黄淮地区稻茬小麦超高产群体特征研究

Abstract
Studies on population characteristics of super-high-yielding wheat have recently attracted significant researches. These
studies have revealed large differences in wheat population structure in different super-high-yielding wheat areas. The area of wheat under rice stubble in the Huanghuai region has reached 1.3 million hm2, accounting for about 10% of cultivated wheat area in the Huanghuai region. Significant differences have been noted in the growth characteristics and ecological environments between dryland wheat and wheat under rice stubble. Current studies on population characteristics of wheat under rice stubble have focused mainly on production levels of 8 000 kg·hm2. Super-high-yielding wheat (yield is higher than 9 000 kg·hm2) was still in the infancy development stage, and studies on population characteristics of super-high-yielding wheat under rice stubble in Huanghuai area were less to be reported. To understand the population characteristics of super-high-yielding wheat-after-rice system in Huanghuai region, growth and yield formations of three semi-winter wheat varieties (‘Lianma 6’, ‘Jimai 22’ and ‘Yannong 19’) were investigated under high-yield (CK) and super-high-yield (SHY) cultivation measures. The results showed that wheat varieties had more grains per spike and higher 1000-grain weight under SHY than under high-yield wheat CK. There was no significant difference in spike number per
Population characteristics of super-high-yielding wheat under rice stubble in Huanghuai area
LU Baiguan1, DU Yong2, LI Jun2, WANG Baoxiang1, ZHOU Zhenling1, SUN Zhongwei1, YANG Bo1, QIN Derong1, XU Dayong1
[2]
张法全等 [6]认为 , 单产 10 000 kg·hm−2 小麦具有较高 的植株氮素积累量、 籽粒氮素积累量和花后营养器官 氮素向籽粒的转运量。 于振文等[11]认为, 高产(6 000~ 7 500 kg·hm−2)向超高产 (籽粒产量 >9 000 kg·hm−2)发 展的限制因素是小麦开花期至成熟期干物质积累和 分配与植株后期早衰的矛盾 , 超高产小麦每公顷吸 收氮的总量高于高产麦田, 但生产 100 kg 籽粒所需 的氮少于高产麦田, 应按照小麦需肥规律追肥[12−15]。 近年 , 黄淮地区直播稻面积不断扩大 , 水稻收 获期推迟 , 导致稻茬小麦播种期相应延时 [16], 稻茬 小麦与旱地小麦的生育特性存在较大差别 , 且稻茬 小麦和旱地小麦生长的生态环境也存在较大的差 别。因此 , 稻茬麦区在强调稻麦均衡增产的情况下 , 稻茬小麦的栽培技术与旱地小麦也应有一定的差别 , 而要制定出适合稻茬小麦的高产配套栽培技术 , 必 须 首 先 研 究 清 楚 稻 茬 小 麦 高 产 、 超 高 产 的 群 体特 征。由于稻茬麦区特殊的生态特点和品种的生育特 性 , 目前 , 关于稻茬小麦群体特征的研究主要集中 于 8 000 kg·hm−2 产量水平 [5,17], 对籽粒产量高于 9 000 kg·hm−2 的超高产群体特征和生理特性研究尚处 于起步阶段 , 少见关于稻茬小麦产量 >9 000 kg·hm−2 群体特征研究报道 [18]。 2009—2012 年我们承担了江苏省科技厅粮食丰 产工程 “稻麦周年优质高产新技术集成创新与示范 ” 项目 , 2010—2012 年进行稻麦超高产栽培试验 , 在 水稻实现 10 500 kg·hm−2 的基础上 , 稻茬小麦实现了 9 000 kg·hm−2 以上的产量, 全年实现了 19 500 kg·hm−2 的超高产目标。本研究以江苏淮北地区大面积推广 的具有超高产潜力的半冬性小麦品种 ‘连麦 6 号 ’、 ‘济麦 22’和‘烟农 19’为材料, 通过基本苗和氮素处理 (使用量、使用时期、比例 )及氮磷钾配比 , 建立不同 产量水平群体, 通过分析高产(7 380~7 889 kg·hm−2)、 超高产 (>9 000 kg·hm−2)两类群体产量构成因素 , 不
连云港 2. 连云港市农业技术推广中心 连云港 222001)
孙中伟 1
222006;

(1. 徐淮地区连云港农业科学研究所 /连云港市农业科学院
摘
要
为探讨黄淮地区稻茬小麦超高产 (>9 000 kg·hm−2)群体的生长发育特性 , 以该区域推广面积较大的半
冬性小麦品种 ‘连麦 6 号 ’、‘济麦 22’和 ‘烟农 19’为材料 , 在试验总结出包括基本苗调控和氮肥运筹等一套适宜 黄淮地区稻茬麦超高产栽培技术的基础上 , 建立稻茬小麦高产和超高产群体 , 对其系列生育、 生理特性以及产 量要素进行调查分析。结果表明 , 与高产小麦群体 (产量为 7 380~7 889 kg·hm−2)相比 , 超高产 (>9 000 kg·hm−2) 小麦群体单位面积穗数差异不显著 , 但穗粒数和千粒重显著增加 ; 超高产小麦抽穗前茎蘖数较高产群体少 , 但分蘖成穗率较高 ; 超高产群体小麦的叶面积指数 , 生育前期较高产群体低 , 抽穗后则显著高于高产群体 , 两 者干物质积累生育前期无明显差异 ; 超高产小麦抽穗期、乳熟期与蜡熟期的根冠比、根系伤流量均显著高于高 产群体; 超高产小麦粒叶比、茎鞘物质运转率和收获指数均高于高产群体。因此, 本文提出了黄淮地区稻茬小麦 超高产(>9 000 kg·hm−2)群体的产量结构与群体指标: 单位面积穗数(700±20)×104·hm−2, 每穗实粒数>32, 千粒重 >42 g, 茎蘖成穗率>45%; 抽穗期叶面积指数 6.5~7.0; 成熟期总干重>20 700 kg·hm−2, 粒叶比>14 mg·cm−2; 抽穗 期根冠比 >0.28, 根系伤流量 >7.1 g·m−2·h−1; 收获指数 >0.45。 关键词 黄淮地区 稻茬小麦 超高产栽培 群体特征 产量 中图分类号 : S512.1+1 文献标识码 : A 文章编号 : 1671-3990(2015)01-0043-09
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中国生态农业学报 2015
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unit area between SHY and CK. Compared with those under CK, wheat exhibited fewer tillers at the early growth stage (from tillering to jointing) but with higher rate of productive tillers to total tillers under SHY. While leaf area index and photosynthetic potential of SHY were lower than those of CK at the early growth stage, these attributes were significantly higher after heading. There was no significant difference in accumulated dry matter weight between SHY and CK at the early growth stage. Root-to-shoot ratio and root exudate amount under SHY were higher than those under CK at heading, milking and waxing stages. Also grain-to-leaf ratio, percent matter translocation from stem and sheath, and harvest index under SHY were higher than those under CK. Analysis of various attributes of rice yield and population showed that for SHY wheat in Huanghuai region, spikes per unit area, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, productive tiller rate, total dry matter weight at maturity stage, grain weight/leaf area ratio, root/shoot ratio at heading stage, root exudate amount, harvest index were greater than 700×104·hm2, 32, 42 g, 45%, 20 t·hm2, 14 g·cm2 (i.e., mg grain weight per cm2 leaf area), 0.28, 7.1 g·m2·h1, 0.45, respectively; while leaf area index at heading stage was 6.57.0. Keywords Huanghuai region; Wheat under rice stubble; Super-high-yielding cultivation; Population characteristics; Yield (Received Feb. 20, 2014; accepted Sep. 18, 2014)