2019年托福考试阅读理解模拟练习题及答案.doc

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2019年托福阅读复习模拟练习及答案解析四

2019年托福阅读复习模拟练习及答案解析四The first flying vertebrates were true reptiles in which one of the fingers of the front limbs became very elongated, providing support for a flap of stretched skin that served as a wing. These were the pterosaurs, literally the "winged lizards." The earliest pterosaurs arose near the end of the Triassic period of the Mesozoic Era, some 70 million years before the first known fossils of true birds occur, and they presumably dominated the skies until they were eventually displaced by birds. Like the dinosaurs, some the pterosaurs became gigantic; the largest fossil discovered is of an individual that had a wingspan of 50 feet or more, larger than many airplanes. These flying reptiles had large, tooth-filled jaws, but their bodies were small and probably without the necessary powerful muscles for sustained wing movement. They must have been expert gliders, not skillful fliers, relying on wind power for their locomotion.Birds, despite sharing common reptilian ancestors with pterosaurs, evolved quite separately and have been much more successful in their dominance of the air. They are an example of a common theme in evolution, the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason — in this case, for flight. Although the fossil record, as always, is not complete enough to determine definitively the evolutionary lineage of the birds or in as much detail as one would like, it is better in this case than for many other animal groups. That is because of the unusual preservation in a limestone quarry in southern Germany ofArchaeopteryx, a fossil that many have called the link between dinosaurs and birds. Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs. They have the skull and teethof a reptile as well as a bony tail, but in the line-grained limestone in which these fossils occur there are delicate impressions of feathers and fine details of bone structure that make it clear that Archaeopteryx was a bird. All birds living today, from the great condors of the Andes to the tiniest wrens, trace their origin back to the Mesozoic dinosaurs.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Characteristics of pterosaur wings(B) The discovery of fossil remains of Archaeopteryx(C) Reasons for the extinction of early flying vertebrates(D) The development of flight in reptiles and birds2. Which of the following is true of early reptile wings?(A) They evolved from strong limb muscles.(B) They consisted of an extension of skin.(C) They connected the front and back limbs.(D) They required fingers of equal length.3. The word "literally照字面地" in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) creating(B) meaning(C) related to(D) simplified4. It can be inferred from the passage that birds were probably dominant in the skies(A) in the early Triassic period(B) before the appearance of pterosaurs(C) after the decline of pterosaurs(D) before dinosaurs could be found on land.5. The author mentions airplanes in line 8 in order to(A) illustrate the size of wingspans in some pterosaurs(B) compare the energy needs of dinosaurs with those of modern machines(C) demonstrate the differences between mechanizedflight and animal flight(D) establish the practical applications of the study of fossils6. The word "They" in line 10 refers to(A) powerful muscles(B) bodies(C) jaws(D) flying reptiles。

2019年托福阅读复习模拟练习题及答案解析六

2019年托福阅读复习模拟练习题及答案解析六During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about the contributions of women duringthe colonial period and the early history of the newly formed United States. Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women were not considered an important forcein history. Anne Bradstreet wrote some significant poetry in the seventeenth century, Mercy Otis Warren produced the best contemporary history of the American Revolution, and Abigail Adams penned important letters showing she exercised great political influence over her husband, John, the second President of the United States. But little or no notice was taken of these contributions. During these centuries, women remained invisible in history books.Throughout the nineteenth century, this lack ofvisibility continued, despite the efforts of female authors writing about women. These writers, like most of their male counterparts, were amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, and they were uncritical in their selection and use of sources.During the nineteenth century, however, certainfeminists showed a keen sense of history by keeping recordsof activities in which women were engaged. National, regional, and local women's organizations compiled accounts of their doings. Personal correspondence, newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sources from the coreof the two greatest collections of women's history in theUnited States one at the Elizabeth and Arthur Schlesinger Library at Radcliffé College, and the other the Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College. Such sources have provided valuable materials for later generations of historians.Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the nineteenth century, most of the writing about women conformed to the "great women" theory of history, just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on "great men." To demonstrate that women were makingsignificant contributions to American life, female authors singled out women leaders and wrote biographies, or else important women produced their autobiographies. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists working for women's right to vote, or authors, and were not representative at all of the great of ordinary woman. The lives of ordinary people continued, generally, to be untoldin the American histories being published.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The role of literature in early American histories(B) The place of American women in written histories(C) The keen sense of history shown by American women(D) The "great women" approach to history used by American historians2. The word "contemporary" in line 6 means that the history was(A) informative(B) written at that time(C) thoughtful(D) faultfinding3. In the first paragraph, Bradstreet, Warren, and Adams are mentioned to show that(A) a woman's status was changed by marriage(B) even the contributions of outstanding women were ignored(C) only three women were able to get their writing published(D) poetry produced by women was more readily accepted than other writing by women4. The word "celebratory" in line 12 means that the writings referred to were(A) related to parties(B) religious(C) serious(D) full of praise5. The word "they" in line 12 refers to(A) efforts(B) authors(C) counterparts(D) sources6. In the second paragraph, what weakness in nineteenth-century histories does the author point out?(A) They put too much emphasis on daily activities(B) They left out discussion of the influence of money on politics.(C) The sources of the information they were based on were not necessarily accurate.(D) They were printed on poor-quality paper.7. On the basis of information in the third paragraph, which of the following would most likely have been collected by nineteenth-century feminist organizations?(A) Newspaper accounts of presidential election results(B) Biographies of John Adams(C) Letters from a mother to a daughter advising her how to handle a family problem(D) Books about famous graduates of the country's first college8. What use was made of the nineteenth-century women's history materials in the Schlesinger Library and the Sophia Smith Collection?(A) They were combined and published in a multivolume encyclopedia(B) They formed the basis of college courses in the nineteenth century.(C) They provided valuable information for twentieth-century historical researchers.(D) They were shared among women's colleges throughout the United States.9. In the last paragraph, the author mentions all of the following as possible roles of nineteenth-century "great women" EXCEPT(A) authors(B) reformers(C) activists for women's rights(D) politicians10. The word "representative" in line 29 is closest in meaning to(A) typical(B) satisfied(C) supportive(D) distinctiveBBBDB CCCDA。

托福TOEFL考试阅读模拟题(含答案)

托福TOEFL考试阅读模拟题（含答案）托福阅读文本：The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using thereeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes — not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonial objects.Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo — a group who lived on or near the coast during the 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day. They made baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people were masters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants; others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, the Pomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups made all their basketwork by twining — the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft, around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily on coiling — a process in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape with tight wrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease and frequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process, often employing more than one of them in a single article.Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomo people used only a few. The warp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root, a woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread. For color, the Pomo people used the bark of redbud for their twined work and dyed bullrush root for black in coiled work. Though other materials were sometimes used, these four were the staples in their finest basketry.If the basketry materials used by the Pomo people were limited, the designs were amazingly varied. Every Pomo basketmaker knew how to produce from fifteen to twenty distinct patterns that could be combined in a number of different ways.托福阅读题目：1. What best distinguished Pomo basketsfrom baskets of other groups?(A) The range of sizes, shapes, and designs(B) The unusual geometric(C) The absence of decoration(D) The rare materials used2. The word "fashion" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) maintain(B) organize(C) trade(D) create3. The Pomo people used each of the following materials to decorate baskets EXCEPT(A) shells(B) feathers(C) leaves(D) bark4. What is the author's main point in the second paragraph?(A) The neighbors of the Pomo people tried to improve on the Pomo basket weaving techniques.(B) The Pomo people were the most skilled basket weavers in their region.(C) The Pomo people learned their basket weaving techniques from other Native Americans.(D) The Pomo baskets have been handed down for generations.5. The word "others " in line 9 refers to(A) masters(B) baskets(C) pendants(D) surfaces6.According to the passage , a weft is a(A) tool for separating sedge root(B) process used for coloring baskets(C) pliable maternal woven around the warp(D) pattern used to decorate baskets7.According to the passage , what did the Pomo people use as the warp in their baskets?(A) bullrush(B) willow(C) sedge(D) redbud8. The word "article" in line 17 is close in meaning to(A) decoration(B) shape(C) design(D) object9. According to the passage . The relationship between redbud and twining is most similar to the relationship between(A) bullrush and coiling(B) weft and warp(C) willow and feathers(D) sedge and weaving10. The word "staples" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) combinations(B) limitations(C) accessories(D) basic elements11. The word "distinct" in lime 26 is closest in meaning to(A) systematic(B) beautiful(C) different(D) compatible12. Which of the following statements about Pomo baskets can be best inferred from the passage ?(A) Baskets produced by other Native Americans were less varied in design than those of the Pomo people.(B) Baskets produced by Pomo weavers were primarily for ceremonial purposes.(C) There were a very limited number of basketmaking materials available to the Pomo people.(D) The basketmaking production of the Pomo people has increased over the years.托福阅读模拟题答案：BDCBB CBDAD CA。

2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析(3)

2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析（3）In eighteenth-century colonial America, flowers andfruit were typically the province of the botanical artist interested in scientific illustration rather than being the subjects of fine art. Early in the nineteenth century, however, the Peale family of Philadelphia established thestill life, a picture consisting mainly of inanimate objects, as a valuable part of the artist's repertoire. The fruit paintings by James and Sarah Miriam Peale are simple arrangements of a few objects, handsomely colored, small in size, and representing little more than what they are. In contrast were the highly symbolic, complex compositions by Charles Bird King, with their biting satire and criticalsocial commentary. Each of these strains comminuted into and well past mid-century.John F. Francis (1808-86) was a part of the Pennsylvania still-life tradition that arose, at least in part, from the work of the Peales. Most of his still lifes date from around 1850 to 1875. Luncheon Still Life looks like one of thePeales' pieces on a larger scale, with greater complexity resulting from the number of objects. It is also indebted to the luncheon type of still life found in seventeenth-century Dutch painting. The opened bottles of wine and the glasses of wine partially consumed suggest a number of unseen guests.The appeal of the fruit and nuts to our sense of taste is heightened by the juicy orange, which has already been sliced. The arrangement is additive, that is, made up of manydifferent parts, not always compositionally integrated, withall objects of essentially equal importance.About 1848, Severin Roesen came to the United Statesfrom Germany and settled in New York City, where he began to paint large, lush still lifes of flowers, fruit, or both,often measuring over four feet across. Still Life with fruit and champagne is typical in its brilliance of color, meticulous rendering of detail, compact composition, and unabashed abundance. Rich in symbolic overtones, thebeautifully painted objects carry additional meanings —butterflies or fallen buds suggest the impermanence of life,a bird's nest with eggs means fertility, and so on. Above all, Roesen's art expresses the abundance that America symbolizedto many of its citizens.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The artwork of James and Sarah Miriam Peale(B) How Philadelphia became a center for art in the nineteenth century(C) Nineteenth-century still-life paintings in theUnited States(D) How botanical art inspired the first still-life paintings2. Which of the following is mentioned as acharacteristic of the still lifes of James and Sarah Miriam Peale?(A) simplicity(B) symbolism(C) smooth texture(D) social commentary3. The word "biting尖利的" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) simple(B) sorrowful(C) frequent(D) sharp4. The word "It" in line 13 refers to(A) Luncheon Still Life(B) one of the Peales' pieces(C) a larger scale(D) the number of objects5. The word "heightened" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) complicated(B) directed(C) observed(D) increased6. The word "meticulous" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) careful(B) significant(C) appropriate(D) believable7. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) "repertoire" (line 5)(B) "satire" (line 8)(C) "additive" (line 17)(D) "rendering" (line 23)8. All of the following are mentioned as characteristics of Roesen's still lifes EXCEPT that they(A) are symbolic(B) use simplified representations of flowers and fruit(C) include brilliant colors(D) are large in size9. Which of the following is mentioned as the dominant theme in Roesen's painting?(A) Fertility(B) Freedom(C) Impermanence(D) AbundanceCADAD ACBD。

2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案

2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案托福阅读模拟试题The war for independence from Britain was a long and economically costly conflict. The New England fishingindustry was temporarily destroyed, and the tobacco colonies in the South were also hard hit. The trade in imports was severely affected, since the war was fought against the country that had previously monopolized the colonies’ supply of manufactured goods. The most serious consequences werefelt in the cities, whose existence depended on commercial activity. Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston were all occupied for a time by British troops. Even when the troops had left, British ships lurked in the harbors and continued to disrupt trade.American income from shipbuilding and commerce declined abruptly, undermining the entire economy of the urban areas. The decline in trade brought a fall in the American standard of living. Unemployed shipwrights, dock laborers, and coopers drifted off to find work on farms and in small villages. Some of them joined the Continental army, or if they were loyal to Britain, they departed with the British forces. The population of the New York City declined from 21,000 in 1774 to less than half that number only nine years later in 1783.The disruptions produced by the fighting of the war, by the loss of established markets for manufactured goods, by the loss of sources of credit, and by the lack of new investment all created a period of economic stagnation that lasted for the next twenty years.1.Why does the author mention the fishing industry and the tobacoo colonies?A. to show how the war for independence affected the economyB. to compare the economic power of two different regionsC. to identify the two largest commercial enterprises in AmericaD. to give examples of industries controlled by British forces2. Why does the author mention the population of New York City in paragraph 2?A. to show that half of New York remained loyal toBritainB. to compare New York with other cities occupied during the warC. to emphasize the great short-term cost of the war for New YorkD. to illustrate the percentage of homeless people in New York3. Chinese people had fought for independence fromforeign countries for more than 100 years; we had lost lands, powers, resources and lives during that period. Today, China faces a new challenge that how the development can maintain, in other words, how China doesn’t lag behind. Please write an essay to express your ideas.答案：1.A 2.C。

2019托福阅读考试真题(2)

2019年托福考试模拟训练试题及答案3The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century were marked by the development of an international Art Nouveau style, characterized by sinuous lines, floral and vegetable motifs, and soft evanescent coloration. The Art Nouveau style was an eclectic one, bringing together elements of Japanese art, motifs of ancient cultures, and natural forms. The glass objects of this style were elegant in outline, although often deliberately distorted, with pale or iridescent surfaces. A favored device of the style was to imitate the iridescent surface seen on ancient glass that had been buried. Much of the Art Nouveau glass produced during the years of its greatest popularity had been generically termed "art glass." Art glass was intended for decorative purposes and relied for its effect upon carefully chosen color combinations and innovative techniques.France produced a number of outstanding exponents of the Art Nouveau style; among the most celebrated was Emile Galle (1846-1904). In the United States, Louis Comfort Tiffany (1843-1933) was the most noted exponent of this style, producing a great variety of glass forms and surfaces, which were widely copied in their time and are highly prized today. Tiffany was a brilliant designer, successfully combining ancient Egyptian, Japanese, and Persian motifs.The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 until 1915, although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920's. It was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that hadbeen present since the turn of the century. At first restricted to a small avant-garde group of architects and designers, Functionalism emerged as the dominant influence upon designers after the First World War. The basic tenet of the movement — that function should determine form — was not a new concept. Soon a distinct aesthetic code evolved：form should be simple, surfaces plain, and any ornament should be based on geometric relationships. This new design concept, coupled with the sharp postwar reactions to the styles and conventions of the preceding decades, created an entirely new public taste which caused Art Nouveau types of glass to fall out of favor. The new taste demanded dramatic effects of contrast, stark outline and complex textural surfaces.1. What does paragraph 1 mainly discuss?(A) Design elements in the Art Nouveau style(B) The popularity of the Art Nouveau style(C) Production techniques for art glass(D) Color combinations typical of the Art Nouveau style2. The word "one" in line 4 refers to(A) century(B) development(C) style(D) coloration3. Paragraph 1 mentions that Art Nouveau glass was sometimes similar to which aspect of ancient buried glass?(A) The distortion of the glass(B) The appearance of the glass surface(C) The shapes of the glass objects(D) The size of the glass objects4. What is the main purpose of paragraph 2?(A) to compare different Art Nouveau styles(B) to give examples of famous Art Nouveau artists(C) to explain why Art Nouveau glass was so popular in the United States(D) to show the impact Art Nouveau had on other cultures around the world5. The word "prized" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) valued(B) universal(C) uncommon(D) preserved6. The word "overtaken" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) surpassed 超过，超出(B) inclined(C) expressed(D) applied7. What does the author mean by stating that "function should determine form" (lines 23-24)?(A) A useful object should not be attractive.(B) The purpose of an object should influence its form.(C) The design of an object is considered moresignificant than its function.(D) The form of an object should not include decorative elements.8. It can be inferred from the passage that one reason Functionalism became popular was that it(A) clearly distinguished between art and design(B) appealed to people who liked complex painted designs(C) reflected a common desire to break from the past(D) was easily interpreted by the general public9. Paragraph 3 supports which of the following statements about Functionalism?(A) Its design concept avoided geometric shapes.(B) It started on a small scale and then spread gradually.(C) It was a major force in the decorative arts beforethe First World War.(D) It was not attractive to architects and designers.10. According to the passage , an object made in the Art Nouveau style would most likely include(A) a flowered design(B) bright colors(C) modern symbols(D) a textured surfaceACBBA ABCBA词汇补充：arena 场地arithmetic 算术armour 盔甲aromatic 芳香的arsenal 军工厂arthritis 关节炎artistry 艺术才能asphalt 沥青assembly line 流水作业线asteroid 小行星astrobleme 损星坑astronaut 宇航员astute 敏锐的auction 拍卖auditorium 礼堂avalanche 雪崩avand-garde 先锋aviation 航空baboon 狒狒baleen 鲸须ballad 民谣。

2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析(6)

2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析（6）【托福】Although only 1 person in 20 in the Colonial periodlived in a city, the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America. They were at the cutting edge of social change. It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared — the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coat or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools. "The cities predicted the future," wrote historian Gary. B. Nash, "even though they were but overgrown villages compared to the great urban centers of Europe, the Middle East and China."Except for Boston, whose population stabilized at about 16,000 in 1760, cities grew by exponential leaps through the eighteenth century. In the fifteen years prior to the outbreak of the War for independence in 1775, more than200,000 immigrants arrived on North American shores. This meant that a population the size of Boston was arriving every year, and most of it flowed into the port cities in the Northeast. Philadelphia's population nearly doubted in those years, reaching about 30,000 in 1774, New York grew at almost the same rate, reaching about 25,000 by 1775.The quality of the hinterland dictated the pace of growth of the cities. The land surrounding Boston had always been poor farm country, and by the mid-eighteenth century itwas virtually stripped of its timber. The available farmland was occupied, there was little in the region beyond the cityto attract immigrants. New York and Philadelphia, by contrast, served a rich and fertile hinterland laced with navigable watercourses. Scots, Irish, and Germans landed in thesecities and followed the rivers inland. The regions around the cities of New York and Philadelphia became the breadbasketsof North America, sending grain not only to other coloniesbut also to England and southern Europe, where crippling droughts in the late 1760's created a whole new market.1. Which of the following aspects of North America inthe eighteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The effects of war on the growth of cities(B) The growth and influence of cities(C) The decline of farming in areas surrounding cities(D) The causes of immigration to cities2. Why does the author say that "the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America" (lines 1-2)?(A) The influence of the cities was mostly negative(B) The populations of the cities were small, but their influence was great.(C) The cities were growing at a great rate.(D) Most people pretended to live in cities3. The phrase "in place of " in lines 4-5 is closest in meaning to(A) connected to(B) in addition to(C) because of(D) instead of4. The word "attendant伴随的" in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) avoidable(B) accompanying(C) unwelcome(D) unexpected5. Which of the following is mentioned as an element of modern capitalism?(A) Open competition(B) Social deference(C) Social hierarchy(D) Independent craftspeople6. It can be inferred that in comparison with North American cities, cities in Europe, the Middle East, and China had(A) large populations(B) little independence。

2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案：管弦乐音响

2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案：管弦乐音响A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedalsto sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally producedan instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound，from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.(介词结构from…to…作定语)持续到19世纪的一系列机械上的改进，包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和，改善金属框架，以及使用牲能的钢丝，最终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的乐器——这些效果涵盖了从最精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音响，从明快流畅的吟唱音调到尖锐的打击乐器的恢弘气氛。

分句1：A series of mechanical improvements continuingwell into the nineteenth century;分句2：including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it;分句3：the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality;分句4：finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects;分句5：from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound;分句6：from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance。

2019托福阅读考试试卷真题和答案(10页)

2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析托福阅读原文The Development of Steam Power【1】By the eighteenth century, Britain wasexperiencinga severe shortage of energy. Because ofthe growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago beenreplaced by fields of grain and hay. Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet it remainedtremendously important.It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industriesand as a basic raw material. Processed wood (charcoal) was the fuel that was mixed with ironore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The iron industry’s appetite for woodwas enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating. Vast forests enabledRussia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much of which was exported to Britain. But Russia’spotential for growth was limited too, and in a few decades Russia would reach thebarrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back.【2】As this early energy crisis grew worse, Britain looked toward its abundant and widelyscattered reserves ofcoal as an alternative to its vanishing wood. Coal was first used in Britainin the late Middle Ages as a source of heat.By 1640 most homes in London were heated withit, and it also provided heat for making beer, glass, soap, and other products. Coal was notused, however, to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. It was there thatcoal’spotential wad enormous.【3】As more coal was produced, mines were dug deeper and deeper and were constantlyfilling with water. Mechanical pumps, usually powered by hundreds of horses waling incircles atthe surface, had to be installed Such power was expensive and bothersome. In an attempt toovercome these disadvantages, Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 invented the first primitive steam engines. Both engines were extremely inefficient. Bothburned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump. However, by theearly 1770s, many of the Savery engines and hundreds of the Newcomen engines wereoperating successfully, though inefficiently, in English and Scottish mines.【4】In the early 1760s, a gifted young Scot named James Watt was drawn to a critical studyof the steam engine. Watt was employed at the time by the University of Glasgow as a skilledcrafts worker making scientific instruments. In 1763：Watt was called on to repair a Newcomenengine being used in a physics course. After a series of observations, Watt saw that theNewcomen’s waste of energy could be reduced by adding a separate condenser. This splendidinvention, patented in 1769, greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine. The steamengine of Watt and his followers was the technological advance that gave people, at least for awhile, unlimited power and allowed the invention and use of all kinds of power equipment.【5】The steam engine was quickly put to use in several industries in Britain. It drained minesand made possible the production of ever more coal to feed steam engines elsewhere. Thesteam power plant began to replace waterpower in the cotton-spinning mills as well as otherindustries during the1780s, contributing to a phenomenal rise in industrialization. TheBritish iron industry was radically transformed. The useof powerful, steam-driven bellows inblast furnaces helpediron makers switch over rapidly from limited charcoal to unlimited coke(which is made from coal) in the smelting ofpig iron (the process of refining impure iron) after1770 inthe 1780s, Henry Cort developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to berefined in turn with coke. Cort also developed heavy-duty, steam-powered rolling mills, whichwere capable of producing finished iron in every shape and form.【6】The economic consequence of these technical innovations in steam power was a greatboom in the Britishiron industry. In 1740 annual British iron production wasonly 17：000 tons, but by 1844： with the spread of coke smelting and the impact of Cort’s inventions, ithadincreased to 3,000：000 tons. This was a truly amazing expansion. Once scarce and expensive, iron became cheap, basic, and indispensable to the economy.托福阅读试题1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 aboutBritain's short supply of wood in the eighteenthcentury?A.Wood from Britain’s great forests was beingexportedto other countries for profit.B.A growing population had required cutting down forests to increase available land forfarming.rger families required the construction of larger homes made from wood.D.What was left of the great forests after the medieval period was being strictly protected.2.Select TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 1, are true statementsabout Russia’s iron industry in the eighteenth century. To obtain credit, you mustselect TWO answer choices.A.Russia reached its maximum production of iron at the same time as Britain.B.Russia exported much of its iron production to Britain.C.Russia’s appetite for iron increased rapidly after 1740.D.Russia’s energy resourceseventually becameinsufficient and limited the growth of its iron industry.3.The word "abundant" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.reliableB.plentifulC.well-preservedD.existing4.Why are "beer, glass, soap, and other products" mentioned in the discussion ofBritain’s energy?A.To help explain why the energy crisis was so severeB.To show that despite the energy crisis and as early as 1640, London homes were advancedand well suppliedC.To emphasize that after 1640, British homes required energy for more than heatD.To indicate that coal had been used for the production of certain products before theeighteenth century5.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are ways in which the Savery andNewcomen engines were similar EXCEPT：A.Both became relatively inexpensive after the 1770s.B.Both produced steam by burning coal.C.Both were used to operate pumps.D.Both were very inefficient.6.The word "gifted" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.independentB.talentedC.famousD.ambitious7.According to paragraph 4, what was James Watt’s major achievement?A. He was able to apply his understanding of physics to invent a variety of scientificinstruments and tools for skilled crafts workers.B.He taught university physics courses to outstanding students whose observations led tomany patented inventions.C.He improved the efficiency of Newcomen’s engine by preventing energy from being lost.D.He redesigned Newcomen’s engine so that it no longer needed a separate condenser.8.The word "splendid" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.originalB.necessaryC.magnificentD.popular9.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a development thatgreatly changed the production of iron?A.The use of coke in the smelting of pig ironB.The invention of a furnace that used coke to refine ironC.The discovery of a method for increasing the production of charcoalD.The invention of powerful machinery that could shape, form, and finish iron10.In paragraph 6, why does the author compare British iron production in 1740 withthat of 1844?A.To contrast the amounts of iron needed in Britain in two different centuriesB.To illustrate how easy it was to make money using Cort’s inv entionC.To demonstrate the tremendous growth of the iron industry in BritainD.To demonstrate how inexpensive coal had become11.The word "indispensable" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.advantageousB.essentialC.less costlyD.highly stimulating12.According to the passage, which of the following is true about the development ofsteam power?A.The steam engine’s basic technology can be traced back to medieval Britain when steam-powered machinery was being tried in farming activities.B.Although Russia and Britain developed steam-power technology simultaneously, Britain wasfirst to try it in a large-scale industry due to a greater need for iron.C.Steam-power technology was largely the result of improvements developed to increase thesupply of coal as a primary source of energy.D.Adaptations to steam engines required for their use in cotton-spinning mills led to radicaldevelopments in machinery used in the iron industry.13. Look at the four squares [■] that i ndicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Energy had not been aproblem for Britain in the past because it relied on a rich source of energy： its vastforests.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy. ■【A】 Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had longago been replaced by fields of grain and hay. ■【B】Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet itremained tremendouslyimp ortant. ■【C】It served as the primary source of heat for allhomes and industries and as a basic raw material. ■【D】Processed wood (charcoal) was thefuel that was mixed withiron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The ironindustry’s appe tite for wood was enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry wasstagnating. Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much ofwhich was exported to Britain. But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too, and in a fewdecades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holdingEngland back.14. Directions： An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of thepassage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoicesthat express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choicesdo not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented inthe passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.A.The development of blast furnaces for the manufacture of pig iron made the Britain lessdependent on wood.B.After the medieval period, both Russia and Britain began to look for alternative sources ofenergy, such as steam power, in order to maintain the growth of their iron industries.C.Two inventors designed the first steam engines in order to overcome the disadvantages ofrelying on horses to power the pumps used in mining coal.D.James Watt was able to improve upon the efficiency of the steam engine and make it usefulto several industries.E.The puddling furnace increased the availability of charcoal to a variety of industries fromcotton to iron production.F.Steam power increased coal production, which in turn allowed extraordinary growth of theiron industry and the British economy.托福阅读答案1.B2.BD3.B4.D5.A6.B7.C8.C9.C10.C11.B12.C13.A14.CDF。

2019年托福阅读专项模考练习试题及答案三

2019年托福阅读专项模考练习试题及答案三3. Although they often achieved expression and formal excellence in their generally primitive style, they remained artisans skilled in the craft of carving and constituted a group distinct from what we normally think of as "sculptors" in today's use of the word.The word "distinct" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) separate(B) assembled(C) notable(D) inferior4. On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired, Americans turned to foreign sculptors, as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina, commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pill.The word "rare" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) festive(B) infrequent(C) delightful(D) unexpected5. Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body temperature. Insteadof trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles.The word "maintaining" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) measuring(B) inheriting(C) preserving(D) delaying3 A4 B5 C。

2019年托福阅读复习模拟练习及答案解析三.doc

2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案：Hormones in the Body

2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案：Hormones inthe BodyHormones in the BodyUp to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretinultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas.Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning "to excite" or "to set in motion." A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated onthe body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track： They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual's personality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common.A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormonesas they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that bloodclots-dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels-will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.27. The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) desire(B) origin(C) science(D) chemical28. The word it in the passage refers to(A) secretin。

2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析(5)

2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析（5）【托福】Throughout the nineteenth century and into the twentieth, citizens of the United States maintained a bias against big cities. Most lived on farms and in small towns and believed cities to be centers of corruption, crime, poverty, and moral degradation. Their distrust was caused, in part, by anational ideology that proclaimed farming the greatest occupation and rural living superior to urban living. This attitude prevailed even as the number of urban dwellers increased and cities became an essential feature of the national landscape. Gradually, economic reality overcame ideology. Thousands abandoned the precarious life on the farm for more secure and better paying jobs in the city. But when these people migrated from the countryside, they carriedtheir fears and suspicious with them. These new urbanities, already convinced that cities were overwhelmed with great problems, eagerly embraced the progressive reforms that promised to bring order out of the chaos of the city.One of many reforms came in the area of public utilities. Water and sewerage systems were usually operated by municipal governments, but the gas and electric networks were privately owned. Reformers feared that the privately owned utility companies would charge exorbitant rates for these essential services and deliver them only to people who could afford them. Some city and state governments responded by regulating the utility companies, but a number of cities began to supply these services themselves. Proponents of these reforms arguedthat public ownership and regulation would insure widespread access to these utilities and guarantee a fair price.While some reforms focused on government and public behavior, others looked at the cities as a whole. Civic leaders, convinced that physical environment influenced human behavior, argued that cities should develop master plans to guide their future growth and development. City planning was nothing new, but the rapid industrialization and urban growth of the late nineteenth century took place without any consideration for order. Urban renewal in the twentieth century followed several courses. Some cities introduced plans to completely rebuild the city core. Most other cities contented themselves with zoning plans for regulating future growth. Certain parts of town were restricted to residential use, while others were set aside for industrial or commercial development.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) A comparison of urban and rural life in the early twentieth century(B) The role of government in twentieth century urban renewal(C) Efforts to improve urban life in the early twentieth century(D) Methods of controlling urban growth in the twentieth century2. The word "bias偏见" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) diagonal斜线的(B) slope(C) distortion(D) prejudice3. The first paragraph suggests that most people who lived in rural areas(A) were suspicious of their neighbors(B) were very proud of their lifestyle(C) believed city government had too much power(D) wanted to move to the cities4. In the early twentieth century, many rural dwellers migrated to the city in order to(A) participate in the urban reform movement(B) seek financial security(C) comply with a government ordinance(D) avoid crime and corruption5. The word "embraced拥抱" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) suggested(B) overestimated(C) demanded(D) welcomed6. What concern did reformers have about privately owned utility companies?(A) They feared the services would not be made available to all city dwellers.(B) They believed private ownership would slow economic growth(C) They did not trust the companies to obey the government regulations.(D) They wanted to ensure that the services would be provided to rural areas.7. The word "exorbitant过高的(价钱)" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) additional(B) expensive(C) various(D) modified8. All of the following were the direct result of public utility reforms EXCEPT(A) local governments determined the rates charged by private utility companies(B) some utility companies were owned and operated by local governments(C) the availability of services was regulated by local government(D) private utility companies were required to pay a fee to local governments9. The word "Proponents支持者" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) Experts(B) Pioneers(C) Reviewers(D) Supporters10. Why does the author mention "industrialization" (line 24)?(A) To explain how fast urban growth led to poorly designed cities(B) To emphasize the economic importance of urban areas(C) To suggest that labor disputes had become an urban problem(D) To illustrate the need for construction of new factoriesCDBBD ABDDA。

2019年托福阅读复习模拟练习及答案解析三

2019年托福阅读复习模拟练习及答案解析三托福阅读原文Two species of deer have been prevalent inthe PugetSound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest ofthe UnitedStates. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer ofeastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbianwhite-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; itisnow restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lowerColumbia River.Nearly any kind of plant of the forestunderstory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growthof grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry,salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weatherfeeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plantdecay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urgeto migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to thelowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushyunderstory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar,hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.The numbers of deer have fluctuatedmarkedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. Theearlyexplorers and settlers told of abundant deer in theearly 1800s and yet almostin the same breath bemoaned thelack of this succulent game animal. Famousexplorers of thenorth American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouthof the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances.They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and notuntil the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 peoplealive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And whengame moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided toreturn east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early yearsof the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of theHudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas,Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in theanimal life around the fort during the period between his firstvisit in 1825and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographerstates：" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around thefort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."Reduction in numbers of game should haveboded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deerwas to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, andclearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities,towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further.Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status.But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect.Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of bioticchanges in Washington through recorded time, says that"since the early1940s, the state has had more deer than atany other time in its history, thewinter populationfluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule andblack-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any ageannually for an indefinite period."The causes of this population rebound areconsequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves,cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation hasbeen insured by limiting times forand types of hunting. But the most profoundreason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of theforests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or bothhave become ideal feeding grounds of deer. In addition to finding an increaseof suitable browse,like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtimegame biologist in the Pacific Northwest, foundquality of browse in the openareas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grownvegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown inclearings.托福阅读试题1.According to paragraph 1, which of thefollowing istrue of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?A.mity is native to lowlands and marshes.B.it is more closely related to the muledeer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.C.hits has replaced the black-tailed deerin the open prairie.D.It no longer lives in a particular typeof habitat that it once occupied.2.It can be inferred from the discussion inparagraph 2 that winter conditionsA.cause some deer to hibernateB.make food unavailable in the highlandsfor deerC.make it easier for deer to locateunderstory plantsD.prevent deer from migrating during thewinter3.The word "inhibits" in thepassage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.consists ofbinesC.restrictsD.establishes4.The phrase "in the same breath"in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA.impatientlyB.humorouslyC.continuouslyD.immediately5.The author tells the story of theexplorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustratewhich of thefollowing points?A.The number of deer within the Puget Soundregion has varied over time.B.Most of the explorers who came to thePuget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game.C.There was more game for hunting in theEast of the United States than in the West.D.Individual explorers were not assuccessful at locating games as were the trading companies.6.According to paragraph 3, how had FortVancouver changed by the time David Douglas returnedin 1832?A.The fort had become the headquarters forthe Hudson's Bay Company.B.Deer had begun populating the meadowsaround the fort.C.Deer populations near the fort had beendestroyed.D.Crop yields in the area around the forthad decreased.7.Why does the author ask readers to recall“the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer” (paragraph 4) in the discussionof changes in the wilderness landscape?A.To provide support for the idea thathabitat destruction would lead to population declineB.To compare how two species of deer causedbiotic changes in the wilderness environmentC.To provide an example of a species ofdeer that has successfully adapted to human settlementD.To argue that some deer species must begiven a protected status8.The phrase “indefinite period” in thepassage (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to periodA.whose end has not been determinedB.that does not begin when expectedC. that lasts only brieflyD.whose importance remains unknown9.Which of the following statements aboutdeer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?A.Deer populations reached their highestpoint during the 1940s and then began to decline.B.The activities of settlers contributed inunexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later times.C.The cleaning of wilderness land forconstruction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer populationhas never recovered.D.Since the 1940s the winter populations ofdeer have fluctuated more than the summer populations have.10.The word “rebound” in the passage(paragraph 5) s closest in meaning toA.declineB. recoveryC. exchangeD.movement11.Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 5) ? Incorrect choices change the meaningin important ways or leaveout essential information.A.Arthur Einarsen’s longtime f amily withthe Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had anincrease insuitable browse.B.Arthur Einarsen found that deforestedfeeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.C.Biologist like Einarsen believe it isimportant to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer toinhabit.D.According to Einarsen, huckleberry andvine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition ofdeer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.12.Which of the following is NOT mentionedin paragraph 5 as a factor that has increased deer populations?A.A reduction in the number of predatorsB.Restrictions on huntingC.The effects of logging and firews that protected feeding grounds ofdeer13. Look at the four squares [█] thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Therefoodis available and accessible throughout the winter.Nearly any kind of plant of the forestunderstory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growthof grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry,salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weatherfeeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plantdecay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urgeto migrate. █【A】Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to thelowland areas in late fall. █【B】Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed;also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, andother arboreal fodder.█【C】The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry ofEuropeans into Puget Sound country. █【D】The earlyexplorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almostin the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorersof the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of theColumbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They hadexperienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until thesecond of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter,they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of thelowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than facepossible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century,when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deerpopulations continued to fluctuate. DavidDouglas, Scottish botanical explorerof the 1830s, founda disturbing change in the animal life around the fortduring the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact withthe fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states：" The deer which oncepicturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in1832], hunted toextermination in order to protect the crops."Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions： An introductory sentencefor a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belongin the summary because they express ideasthat not presentedin the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Deer in the Puget Sound area eat a widevariety of foods and migrate seasonally to find food.A.The balance of deer species in the PugetSound region has changed over time, with the Columbian white-tailed deer nowoutnumbering other types of deer.B.Deer populations naturally fluctuate, butearlysettlers in the Puget Sound environment caused an overall decline in thedeer populations of the areas at that time.C. In the long term, black-tailed deer inthe Puget Sound area have benefitted from human activities through theelimination of their natural predators, and more andbetter food in deforestedareas.D.Because Puget Sound deer migrate, it wasand still remains difficult to determine accurately how many deer are living atany one time in the western United States.E.Although it was believed that humansettlement of the American West would cause the total number of deer todecrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of deer.F.Wildlifebiologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may createnutritional deficiencies for deer.托福阅读答案1.以White-tailed deer做关键词定位至最后一句，说白尾鹿过去是什么什么地方的，现在是什么什么地方的，也就是它们的生活环境发生了变化，所以D不再在原来的地方生活准确，其他的都没说2.以winter condition做关键词，没有，但最后一句有windand snow on the ground，就是指冬天了，读这句话，说understory会暴露，understory指的是林下植被，而且还说风会把blabla吹开，所以既然挡在上面的东西都被吹走了，结果是林下植被露出地面，前文又说any plant of林下植被都是鹿的食物，所以答案C准确。

2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析（1）

2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析（1）2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析（1）【托福】托福阅读原文Protection of Plants by Insects【1】Many plants - one or more species of at least68 different families - can secrete nectar even whenthey have no blossoms, because they bear extrafloral nectaries (structures that producenectar) on stems, leaves, leaf stems, or other structures.These plants usually occur where antsare abundant, most in the tropics but some in temperate areas. Among those of northeasternNorth America are various plums, cherries, roses, hawthorns, poplars, and oaks. Like floralnectar, extrafloral nectar consists mainly of water with a high content of dissolved sugars and, in some plants, small amounts of amino acids. The extrafloral nectaries of some plants areknown to attract ants and other insects, but the evolutionary history of most plants with thesenectaries is unknown. Nevertheless, most ecologists believe that all extrafloral nectaries attractinsects that will defend the plant.【2】Ants are portably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders ofplants. Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plants exploit thisneed by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy. To return thisfavor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intruding insects that might competewith ants for nectar. Many of theseintruders are herbivorous and would eat the leaves of theplants.【3】Biologists once thought that secretion ofextrafloral nectar has some purely internalphysiological function, and that ants provide no benefit whatsoever to the plants that secreteit. This view and the opposing “protectionist” hypothesis that ants defend plants had beendisputed for over a hundred years when, in 1910, a skeptical William Morton Wheelercommented on the controversy. He called for proof of the protectionist view：that visitations ofthe ants confer protection on the plants and that in the absence of the insects a much greaternumber would perish or fail to produce flowers or seeds than when the insects are present. That we now have an abundance of the proof that was called for was established whenBarbara Bentley reviewed the relevant evidence in 1977, and since then many moreobservations and experiments have provided still further proof that ants benefit plants.【4】One example shows how ants attracted to extrafloral nectaries protect morning gloriesagainst attacking insects. The principal insect enemies of the North American morning gloryfeed mainly on its flowers or fruits rather than its leaves. Grasshoppers feeding on flowersindirectly block pollination and the production of seeds by destroying the corolla or thestigma, which receives the pollen grains and on which the pollen germinates. Without theircolorful corolla, flowers do not attract pollinators and are not fertilized. An adult grasshoppercan consume a large corolla, about 2.5 inches long, in an hour. Caterpillars and seed beetlesaffect seed production directly. Caterpillars devour the ovaries,where the seeds are produced, and seed beetle larvae eat seeds as they burrow in developing fruits.【5】Extrafloral nectaries at the base of each sepal attractseveral kinds of insects, but 96 percent of them are ants, several different species of them. When buds are still small, lessthan a quarter of an inch long, the sepal nectaries are already present and producing nectar. They continue to do so as the flower develops and while the fruit matures. Observations leavelittle doubt that ants protect morning glory flowers and fruits from the combined enemy forceof grasshoppers, caterpillars, and seed beetles. Bentley compares the seed production of sixplants that grew where there were no ants with that of seventeen plants that were occupied byants. Unprotected plants bore only 45 seeds per plant, but plants occupied by ants bore 211 seeds per plant. Although ants are not big enough to kill or seriously injure grasshoppers, theydrive them away by nipping at their feet. Seed beetles are more vulnerable because they aremuch smaller than grasshoppers. The ants prey on the adult beetles,disturb females astheylay their eggs on developing fruits, and eat many of the eggs they do manage to lay.托福阅读试题1.According to paragraph 1，floral nectar andextrafloral nectar are alike in thatA.they are likely to be produced by the same plants.B.they basically consist of the same chemicalcomponents.C.they attract only insects that will defend the plant.D.they are produced by the same parts of the plant.2.To say that ants are "persistent" defenders of plants means thatA.they defend plants against a wide variety of threats.B.they continue to defend plants for as long as the plants are threatened.C.they are successful defenders of plants.D.they are easily observable defenders of plants.3.What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the ants that are attracted to theextrafloral nectaries?A.They do not eat the leaves of the plants that produce extrafloral nectar.B.They live almost entirely on extrafloral nectar.C.They spend most of their energy guarding extrafloral nectaries.D.They frequently fight among themselves overextrafloral nectar.4.According to paragraph 3, what was the position of the opponents of the"protectionist" hypothesis?A.Extrafloral nectar provides plants with a direct defense against attack by insects.B.Ants substantially benefit plants that secrete extrafloral nectar.C.The secretion of extrafloral nectar plays a role in the plant’s internal functioning.D.Ants visit plants that secrete extrafloral nectar as often as they visit plants that do not.5.The word "skeptical" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.curious.B.doubtful.C.open-minded.D.practical.6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information jn thehighlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning inimportant ways or leave out essential information.A.We now have ample proof that ants benefit plants.B.Barbara Bentley has called for additional proof that ants benefit plants.C.In 1977 Barbara Bentley conducted research that proved that all prior studies were wrong.D.Proof that ants benefit plants will require many more observations and experiments.7.According to paragraph 4, what effect does the destruction of the corolla have onplants.A.It leaves the seeds exposed and unprotected.B.It prevents the stigma from developing.C.It keeps pollen grains from attaching properly.D.It prevents the flower from attracting pollinators.8.The word "devour" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.attack.B.eat.C.damage.D.prefer.9.What role does paragraph 5 play in the passage?A.It offers various kinds of evidence for the protectionist view.B.It presents the study that first proved that ants benefit plants.C.It explains how insects find sources of nectar.D.It presents information that partly contradicts the protectionist view.10.The word "vulnerable" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.numerous.B.harmful.C.open to attack.D.difficult to locate.11.According to paragraph 5, what did Bentley’s comparative study show?A.Many more plants grew in places where ants werepresent than where they were absent.B.The ants preferred plants with low seed production to plants with high seed production.C.The plants occupied by ants produced many more seeds than those that were not occupiedby ants.D.The plants that grew in places without ants were much smaller and weaker than those thatgrew in places where ants were present.12.According to paragraph 5, ants defend morning glory plants from seed beetles ineach of the following ways EXCEPT：A.driving adult beetles off the plants by nipping attheir feet.B.catching and eating adult beetles.C.eating beetle eggs they find on developing fruits.D.making it difficult for beetles to lay eggs on developing fruits.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate wherethe following sentence could beadded to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Sometimes they capture theinsects to feed their protein-hungry larvae.Ants are portably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders of plants. ■【A】 Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plants exploit thisneed by providing extrafloral nectar thatsupplies ants with abundant energy. ■【B】T oreturn this favor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intrudinginsects that mightcompete with ants for nectar. ■【C】 Many of these intruders are herbivorous and wouldeatthe leaves of the plants. ■【D】14. Directions：An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of thepassage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choicesdo not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented inthe passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.Many plants have extrafloral nectaries that produce nectar even during periods inwhich the plant is not flowering.A.Evolutionary history shows that plants that produce extrafloral nectar originated in thetropics.B.Extrafloral nectar has a higher concentration of sugar than floral nectar and is moreattractive to ants and other insects.C.The protectionist hypothesis is that extrafloralnextar attracts ants, and that the ants, inorder to preserve this energy-rich food source, attack insects that might harm the plant.D.Evidence accumulated during the twentieth century proved that ants provide significantbenefits for plants with extrafloral nectaries.E.Research has shown that American morning glory plants that are protected by ants producesignificantly more seeds than morning glory plants that are not protected by ants.F.Ants generally ignore small insects, but they will eat the adults of large insect species aswell as their eggs and larvae.托福阅读答案1.B2.B3.A4.D5.A6.A7.C8.B9.B10.C11.C12.A13.C14.CDE。

2019年托福阅读复习模拟练习题及答案解析一

2019 年托福阅读复习模拟练习题及答案解析托福阅读原文Research has shown that certain mineralsare required by plants for normal growth and development. The soil is thesource of these minerals, which are absorbed by the plant with the water fromthe soil. Even nitrogen, which is a gas in its elemental state, is normallyabsorbed from the soil as nitrate ions. Some soils are notoriously deficient inmicro nutrients and are therefore unable to support most plant life. So-calledserpentine soils, for example, are deficient in calcium, and only plants ableto tolerate low levels of this mineral can survive. In modern agriculture,mineral depletion of soils is a major concern, since harvesting cropsinterrupts the recycling of nutrients back to the soil.Mineral deficiencies can often be detectedby specific symptoms such as chlorosis (loss of chlorophyll resulting in yellowor whiteleaf tissue), necrosis (isolated dead patches), anthocyaninformation(development of deep red pigmentation of leaves or stem), stunted growth, anddevelopment of woody tissue in an herbaceous plant. Soils are most commonlydeficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen-deficient plants exhibit many ofthe symptoms just described. Leaves develop chlorosis; stems are short andslender, and anthocyanin discoloration occurs on stems, petioles, and lowerleaf surfaces. Phosphorus-deficient plants are often stunted, with leavesturning a characteristic dark green, often with the accumulation ofanthocyanin. Typically, older leaves are affected first as the phosphorus ismobilized to young growing tissue. Iron deficiency is characterized bychlorosis between veins in young leaves.Much of the research on nutrientdeficiencies is based on growingplants hydroponically, that is, in soillessliquid nutrient solutions. This technique allows researchers to createsolutions that selectively omit certain nutrients and then observe theresulting effects on the plants. Hydroponics has applications beyond basicresearch, since it facilitates the growing of greenhouse vegetables duringwinter. Aeroponics, a technique in which plants are suspended and the rootsmisted with a nutrient solution, is another method for growing plants withoutsoil.While mineral deficiencies can limit thegrowth of plants, an overabundance of certain minerals can be toxic and canalso limit growth. Saline soils, which have high concentrations of sodiumchloride and other salts, limit plant growth, and research continues to focuson developing salt-tolerant varieties of agricultural crops. Research hasfocused on the toxic effects of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury,and aluminum; however, even copper and zinc, which are essential elements, canbecome toxic in high concentrations. Although most plants cannot survive inthese soils, certain plants have the ability to tolerate high levels of theseminerals.Scientists have known for some time thatcertain plants, called hyper accumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels ahundredfold or greater than normal. A survey of known hyper accumulatorsidentified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper,zinc,manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of choice. Hyper accumulatorsrun the entire range of the plant world. They may be herbs, shrubs, or trees.Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family,and grass family are top hyper accumulators. Many are found in tropical andsubtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentrations ofmetals may afford someprotection against plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens.Only recently have investigators consideredusing these plants toclean up soil and waste sites that have been contaminatedby toxic levels of heavy metals - anenvironmentally friendly approach known asphytoremediation. This scenario begins with the planting of hyper accumulatingspecies in the target area, such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pondcontaminated by runoff. Toxic minerals would first be absorbed by roots butlater relocated to the stem and leaves. A harvest of the shoots would removethe toxic compounds off site to be burned or composted to recover the metal forindustrial uses. After several years of cultivation and harvest, the site wouldbe restored at a cost much lower than the price of excavation and reburial, thestandard practice for remediation of contaminated soils. For examples, in fieldtrials, the plant alpine pennycress removed zinc and cadmium from soils near azinc smelter, and Indian mustard, native to Pakistan and India, has beeneffective in reducing levels of selenium salts by 50 percent in contaminatedsoils.托福阅读试题1. According to paragraph 1, what is trueof plants that can grow in serpentine soil?A.They absorb micronutrients unusuallywell.B.They require far less calcium than mostplants do.C.They are able to absorb nitrogen in itselemental state.D.They are typically crops raised for food.2. The word “exhibit ”in the passage(paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.fight offB.showC.causeD.spread3.According to paragraph 2, which of thefollowing symptoms occurs in phosphorus-deficient plants but not in plantsdeficient in nitrogen or iron?A.Chlorosis on leavesB.Change in leaf pigmentation to a darkshade of greenC.Short, stunted appearance of stemsD.Reddish pigmentation on the leaves orstem4.According to paragraph 2, a symptom ofiron deficiency is thepresence in young leaves ofA.deep red discoloration between the veinsB.white or yellow tissue between the veinsC.dead spots between the veinsD.characteristic dark green veins5.The word “facilitates ”in the passage(paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA.slows downB.affectsC.makes easierD.focuses on6.According to paragraph 3, what is theadvantage of hydroponics forresearch on nutrient deficiencies in plants?A.It allows researchers to control whatnutrients a plant receives.B.It allows researchers to observe thegrowth of a large number of plants simultaneously.C.It is possible to directly observe theroots of plants.D.It is unnecessary to keep misting plantswith nutrient solutions.7.The word “suspended”in the passage(paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA.grownB.protectedC.spread outD.hung8.Why does the author mentionherbs ”, “shrubs ”,and trees ”? (paragraph 5)A.To provide examples of plant types thatcannot tolerate high levels of harmful minerals.B.To show why so many plants are hyperaccumulators.C.To help explain why hyper accumulatorscan be found in so many different places.D.To emphasize that hyper accumulatorsoccur in a wide range of plant types.9.The word “afford ”in the passage(paragraph 5) isclosest in meaning toA.offerB.preventC.increaseD.remove10.Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 6)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leaveout essential information.A.Before considering phytoremediation, hyperaccumulatingspecies of plants local to the target area must be identified.B.The investigation begins with anevaluation of toxic sites in the target area to determine the extent ofcontamination.C.The first step in phytoremediation is theplanting of hyper accumulating plants in the area to be cleaned up.D.Mines and irrigation ponds can be keptfrom becoming contaminated by planting hyper accumulating species in targetedareas.11.It can be inferred from paragraph6 thatcompared with standard practices for remediation of contaminatedsoils,phytoremediationA.does not allow for the use of the removedminerals forindustrial purposesB.can be faster to implementC.is equally friendly to the environmentD.is less suitable for soils that need tobe used within a short period of time12.Why doe s the author mentionIndianmustard ”(paragraph 6)A.To warn about possible risks involved inphytoremediationB.To help illustrate the potential of phytoremediationC.To show that hyper accumulating plantsgrow in many regions of the worldD.To explain how zinc contamination can bereduced13. Look at the four squares [ ■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Certainminerals are more likely to be accumulated in large quantities than others.Scientists have known for some time thatcertain plants, called hyper accumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels ahundredfold or greater than normal. ■ 【A】A survey ofknown hyper accumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassednickel,cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals ofchoice. ■ 【B】Hyper accumulators run the entire rangeof the plant world. ■ 【C】They may beherbs, shrubs, or trees. ■ 【D】Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legumefamily, and grass family are top hyper accumulators. Many are found in tropicaland subtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentrationsof metals may afford someprotection against plant-eating insects and microbialpathogens.Where could the sentence best fit?14. Directions ：An introductory sentencefor a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they expressideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.Plants need to absorb certain minerals fromthe soil in adequate quantities for normal growth and development.A.Some plants are able to accumulateextremely high levels of certain minerals and thus can be used to clean upsoils contaminated with toxic levels of these minerals.B.Though beneficial in lower levels, highlevels of salts, other minerals, and heavy metals can be harmful to plants.C.When plants do not absorb sufficientamounts of essentialminerals, characteristic abnormalities result.D.Because high concentrations of sodiumchloride and other salts limit growth in most plants, much research has beendone in an effort to develop salt-tolerant agricultural crops.E. Some plants can tolerate comparativelylow levels of certain minerals, but such plants are of little use for recyclingnutrients back into depleted soils.F.Mineral deficiencies in many plants canbe cured by mistingtheir roots with a nutrient solution or by transferring theplants to a soilless nutrient solution.托福阅读答案1. 以 serpentine soil 做关键词定位至倒数第二句，这种土壤钙质缺乏，只有对钙要求很低的植物能够生存。

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2019 年托福考试阅读理解模拟练习题及答案Hormones in the BodyUp to the beginning of the twentieth century,the nervous system was thought to control all communication within thebody and the resulting integration of behavior.Scientists had determined that nerves ran,essentially,on electricalimpulses.These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought,emotion,movement,and internal processes such as digestion.However,experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin,which is produced in thesmall intestine when food enters the stomach,eventuallychallenged that view.From the small intestine,secretin travelsthrough the bloodstream to the pancreas.There,it stimulatesthe release of digestive chemicals.In this fashion,the intestinalcells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the productionof different chemicals in a different organ,the pancreas.Such a coordination of processes had been thought torequire control by the nervous system;Bayliss and Starlingshowed that it could occur through chemicals alone.Thisdiscovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer“to to secretin,taking it from the Greek word hormon,meaningexcite ”or “to set in motion. ”A hormone is a chemicalproduced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.As more hormones were discovered,they werecategorized,primarily according to the process by which theyoperated on the body.Some glands(which make up the endocrine system)secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.Suchglands include the thyroid and the pituitary.The exocrinesystem consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream,primarily fordigestion.The pancreas is one such organ,although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery.Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death.The most abundant hormones have effectsthat are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track ：They modify moods and affect human behavior,even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary.Hormonal systems are very intricate.Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite,calm aggression,and change the attitude of a parent toward achild.Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body,regulating growth and form;others may even define an individual ’s personality characteristics.The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age,soscientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviatingailments associated with aging.In fact,some hormone therapies are already very common.A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings,sudden changes in body temperature,and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.Known as hormone replacement therapy(HRT),the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones.At leastone study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heartdisease and certain types of cancer.HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots —dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major bloodvessels —will form.Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence,recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with theirabilities to live normal lives.Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own.Because ofthe complicated effects growth hormone has on the body,such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of foodand the aging process.Researchers and family physicians tendto agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases inwhich the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.27.The word engine in the passage is closest in meaningto(A)desire(B)origin(C)science(D)chemical28.The word it in the passage refers to(A)secretin(B)small intestine(C)bloodstream(D)pancreas29.The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)remembered(B)surprised(C)invented(D)motivated30.To be considered a hormone,a chemical produced in the body must(A)be part of the digestive process(B)influence the operations of the nervoussystem (C)affect processes in a different part ofthe body (D)regulate attitudes and behavior31.The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3are categorized according to(A)whether scientists understand their function(B)how frequently they release hormones into the body(C)whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process(D)whether they secrete chemicals into the bloodParagraph 3 is marked with an arrow[→]32.The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)misunderstood(B)precise(C)significant(D)simple33.The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)sudden(B)small(C)changing(D)noticeable34.Which of the sentences below best expressesthe essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(A)Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.(B)Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure,scientists remain unsure how far-reaching theireffects on moods and actions are.(C)When the body is not producing enough hormones,urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological damage.(D)The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure,but they can affect both people ’s psychology and actions extensively.35.The word tempered in the passage is closestin meaning to(A)decreased(B)advertised(C)prescribed(D)researched36.Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?(A)Adults of smaller statue than normal(B)Adults with strong digestive systems(C)Children who are not at risk from the treatment(D)Children who may remain abnormally small37.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?These sentences are highlighted in the passage.(A)The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age,so scientists have given a great deal of studyto shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.(B)A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce moodswings,sudden changes in body temperature,and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of thosehormones as they enter middle age.(C)HRT may also increase the likelihood that bloodclots —dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form.(D)Because of the complicated effects growth hormonehas on the body,such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.38.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The body isa complex machine,however,and recent studies have calledinto question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systems into believing they aren ’t aging.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.39.Directions ：An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belongin the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in thepassage.This question is worth 2 points.The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.Answer ChoicesThe term hormone is based on a Greek word that means"to excite"or"to set in motion."Researchers are looking for waysto decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.Hormones can be given artificially,but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system but also certain chemicals can affect bodilyprocesses far from their points of origin.Hormonereplacement therapy(HRT)may increase the risk of bloodclots and heart disease in middle-age women.Answer KeysReading：27.B28.A29.D30.C31.D32.C33.B34.D35.A36.D37.A38.third square39.1)Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system ⋯.2)Hormones can affect not only life processes⋯..3)Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of ⋯.。