虚拟语气[1]

分词的用法
• 分词是非限定性动词的一种，即它不能单 独用作句子的谓语，而是充当句子的辅助 成分。 • 分词可以分为一般时现在分词、完成时现 在分词和过去分词，它的规则变化是由动 词加-ing或-ed 变化而来，因此分词的一个 显著特点是具有动作性。
分词做定语
• 1.根据时态、语态不同 • 1.1现在分词的一般式表示分词动作正在进行或保 持的一种状态。 • 1）a flying plane 一架正在飞行的飞机 • 2) a room facing the south 朝南的房间 • 1.2过去分词用来表示已经完成的动作或被动的意 思。 • 1）a story written by Mark Twain. • 2) a bridge built in 1930.
• 3.___ a raining day, we gave up our plan to go for an outing. • A. With it b. Being • C. Because it being d. It being • 4. ___ in Beijing for quite a few years, Mr. Park had little difficulty understanding Chinese. • A. Having lived b. lived • C. living d. To live
2．用在表示要求、建议、命令等的名词从句 中 从句谓语形式为：“...(should ) + do sth.”（在 美语中should常省去）。类似用法的动词有： insist，suggest，order，propose，demand， command ，advise，desire，request，require， ask，prefer，recommend（推荐），arrange （安排），advocate（拥护、提倡），maintain （坚决主张）等后面的宾语从句中。
虚拟语气 历年真题中涉及到虚拟语气的 考点可以归纳如下： (1)(should)+动词原形的情形;
(2)if或but for等引导的条件句;
(3)wish, if only, would rather, It is(high)time that„的用法。
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1．由 “ if ”引导的虚拟句子 （1）与现在的事实相反：(If ... + were/did...,...+ would do...) If I were you, I would marry him. 如果我是你，就 会嫁给他。 （2）与过去的事实相反：(If ... + had done..., ... +would have done...) If you had worked hard, you would have passed the exam. 如果你用功学习，就会通过考试了。 （3）与将来的事实可能相反：(If ...+ should do...,...+ would do...) If it should rain tomorrow, what would you do? 如 果明天下雨，你怎么办?
• 1.from the dates ____ on the plates, we decided that they were made in Song Dynasty. • A. marking b. having been marked • C. marked d. to be marked • 2. ___ to meet any body, he went in from the back door. • A. not wishing b. wishing • C. not wished d. no wishing
分词做状语
• 1. 表示谓语动作发生时的伴随状况、行为 方式 • He ran to me, holding a letter in his hand. • Accompanied by his friends, he went to the railway station.
• 2.表示时间， 可用来表示同时或顺序发生 的动作，相当于when, after等引导的时间状 语从句。 • seeing this , we became worried. • When we saw this , we became worried.
2.分词与定语从句的互换性
• 当分词做定语并与其修饰的名词之间有主 谓关系或动宾关系时，该分词可视作一个 省略关系代词的定语从句。 • 1）people living in this area speak French. • People who live in this area speak French. • 2) the stone bridge built in 1940 is still in good condition. • The stone bridge which was built in 1940 is still in good condition.
1.But for his help, I _____________________(我不 可能这么早完成). 答案： would not have finished so early
2.Some women ___________________(本来能够挣 一份很好的工资) in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sale of the family. 答案：could have made a good salary.
• 3.表示原因、背景，相当于because从句 • Not having received a reply, he decided to write again.
• 完成式现在分词更强调分词动作发生在谓 语动作之前。
• 独立主格形式 • 当分词短语带有自己独立的逻辑主语，与 主句的主语无关时，称为独立主格，being 在独立主格中常常被省略。 • Weather permitting, we shall go to the city park. • He came into the room, his face (being) red with cold.
3．用在“It + be + important (necessary, natural, essential, strange, amazing, annoying, desirable, surprising, vital, advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, eager, possible, impossible, improper, probable, preferable, strange, urgent等，以 及insisted, suggested, ordered, requested, arranged, recommended等) + that ...”结构 中的that 引导的主语从句中。
【真题】The victim __________(本来会有机 会活下来)if he had been taken to hospital in time.(2006.12) 【答案】would have had a chance to survive/would have had a chance of survival
6．1est方式状语从句中的虚拟语气 从句用should+原形或直接用原形，不受主句动 词时态的任何影响。
• 【真题】You would not have failed if__________(按照我的指令去做).(2009.12) • 【解析】本题考点有两个：首先最重要的考点是if 从句的虚拟语气考查;根据语法规定，如果主句中出 现would +have的形式，从句中应该采用had+过去 分词的结构;第二是固定搭配“按照…的指令”表达 为follow my instructions 或者是follow my orders 注意多样化的表达，两者选其一就可以;注 意很多学生出现遗漏主语you，造成不必要的失分。 • 【答案】you had followed my instructions 或者 you had followed my orders
• • • •
A sleeping boy 睡着的男孩 A waiting taxi 候客的出租车 A sleeping berth 卧铺 A waiting room 候车室
4. 分词与不定式做定语的比较
• 分词表示动作在进行中或已经完成，不定 式表示动作将要发生。 • The news being broadcast • 正在广播的新闻 • The news to be broadcast • 将要广播的新闻
4．用在It is time that ... 结构中，表示“该干某事了”， 含建议的意思，用动词过去式。It is time (that) we went to bed. 咱们该睡觉了。 注意: time 前可加about（表示“大约”）或high（表 示“强调”）等。 5．wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气 从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示一种与现在事 实相反的愿望：用过去完成时或过去完成进行时表 示与过去事实相反的愿望：若用would则表示请求 或对现状不满希望将来有所改变等。If only的用法 和I wish等基本相同，只是更富有感情色彩。
3.分词与动名词做定语的比较
• 分词做定语，它与被修饰名词肯定存在主 谓关系或动宾关系。 • A running train-----the train is running • The problem left----the problem is left • 动名词做定语，主要说明被修饰的名词的 用途、目的、特性等。 • Drinking water