人类理
性的哲学。

35. Bacon, as a humanist intellect,
shows the new empirical attitudes
toward truth about nature and
bravely challenges the medieval
scholasticist.作为人文主义者的培
根展示了自己对于自然界真理的实
验主义态度，并向中世纪的经院哲
学家们提出挑战。

36. Bacon’s essays are famous for
their brevity, compactness and
powerfulness.培根的散文以简洁，
紧凑，有力度而著名。

37. The essays are well-arranged and
enriched by biblical allusions,
metaphors and cadence.这些散文不
仅结构巧妙还大量使用了《圣经》
的典故，隐喻和基调。

38. Of Studies 论学习
Reading maketh a full man,
conference a ready man, and writing
an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论
使人机智。

(V)John Donne约翰.邓恩
39. The imagery is drawn from the
actual life.诗中的意象都是从现实
生活中提取的。

40. His poems give a more
inherently theatrical impression by
exhibiting a seemingly unfocused
diversity of experiences and attitudes,
and a free range of feelings and
moods.他的诗歌给人一种固有的戏
剧性，展示了看上去零散多样的经
历与观念，以及漫无边际的情感与
心境。

41. The Sons and Sonnets, by which
Donne is probably best known,
contains most of his early lyrics.《歌
与短歌》是邓恩最有名的诗集，囊
括了他早期大多数爱情诗作。

42. In his gloomy poem “Farewell to
love,” we can see his disillusionment.
在忧伤的诗作《告别爱情》中，我
们就可以感受到他对爱情幻想的破
灭。

43. With the brief, simple language,
the argument is continuous
throughout the poem.议论依附于一
种简洁平白的语言，并贯穿于整首
诗作。

(VI)John Milton约翰.弥尔顿
44. he was entirely occupied with the
thoughts of fighting for human
freedom.他头脑中充满了为人类自
由而战的思想。

45. Milton’s literary achievements
can be divided into three groups: the
early poetic works, the middle prose
pamphlets and the great poem.弥尔
顿的文学作品可分为三类：早期诗
作，中期的散文小册子和后期的伟
大诗作。

46. Milton wrote his three major
poetical works: Paradise Lost,
Paradise Regained, and Samson
Agonistes.他的三部伟大诗作：《失
乐园》《复乐园》和《力士参孙》。

47. The theme of Paradise Lost is the
“Fall of Man”. In the fall of man
Adam discovered his full humanity.
失乐园的主题是人类的沉沦。

在沉
沦之中，亚当发现了自己身上的人
性。

48. Milton held that God created all
things out of Himself, including evil.
他认为上帝是按照他自己的样子造
出的世界，其中也包括罪恶。

49. It opens the way for the
voluntary sacrifice of Christ which
showed the mercy of God in bringing
good out of evil.为基督自愿献身开
辟了道路，这也显示出上帝欲将人
类从罪恶与苦难中拯救出来的同情
心。

50. In Samson Agonistes, the whole
poem strongly suggests Milton’s
passionate longing that he too could
bring destruction down upon the
enemy at the cost of his own life.在
力士参孙中，整首诗都强烈暗示着
弥尔顿渴望他自己也能像参孙一
样，以生命为代价，与敌人同归于
尽。

51. In his life, Milton shows himself
a real revolutionary, a master poet
and a great prose writer.弥尔顿毕生
都展现了真正的革命精神和非凡的
诗歌才华。

52. Paradise Lost:人类由于理性不
强，意志薄弱，经不起考验，暗示
英国自产主义革命失败的原因。

Chapter2 The Neoclassical
Period(1660-1798)新古典主义
1. In short, it was an age full of
conflicts and divergence of values.总
之，这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧
的时期。

2. The eighteenth-century England is
also known as the Age of
Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.
英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义
时代，或曰理性时代。

3. Its purpose was to enlighten the
whole world with the light of modern
philosophical and artistic ideas.运动
的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想
的晨光启迪整个世界。

4. Enlighteners held that rationality
or reason should be the only, the
final cause of any human thought
and activities. They called for a
reference to order, reason and rules.
启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。

他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。

5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing, became a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。

6. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大.蒲柏，约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔（这两位是现代散文的先驱），乔纳森.斯威夫特，丹尼尔.迪福，理查.B.谢立丹，亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。

7. In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.在文学领域，启蒙主义运动还使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。

8. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.他们认为理想的艺术应基于秩序，逻辑，确切及情感控制的基础上，而文学作品的价值评判标准应该看它是否
为人文主义服务。

9. Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and
intellectual art developed.由此一种
温文尔雅，充满灵性的知识分子文
学艺术发展起来。

10. Neoclassicists had some fixed
laws and rules for almost every genre
of literature.在几乎所有的文学形式
中，新古典主义者们都设定了创作
的规矩与条框。

11. Drama should be written in the
heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter
rhymed in two lines); the three
unities of time, space and action
should be strictly observed;
regularity in construction should be
adhered to, and type characters rather
than individuals should be
represented.戏剧必须用英雄体偶剧
（抑扬五音步的押韵双行诗）写就；
时间，地点，事件三要素必须要遵
循；写作的规矩必须要遵守，而作
品中的人物要代表一类人，而不是
个性化。

12. But it had a lasting wholesome
influence upon English literature. (套
话)但新古典主义对英国文学史产
生过持久的全面的影响。

13. The poetic techniques and certain
classical graces such as order, good
form, unified structure, clarity and
conciseness of language developed
in this period have become a
permanent heritage.在这一时期出现
的诗歌技巧与古典气质，如秩序，
优美的格式，统一的结构，简明的
语言都成为永恒的文学传统。

14. The mid-century was, however,
predominated by a newly rising
literary form---the modern English
novel, which, contrary to the
traditional romance of aristocrats,
gives a realistic presentation of life
of the common English people.十八
世纪中叶，还兴起一种崭新的文学
形式----英国现代小说，这种文学与
传统贵族的骑士文学相反，着重描
写英国普通百姓的生活。

15. Among the pioneers were Daniel
Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry
Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias
George Smollett, and Oliver
Goldsmith.英国现代小说的先驱有
丹尼尔.迪福，塞缪尔.理查德，亨利.
费尔丁，劳伦斯.斯泰思，托比亚斯.
斯摩莱特以及奥立弗.哥尔斯密。

16. From the middle part to the end
of the century there was also an
apparent shift of interest from the
classic literary tradition to originality
and imagination, from society to
individual, and from the didactic to
the confessional, inspirational and
prophetic. 从十八世纪中叶至十八
世纪末，还出现了古典文学传统向
独创性与丰富联想性的转移，社会
描写向个性描写的转移，说教向忏
悔，鼓励及预示的转移。

17. Gothic novels---mostly stories of
mystery and horror.哥特式小说----
主要讲述恐怖神秘的故事。

18. Jonathan Swift’s A Modest
Proposal being generally regarded as
the best model of satire, not only of
the period but also in the whole
English literary history.乔纳森.斯威
夫特的《一个小小的建议》被公认
为英国文学史上讽刺作品的经典。

(I)John Bunyan约翰.班扬
19. As a stout Puritan, he had made a
conscientious study of the Bible and
firmly believed in salvation through
spiritual struggle.作为一个坚定的清
教徒，他认真学习《圣经》，并深
信人一定能通过精神上的奋斗得到
拯救。

20. he made it possible for the reader
of the least education to share the
pleasure of reading his novel and to
relive the experience of his
characters.他的语言具体生动，情节
鲜明真实，连没受过教育的人也能
享受到阅读他的作品的乐趣。

21. Bunyan’s other works include
Grace Abounding to the Chief of
Sinners, The Life and Death of
Mr.Badman, The Holy War and The
Pilgrim’s Progress, Part II.班扬其他
的作品还有《罪人头目的赦免》，
《拜得门先生生死录》，《圣战》
以及《天路历程》第二部
22. The Vanity Fair.名利场（节选
《天路历程》第一部）
The Pilgrim’s Progress is the most
successful religious allegory in the
English language. Its purpose is to
urge people to abide by Christian
doctrines and seek salvation through
constant struggles with their own
weaknesses and all kinds of social
evils.《天路历程》是英文作品中最成功的宗教寓言。

它的主旨是让人们遵循基督教教义，并通过不断战胜自身弱点与身外的邪恶来获得拯救。

(II)Alexander Pope 亚历山大.蒲伯23. Pope, a very sensitive man, would strike back hard, and in the constant verbal battles he developed a style of biting satire. 蒲伯本身是个很敏感的人，自然要用笔墨来反击，在此期间，他发展了犀利的讽刺文体。

24. For him the supreme value was order---cosmic order, political order, social order, aesthetic order, and this emphasis on order found expression in all of his works.对他来说秩序有着至高无上的价值-----宇宙秩序，政治秩序，社会秩序，美学秩序。

这种对秩序与理性的强调深入到了他各部作品中。

25. Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711. The next year, he published The Rape of the Lock, a finest mock epic.1711年，他出版了散文《论批评》，从此奠定了他在诗坛的地位。

次年，他又出版了《夺发记》，一部极妙的讽刺史诗。

26. Pope was the greatest poet of his time. He strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum. 蒲伯是当时最伟大的诗
人，他大力提倡新古典主义，强调
文学作品的优劣应由古典的秩序尺
度，理性，逻辑，情感的克制，高
雅的品位以及是否体面，正派来衡
量。

27. He worked painstakingly on his
poems, developed a satiric, concise,
smooth, graceful and well-balanced
style.他致力于诗歌创作，发展了讽
刺，简练，通顺，优雅，平衡的风
格。

(III)Daniel Defoe丹尼尔.笛福
28. His quick mind, abundant energy
and never-failing enthusiasm always
brought him back on his feet after a
fall.他过人的才智，充沛的精力，
旺盛而持久的热情总是使他在失败
后能重新站起。

29. Robinson Crusoe, an adventure
story very much in the spirit of the
time, is universally considered his
masterpiece.《鲁宾逊漂流记》是一
部体现时代精神的游记历险小说，
是笛福的代表作。

30. In most of his works, he gave his
praise to the hard-working, study
middle class and showed his
sympathy for the downtrodden,
unfortunate poor.在他大部分作品
中，他都表达了对勤劳，坚强的中
产阶级的赞誉，以及对破落不幸的
穷苦人的同情。

31. Defoe was a very good
story-teller.笛福很会讲故事。

32. His sentences are sometimes
short, crisp and plain, and sometimes
long and rambling, which leave on
the reader an impression of casual
narration.他的语句时而短小干脆，
朴素直白，时而又气势磅礴，泼墨
如水，为读者留下了叙述自由悠闲
的印象。

33. His language is smooth, easy,
colloquial and mostly vernacular.他
的措辞简朴易懂又口语化，有时甚
至是俗语方言。

34. There is nothing artificial in his
language: it is common English at its
beat.他的语言毫无造作，完全是大
众英语。

35. Robinson Crusoe: The novel
consists actually of three parts. 《鲁
宾逊漂流记》：整部小说分为三个
部分
The realistic account of the
successful struggle of Robinson
single-handedly against the hostile
nature forms the best part of the
novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a
typical eighteenth-century English
middle-class man., the pioneer
colonist.其中对鲁宾逊徒手与恶劣
的大自然作斗争的描述是小说最精
彩的部分。

在此，鲁宾逊是真正的
英雄：一个典型的英国十八世纪中
产阶级人士。

(IV)Jonathan Swift乔纳森.斯威夫
特
36. In 1704 he published two
powerful satires on corruption in
religion and learning, A Tale of a
Tub and The Battle of the Books,
which established his name as a
satirist.1704年，他针对宗教和学术
界的腐败出版了两篇犀利的讽刺小
品，一为《桶的故事》，一为《书
籍的战斗》。

这两篇作品奠定了他
在讽刺作品中的地位。

37. Even today Swift is still
respected as a national hero in
Ireland.直至今日，斯威夫特还被尊
为爱尔兰的民族英雄。

38. In his opinion, human nature is
seriously and permanently flawed.
To better human life, enlightenment
is needed.他认为人性永远有着严重
的瑕疵，为了使人的生活更美好，
人们需要启蒙。

39. In his writings, although he
intends not to condemn but to reform
and improve human nature and
human institutions.在他的作品中，
他提倡的不是谴责，而是采取行为
改良人性与人为的机构。

40. His “A Modest Proposal ” is
generally taken as a perfect model.他
的《一个温和的建议》被认为是一
篇完善的典范。

41. Swift is one of the greatest
masters of English prose.斯威夫特
是一名优秀的散文作家。

42. He defined a good style as
“proper words in proper places.”
Clear, simple, concrete diction,
uncomplicated sentence structure,
economy and conciseness of
language mark all his
writings---essays, poems and novels.
他创立了一种良好的文风，即“在恰
当的地方用恰当的词”。

无论是散
文，诗歌，还是小说，简洁，具体，精确，没有复杂的句式永远是他的写作风格。

43. Swift’s chief works are: A Tale
of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, The Drapier’s
Letters(note:Drapier=Swift, alias), Gulliver’s Travels and A Modest Proposal.斯威夫特的作品主要有《桶的故事》，《书籍的战斗》，《德拉皮尔的信》，《格列佛游记》和《一个温和的建议》。

44. Gulliver’s Travels: Jonathan’s best fictional work, the book contains four parts. Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound. 《格列佛游记》：是斯威夫特最精彩的一部小说，全书分为四卷，它具有重大的社会意义，同时对人性的探索与揭示也是深刻的。

(V)Henry Fielding亨利.费尔丁45. During his career as a dramatist, Fielding had attempted a considerable number of forms of play.在他戏剧创作生涯里，费尔丁曾尝试过许多不同的戏剧模式。

46. Of all his plays, the best known are The Coffee-House Politician, The Tragedy of Tragedies, Pasquin, and The Historical Register for the Year 1736.他的作品中最有名的要数《咖啡屋的政治家》，《悲剧中的悲剧》，《巴斯昆》，《1736历史年鉴》。

47. a “comic epic in prose,” whose subject is “the true ridiculous” in
human nature.“散文体喜剧史诗”，
主题是人类本性中的荒唐，对人性
进行了真实的讽刺。

48. The dominating qualities of the
novel are its excellent
character-portrayal, timely entrances
and exits, robustness of tone and
hilarious, hearty humor.小说的突出
特点是出色的人物刻画，及时的出
场退场，笔调的遒劲及令人会心的
幽默。

49. “The Great Man, properly
considered, is no better than a great
gangster”----The History of Jonathan
Wild the Great从某种意义上说，伟
大的人物无异于“伟大”的匪徒
--------《伟大的乔纳森怀尔德》。

50. The History of Tom Jones is a
masterpiece on the subject of human
nature. 费尔丁的代表作《汤姆.琼
斯：一个弃儿的故事》主题是对人
性的讽刺。

51. the purpose of the novel was not
just to amuse, but to instruct, the
object of novel was to present a
faithful picture of life, “the just
copies of human manners,” with
sound teaching woven into their
texture, so as to teach men to know
themselves, their proper-spheres and
appropriate manners.，小说不仅供娱
乐，而且更有教育意义，他的小说
的主旨是要真实地展示生活，使之
成为“人类态度的完整拷贝”，并将
说教巧妙的引入作品，教导人们认
识自己，寻求适宜的人生态度。

52. Fielding has been regarded by
some as “Father of the English
novel,” for his contribution to the
establishment of the form of the
modern novel.费尔丁被一些人尊为
“英国小说之父”，因为他为现代小
说模式的创立作出很大贡献。

53. he was the first to set out , both
in theory and practice, to write
specifically a “comic epic in prose,”
the first to give the modern novel its
structure and style.他第一个在理论
与实践上创造了“散文体喜剧史
诗”，并第一个为现代小说确立了结
构和风格。

54. He “thinks the thought” of all his
characters, so he is able to present
not only their external behaviors but
also the internal workings of their
minds.作者以角色的口吻去“想”，
因此不仅可以表述人物的外在行
为，还可深入刻画其内心的思想活
动。

55. Fielding ‘s language is easy,
unlaboured and familiar, but
extremely vivid and vigorous. His
sentences are always distinguished
by logic and rhythm, and his
structure carefully planed toward an
inevitable ending.费尔丁的创作语
言自然流畅，通俗易懂，同时又栩
栩如生并富有活力，他的句子以逻
辑性和韵律性见长，小说结尾总是
水到渠成，顺理成章。

56. Tom Jones, the novel consists of
18 books. Tom, the titular hero of the
story, he became a national hero,
he---honest, kind-hearted,
high-spirited, loyal, and brave, but
impulsive, wanting prudence and full
of animal spirits.《汤姆.琼斯》共18
卷，汤姆曾一度成为全国人民心中
的英雄，他----诚实，善良，高尚，
忠诚，勇敢，同时也有着易冲动，
鲁莽和野性难驯的缺点。

57. Tom Jones brings its author the
name of the “Prose Home.” The
panoramic view it provides of the
18th-century English country.《汤姆.
琼斯》为费尔丁赢得了“散文荷马”
的盛名，小说为读者提供了一幅英
国18世纪乡村与城市的宏伟的全
景图。

(VI)Samuel Johnson塞缪尔.约翰逊
58. The years between 1737 and
1755, he did translations, wrote
poems, essays and so on.1737年至
1755年这段时间对他来说充满了
艰辛:他做过翻译,写过诗,为书商编
书,编辑杂志。

59. In his famous Literary Club,
where he was surrounded with
respect by the elite of the literary
circles.在他的文学社里，周围围满
了敬仰他的文学精英。

60. Johnson was an energetic and
versatile writer. He had a hand in all
the different branches of literary
activities.约翰逊精力充沛，多才多
艺，他还涉足各种各样的文学领域。

61. His chief works include pomes:
“London”, and “The Vanity of
Human Wishes”; a romance: The
History of Rasselas, Prince of
Abyssinia; a tragedy: Irene.他的主
要作品有诗歌：《伦敦》，《人类欲望的虚幻》骑士浪漫诗：《拉塞拉斯的历史》，《阿比西尼亚王子》；一部悲剧：《艾琳》。

62. As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author
of the first English dictionary by an Englishman----A Dictionary of the English Language, a gigantic task which Johnson undertook
single-handedly and finished in over seven years.作为词典编撰者，约翰逊是编撰英文词典的第一个英国人，作品为《英文大词典》，这部巨著是塞缪尔.约翰逊花了七年时
间独自完成的。

63. Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the later eighteenth century. He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes.约翰逊
是十八世纪下半叶最后一位新古典主义启蒙文学家，他十分关心人类欲望的虚幻，几乎他所有的作品都含有这样的主题。

64. His sentences are long and well structured, interwoven with parallel words and phrases.他使用的句子一般较长，但结构工整，包含有许多排比，对仗。

65. Reading his works gives the reader the impression that he is talking with a very learned man.读他的小说会给人一种感觉，他在与一位非常博学的人士对话。

(VII)Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查.比.谢立丹
66. The year 1777 saw the
appearance of his masterpiece The
School for Scandal, which brought
him quite a fortune.1777年，谢立丹
的代表作《造谣学校》出版，使他
大发其财。

67. His plays, especially The Rivals
and The School for Scandal, are
generally regarded as important links
between the masterpiece of
Shakespeare and those of Bernard
Shaw, and as true classics in English
comedy.他的代表作《情敌》和《造
谣学校》被认为是上承莎士比亚，
下接萧伯纳的纽带，是真正的英国
古典派喜剧。

68. In his play, morality is the
constant theme.他的作品永恒的主
题是道德。

69. The School for Scandal is mainly
a story about two brothers, the
hypocritical Joseph Surface and the
good-natured, imprudent, spendthrift
Charles Surface. The play ends with
great disgrace for Joseph and double
bliss for Charles. It is a sharp satire
on the moral degeneracy of the
aristocratic-bourgeois society in the
eighteenth-century England. No
wonder, the play has been Regarded
as the best comedy since
Shakespeare. 《造谣学校》主要讲述
了两个兄弟的故事，一个是伪君子
约瑟夫.萨尔菲斯，另一个是放荡不
羁但心地善良的查尔斯.萨尔菲斯。

戏剧的结尾约瑟夫名声扫地，而查
尔斯既获得了美人的芳心，又获得
了丰厚的遗产，而梯泽尔夫人在丈
夫的感化下与其重归于好。

《造谣
学校》是对18世纪英国贵族资产阶
级的道德败坏，对无聊的富人恶意
的制造谣言，对上层社会骄奢淫逸
的生活以及对在高贵生活方式和高
尚道德准则的掩饰下的道德沦丧与
虚伪假善的辛辣讽刺。

毫无疑问，
它被认为是自莎士比亚以来最出色
的喜剧。

(VII)Thomas Gray托马斯.格雷
70. he declined the Poet laureateship
in 1757.1757年，他竟谢绝了授予
他的诗人桂冠奖。

71. In contrast to those professional
writers, Gray’s literary output was
small.与其余专职作家不同，格雷作
品极少。

72. His masterpiece, “Elegy Written
in a Country Churchyard” was
published in 1751. The poem once
and for all established his fame as
the leader of the sentimental poetry
of the day, especially “the Graveyard
School”.1757年，他的代表作《写
在教堂墓地的挽歌》出版这首诗奠
定了他在当时作为感伤主义诗歌创
始人的地位，尤其是从此他便成为
“墓地诗歌”流派的代表。

73. His other poems include “Ode on
the Spring”, “Ode on the De ath of a
Favourite cat”and so on. (Ode:….
赞，颂)他的其他作品还有《春之
颂》，《伊顿公学展望》，《爱猫
之死》等等。

74. A conscientious artist of the first
rate, Gray wrote slowly and carefully,
painstakingly seeking perfection of
form and phrase.格雷创作态度认
真，作品诞生速度慢，却精益求精。

75. “Elegy Written in a Country
Churchyard” is regarded as Gray’s
best and most representative work. In
this poem, Gray reflects on death, the
sorrows of life, and the mysteries of
human life with a touch of his
personal melancholy. The poem
abounds in images and arouses
sentiment in the bosom of every
reader, The poem has been ranked
among the best of the eighteenth
century English poetry.《写在教堂墓
地的挽歌》是雷格最优秀的代表作，
创作历时八年，诗中内容与格雷的
知己理查.韦斯特的去世有关。

其
中，格雷揭示了生与死的愁苦与神
秘，并略述了自己忧伤的心情。

诗
中富于比喻，并给读者带来深深的
伤感。

这首诗被列为英国十八世纪
最优秀的诗歌之一。

Chapter3 The Romantic Period
(1798-1832)浪漫主义
1. This urgency was provoked by
two important revolutions: the
French Revolution of 1789-1794 and
the English Industrial Revolution
which happened more slowly, but
with Astonishing consequences.英国
面临着新的发展动力：一是
1789-1794年的法国资产阶级大革
命，一是同时期英国内部的工业革
命。

2. In 1832, the Reform Bill was。